ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTEMENT
BY: YAFET TESHOME

ID NO: - UGR/22800/13

Advisor Name;- ZERIHUN

Name supervisor;- E/r ENDALKACHEW

SUBMITTED TO: - THE SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

INERNSHIP DURATION: - FROM JULY 05 – SEPT 04, 2023

HOSTING COMPANY:- NEMAD CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND

ENGINEERS PLC AND BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC.
 Final Internship Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
An overall view that shows about what I have been doing. A report about the
internship experience that successes I have achieved during the period of the
program in Bamacon Engineering plc.

This report gives detail information about site and office activities carried for
building project. The contents of the report have been divided into four chapter. In
the first chapter of my report, I briefly described about the back ground of my
internship hosting company including the description, mission and services of the
organization. The second chapter of my report describes over all internship
experience. In the third chapter of the report briefly explains about benefit of the
internship. the fourth chapter of my report contain about, conclusion and
recommendation for my host company. To help anyone reading this report better
understands for the discussed topics and ideas.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First, I would like to thank my almighty god for his merciful and endless guidance
through my life.

next to god I would like to thank my beloved families for their great support and
being beside me in all aspects. and next to this I would like to thank ADAMA
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY of civil engineering department
for providing this kind of internship program for us. And i would also like to thank
my hosting NEMAD CONSULTING ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS PLC AND
BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC for their genuine hospitality and continued
effort to educate, supervise and foster my technical and professional skills
throughout the whole internship program.at last but not the least I would like to
express my heartfelt appreciation to Eng. ENDALKACHEW, all employees in the
site and other internship students for their encouragement and endless cooperation
throughout my stay in the internship programs.

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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY............................................................................................ 1
1.2.1 History of the company ................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Vision .................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Mission................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES............................................................................................... 3
1.6 PAST AND PRESENT PRODUCT AND ITS USERS ..................................................................... 3
1.7 OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW ....................................................................... 5
chapter 2: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ................................................................................. 6
2.1 HOW DID I GET INTO BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC? ......................................................... 6
2.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT ......................................................................................... 6
2.3 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE .................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 Office work ................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 Site work ...................................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Working procedures on the site .......................................................................................................... 9
2.3.3 FORMWORK ............................................................................................................................ 10
2.4 SPACER, CONCRETE COVER (CLEAR COVER) ....................................................................... 13
2.5 REINFORCEMENT BAR WORKS ................................................................................................ 14
2.5.1 Beam reinforcement bar ............................................................................................................. 14
2.5.2 Slab reinforcement bar ............................................................................................................... 15
2.5.3 Staircase reinforcement bar ........................................................................................................ 15
2.5.4 Column and shear wall reinforcement bar ................................................................................. 16
2.6 CONCRETE WORK ........................................................................................................................ 17
2.6.1 Cement: ...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.6.2 Aggregate: .................................................................................................................................. 17
2.6.3 Water:......................................................................................................................................... 18

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2.6.4 MIXING OF CONCRETE......................................................................................................... 19

2.6.5 PLACING OF CONCRETE ...................................................................................................... 20
2.6.6 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE ............................................................................................. 20
2.6.7 CURING OF CONCRETE ........................................................................................................ 21
2.6.8 CONCRETE TEST .................................................................................................................... 22
2.7 SUPER- STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 23
2.7.1 .COLUMN ................................................................................................................................. 23
2.7.2 .BEAM ....................................................................................................................................... 24
2.7.3 .STAIR CASES .......................................................................................................................... 24
2.7.4 . SLAB Structural....................................................................................................................... 25
2.7.5 . SHEAR WALL ........................................................................................................................ 26
2.7.6 . STIRRUP ................................................................................................................................. 26
2.8 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASKS ................................................................................. 26
2.9 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES ................................................................ 27
chapter 3:..................................................................................................................................................... 28
BENEFITES AND CHALLENGES OF THE INTERNSHIP.................................................................... 28
3.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 28
3.2 BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM ............................................................................ 28
3.3 Benefits in terms of improving Practical Skills ................................................................................ 29
3.4 benefits in terms of improving theoretical knowledge ...................................................................... 30
3.5 benefits in terms of improving interpersonal communication skills ................................................. 30
3.6 benefits in terms of improving team playing skills ........................................................................... 31
3.7 benefits in terms of improving leadership skills ............................................................................... 32
3.8 Benefits in terms of Understanding about work ethics and related issues ........................................ 32
3.9 Challenges We Face and problems That I Have Taken .................................................................... 33
chapter 4:..................................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 35
4.2 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................................................... 36

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CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Internship is a two months practice program for university or other higher-level
students, in my case a construction engineering practice program on construction.
This program is to give students a better knowledge on practical work and also can
be referred as preparation program before students are graduated and go for job
hunting.
During my internship I have managed to grasp so many knowledge on the practical portion of the
construction job. I have learned about the construction industry and how the construction
industry works, practical work procedures, about deferent construction works starting from their
terminology up to its execution, about management of materials, human resource and also the
most important management of the site.
This internship program, building construction at BamaCon Engineering PLC has helped me to
apply the knowledge is get from my class at the university on the site. My hosting company,
which is a leading real estate developer helped me to see how the construction industry is the
backbone of our country economy. In my two months’ internship program at the company I can
say that I have got a very important knowledge witch i can say is it thought me how to be a best
constriction engineer and a good competitor on my future.

