LEYTE COLLEGES

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION

TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

TOPICS COVERED:
TOPIC 3: SOCIALIZATION
A.) Meaning of Socialization
B.) Features of Socialization
C.) Types of Socialization
D.) Theories of Socialization
E.) Importance of Socialization
F.) Stages of Socialization
G.) Stages of Sexual Development
H.) Agencies of Socialization
I.) Gender Socialization

II. INTRODUCTION
Every society is faced with the necessity of making a responsible member out
of each born into it. The child must learn the expectations of the society so that his
behavior can be relied upon. He must acquire the group norms. The society must
socialize each member so that his behavior will be meaningful in terms of the group
norms. In the process of socialization, the individual learns the reciprocal responses
of the society.
Socialization is a processes with the help of which a living organism is
changed into a social being. It is a process through which the younger generation
learns the adult role which it has to play subsequently. It is a continuous process in
the life of an individual and it continues from generation to generation.

III. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILOs)

At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Understand and explain the meaning of socialization and its importance in
human development and society.
2. Identify and describe the key features of socialization, including how they
impact individual and group behavior.
3. Differentiate between various types of socialization (primary, secondary,
etc.) and provide examples of each.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

4. Analyze and critique major theories of socialization, demonstrating an

understanding of their key concepts and implications.
5. Recognize the stages of socialization and sexual development and discuss
their influence on an individual's identity and behavior.
6. Examine the role of different agencies of socialization (family, school,
media, etc.) in shaping an individual's social behavior and attitudes.
7. Explore the concept of gender socialization, discussing how societal norms
and expectations influence perceptions of gender roles and identities.

IV. KEYTERMS
 Socialization - a processes with the help of which a living organism is
changed into a social being. It is a process through which the younger
generation learns the adult role which it has to play subsequently. It is a
continuous process in the life of an individual and it continues from generation
to generation.
 Primary Socialization - It refers to socialization of the infant in the primary or
earliest years of his life. It is a process by which the infant learns language
and cognitive skills, internalizes norms and values. The infant learns the way
of a given grouping and is molded into an effective social participant of that
group.
 Secondary Socialization - The process can be seen at work outside the
immediate family, in the 'peer group'. The growing child learns very important
lessons in social conduct from his peers. He also learns lessons in school.
Hence, socialization continues beyond and outside the family environment.
Secondary socialization generally refers to the social training received by the
child in institutional or formal settings and continues throughout the rest of his
life.
 Adult Socialization - In adult socialization, actors enter roles (an employee, a
husband or wife) for which primary and secondary socialization may not have
prepared them fully. Adult socialization educates people to take on new
duties. The aim of adult socialization is to bring change in the views of the
individual. Adult socialization is more likely to change overt behavior, whereas
child socialization molds basic values.
 Anticipatory Socialization - refers to a process by which men learn the
culture of a group with the anticipation of joining that group. As a person
learns the proper beliefs, values and norms of a status or group to which he
aspires, he is learning how to act in his new role.
 Re-socialization - It refers to the process of discarding former behavior
patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one's life. Such re-
socialization takes place mostly when a social role is radically changed. It
involves abandonment of one way of life for another which is not only different
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

from the former but incompatible with it. For instance, when a criminal is
rehabilitated, he has to change his role radically.
 Gender Socialization - Gender socialization is the process through which
children learn about the social expectations, attitudes and behaviors typically
associated with boys and girls. This topic looks at this socialization process
and the factors that influence gender development in children.
V. CONTENT

A.) MEANING OF SOCIALIZATION:

The newborn is merely an organism. Socialization makes him responsive to
society. He is socially active. He becomes an ‘Purush’ and the culture that his group
inculcates in him, humanizes him, in the process gets incorporated in the personality
of a child. It prepares him to fit in the group and to perform the social roles. It sets the
infant on the line of social order and enables an adult to fit into the new group. It
enables the man to adjust himself to the new social order.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Socialization stands for the development of the human brain, body, attitude,
behavior and so forth.

