1. Fig 1.

1 is a photomicrograph of the tissue that transports water and mineral ions in a

plant.

Fig 1.1

(a) State the name of the tissue shown in Fig. 1.1.

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[1]

(b) Describe how the tissue shown in Fig 1.1 is adapted for its functions in the plant.

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(c) Define translocation.

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2. (a) Fig 2.1 is a photomicrograph showing the fertilization of one human egg cell.

Fig 2.1

Describe and explain the adaptations of the cells, shown in Fig 2.1 that enable
fertilization and early development of the embryo to occur.

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(b) People can use artificial insemination (AI) or in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to increase their chance
of becoming pregnant.

(i) Outline the process of artificial insemination.

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 (ii) Outline how the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) differs from artificial insemination (AI).

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[2]

(iii) Describe the social implications of fertility treatments.

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3. (a) Water entering two sewage works, A and B was tested for the presence of four
hormones. The testing was repeated on water that left the sewage works to flow into lake
A and lake B. The results of the tests on the water samples are shown in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1

Hormone concentration of hormones at sewage works/ng per dm3

A B
before sewage after sewage before sewage after sewage
treatment treatment treatment treatment
including ozone including
and chlorine chlorine alone
oestrogen not measurable not measurable 0.1 not measurable
synthetic 8.5 8.0 4.5 4.6
progesterone
natural 2.5 2.8 2.4 2.7
progesterone
testosterone 15.6 3.7 2.7 3.1

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 Explain which water sample was most polluted with hormones before sewage treatment. Use
data from Table 3.1 to support your answer.

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(b) One reason for treating sewage is to reduce the concentration of hormones in the
environment.

(i) Chlorine was used in the sewage treatment of both lakes.

Describe the effect that chlorine had on the hormone concentrations in the water. Use data
from Table 3.1 to support your answer.

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(ii) State the main purpose of chlorine in sewage treatment.

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[1]

(C) Describe the negative consequences of letting untreated sewage flow into lake
ecosystems.

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[6]
[total 12]

4. Fig 4.1 shows part of the nitrogen cycle.

Fig 4.1

(a) (i) State two ways that nitrogen fixation can occur.

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(ii) State the names of processes A and B in Fig 4.1.

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(iii) State the name of compound X in Fig 4.1.

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 (iv) Define the term deamination.

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(b) State the name of the structure in a cell where protein synthesis occurs.

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(c) State the name of an enzyme that digest proteins.

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[1]
[total 9 ]

5. The flow chart shows steps taken in the production of yoghurt from milk.

Fig 5.1

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(a) Heating the milk to 90°C for 15 minutes sterilizes the milk.
Suggest the importance of sterilizing the milk.

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(b) Explain why the milk must be cooled to 43°C before the starter culture of bacteria is added.

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(c) The two species of bacteria added to the milk are not mobile and are not pathogens.

(i) State the external structure used for movement by some species of bacteria.

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[1]

(ii) Explain why it is important that the bacteria added to milk are not pathogens.

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[1]

(d) Describe with reference to named chemicals, the role of the bacteria during the time for which
the mixture is kept at 43°C.
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(e) Suggest and explain one benefit to human health of eating yoghurt to which fruit has been
added rather than eating yoghurt to which no fruit has been added.

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[total 13]

6. Enzymes are used in genetic engineering.

(a) The process of genetic engineering often starts with the steps shown in Fig. 6.1.

Fig 6.1

(i) State the name of enzyme 1 in step 2 of Fig. 6.1.

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[1]

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 (ii) Describe the effect of enzyme 1 on the DNA molecule in step 3.

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(iii) Explain how enzyme 1 in Fig 6.1 is specific to the exact sequence of DNA bases.

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(b) Another enzyme, enzyme 2, is used later in the process of genetic engineering.
Fig 6.2 is a diagram showing the action of enzyme 2.

Fig 6.2

(i) Some organisms naturally contain DNA in the form of a plasmid.

State the name of the type of organism that naturally contains plasmids.

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[1]

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 (ii) State the name of enzyme 2 in step 7 of Fig 6.2.

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[1]

(iii) State the name of the molecule formed in step 8.

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[1]

(c) The plasmids containing the cry gene are inserted into the cells of cotton plants to produce a
protein that is toxic to the caterpillars of several insect pests. This gives the cotton plants
resistance to the pests.
Outline how the cells of cotton plants use the cry gene to make the toxic protein.

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(d) Outline the advantages to the farmers of growing genetically engineered cotton plants that
contain the toxic protein.

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7. (a) Intensive livestock production can be damaging to natural ecosystems.
Fig 7.1 shows intensive farming of chickens.

Fig 7.1
(i) Describe the negative impact on ecosystem of the intensive production of livestock such
as chickens.

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(ii) Forests are cleared for farmland. Deforestation can lead to a loss of soil (soil erosion).
Explain the effects of soil erosion on ecosystems.

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(b) Describe the problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics in the environment.

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(c) People are encouraged to recycle materials, such as paper and plastics.
Discuss the advantages of recycling materials, such as paper and plastics.

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End of Paper

Prepared by Checked by:

Tan VL Lim YH

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