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    American International University-Bangladesh (Aiub) : Faculty of Science & Technology Department of Physics Physics Lab 2

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    The document describes an experiment to verify the laws of transverse string vibration and determine the frequency of a tuning fork. Students attached a string to a tuning fork and measured the string's vibrational patterns and length changes under varying tensions. They found the average fork frequency was 52.84 vibrations/second, verifying the transverse string vibration laws.

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    American International University-Bangladesh (Aiub) : Faculty of Science & Technology Department of Physics Physics Lab 2

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    19 views7 pages
    The document describes an experiment to verify the laws of transverse string vibration and determine the frequency of a tuning fork. Students attached a string to a tuning fork and measured the string's vibrational patterns and length changes under varying tensions. They found the average fork frequency was 52.84 vibrations/second, verifying the transverse string vibration laws.

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    The document describes an experiment to verify the laws of transverse string vibration and determine the frequency of a tuning fork. Students attached a string to a tuning fork and measured the string's vibrational patterns and length changes under varying tensions. They found the average fork frequency was 52.84 vibrations/second, verifying the transverse string vibration laws.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    19 views7 pages

    American International University-Bangladesh (Aiub) : Faculty of Science & Technology Department of Physics Physics Lab 2

    Uploaded by

    xdbenerobe
    The document describes an experiment to verify the laws of transverse string vibration and determine the frequency of a tuning fork. Students attached a string to a tuning fork and measured the string's vibrational patterns and length changes under varying tensions. They found the average fork frequency was 52.84 vibrations/second, verifying the transverse string vibration laws.

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    AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY–BANGLADESH (AIUB)

    FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY


    DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
    PHYSICS LAB 2
    Spring 2021-2022
    Section: E, Group: 6

    LAB REPORT ON
    To verify the laws of transverse vibration of strings and to determine the frequency of a
    tuning fork by Melde’s experiment.

    Supervised By
    Israt Kabir

    Submitted By
    Name ID Contribution
    1.ROY, DIPONGKOR 21-45490-3 Typing, Analysis & Final setup
    2.GHOSH, CHANDON 21-45617-3 Apparatus set and final check
    3. FATEMA, KANIZ 21-45637-3 Calculations and result

    Date of Submission: APRIL 13, 2022


    TABLE OF CONTENTS

    TOPICS Page no. I. Title Page 1 II. Table of Content 2 1. Theory 3


    2. Apparatus 4
    3. Procedure 4
    4. Experimental Data 5
    5. Analysis and Calculation 6
    6. Result 6
    7. Discussion 6
    8. References 7

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 2 of 7


    1. THEORY:

    Figure-1: Arrangement of Melde’s Apparatus.

    Let one end of B of the string be attached to one prong of the fork F. The other end A passes
    over a small pulley and is attached to a scale pan according to the diagram above.

    The string will be set into vibration by setting the tuning fork into vibration. As a result, waves
    will proceed along the length of the string and will be reflected back on reaching the fixed end
    of the string. The superposition of the direct and reflected waves will form stationary waves,
    in which the extreme fixed ends of the string will always be nodes and in between them there
    may be one or more antinodes depending on the tension to which the string is subjected or the
    length of the string.

    Now by suitably adjusting the tension or the length, the frequency 𝑓 of the fork may be made
    to equal to the frequency 𝑓′ of the fundamental or any one of the higher tones of the string.
    When this happens, a resonance is said to have occurred between the fork and the particular
    mode of vibration of the string.
    If the mode of vibration be assumed to be fundamental then the wavelength, 𝜆 = 2𝑙, where 𝑙
    is the length of the string. The frequency of the fork will then be given by the relation,

    Where 𝜇 is the mass per unit length of the vibrating string in grams and 𝜏 is the tension
    applied to the string and is expressed in absolute units, i.e., dynes or pounds.
    Now the motion of the prongs of the fork, which sets the string in resonant vibration, was seti
    into: In a direction perpendicular to the length of the string i.e., transverse position. (Figure
    drawn below)

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 3 of 7


    In the transverse case, the frequency 𝑓 of the fork is the same as 𝑓′, the frequency of the string.
    While in the longitudinal case the frequency of the fork 𝑓 is double of 𝑓′. This is because in
    the longitudinal case, the vibration is produced by the alternating pulls upon the end of the
    string by the prong of the fork. Each movement of the prong to the right pulls the string tight,
    i.e., the string is stretched and this occurs in the middle of the swing, i.e., twice in every
    vibration. Thus in this case, the frequency of the string is half that of the fork, or in other words,
    the frequency of the fork is twice the frequency of the string. Therefore, for transverse position,
    the frequency of the fork is,

    …. (i)
    Where 𝑙 is the length of a segment or loop between two consecutive nodes of the string.
    Thus,

    Thus by altering the tension 𝜏 and hence the wavelength, the frequency of the tuning fork can
    be determined and also can be found which verifies the laws of transverse
    vibrations in a string.