IMAG
E1. SOCIALIZATION

Socialization is known as the process of interaction through which the growing

individual learns the.
a.) Habits – are context behavior associations in memory that develop as people
repeatedly experience rewards for a given action in a given context.
b.) Attitudes – a feeling or opinion about something or someone, or a way of
behaving that is caused by this: It is often very difficult to change people attitudes.
c.) Values – are individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or another.
d.) Beliefs – can be defined as the mental acceptance or conviction in the truth or
actuality of some idea (schwitzgebel, 2010) of the social group into which he has
been born.

From the point of view of society, socialization is the way through which
society transmits its culture from generation to generation and maintains itself. From
the point of view of the individual, socialization is the process by which the individual
learns social behavior, develops himself.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

The process operates at two levels, one within the infant which is called the
internalization of objects around and the other from the outside. Socialization may be
viewed as the internalization of social norms. Social rules become internal to the
individual, in the sense that they are self-imposed rather than imposed by means of
external regulation and are thus part of an individual’s own personality.

IMAGE 2. FIRST LEVEL OF SOCIALIZATION –

INTERNALIZATION OF OBJECTS WITHIN AN INFANT

Early socialization theories acknowledge the importance of a parent-child

relationship context in such constructs as parental warmth and nurturance that were
considered to enhance the effectiveness of a parent’s socialization techniques.
Maccoby and Martin’s (1983) review of the research on parent-child
interaction presaged many elements of a relational perspective on socialization. In
contrast to earlier perspectives that emphasized parental discipline strategies they
traced the origins of socialization to the beginnings of relationship formation during
the first year of life.
The individual therefore feels an urge to confirm. Secondly, it may be viewed as
essential with the expectations of others. The underlying process of socialization is
bound up with social interactions.

Socialization is a comprehensive process. According to Horton and Hunt,

Socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of his groups, so
that a distinct ‘self emerges’ unique to this individual
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Through the process of socialization, the individual becomes a social person

and attaints his personality. Green defined socialization “as the process by which the
child acquires a cultural content, along with selfhood and personality”.
According to Lundberg, socialization consist of the “complex processes of
interaction through which the individual learns the habits, skills beliefs and standard
of judgement that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and
communities.
Peter Worsley explains socialisation “as the process of” transmission of
culture, the process whereby men learn the rules and practices of social groups”.
H.M. Johnson defines socialisation as “learning that enables the learner to perform
social roles”. He further says that is a “process by which individuals acquire the
already existing culture of groups they come into”.
Socialization takes place at different stages such as primary, secondary, and
adult. The primary stage involves the socialization of the young child in the family.
The secondary stage involves the school, and the third stage is adult socialization.

IMAGE 3. SOCIALIZATION IN THREE STAGES:

PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND ADULT.
Socialization is, thus, a process of cultural learning whereby a new person
acquires necessary skills and education to play a regular part in a social system. The
process is essentially the same in all societies, through institutional arrangements
vary. The process continues throughout life as each new situation arises.
Socialization is the process of fitting individuals into particular forms of group life,
transforming human organism into social beings and transmitting established cultural
traditions.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Socialization not only helps in the maintenance and preservation of social

values and norms, but it is the process through which values and norms are
transmitted from one generation to another generation.

B.) FEATURES OF SOCIALIZATION MAY DISCUSSED UNDER:

 Inculcates basic discipline:
Socialization inculcates basis discipline. A person learns to control his impulses. He
may show a disciplined behavior to gain social approval.
 Helps to control human behavior:
It is helps to control human behavior.
An individual form birth to death undergoes training and his behavior is controlled in
numerous ways. In order to maintain the social order, there are define procedures or
mechanisms in society. These procedures become part of the man’s life and man
gets adjusted to the society. Through socialization, society intends to control the
behavior of its members unconsciously.

 Socialization is rapid if there is more humanity among the- agencies of

socialization:

Formal socialization takes through direct instruction and education in schools and
colleges. Family is, however, the primary and the most influential source of
education. Children learn their language, customs, norms and values in the family.

