1.

(a) Define the term drug.

………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(b) Fig. 1.1 shows some of the organs of a person that can be affected by the use of
drugs.

Fig 1.1

Complete Table 1.1 by naming organs D and E and by giving one effect of each
drug on the named organ. [4]
Table 1.1

2
 Table 1.2 shows the percentage of smokers in a particular country and the number
of deaths from lung cancer in that country during the years 1920 to 2010.
Table 1.2

(c)
(i) Name the drug in tobacco smoke responsible for addiction.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Name a substance in tobacco smoke known to cause cancer.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Name a substance in tobacco smoke that affects the carriage of respiratory gases.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iv) Explain why a pregnant woman is advised not to smoke.

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3
(d) Describe and suggest explanations on the relationship between the number of
smokers and the number of deaths from lung cancer shown in Table 1.2.

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[Total: 16]

2. Fig. 2.1 shows some of the interactions that take place in an aquatic ecosystem.

Fig. 2.1
(a)
(i) Use the information in Fig. 2.1 to state each of the following:
the trophic level of the aquatic plant

.................................................................................................................................
the trophic level of the fish

.................................................................................................................................
the chemical element being cycled in this ecosystem.

............................................................................................................................. [3]
4
(ii) Explain one way, other than for food, that the fish may depend on the aquatic plant.

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............................................................................................................................. [2]

(b)
(i) Name each of the processes represented by the letters X and Y.

process X .................................................................................................................

process Y ............................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) Name one type of microorganism that will carry out both process X and process
Y.
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii) Explain how aquatic plants take up nitrate ions from their surroundings.

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(c) Suggest what effect pollution by nitrogen-containing fertilisers might have on this
ecosystem.

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[Total: 14]

5
3. Fig. 3.1 shows the effect of temperature on the rate at which yeast cells in a
nutrient solution produce bubbles of a gas.

Fig. 3.1

(a) Name each of the following:

• the gas released

.............................................................................................................................

• the essential chemical constituents of the nutrient solution.

..................................................... and ............................................................ [2]

(b) Use Fig. 3.1 to find the optimum temperature for the metabolic process.

............................................................................................................................. [1]

(c) Explain the shape of the curve after 60oC.

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6
(d) Explain what would happen to the rate at which bubbles of the gas are produced
by the yeast if the temperature of the solution is then gradually reduced from 65oC
to 45oC.

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............................................................................................................................. [2]

Fig 3.2 is an incomplete flow chart of the process of anaerobic respiration in yeast
and in muscles.

Fig. 3.2

(e) Complete Fig. 3.2 to show the substrate and products for anaerobic respiration in
yeast and in muscles. [3]
(f) Yeast cells may be killed by their use in food biotechnology. Explain what causes
the death of the yeast in each of the following.
(i) Brewing

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]

(ii) Making bread

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [1]

7
(g) Explain why muscle cells are not killed by anaerobic respiration in a healthy person.

……………………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………………...
………………………………………………………………………………………….. [2]
[Total: 16]

4. Tasmania is an island off the south coast of Australia. Sheep were introduced to
Tasmania in the nineteenth century.
Fig. 4.1 shows the population of sheep in Tasmania from 1820 to 1940. The
dashed line shows the trend in the population growth.

Fig. 4.1

(a) Describe the trend in the population of sheep in Tasmania between 1820 and
1940, using the information in Fig. 4.1.

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(b) Explain the change in the trend of the population that you described in 4(a).

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(c) The sheep that were first introduced to Tasmania were not well adapted to the
environment.
Describe how farmers can use selective breeding to improve their sheep so that
they are better adapted to the environment.

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(d) Describe how artificial selection differs from natural selection.

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[Total: 12]

9
5. Students investigated the effect of mineral ion deficiencies on the growth of radish
plants.
The seeds that were used in the experiment were from plants that had been self-
pollinated for many generations and were therefore all genetically identical.

(a) Explain the advantage of using genetically identical radishes in this investigation.

.................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. [2]

The radish seedlings were divided into four groups. Each group was grown in a
different mineral ion solution as follows:
1 complete solution containing all the major mineral ions
2 solution with all the major mineral ions except nitrate ions
3 solution with all the major mineral ions except magnesium ions
4 solution with all the major mineral ions except phosphate ions
The apparatus used to investigate the growth of the plants is shown in Fig. 5.1.

Fig. 5.1

(b) State three other environmental factors that could affect the growth of the
seedlings.

1 ...............................................................................................................................
2 ...............................................................................................................................
3 .......................................................................................................................... [3]

10
 The results of the investigation are shown in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1

(c) Describe and explain the results for the radishes grown without nitrate ions (group
2).

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(d) Describe the likely appearance of the radish plants grown in the solution without
magnesium ions (group 3) and explain your answer.

appearance ..............................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
explanation ..............................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. [3]

11
(e) Phosphate ions are a component of DNA.
Suggest why the radish plants in group 4 grew less than the radish plants in the
complete solution (group 1).

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[Total: 14]

6. Some students studied water pollution in a stream near their school.

They took samples of water at six sampling points along the stream and carried
out a chemical analysis on the water samples. They also counted the numbers of
five different invertebrates at the same sampling points. The students used a four-
point scale to record the numbers they found in each sample.
Their results are shown in Table 6.1.
Table 6.1

(a) Using only the information from Table 6.1,

(i) state the invertebrates that survive in polluted water

.................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) state the invertebrate that is most sensitive to a decrease in the oxygen
concentration of the water.

............................................................................................................................. [1]
12
(b) The students decided there were advantages in sampling invertebrates to assess
the level of pollution in the stream, compared with carrying out a chemical analysis
of the water.
Suggest the advantages of carrying out a survey of invertebrates when studying
the pollution of freshwater ecosystems, such as streams and rivers.

.................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................. [3]

(c) The stream contained many plastic items that had been thrown away. Most of the
plastic was non-biodegradable.
Describe the likely environmental problems caused by non-biodegradable plastics
in streams and rivers.

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............................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 8]

Prepared by Tan Seok Hoon Checked by Ng Jo Han

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