1.2 BACK GROUND OF THE COMPANY

Bamacon Engineering PLC is a share, privately owned construction firm with a reliable record of
accomplishments and a bright prospect that matches its high aspiration. The following volume is
an attempt to profile that track record, the prospect and the aspiration from its effective operating
system springs.

1.2.1 History of the company

Established as a grade VII construction firm in 2005 using the name of the owner and general
manager as Girma Gelaw Building Contractor , Bamacon Engineering registered with the
ministry of infrastructure, has grown to be a very competitive Grade I Building Contractor with
favorable prospects for a role of excellence in the construction industry.

In the thirteen years of its growth, the firm has always believed that capacity depends more on
organizational and human resource development than on equipment and finance.

In this belief, the firm has invested a significant portion of its time and money on:

➢Retaining and developing a highly professional management team.

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➢Training and motivating its technical staff, from the craftsmen to the senior engineers, to
achieve and maintain high standards.

➢Devising and practicing a modern and effective organizational structure.

➢Solicit counseling and conduct selected research to assist in strategic planning.

➢Devising and continuously improving on a system of operation that is guided by written head
office and project guide lines, both of which were the result of the combined efforts of
professionals of high standards and the result has been a firm with a work force that can take on
any challenge in the form of a construction job.

With respect to capacity in terms of equipment, while acquisition of major machinery has been
dictated by the need to satisfy the regulatory body’s (ministry of infrastructure’s) capacity
requirements, special emphasis on equipment that are specifically appropriate to Bamacon
Engineering’s own method of construction were also sought and acquired.

Hitherto, financial capacity has always been commensurate to the cash flow requirements of the
projects.

This has been partly due to the firm’s good credit record with clients, insurance companies,
banks and construction material suppliers perhaps the most important creditors to any
construction firm.

Looking back, the path Bamacon Engineering PLC traveled over the last years seems to be a
path of initiation for the competitive challenges of the third millennium.

1.3 Vision
Our vision is to become a successful contractor participating in road construction projects,
bridge construction projects and building construction projects and to maximize company
profitability

➢To be one of the biggest consulting firms in Ethiopia.

➢Opening branches in other east African countries.

➢To advance new technology in building sector.

1.4 Mission
➢To design, build and deliver quality buildings that provide exceptional construction, affordable
pricing, and an opportunity to discover beauty blended with functionality.

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➢To develop the capacity of the company, in addition to fulfill construction needs doing all
construction works throughout the country.

1.5 MAIN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES

Bamacon Engineering PLC, through years of vast experience dealing with project management
and contract administration issues in different construction projects, has specialized in
construction of:

✓Residential Houses

✓Office Building

✓Complexes

✓Hospitals

✓Hotels

✓Factories

Figure 1-0-1 OMEDAD MIXED USE BUILDING.

Figure 1-0-2 NECHO MIXED USE BUILDING

1.6 PAST AND PRESENT PRODUCT AND ITS USERS

The following table summarizes major construction jobs Bamacon Engineering PLC took over
the past four to five years which relevant to current job at hand in nature and complexity.

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PROJECT EMPLOYERS TOTAL COMO YEAR

TYPE VALUES TIME OF
(BIRR) COMP

MIXED USE
BLD
1 MIXED-USE Ato Alemayehu 18,539,481.45 460 days Mar.
Tameru 2008

2 MIXED-USE Ato Mesfen 46,148,368.58 120 days Mar 2012

Mengesha
3 MIXED-USE OMEDAD PLC 82,153,346.45 450 days
4 MIXED-USE NECHO 220,345,128.96 365 days
Trading PLC
5 MIXED-USE Ato Jonny Seifu 26,687,254.32 180 days NOV
2012
HOTEL BLD

1 Hotel-Assela Ath. Kenenisa 13,423,917.30 630 days Oct 2008

Bekele
2 Hotel Apart(str. Mekdes Aklilu 42,774,804.48 150 days Oct 2011
Only)

3 Saromayria Ato Alemayehu 37,748,673.80 34o days Sept 2011

Hotel Nigussie

APARTEMENT
BUILDING
1 APARTEMENT Ene Tsehaye 38,637,542.12 300 days Aug.
Zemui 2012

FACTORY
BLD
1 FACTORY IHRAK Int PLC 12,267,547.56 240 days Sept.
2010
2 FACTORY(Sub- STEELY RMI 15,147,267.48 120 days Jan.
str.Only) 20012

HOSPITAL Hospital(Str. Ato Birehane 15,157,635.36 240 days Sept.

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BUILDING Only) Dagnew 2011

1.7
OVERALL ORGANIZATION AND WORK FLOW
KEY PROFESSIONAL STAFF

Bamacon Engineering PLC has an excellent blend of qualified engineers, more than 30 in all,
most of them have longer than five years of experience in different civil and industrial projects in
the country. The group is committed to keep its brand and dedicates its time and effort to the
development of the company and the wellbeing of its employees.

Qualified construction technicians support the engineering staff. Individuals with the right
experience and educational background attend finance, administration and procurement
divisions. Full secretarial and office support is provided by means of modern facilities such as
copiers, laptop and desktop computers, fax machine, etc.