C.) TYPES OF SOCLIZATION

Although socialization occurs during childhood and adolescene, it also

continues in middles and adult age. Orville F. Brim (Jr) described socialization as a
life-long process. He maintains that socialization of adults differs from childhood
socialization. In this context it can be said that there are various types of
socialization.
1. Primary Socialization

It refers to socialization of the infant in the primary or earliest years of his life. It is a
process by which the infant learns language and cognitive skills, internalizes norms
and values. The infant learns the way of a given grouping and is molded into an
effective social participant of that group.
The norms of society becomes part of the personality of the individual. The child
does not have a sense of wrong and right. By direct and indirect observation and
experience, he gradually learns the norms relating to wrong and right things. The
primary socialization takes places in the family.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

For instance, a child hears his fathers say bad words against an old lady. The child
would think that this behavior is socially acceptable, so he would start talking bad
words against older people.
2. Secondary Socialization:

The process can be seen at work outside the immediate family, in the ‘peer group’.
The growing child learns very important lessons in social conduct from his peers. He
also learns lessons in school. Hence, socialization continues beyond and outside the
family environment. Secondary socialization generally refers to the social training
received by the child in institutional or formal settings and continues throughout the
rest of his life.

To illustrate, a high school graduate chooses a career in business

management after participating in a small group career seminar led by college
business majors.

3. Adult Socialization

In adult socialization, actors enter roles (an employee, a husband or wife) for
which primary and secondary socialization may not have prepared them fully. Adult
socialization educates people to take on new duties. The aim of adult socialization is
to bring change in the views of the individual. Adult socialization is more likely to
change overt behavior, whereas child socialization molds basic values.

Case in point, a shy senior high school student start to teach English to new
freshmen students in order to develop verbal communication.

4. Anticipatory Socialization:

Anticipatory Socialization refers to a process by which men learn the culture

of a group with the anticipation of joining that group. As a person learns the proper
belief, values and norms of a status or group to which he aspires, he is learning how
to act in his new role.

An example, a child anticipates parenthood as he observes his parents perform their

daily roles.

5. Re-socialization:

It refers to the process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting

new ones as part of a transition in one’s life. Such re-socialization takes place mostly
when a social role is radically changed. It involves abandonment of one way of life
for another which is not only different from the former but incompatible with it. For
instance, when a criminal is rehabilitated, he has to change his role radically.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

D.) THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION

Development of Self and Personality

Personality takes shape with the emergence and development of the ‘self’.
The emergency of self takes place in the process of socialization whenever the
individual takes group values self, the core of personality, develops out of the child’s
interaction with others. A person’s self is what he consciously and unconsciously
conceives himself to be. It is the sum total of his perceptions of himself and
especially, his attitudes towards himself. The self may be defined as one’s
awareness of and ideas and attitudes about his own personal and social identity. But
the child has no self. The self-arises in the interplay of social experience, as a result
of social influences to which the child, as he grows, becomes subjects.

In the beginning of the life of the child there is no self. He is not conscious of
himself or others. Soon the infant feels out the limits of the body, learning where its
body ends, and other things begin. The child begins to recognize people and tell
them apart. At about the age of two it begins to use ‘I’ which is a clear sign of definite
self-consciousness that he or she is becoming aware of itself as a distinct human
being.

Primary groups play crucial roles in the formation of the self of the newborn
and in the formation of the personality of the newborn as well. It can be stated here
that the development of self is rooted in social behavior and not in biological or
hereditary factors.

The child learns much from the family. After family his playmates and school
wield influence on his socialization. After his education is ever, he enters into a
profession. Marriage initiates a person into social responsibility, which is one of the
aims of socialization. In short, socialization is a process which begins at birth and
continues unceasingly until the death of the individual.

Charles Horton Cooley believed; personality arises out of people’s interactions with
the world. Cooley used the phrase “Looking Glass Self” to emphasize that the self is
the product of our social interactions with other people.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

IMAGE 4. CHARLES HORTON COOLEY’S

THE LOOKING GLASS THEORY.

The looking glass self is composed of three elements:

1. How we think others see in us (I believe people are reacting to my new
hairstyle).

2. What we think they react to what they see.

3. How we respond to the perceived reaction of others.

To quote Cooley, “As we see our faces, figure and dress in the glass and are
interested in them because they are ours and pleased or otherwise with according as
they do or do not answer to what we should like them to be; so, in imagination we
perceive in another’s mind some thought of our appearance, manners, aims, deeds,
character, friends, and so on and variously affected it”.

