3 Forces and energy

b Use the results in the table to estimate

i the quantity of heat supplied when the temperature of
the water was 19 °C

ii the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of

the water to 30 °C

3.3 Conservation of energy

3.3A What does conservation of
energy mean?
Focus
In this exercise you think about the meaning of the statement
‘conservation of energy’.

1 Which of these will happen when energy is conserved?

Tick ( ) one box.
the quantity of energy will increase

the quantity of energy will stay the same

a quantity of energy can be made

a quantity of energy can be destroyed

2 Which of these shows conservation of energy in an electric lamp?

Tick ( ) one box.
energy input to the lamp equals energy output from the lamp
energy input to the lamp is greater than energy output from
the lamp
energy input to the lamp is less than energy output from
the lamp

the lamp should be switched off when not being used

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 3.3 Conversation of energy

3 100 J of electrical energy is supplied to a motor.

The electrical energy is changed to thermal and kinetic energy
in the motor.
Write down the total quantity of thermal and kinetic energy
changed in the motor.

4 A car engine changes chemical energy to thermal and kinetic energy.

A total of 3500 J of thermal and kinetic energy are changed.
Write down the quantity of chemical energy changed in the engine.
J

3.3B The law of conservation of energy

Practice
In this exercise you apply the law of conservation of energy.

1 Write down the law of conservation of energy.

2 An electric lamp changes electrical energy to light and thermal energy.

Explain how the law of conservation of energy applies to this
electric lamp.

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3 Forces and energy

3 Sofia takes in more chemical energy from food on days when she is
playing sports than on days when she is resting.
Use the law of conservation of energy to explain why.

4 An electric motor changes electrical energy into kinetic and

thermal energy.
65% of the electrical energy is changed to kinetic energy.
Calculate the percentage of electrical energy changed to thermal energy.

3.3C Calculating energy changes

Challenge
In this exercise you use the law of conservation of energy to calculate
quantities of energy.

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 3.3 Conversation of energy

1 An electric lamp takes in 1000 J of electrical energy. The lamp

wastes 850 J of energy. Calculate the quantity of useful energy
changed by the lamp.

2 A motorcycle engine uses 2400 J of chemical energy in fuel.

The thermal energy changed is 1000 J.
The sound energy changed is 600 J.
The remaining energy is changed to kinetic for movement.
Calculate the quantity of kinetic energy changed by the engine.

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3 Forces and energy

3 A television changes electrical energy into thermal, light and

sound energy.
50% of the energy is changed to thermal.
30% of the energy is changed to light.

a Calculate the percentage of the energy changed to sound.

b Draw a labelled energy flow diagram for the television in the

space below.

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 3.4 Moving from hot to cold

3.4 Moving from hot to cold

3.4A Direction of thermal
energy transfer 1
Focus
In this exercise you think about the direction of the transfer of
thermal energy.
1 Complete the sentence using the appropriate (best) word.
Thermal energy is transferred from a place of higher temperature
to a place of <short answer line> temperature.
2 Draw an arrow on each of these diagrams to show the direction of
thermal energy transfer.

cooking pot at 100 °C

flame at 450 °C

air in room electric heater

at 15 °C at 250 °C

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3 Forces and energy

c
ice pack at 0 °C

foot at 37 °C

3.4B Direction of thermal

energy transfer 2
Practice
In this exercise you think in more detail about thermal energy transfer.
1 Two objects are in contact. The two objects are at different
temperatures.
Describe the direction of thermal energy transfer between these
two objects.

2 The diagram shows three blocks of metal that are in contact with
each other.
The starting temperature of each block is shown.
Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of thermal
energy transfer between the blocks.

20 °C 10 °C 30 °C

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 3.4 Moving from hot to cold

3 A cup of hot tea is at a temperature of 60 °C. The tea is left in a

room that is at 25 °C.
Sketch a graph of how the temperature of the tea will change with
time. Continue your graph until the temperature of the tea is constant.
70

60

50

40
Temperature / °C
30

20

10

0
Time

3.4C Direction of thermal

energy transfer 3
Challenge
In this exercise you make predictions about thermal energy transfer.
1 Zara’s body temperature is 37 °C.
a Explain why Zara feels cold when the air temperature is 5 °C.

b Explain why Zara feels hot when the air temperature is 40 °C.