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chapter 2: OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE

2.1 HOW DID I GET INTO BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC?
An internship program is planned to create a good interaction between universities and
industries, and also create students that have the capability of facing and solving practical
problems. Because of these reasons Adama Science and Technology University has given a great
attention to this program by helping students. Adama Science and Technology University,
School of Civil Engineering And Architecture gave me internship placement request letter to
search for hosting company. And I requested for Addis Abeba Design and Construction Works
Bureau. And they accepted my internship request without any precondition and then I have
submitted the acceptance letter to Adama Science and Technology University. This office have
different site and They gave me a chance to choose the nearest site from my house, and I have
selected Lideta Sub City building project Located at Lideta Near to lideta federal supreme court
then I came to start my internship program, by giving the evaluation paper and I communicate
with the site consulting company is NEMAD CONSULTING ARCHITECT AND
ENGINEERING company my follower is site consultant manager E/r Endalkachew he
standardize me with general construction company BAMACON ENGINEERING PLC and I
start my practice with foreman (contractor) E/r Solomon from july13 to sept 10/2023.

2.2 DESCRIPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT

Project Name: Addis Ababa, Lideta Sub-City office Building.

Client ;- Addis Ababa City Administration Bureau.

Building Type:- Block-A is B+G+12, Block-B from lift and right is B+G+8 and Block- C is
Ground.

Site: Addis Ababa, around Lideta Federal Supreme Court.

Employer: E/r Endalkachew and E/r Murad.

Contractor: Bamacon Engineering PLC

Consultant and Supervisor: NEMAD CONSULTING ARCHITECT AND ENGINEERING

Built up area: 3364m2

Building Height: 1750m2

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This site has three main purposes which are used for Office on Block-A, Block-B, meeting hall
on the last floor of Block-A and car parking since it has ground Block C stories.

Figure 2-1 the final building project this Block-A, Block-B from the lift and right.

2.3 MY INTERNSHIP EXPERIANCE

In this chapter I will try to show what I have seen and what I have get in my 2-month experience.
In the first weeks I was introducing with the project and the staff members who are at the site
and other student which are come from another university to internship. Then we will discuss
and interchange idea and share knowledge to each other on every day activity.

2.3.1 Office work

From the office work I was engaged in different activities on the Takeoff sheet, bar schedule and
Writing daily site activities report.

1. Takeoff sheet: - Is tabular standard format in which dimension of items from

the Working drawing is transferred for further calculations. It is the process of reading
drawing and calculating the amount of materials/works needed. These quantities are calculated
in a specially prepared tabular format, so as to aid accurate preparation and enable
checking/rechecking or adjusting of amounts & correct errors if any. This format is used for
calculating the amount of concrete casted in volume (m3), amount of lean concrete casted
and formwork which are used in area (m2) and amount of skirting and others in length (m).
2. BAR SCHEDULE:- Bar schedule is a format used to calculate the quantity of
reinforcement bars. In this format the quantity of bar of each diameter will be calculated.

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Preparing bar schedule is the process of analyzing number, diameter, length, location and
shape of placement of the bar from the structural drawing of the given project and putting in
the bar schedule in their respective place provided.

The necessary steps to do bar schedule for the given work are:
➢Identify the type, shape and diameter of the bar for the specified location on the drawing of
given work.
➢Then by using center to center spacing and the length on which these bars are placed
calculate the number of bars per member present for the given work.
➢State numbers of same members which contain the specified bar on the drawing.
➢Then multiply number of bars per member with number of the same members to find total
number of bars.
➢Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of
single bar.

3. Writing daily site activities report:- it’s technical report writing form we write
daily activity by using reading drawing and write by using section to section of drawing and
floor activities with human resource and material used on activity.

2.3.2 Site work

Apart from the office work I have participated on site works being with the site engineer and
assistant Forman. Site work consists of many kinds of activities. Some of these are concrete
mixing, bar bending and placement, formwork preparation, concrete casting, curing and
chiseling and plastering works. The Forman supervises all activities on the site by controlling the
activities closely. Some major site activities are presented here.

Checkup of reinforcement works

Reinforcement bar work; as a critical part of the structural system should be given due attention
and thoroughly checked prior to the concrete casting process. After they have finished the slab
mesh and the beam reinforcement work; the number, diameter and length of bars are checked.
The different bar types such as main reinforcements, negative bars and distribution bars should
be provided correctly at each point of need.
These components will be checked with respect to the drawings provided in the design. If there
is problems with the reinforcement placement. I then reported to the Forman to take corrective
Measures. Then he commands them to correct mistakes or insert bars if they had been forgotten.
Additionally checking the provision of spacer bars was another activity.

Follow up and control of formwork preparation

The formwork preparation involves the participation of carpenters majorly and assistants such as
daily laborers. I have been assigned to check the work progress and accuracy of form work
preparation for beams, slabs and columns. Making sure the dimension, elevation, material usage

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and speed of work was required. Checking the alignment, perpendicularity and strength of
formwork components was another activity.

Follow up and control of concrete work

Concrete casting work involves certain activities such as concrete mixing, transporting to the
place and finally casting into the required shape and dimension. I have been following up the
mixing and casting processes at the mixing place. Checking the use of proper batching, material
mixing ratio and water content is the critical part. Instructing masons and other workers to
conduct the work properly following the right procedures i.e. dividing the section into a serious
of strips of slabs and filling the sections correctly in the case of beams.
Another activity that is observed is ensuring the concrete is properly vibrated as it helps to
minimize development of cracks by removing entrapped air with in the concrete mass. The
vibration also decreases segregation problems and allows the concrete enter in all small places
between reinforcement bars which helps attain the concrete cover and improve the strength of
the overall section.

2.4 Working procedures on the site

During the overall internship period; I have observed and participated in major working
procedures used in the construction site. The construction process involves the various working
procedures mainly comprising the form work preparation, bar bending work, conduit work
(installation), concrete work, demolishing and removal of formworks, chiseling and plastering
works in their respective order.