The ‘looking glass self assures the child which aspects of the assumed role will
praise or blame, which ones are acceptable to others and which ones unacceptable.
People normally have their own attitudes towards social roles and adopt the same.
The child first tries out these on others and in turn adopts towards his self.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

E.) IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION

The process of socialization is important from the point of view of society as

well as from the point of view of individual every society is faced with the necessity of
making a responsible member out of each child born into it. The child must learn the
expectations of the society so that his behavior can be relied upon. He must acquire
the group norms in order to take the behavior of others into account. The child has
no self. The self emerges through the process of socialization. The self, the core of
personality, develops out of the child’s interaction with others.

Socialization means transmission of culture, the process by which men learn the
rules and practices of social groups to which belongs. It is through it that a society
maintain its social system, transmits its culture from generation to generation. From
the point of view of the individual, socialization is the process by which the individual
learns social behavior and develops his self. Socialization plays a unique role in
personality development of the individual. It is the process by which the newborn
individual, as he grows up acquires the values of the group and is molded into a
social being. Without this no individual could become a person, for it the values,
sentiments and ideas of culture are not joined to the capacities and needs of the
human organism there could be no human mentality, no human personality.

The importance of socialization are the following:

 Socialization converts man, the biological being into man, the social being.
 Socialization contributes to the development of personality.
 Helps to become disciplined.
 Helps to enact different roles.
 Provides the knowledge of skills.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

 Helps to develop right aspiration in life.

 Contributes to the stability of the social order.
 Helps to reduce social distance.
 Provides scope for building the bright future.
 Helps the transmission of culture.

In the socialization process the individual learns the cultures as well as skills, ranging
from language to manual dexterity which will enable him to become a participating
member of human society. In his early years, individual is also socialized with regard
to sexual behavior. Society is also concerned with imparting the basic goals,
aspirations, and values to which the child is expected to direct his behavior for the
rest of his life. He learns the levels to which he is expected to aspire. Socialization
teaches skills. Only by acquiring needed skills individual fit into a society. In simple
societies, traditional practices are handed down from generation to generation and
are usually learned by imitation and practice in the course of everyday life.

Socialization is indeed an intricate process in a complex society characterized by

increasing specialization and division of work. In these societies, inculcating the
abstract skills of literacy through formal education is a central task of socialization.

Another element in socialization in the acquisition of the appropriate social roles that
the individual is expected to play. He knows role expectations, that is what behavior
and values are a part of the role he will perform. He must desire to practice such
behavior and pursue such ends. Performance is very important in the process of
socialization. As males, females, husbands, wives, sons, daughters, parents,
children, students, teachers and so on, accepted social roles must be learned if the
individual is to play a functional and predictable part in social interaction. In this way
man becomes a person through the social influences which he shares with others
and through his own ability to respond and weave his responses into a unified body
of habits, attitudes, and traits. But man is not the product of socialization alone. He is
also, in part, a product of heredity. He generally possesses, the inherited potential
that can make him a person under conditions of maturation and conditioning.

Socialization stands for the development of the human brain, body, attitude,
behavior, and so forth. Socialization is known as the process of inducting the
individual into the social world. The term socialization refers to the process of
interaction through which the growing individual learns habit, attitude, values, and
beliefs of the social group into which he has been born. From the point of view of
society, socialization is the way through which society transmits its culture from
generation to generation and maintains itself. From the point of view of the individual,
socialization is the process by which the individual learns social behavior, develops
his self.

