Contraceptive Methods

Contraception

 There are many types of contraception

widely used now days for family planning
purposes.

 Each method has its advantages and suits

special cases and not necessarily suits
others and the choice of contraception
depends on different needs of the patients
like the period of contraception and also
doctor should decide which method suits Hormonal Methods:
needs more. 1. Oral Contraceptives (Birth Control Pill)
 No method of contraception is completely 2. Injections (Depo-Provera)
effective.
3. Implants (Norplant I & II)
Types:

o Natural contraception
o Mechanical contraception 1. Birth Control Pills
o Hormonal contraception - can be taken to prevent pregnancy
o Surgical contraception - safe and effective (properly)
Characteristics of ideal contraceptive: - 99 % effective

 Safe
 100 % Effective
 Free side of side effects
 Affordable
 Acceptable to the user
 Free of effects on future pregnancies

Types of Birth Control:

How does it work?
 Hormonal
 Barrier  stops ovulation
 IUD (Intrauterine Device)  thins uterine lining
 Methods based on information  thickens cervical mucus
 Permanent sterilization

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Positive Benefits of Birth Control Pills

 Prevents pregnancy How does it work?

 Eases menstrual cramps
 stops ovulation
 Shortens period
 stops menstrual cycles
 Regulates period
 thickens cervical mucus
 Decreases incidence of ovarian cysts
 Prevents ovarian and uterine cancer *Same way as pills
 Decreases acne
Side effects:
Side effects:
 Extremely irregular menstrual bleeding and
 Breast tenderness spotting for 3-6 months!
 Nausea
 Increase in Headaches  NO PERIOD  after 3-6 months
 Moodiness  Weight change
 Weight Change
 Breast tenderness
Taking the PILL
 Mood change
 Once a day at the same time everyday
*Not every woman has side effects
 Use condoms for first month
The Patch
 Use condoms when on antibiotics

 Use condoms for 1 week if you miss a pill or

take one late

 The pill offers no protection from STD’s

2. Depo - Provera

- Birth control shot given once every three

months to prevent pregnancy
- 99.7% effective preventing pregnancy
- No daily pills to remember

3. Implants

- Implants are placed in the body filled with

hormone that prevents pregnancy

- Physically inserted in simple 15 minute

outpatient procedure

- Plastic capsules the size of paper

matchsticks inserted under the skin in the
arm

- 99.95% effectiveness rate

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 - 75 – 84% effective in reducing pregnancy
- Floods the ovaries with high amount of
Types of Implants
hormone and prevents ovulation
Norplant I Norplant II - Alters the environment of the uterus,
Six capsules Two capsules making it disruptive to the egg and sperm
Five years Three years - Two sets of pills taken exactly 12 hours
apart

Barrier Methods

- Prevents pregnancy blocks the egg and

sperm from meeting

- Barrier methods have higher failure rates

than hormonal methods due to design and
human error

Barrier Methods

 The pill works in several ways to prevent 1. Spermicides

pregnancy. The pill suppresses ovulation so that
2. Male Condom
an egg is not released from the ovaries, and
changes the cervical mucus, causing it to 3. Female Condom
become thicker and making it more difficult for
4. Diaphragm
sperm to swim into the womb. The pill also does
not allow the lining of the womb to develop 5. Cervical Cap
enough to receive and nurture a fertilized egg.
This method of birth control offers no
protection against sexually-transmitted 1. Spermicides
diseases.
- Chemicals kill sperm in the vagina

- Different forms: Jelly, Foam, Suppository

Norplant Considerations:
- Some work instantly, others require pre-
 Should be considered long term birth control insertion
 Extremely effective in pregnancy prevention > - Only 76% effective (used alone), should be
99% used in combination with another method
i.e., condoms

Emergency Contraception

- Emergency contraception pills can reduce

the chance of a pregnancy by 75% if taken
within 72 hours of unprotected sex
- Must be taken within 72 hours of the act of
unprotected intercourse or failure of
contraception method
- Must receive ECP from a physician
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  The sponge is inserted by the woman into the
vagina and covers the cervix blocking sperm
from entering the cervix. The sponge also
2. Condom contains a spermicide that kills sperm. It is
available without a prescription.
- Most common and effective barrier method
when used properly 4. Diaphragm

- Latex should only be used in the prevention - 95-99% Effective A new ring is inserted into
of pregnancy and spread of STI’s (including the vagina each month
HIV)
- Does not require a "fitting" by a health care
- Typical effectiveness rate = 88% provider, does not require spermicide, can
- available make periods more regular and less painful,
- Combining condoms with spermicides raises no pill to take daily, ability to become
effectiveness levels to 99% pregnant returns quickly when use is
stopped.