FORMWORK
PREPARATION

PLASTERING RAINFORCEMENT
WORK
BAR WORK

DEMOLISHING FORM CONCERETE WORK

WORK AND CHESELING

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2.3.3 FORMWORK
Then I was sow composite wood and steel form work which is depending the shape of the
construction work. The formwork is temporary construction material used as a mold for
structure with required size and shape while controlling its position and alignment to support and
form concrete members. It can be mainly made up of timber plywood steel and aluminum
material of any desired shape mostly rectangular. It also treated with oil or releasing agent to
prevent sticking of formwork with concrete. Thus, In our site the formworks that we preferred to
see are column, beam and slab formwork.

When the concrete has reached the strength, the formwork is no longer needed and is removed.
The operation of removing formwork is called striping. After stripping the removed formwork is
reused for another structural element.

Period of removal of formwork (Stripping times).

➢Vertical formwork for columns, beams and walls…………………...18 hrs.

➢Soffit formwork to slab and stair case………………………….........21 days.
➢Soffit formwork to beam……………………..……………………...21 days.
➢Props to slab………………………………...……………………….14 days.
➢Props to beam………………………………………………………...14 days

Formwork must full fill the following requirement.

➢It must be accurately set out
➢the material of formwork should be suitable for re-use of several time
➢should be strong enough to carry the lodes placed on it, E.x dead weight of the fresh concrete,
reinforcement, HCB and daily labors
➢the joint in the form work should be tight agent’s linkage
➢should be Brushed by releasing agent or oils

A. Column formworks
The columns in this building has different dimensions, I have observed eight different
rectangular column groups by a name given on drawing C1 (column one)-C8 (column eight).
And even the same column groups shows a change in dimension (reduce) as the floor increases,.
Wooden panels with metal components are used to prepare these formworks.
The step by step activities for this work are the followings:
➢ The foreman checks whether or not the reinforcements are properly placed and erected with
the appropriate dimension, length and spacing. The stirrups will also be checked for proper
spacing and orientation.

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➢ The panels of required dimension are tied with the small woods .by using wires followed by
the oiling of their surfaces in order to prevent adhesion of the concrete at the time of casting.
➢ The formworks are erected and close the reinforcement prepared in rectangular or circular
shapes needed. The formworks will be strengthened by nailing small pieces of wood (kerebat)
along its sides from bottom to top.
➢ Next comes ensuring the vertical alignment of the formwork by using plumb bob (tumbi)
suspended on the sides of the formwork.
➢ The formwork is then fixed in position by using long wooden members connected with the
form work at the top with the horizontal wooden structure (mager) at the bottom it’ known as
stanga.
➢ Column form work preparation will be finalized by preparing supports and ladder like
component for easier and safe upward movement of workers when the concrete is poured in to
the formwork.

Figure 2-2 column form work

B. Slab and beam formworks

In this building the slabs and beams were constructed together since they were designed having a
T-shaped cross section /flanged beams/ which allows the simultaneous construction of both
structural components. The slabs were solid slabs having a uniform thickness of 18cm in all the
floors while the beams have 300 x 480 dimensions where the 180mm depth is casted together
with the slab.

The following procedures were employed in formwork preparation of slabs and beams:
➢ scaffolding is erected along the length of the slab
➢ The next step involves the preparation of beam formworks. The bottom portions of the
beam formwork are laid over the scaffolding prepared previously.
➢ After finishing the bottom beam formworks; the sides of the formwork are placed and
nailed which provide the three dimensions of the final beam structure.

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➢ Horizontal members which are the main components of the slab formwork called plywood
are fitted with the sides of the beam formwork.

Figure 2-3 beam and slab formwork

C. Scaffoldings
The scaffolding provides a working platform without obstructing the space below it. The
scaffolding consists of vertical posts fixed to common sole (leg) piece at their base and to a head
piece at the top. Joists are supported overhead piece and lastly decking beams are placed on top
of the head piece. After this, the formworks (plywood’s) or “foundo” are placed on the decking
beams end to end covering the area of the slab and some additional for working space.

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Figure 2-4 scaffolding

2.4 SPACER, CONCRETE COVER (CLEAR COVER)

Concrete cover, in reinforced concrete is the least distance between the surface of embedded
reinforcement and the outer surface of the concrete. The thickness of clear cover provided is
based on structural component. This difference in thickness for different structural members
based on the exposure conditions of the members to the environment which adversely affects the
reinforcement and the strength of member.

Mostly in our site we use different length of spacer for different structure.

EX, For sub-structural works - for Column and Beam ….…….25mm

-for Slab and stair…………….…20mm

-for slab and stair ………………20mm

Concrete cover has the following crucial uses:-

➢ To prevent the reinforcement from corrosion that may result from being exposed to the
environment
➢To ensure good bond between reinforcement and concrete
➢To prevent the reinforcement from bursting out so that it will be retained in its position
➢To protect steel reinforcements from exposed condition such as fire, ground water and harsh
environment.

Figure 2-5 Spacer of concrete cover

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2.5 REINFORCEMENT BAR WORKS

The reinforcement bars are placed to compensate the week tensile property of concrete. The
reinforcement bars used on our site are steel with grade of 300Mpa ranging from 8mm to
24mm, for the beam, columns, shear walls and slabs. The strength of RC structures depends to
a great extent on the proper design provision of reinforcement since this component is
responsible for the tensile loads exerted on the structure. The length of 1 bar (berga) is 12 m
long.
The reinforcement works were conducted by a contract worker who hires different workers
under him.