The process operates at two levels, one within the infant which is called the
internalization of objects around and the other from the externalization.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

1. First, socialization may be viewed as the “internalization of social norms.

Social rules become internal to the individual, in the sense they are self-imposed
rather than imposed by means of external regulation and are thus part of individual’s
own personality. Therefore, individual feels an urge to conform.
2. Secondly, it may be viewed as essential element of social interaction. In
this case, individuals become socialized as they in accordance with the expectations
of others. The underlying process of socialization is bound up with social interaction.
Socialization is a comprehensive process. According to Horton and Hunt,
socialization is the process whereby one internalizes the norms of his groups, so that
a distinct’ self emerges, unique to this individual. Through the process of
socialization, the individual becomes a social person and attains his personality.
Green defined socialization “as the process by which the child acquires a cultural
content, along with selfhood and personality”.
According to Lundberg, socialization consist of the “complex processes of interaction
through which the individual learns the habits, skills beliefs and standard of
judgement that are necessary for his effective participation in social groups and
communities”. The heart of socialization is the emergence and gradual development
of the self or ego. It is in terms of the self that personality takes shape and the mind
comes to function. It is the process by which the newborn individual, as he grows up
acquires the values of the group and is molded into a social being.

Socialization takes place at different stages such as primary, secondary and adult.

1. The primary stage involves the socialization of the young child in the family.

2. The secondary stage involves the school.

3. And the third stage is adult socialization.

The process is essentially the same in all societies, through institutional

arrangements vary. The process continues throughout life as each new situation
arises. Socialization is the process of fitting individuals into particular forms of group
life, transforming human organism into social beings and transmitting established
cultural traditions.

F.) STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION

The American psychologist George Herbert Mead (1934) went further in
analyzing how the self develops. According to Mead, the self represents the sum
total of people’s conscious perception of their identify as distinct from others, just as
it did for Cooley. However, Mead’s theory of self was shaped by his overall view of
socialization as a lifelong process.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Like Cooley, he believed the self is a social product arising from relations with other
people. At first, however as babies and young children, we are unable to interpret the
meaning of people’s behavior. When children learn to attach meanings to their
behavior, they have stepped outside themselves. Once children can think about
themselves the same way they might think about someone else, the begin to gain a
sense of self.
The process of forming the self, according to Mead, occurs in three distinct stages.
The first is imitation. In this stage children copy the behavior of adults without
understanding it. A little boy might ‘help’ his parents vacuum the floor by pushing a
toy vacuum cleaner or even a stick around the room.

During the play stage, children

understand behaviors as actual role-doctors, firefighter, and race-car driver and so
on and begin to take on those roles in their play. In doll play little children frequently
talk to the doll in both lobing and scolding tones as if they were parents then answer
for the doll the way a child answers his or her parents. Shifting from one role to
another builds children’s ability to give the same meanings to their thoughts; and
actions that other members of society give them another important step in the
building of a self.
Socialization has five main stages.
1. THE ORAL STAGE

 It is a stage which begins from birth till child is of 1 year. It needs to be fed as
it is helpless and dependent on others for its very survival. During this stage,
the child cries for everything as this is only way it can communicate its needs.
The aim of oral stage is to establish oral dependency.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

2. THE ANAL STAGE

 During this stage, the child learns that one cannot totally depend on the
mother for everything. The child realizes that there are some things that must
do by itself. It is taught to distinguish right or wrong action through a system of
rewards and punishments.

3. THE OIDEPAL STAGE

 It is at this stage that a child becomes a member of the family as a whole.

According to Freud, the boy develops the “Oedipus Complex”, and girl
develops the “Electra Complex”. In this stage, there are a lot of pressure to
identify with the right sex.

4. THE LATENCY STAGE

 By the beginning of this stage, the child has learnt to be independent in the
daily routine at home. He or she learns social norms. There is greater
participation in group activities and group loyalties are important.

5. THE ADOLESCENCE STAGE

 This stage starts with the onset of puberty and continues through the teenage
years. This is a stage of transition from childhood to maturity during which
new patterns of behavior are learnt to meet the increased demands of the
peer group and adult society.