- Typical Effectiveness Rate = 80%

- Latex barrier placed inside vagina during

intercourse

- Fitted by physician

- Spermicidal jelly before insertion

- Inserted up to 18 hours before intercourse

and can be left in for a total of 24 hours

3. Female Condom -

- Made as an alternative to male condoms

- Polyurethane
- Physically inserted in the vagina
- Typical rate = 79%
- Woman can use female condom if partner
refuses

- Nuva Ring is a flexible plastic (ethylene-

 The female condom is a lubricated vinyl acetate copolymer) ring that releases a
polyurethane sheath, similar in appearance to a low dose of a progestin and an estrogen
male condom. It is inserted into the vagina. The over 3 weeks.
closed end covers the cervix. Like the male
condom, it is intended for one-time use and
then discarded.
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Diagphram Sponge

5. Cervical Cap
 The sponge is inserted by the woman into
- Latex barrier inserted in vagina before the vagina and covers the cervix blocking
intercourse sperm from entering the cervix. The sponge
also contains a spermicide that kills sperm.
- “Caps” around cervix with suction
It is available without a prescription
- Fill with spermicidal jelly prior to use

- Can be left in body for up to a total of 48 INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUD)

hours  T-shaped object placed in the uterus to
- Must be left in place six hours after sexual prevent pregnancy
intercourse  Must be on period during insertion
 A Natural childbirth required to use
- Perfect effectiveness rate = 91% IUD
- Typical effectiveness rate = 80%  Extremely effective without using hormones
> 97 %

 The cervical cap is a flexible rubber cup-like

device that is filled with spermicide and self-  The intrauterine device (IUD) shown
inserted over the cervix prior to intercourse. uses copper as the active contraceptive,
The device is left in place several hours others use progesterone in a plastic device.
after intercourse. The cap is a prescribed IUDs are very effective at preventing
device fitted by a health care professional pregnancy (less than 2% chance per year
and can be more expensive than other for the progesterone IUD, less than 1%
barrier methods, such as condoms. chance per year for the copper IUD). IUDs
come with increased risk of ectopic
pregnancy and perforation of the uterus and
do not protect against sexually transmitted
disease. IUDs are prescribed and placed by
health care providers.
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Sterilization

 Procedure performed on a man or a woman

permanently sterilizes

 Female = Tubal Ligation

 Male = Vasectomy

Tubal Ligation

 Surgical procedure performed on a woman

 Fallopian tubes are cut, tied, cauterized,

prevents eggs from reaching sperm Vasectomy
 Failure rates vary by procedure, from 0.8%-  Male sterilization procedure
3.7%
 Ligation of Vas Deferens tube
 May experience heavier periods
 Faster and easier recovery than a tubal
ligation

 Failure rate = 0.1%, more effective than

female sterilization

 Surgical sterilization which permanently  During a vasectomy (“cutting the vas”) a

prevents the transport of the egg to the urologist cuts and ligates (ties off) the
uterus by means of sealing the fallopian ductus deferens. Sperm are still produced
tubes is called tubal ligation, commonly but cannot exit the body. Sperm eventually
called "having one's tubes tied." This deteriorate and are phagocytized. A man is
operation can be performed laparoscopically sterile, but because testosterone is still
or in conjunction with a Cesarean section, produced he retains his sex drive and
after the baby is delivered. Tubal ligation is secondary sex characteristics.
considered permanent, but surgical reversal
can be performed in some cases METHODS BASED ON INFORMATION

 Withdrawal
 Natural Family Planning
Laparoscopy or Band Sterilization  Fertility Awareness Method
 Abstinence

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Natural Family Planning & Fertility
Awareness Method

 Women take a class on the menstrual cycle

to calculate more fertile times

 NFP abstains from sex during the calculated

fertile time

 FAM uses barrier methods during fertile

time

 Perfect effectiveness rate = 91%

 Typical effectiveness rate = 75%

 No 100% safe day-irregular periods