2.5.1 Beam reinforcement bar

During my stay in the site I learned re bar arrangements and details in beams. And I have
observed different types of bars in beam which are top bar, bottom bar, positive bar, negative bar
and stirrups (Staffa).

➢Top bar; the main purpose of top bar is to resist compression stress and used to hang stirrups.
In our site most of the time 20mm dia. Top bars are used and in some sections 16mm and 24 mm
are used.

➢Bottom bar; used to resist bending stress and tension cracks. 20 mm and sometimes 16mm dia.
Bottom bars are used in the site.

➢Positive bar; this bars resist positive bending moment. They are placed at the bottom of the
beam in L/8 position.

➢Negative bar; the use of this bars is to resist negative bending moment which are developed at
the end of the beam. They are placed in the top of the beam as a span length of L/3.

➢Stirrups; help the beam in preventing shear, flexural and torsional cracks. They are 8mm in
diameter and densely arranged around the end sides of the beam.

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Figure 2-6 beam reinforcement bar

2.5.2 Slab reinforcement bar

In our site which is solid slab, mostly they used 10mm diameter Slab bars and in some sections
12mm. there are two types of slab re-bars which are main and distribution bars which are
collectively known as bottom bars and negative bars (top bar) which are provided on the top the
slab and a spacer commonly known as kebeleto are used to separate top and bottom bars.
A. Main Bar
This bars are placed at the bottom of the slab.in order to transfer the bending moment developed
at the bottom of the slab, main reinforcement bar is provided at the shorter span direction the
purpose of the main bar to transfer the bending load developed at the bottom of the slab to the
beams
B. Distribution bar
Distribution bars which are placed on the top of main bars used to resist the shear stress and
cracks developed in the longer span.
C. Negative bars
Negative bars are provided to resist negative moments and they are placed on the top the slab
D. Spacer
Spacer “kebeleto” are used to keep the gap between top reinforcement bar and bottom
reinforcement bar.

Figure 2-7 solid slab reinforcement bar

2.5.3 Staircase reinforcement bar

Stair case consistes of components such as riser, tread, landing and landing beam. So this
componets have different re-bar arrangements. As I tried to observe things from the site the re-
bars used in landing is 12mm and 14mm in diameter. when we come to riser and tread part

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inverted L shape bars were arranged along the length of the tread which is 1.4 m and the re-bar
dia. is 8mm

Figure 2-8 staircase reinforcement bar

2.5.4 Column and shear wall reinforcement bar

As I mentioned earlier in the formwork section the columns are rectangular in shape though
varies through out the floor and the re-bar used is mostly 20mm in diameter . shear walls are also
main component of component of the building for the purpose preventing wind and seismic loads
the re-bars used for shear is also similar with columns mostly 20mm and tied with stirrups
diameter of 8 mm. and I got the chance to see what development and lap length looks like;
➢ Development length; is the length of steel bar needed to be embedded in the column to
establish the desired bond strength between concrete and steel in beams, column, footin
➢Lap length;- is a length provided to overlap two rebars in order to safely transfer load from
one bar to another.

Figure 2-9 shear wall reinforcement bar

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Figure 2-10 column reinforcement bar

2.6 CONCRETE WORK

Concrete is made by mixture of cement, sand, aggregate, water, air and admixture if required.
The strength and quality of concrete depend not only on the quality and quantity of the materials,
but on the procedures used in combining these materials and the skill involved in the
transportation, placing, compaction, finishing and curing of concrete.

2.6.1 Cement:
Cement is a material that develops binding forces due to a reaction with water. Portland cements
are hydraulic cements, meaning they react and harden chemically with the addition of water.
Cement should not be stock above six months in store (this can be done by using the method first
in first out). To avoid dampness cement should be stored in a position of 10-20 cm above the
store floor.
PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) is used in our site. The most important effects accompanying
the use of PPC in Concrete Construction Work are:

➢Improved workability

➢Improved resistance to sulfate attack

➢ It has less cost than ordinary Portland cement

Cement is a material that develops binding forces due to a reaction with water. Portland cements
are hydraulic cements, meaning they react and harden chemically with the addition of water.
Cement should not be stock above six months in store (this can be done by using the method first
in first out). To avoid dampness cement should be stored in a position of 10-20 cm above the
store floor.

PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement) is used in our site. The most important effects accompanying
the use of PPC in Concrete Construction Work are:

2.6.2 Aggregate:
Aggregate is a granular material, such as sand, gravel, crushed stone or iron-blast furnace slag.
They generally occupy 65% -75% of the volume of concrete. Hence Considerable care should be
taken in their selection and proportioning to provide the best aggregates available. In Ethiopia
the great majority of aggregates used for concrete are obtained fromnatural sources, either in the
form of rock, which is crushed to obtain the desired maximum size or gravel, which is processed
by crushing or screening oversized materials. All material that passes through #4(4.75 mm

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openings) is conventionally referred to as fine aggregate or sand, while all material that is
retained on the #4 sieve is referred to as coarse aggregate, gravel or stone.
Aggregate classified in to two categories based on size and here are some qualification
aggregates should satisfy:
A. Coarse aggregate:
1. The aggregate should be clean since dirt or clay sticking to the aggregates will weaken the
bond between paste and aggregates.

2. They need to be tested for their quality such as abrasion test and crashing value test

3. It should be chemically inactive so that the aggregates don’t react with the cement.

4. It should be also manufactured by crasher machine because; the size and the shape of the
aggregate are the key factor for the strength of the concrete.