According to Mead, the self is compassed of two parts; the T and the ‘me’ the Tis the
person’s response to other people and to society at large; the ‘me’ is a self-concept
that consist of how significant others- that is, relatives and friends-see the person.
The T thinks about and reacts to the ‘me’ as well as to other people.
For instance, T react to criticism by considering it carefully, sometimes changing and
sometimes not, depending on whether think the criticism is valid. I know that people
consider ‘me’ a fair person who’s always willing to listen. As they trade off role in
their play, children gradually develop a ‘me’. Each time they see themselves from
someone else’s viewpoint, they practice responding to the impression.
A view quite different from Freud’s theory of personality has been proposed by Jean
Piaget. Piaget’s theory deals with cognitive development, or the process of learning
how to thing. According to Piaget, each stage of cognitive development involves new
skills that define the limits of what can be learned. Children pass through these
stages in a definite sequence, though not necessarily with the same stage or
thoroughness.
The first stage, from birth to about age 2, is the “sensorimotor stage”. During this
period children develop the ability to hold an image in their minds permanently.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Before they reach this stage. They might assume that an object ceases to exist when
they don’t see it. Any baby-sitter who has listened to small children screaming
themselves to sleep after seeing their parents leave, and six months later seen them
happily wave good-bye, can testify to this developmental stage.
The second stage, from about age 2 to age 7 is called the preoperational stage.
During this period children learn to tell the difference between symbols and their
meanings. At the beginning of this stage, children might be upset if someone
stepped on a sand castle the represents their own home. By the end of the stage,
children understand the difference between symbols and the object they represent.
The last stage, from about age 12 to age 15, is the “stage of formal operations.
Adolescents in this stage can consider abstract mathematical, logical, and moral
problems and reason about the future. Subsequent mental development builds on
and elaborates the abilities and skills gained during this stage.
Ego is the overseer of the personality a sort of traffic light between the personality
and the outside world. The ego is guided mainly by the reality principle. It will wait for
the right object before discharging the id’s tension. When the id registers, for
example, the ego will block attempts to eat spare types or poisonous berries,
postponing gratification until food is available. The superego is an idealized parent: it
performs a moral, judgemental function. The superego demands perfect behavior
according to the parent’s standards, and later according to the standards of society
at large.
All three of these parts are active in children’s personalities. Children must obey the
reality principle. They must also obey the moral demands of parents and of their own
developing super egos. The ego is held accountable for actions, and it is rewarded
or punished by the super ego with feelings or pride or guilt.
G.) STAGES IN SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALIZATION

Sexual development is the physical changes that occur during puberty.

Sexual development is one’s culture and family norms, development, function of the
behavior, frequency and participation, environment, effect on others, and ease of
redirection.
During the five psycho-sexual stage, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and
genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source
of pleasure.
What are the phases of the Sexual Response Cycle? The sexual response
cycle has four phases: excitement plateau, orgasm, and resolution. Both men and
women experience these phases, although the timing usually is different.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

H.) AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION

An agency refers to a relationship comprising two parties, where one party,
called the agent, represents the other party, called the principal. An agent is usually
hired by the principal to perform an act or service on his behalf.
An agency business is a company that provides a specialized service to their
clients. Often, agencies act on behalf of another company, group or individual to
manage a segment of their business.

Example:
 Choosing a career.
 Groups joining a social movement.
 Picking a spouse (also called affective individualism).
 Selecting a dessert off a menu.
 Voting in free elections.

Types of Agencies
 Branding
 Direct marketing
 Digital marketing/new media
 Social media
 Shopper activation/shopper marketing
 Public relations

I.) GENDER SOCIALIZATION

Gender socialization is the process through which children learn about the
social expectations, attitudes and behaviors typically associated with boys and girls.
This topic looks at this socialization process and the factors that influence gender
development in children.

Gender socialization is the process of teaching individuals how to behave under the
social expectations of their gender, known as gender roles. Gender socialization
involves the teaching of gender stereotypes. Gender stereotypes are certain
behaviors and attitudes that are considered characteristic of boys or girls.
 LEYTE COLLEGES
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND OFFICE ADMINISTRATION
TACLOBAN CITY
MODULE IN GENERAL SOCIOLOGY

Learning about gender occurs through four major agents of socialization: Family,
Education, Peers and Media.

Example of Gender Socialization

An example of gender socialization is how toys are gendered, being marketed
towards boys and girls. In many toy stores, there are often segregated ‘boy toys’ and
‘girl toys’.