    2. APPARATUS:

    1. Melde’s apparatus,
    2. String,
    3. Meter Scale,
    4. Weight Box

    3. PROCEDURE:

    • Initially the scale pan was weighted. Then the tuning fork was clamped in transverse
    position on the one edge of the table. A pulley was fixed over a clamp and screwed at
    the other edge of the table. The thread was attached to the tip of the prong and then

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 4 of 7


    passed over the other end of the pulley. The scale pan was hung at the and some small
    weights were added onto it, so that string gets stretched lightly.
    • In order for vibration getting started, the screw of an electrically maintained tuning
    fork was rotated. After the vibration started, several loops and nodes were seen.
    • In order to maintain maximum loops and fixed nodes and equal-length loops, the
    weights were adjusted. When that happened, the resonance occurred between the fork
    and the particular mode of vibration of the string. The loop was also able to adjusted
    by adjusting the length of the string, keeping the weight on the pan fixed.
    • To determine the length between two successive nodes, two pins P 1 and P2 of
    adjustable heights below the two extreme well defined nodes were placed. The
    distance between the two pins and count the total number of loops between them were
    measured. The operation was repeated three times by independently adjusting the
    positions of the pointers. From these observations, the length 𝑙 of a segment was
    calculated.
    • The weight was increased by 5 grams in each succession until the total number of
    loops between 2 end points are different. The operations were repeated as noted above
    procedures, to determine the new length of a segment. At a certain time adding
    weights, the number of loop also starts to decrease. The total number of loops for each
    new weight was noted and the corresponding l was also determined as per above
    stated procedures.
    • At the end of the experiment, the weight and the length of the string were determined
    as well as the mass per unit length of the thread. Thereafter, the total mass of the scale
    pan was noted down. The frequency of the given fork was calculated using the
    equation (i).

    4. EXPERIMENTAL DATA:

    (A) Mass of the scale pan, 𝑤 = 23.5𝑔𝑚

    (B) Length of the string, 𝐿 = 151 𝑐𝑚

    Mass of the string, 𝑀 = 0.5 𝑔𝑚

    So, the mass per unit length of the thread, 𝜇 = M/L=0.0033

    ∴ 𝜇 = 0.0033𝑔𝑚/𝑐𝑚

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 5 of 7


    5. ANALYSIS AND CALCULATION:

    1 4 0 23030 95 4 23.5 56.20 41.70

    2 3 10 32830 91 3 30.33 51.6 52.84 35.68

    3 3 5 27930 86 3 28.68 50.73 33.98

    (A) Mean frequency of the fork 𝑓 = 52.84

    ∴ 𝑓 = 52.84 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/𝑠𝑒𝑐

    6. RESULT:

    The law of transverse vibration of string is verified by showing and


    the frequency of the tuning fork is 52.84 Vibration/sec.

    7. DISCUSSION:

    ➢ The experiment was carried out to verify the laws of transverse vibration of strings
    and to determine the frequency of a tuning fork by Melde’s experiment.
    ➢ From the experiment, how nodes, loops and resonances occurred was learned.
    ➢ After the experiment, the result found out to be the tuning fork have an average
    frequency of 42.9 vibration per second.
    ➢ In order to carry out the experiment smoothly, the ruler and the tuning fork have to
    held into the position tightly, so that the error rate finding the loops can be
    decreased.
    ➢ The whole experiment was conducted in a place where all the apparatus will remain
    stable.

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 6 of 7


    8. REFERENCES:

    • Fundamental of Physics-10th Edition: David Halliday and Robert Resnick.


    • Practical Physics by R.K Shukla and Anchal Srivastava.
    • Transverse and Longitudinal modes of vibration:
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Anh9HthWgQ
    • Melde’s experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwWPDqHFxOg

    Lab Report # 4 Department of Physics Page 7 of 7

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