5. It should have different size (well graded) i.e. 0.2, 0.3 . . . This well graded aggregate in
concrete mix is essential in order to a good workability and to secure economy in the use of
cement. Well graded aggregates with a range of sizes will fit together well to give a strong and
dense concrete. Rounded aggregates give a more workable mix. Angular aggregates make
concrete harder to place, work and compact, but can make concrete stronger.

B. Fine aggregate (sand)

Sand should be free from clay material, organic matters and other bad material. The grains
should be sharp, angular and coarse. It shall be natural or crushed gravel or stone, clean sharp
coarse grit, pit or river sand. In Ethiopia mostly river sand is used. Sand should be free from
impurities which reduce the strength of concrete. So the silt content should be checked before
use, because if the silt content is high it creates a cra

2.6.3 Water:
It should be clean and protected from contamination. Water used to undergo chemical reaction
with cement to make concrete workable. 50 kg bag of cement requires approximately 12.5 liter
of water for complete chemical reaction.

We should be careful about the amount of water because mostly on site water is added without a
measurement. So if it’s excess it causes segregation and if it’s not adequate it creates a void.

Admixture: -unlike cement, aggregate and water are not an essential component of the concrete
mix, but they are important and increasingly widespread component that are used to improve
certain properties of concrete. An admixture can be defined as chemical product which is added
to the concrete mix in qualities no longer than 5% by mass of cement during mixing operation

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prior to the placing of concrete for achieving specific modification to normal properties of
concrete.

Type of admixture

1) retarder: - used to increase the initial setting time of concrete, mostly used in transportation
process when the concrete plan Bach is far from construction site.
2) accelerators: - used to decrease initial setting time concrete, mostly used in pile casting
process when it has underground water table appear.
3) air entries
4) 4 plasticizers: - used to reduce amount of water that present in mixed concrete large enough.
5) 5 super-plasticizers: - used to form concrete to jelly property during pumping process of
concrete.

On my site, used concrete making materials are: OPC type of cement, well graded coarse
aggregate, with good quality of sand and clean water.

2.6.4 MIXING OF CONCRETE

After the concrete mixed in the batching plant, they transport it by using Truck mixer. Truck
mixer is used When place of deposit of concrete is at a very long distance from the mixer such
that the concrete cannot be transported and placed in the forms within 30 minutes.in this site it
might not be used in the right time because the site is very huge and as floor heights getting high,
they need pumper so until they make up the setup of the pumper the concrete might segregate
and lose its property and get dry. So that Drum containing the concrete rotates continuously to
prevent the concrete from being stiff and to prevent segregation. It is important that the concrete
is mixed at the correct speed. And sometimes they use wheel barrow to transport concrete for
small works when concrete is prepared in the site.

In our site concrete comes from company by F transportation concrete mixer truck.

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Figure 2-11 transportation of concrete by mixer truck

2.6.5 PLACING OF CONCRETE

The main objective of placing is to deposit the concrete as close as possible to its final position
so that the segregation is avoided and the concrete can be fully compacted. We shall start placing
of concrete from the corners of the formwork or, in the case of a sloping site, from the lowest
level.

To achieve good concrete placing the following principles are to be followed

➢Concrete should not be allowed to free fall for long distances (should not be dropped from a
height more than about 1.5m)

➢avoid delays in placing of concrete (long delays can result in the formation of construction
joints);

➢each layer should be fully compacted before placing the one, and each subsequent layer should
be placed whilst the underlying layer is still plastic so that monolithic construction is achieved;

➢Collision between concrete and formwork or reinforcement which can damage or move the
formwork and reinforcement should be avoided. For deep section a long down pipe or termite
ensures accuracy of location of the concrete and minimum segregation

The main objective of placing is to deposit the concrete as close as possible to its final position
so that the segregation is avoided and the concrete can be fully compacted. We shall start placing
of concrete from the corners of the formwork or, in the case of a sloping site, from the lowest
level.

2.6.6 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

Compaction is the process which expels entrapped air from freshly placed concrete and packs the
aggregate particles together so as to increase the density of the concrete. Properly compacted

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concrete is more dense, strong and durable. During compaction concrete settles, filling all the
space in the forms. Compaction must be done as concrete is placed, while it is still plastic.

If there is no proper compaction voids are created with in the concrete. The voids increase the
permeability of concrete. Loss of impermeability creates easy passage of moisture, oxygen,
chlorides, and other aggressive chemicals into the concrete. This causes rusting of steel and
disintegration of concrete i.e., loss of durability

Over compaction creates the problem of segregation in which the denser aggregates settle to the
bottom while the lighter cement paste tends to move upwards. Over vibration brings excess paste
to the surface, leading to extra bleeding, and causes loss of entrained air.
Method of compaction by vibration (by needle vibrator) is the used on the site for any structural
element. On vibration by setting the particles in motion the internal friction between the
aggregate particles reduces, resulting in entrapped air to rise to the surface. On losing entrapped
air the concrete gets denser.

Figure 2-12 concrete compactor vibrator

2.6.7 CURING OF CONCRETE

Moisture is necessary for the proper hardening of concrete because the chemical action which
results in the setting and hardening of the paste takes place only in the presence of water
.excessive loss of water due to evaporation may cause the hydration process to stop all together
with a consequent reduce strength development. In addition, if concrete dries out too quickly by
exposure to sun and wind, it will shrink. This early and usually rapid shrinkage will result in
tensile stresses which will lead to surface cracks. Therefore, it is important that fresh concrete be
kept moist for several after placing. This process is known as curing.