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3 Forces and energy

2 Arun fills a glass with water to drink. The temperature of the water
is 10 °C.
Arun puts ice in the water. The temperature of the ice is −15 °C.
Explain what will happen to the temperature of the water when the
ice is added.

3 Sofia makes a cup of hot coffee. She adds cold milk to the coffee.
Explain what happens to the temperature of the coffee and the
temperature of the milk.

3.5 Ways of transferring

thermal energy
3.5A Describing thermal
energy transfers
Focus
In this exercise you describe how thermal energy is transferred in
different situations.

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 3.5 Ways of transferring thermal energy

1 Complete the sentences using words from the list. Each word can
be used more than once.

conduction convection radiation

a Thermal energy is transferred from the Sun to Earth by

b Thermal energy is transferred within metals by

c When warm air rises through cold air, this is called

d Neither nor can occur in

a vacuum.

2 Draw straight lines to match the type of thermal energy transfer to

the way it works.

Type of thermal energy transfer How it works

particles vibrate more, take up

conduction more space and decrease the
density of the substance

particles vibrate more, collide with

convection particles beside them, making
these particles also vibrate more

type of wave that does not

radiation require particles to transfer thermal
energy

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3 Forces and energy

3.5B Comparing thermal

energy transfers
Practice
In this exercise you make comparisons between the three types of
thermal energy transfer.

1 Explain why conduction of heat occurs more easily in solids than

in gases.

2 Explain why convection can occur in liquids and gases but not in
solids.

3 Explain why radiation can occur in a vacuum while conduction and

convection cannot occur in a vacuum.

3.5C Variables affecting thermal

energy transfer
Challenge
In this exercise you consider the variables that affect thermal energy
transfers.

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 3.5 Ways of transferring thermal energy

Use ideas about conduction, convection or radiation when answering

these questions.
1 a Explain why a cooking pot is made from metal.

b Explain why the handle of the cooking pot is made from wood.

2 Explain why houses in hot countries are often painted white.

3 Explain why clothing made from wool can help you keep warm in
cold weather.

4 A plastic box with shiny silver aluminium foil on the inside can be
used to keep food hot.

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3 Forces and energy

Explain how this works.

3.6 Cooling by evaporation

3.6A How evaporation works
Focus
In this exercise you think about what evaporation is and how it works.
1 Which of these describes evaporation?
Tick ( ) one box.
when a solid changes to a liquid

when a liquid changes to a gas

when a liquid changes to a solid

when a gas changes to a liquid

2 Which particles cause evaporation?

Tick ( ) one box.
the particles with the most energy

the particles with the least energy

Explain your answer.

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 3.6 Cooling by evaporation

3 The boiling point of water is 100 °C.

Water can
evaporate at Water can only
temperatures evaporate at
much lower 100 °C
than 100 °C

Who is correct, Sofia or Zara?

Give an example to support your answer.

3.6B Evaporation and cooling 1

Practice
In this exercise you think about how evaporation causes cooling.

1 Sweat is produced in the skin. Which of these explains how sweat

can cool (lower the temperature of ) the skin.
Tick ( ) one box.
Sweat evaporates, removing thermal energy from skin.

Sweat evaporates, adding thermal energy to the skin.

Sweat is produced at a lower temperature than the skin.

Sweat is produced at a higher temperature than the skin.

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3 Forces and energy

2 A liquid is evaporating. The liquid is not being heated.

a Explain what happens to the average energy of the particles in
the liquid.

b Explain what happens to the temperature of the liquid.

3 Arun has sweat on his face. The air temperature is 25 °C. Arun
uses a fan to blow air onto his face. The fan does not change the
temperature of the air.
Explain why the fan helps Arun to cool (lose heat) faster.

3.6C Evaporation and cooling 2

Challenge
In this exercise you think in more detail about how evaporation
causes cooling.

1 Perfume evaporates faster than water.

Sofia has perfume and water at the same temperature.
Sofia puts an equal volume of the perfume and the water separately
on her hand.
Explain which feels colder.

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 3.6 Cooling by evaporation

2 Humidity is a measure of the quantity of water vapour in air. In

conditions of high humidity, evaporation stops.
Explain why sweat will not cool (lower the temperature of) the skin
in conditions of high humidity.

3 A type of air cooler works by blowing air from the room through a
sponge soaked in water.
Explain how blowing air through a sponge soaked in water lowers
the temperature of the air.

65