There are different methods of curing concrete such as water sprinkling, wet covering,
membrane curing, sheet curing , hot mixing method etc…

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The purpose of curing can be summarized as follows;

➢ To prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while concrete is fresh and
weak.
➢ To assure attainment of strength by providing moisture for the hydration of the cement grains
concrete .
There are two setting times of concrete namely, initial setting time and final setting time.

Initial setting time;- is a time that takes for Mixing, discharging, transporting and casting period
required up to (30-45min).

Final setting time: - is a time that found b/n after cast of concrete to starting period of curing, so
it takes a minimum time of (10hr or 600min).

2.6.8 CONCRETE TEST

There are diffrent type of concrete test but in our site we use two of the test known as Cubic Test
and Slump Test.

A) SLUMP TEST

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete and water cement ratio
before it sets. it is performed to cheek the workability of fresh made concrete. it can also be used
as an indicator of an improperly mixed batch. The tools (cone) has an internal diameter of 10cm
at the top and 20cmat the bottom with height of 30cm.

Procedure for concrete slump cone tests.

1. clean the slump and apply oil (releasing agent).

2. fill the cone with concrete mix in 3 approximately equal layer.

3. tamp 25 times each layer by tamping rods.

4. remove the excess concrete and level the surface with trowel.

5. raise the cone from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.

6. measuring the distance from the top of the slumped concrete to the level of the top of the
slump cone. medium workability mixes with slump 60-90mm are typically used for normal
reinforced concrete placed.

Note. if there no thumping roads we use bar its length 60cm and its diameter 16mm.

B) CUBIC TESTS

This test used for test compressive strength of concrete.

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Procedure for cubic test.

1.Arrange minimum nine (9) molds 15*15*15 size.

2. Clean the molds and apply oil (releasing agent).

3.Fill the concrete in molds by three-layer approximal 5cm thick and blows 25 times by tamping
rod.

4.Level the top surface and vibrate by table vibrator in this case vibrator used for avoiding air.

5.After 18-24 hrs we soak in water.

6. After 7,21,28 days we break this concrete cube by compression testing machine

Age strength percent

3 45

21 85

28 >95

2.7 SUPER- STRUCTURE

Procedural site work in super structure
In my two month internship period, I have observed the construction procedure in super structure
as follows:

When I was start the internship the building is on super structure parts.

2.7.1 .COLUMN
Columns are reinforced structures which transmit the axial loads to the foundations. It is used to
Carry and transfer loads from slabs, roofs and beams to the foundation. Columns vary in size and
shape. There are different type of column known as circular column, rectangular columns and
square column in shape, the circular column have higher required reinforcement than rectangular
and esthetically beautiful.

In our site the type of column we use square shape column (0.5*0.5)m and elevation height was
2.9m.

As we know theoretically column has longitudinal (resist lateral load and axial load with aid of
concrete) and lateral reinforcement /stirrups (prevent buckling and tie the longitudinal
reinforcement).

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Procedure followed to construct a column.

➢First “kracher” is fixed for marking center and edge of a column.

➢Overlap the reinforcement bars with reference of structural drawing.

➢Fix the formwork

➢The form work will be fixed with “kravat” and “stanga” and it should be checked for

the actual position by suspending “plumb bob” in two opposite sides of column and

with reference of other columns.

➢Cast concrete as per design.

➢Remove the form work on the next day and curing it with wet cover.

2.7.2 .BEAM
Beam is horizontal structural members of the building used to carry loads of wall, slab, roofs and
transfer these loads to the supporting elevation column. Generally, we have 3 types of beam.
These are grade beam, intermediate beam and top tie beams. The intermediate beam and the top
tie beams are part of super structure. The shape of beams may be inverted T_shape beam,
L_shape or normal beam and casted with or isolated to slab.
In our site, the shape of beam was normal and the concrete was casted in the same time with the
slab. The depth was 40 cm.

2.7.3 .STAIR CASES

stairs are set of steps leading from one floor to another and are provided in a building to afford as
means of communication b/n varies floor. stair case is seen as connectors between at least two
different levels. this is super structure necessary for the building which has additional floor to the
ground floor of the building to another floor part of the building.

In our site, the staircase was structurally connected with the building. It is constructed with the
other super structure. The total flight was 24 and had 12 landing. The number of steps in each
flight was 11 with length of flight 3.30m, width of one flight 1.99m ,width of tread(going)30cm
and depth of riser 15 cm.

Procedure to construct stair case:-

➢Before fixing formwork for stair case the landing is first set in position.

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➢After those two strings are tied to the landing and ground floor (upper) maintain the width and
inclination of the flight.

➢Soffit is placed along the flight. The soffit boards are supported under Neath by scaffolding
woods and its position is checked with strings.

➢Side formworks are than placed to prevent the concrete from failing during pouring

➢Then placing of reinforcement 90-degree bended bars for riser on the soffit according to the
detail plan.

➢Insert 2.5cm spacer

➢After step bars (riser bars) were placed formwork for riser are nailed to side formwork.

2.7.4 . SLAB Structural

Slab is a flat surface which is mainly used for every activity need to be performed. This part of
the building is mainly used for carrying both live and dead load which again transfer these loads
to beams.
There many types of slabs like flat slab, suspended slab and ribbed slab. In our site, the type of
slab was suspended slab with thickness of 15 cm. because suspended slab are supported by
column not directly contact with ground surface.
The beam and slab was casted in the same time (monolithically).
In our site always on each floor the surveyer takes measure of elevation to reduce slope
difference of slab.

Procedure to construct slab

➢The props are erected all over the area with the spacing of 60 cm interval.

➢Modena‟ was laid at the top of exacted props before plywood or steel panel lay.

➢Bottom form work placed, leveled and position checked

➢Side form work was prepared along the edge of slab

➢Before placing reinforcement bar burnt oil is painted over the form work

➢Then place reinforcement bar according to the detail drawing provided

➢In sort 1.5cm spacer (i.e. concrete cover)

➢After the bar got their position electric installation conduit was placed as per the dra

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2.7.5 . SHEAR WALL

Shear wall is a structural system composed of braced panels also known as shear panels to
counter the effects of lateral loads acting on a structure. Wind and seismic loads are the most
common loads that shear wall are designed to carry. Shear wall is stiffer in its principal axis than
it is in the other axis. It is considered as a primary structure which provides relatively stiff
resistance to vertical and horizontal forces acting in its plane.

Under this combined loading conditions, tensional and flexural strain, resulting in complicated
internal stress distribution. In this way, loads are transferred vertically to the buildings
foundation.

2.7.6 . STIRRUP
Stirrups used to ➢ To resist sheer force

➢ To increase the strength

➢ To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks

➢ To tie longitudinal bars

➢ To improve ductility …

2.8 CHALLENGES WHILE PERFORM TASKS

It is clear that I am a practicing employer. Due to this there are some challenges which faced
meat the real construction site.

Some of the challenges are: -

➢Unwillingness of some professional persons to share their experience and practical knowledge.

➢Local (site) names of equipment and materials in the site

➢Lack of computer access in the office during office work.

➢During at the time of working on the site there are lacks safety which may endanger health.

➢Lack of software skill.

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➢The office workers were busy, and they don't have time to help us, especially quantity
surveyor and to show Bill of quantity as well as general office works.

➢Freezing of the project, because of shortage of material in the site when perform my tasks.

2.9 MEASURES IN OVERCOMING THE CHALLENGES

Some of the measures in overcoming the challenges are:

➢Creating relation with Forman and site supervisor and I asked them. After that I became
familiar with every work and understood well.

➢Creating smooth relation with unwilling persons.

➢I asked carpenters and other daily laborers, through time I became familiar with all the site
names.

➢I asked the foreman and he answered me “this is a new and temporary office. Therefore, we
will try to fulfill every facility for future. “Therefore, I did all office works manually.

➢When I move here and there on the site I moved with great care. As a result, I finished the
tasks safely without any danger.

➢I convince my self that I can adopt all site conditions such as the discrepancy of the or ethical
learning and practical work .

➢I have tried to come with my handouts daily and concerning with each other activity, in
addition to, using cape to solve rainy related problems.

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chapter 3:

BENEFITES AND CHALLENGES OF THE INTERNSHIP.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Internship program is a method of letting the students to assume themselves as a potentially
responsible workman for a particular work by assigning them to actively participating in
construction company. In this internship that means within these two months I observed what the
site construction looks like more than what I used to know when I was at school. At school I
learned or took many theoretical lessons even difficult to understand theoretically. Because those
things which were theoretically difficult to understand, were not that much hard to understand
when I faced it practically.

The overall benefits of the internship are not limited to the practical skill only. I would like to
group the overall benefits in terms of different categories such as:

➢In terms of improving practical skill.

➢In terms of upgrading theoretical knowledge.
➢In terms of improving interpersonal communication skill.
➢In terms of improving team playing skill.
➢In terms of improving leadership skill.
➢In terms of understanding about work ethics related issues.
➢In terms of entrepreneurship skill.

3.2 BENEFITS OF THE INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

The internship program as it is known was started with a major plan of enabling students acquire
enough technical and practical knowledge concerning how the works are performed in the
practical world in relation to their field of study. Therefore it was a very interesting period where
I was able to grasp technical knowledge, participate in real construction activity, enjoyed
working with experienced professionals and have been successful in performing activities.

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3.3 Benefits in terms of improving Practical Skills

I have been able to accumulate certain practical skills which are important in running a
construction project. As I have noticed this sector requires the availability of enough practical
knowledge and very educated professionals. In the time elapsed I have worked with
professionals that helped me acquire practical skills both on the site and in the office.

On the site I have practiced the works of various structural parts by following the procedures
utilized for each specific categories of work. In this respect the concrete works, bar bending,
formwork preparation, and demolishing, chiseling and plastering works were included. Another
practical activity I have obtained was the skill of supervision which includes controlling,
commanding and leading a group of workers in performing a task.
And also the first thing I have get from my internship experience is practical skill.

Practical skill: -means skill performed by hands or with human intervention using equipment,
tools or technology requiring guidance, force or movement.

I have theoretical knowledge from my 6 semester classes, thus this internship investigation helps
me to compare and contrast my theoretical knowledge with the practical.

I get knowledge from this practice compared with theoretical knowledge before are the
following.
➢I get a knowledge about how my structural designs will apply on real construction, and their
purpose on buildings.
➢I get technical knowledge about how structural members and components of a structure
construct and methods of construction.
➢I get a knowledge about construction materials and equipment’s with their techniques and
methods of application.
➢I get a knowledge about reading, understanding and implementing working of detail
drawings.
➢I get a knowledge about how reinforcement bars arranged and how it becomes structural
member.
➢I get knowledge ways of taking measurements on the construction site.

➢I get knowledge about how formwork is constructed for a temporary mold and its techniques
of construction.
➢I get a knowledge about how concrete works are done.
➢I get a knowledge about mixing ratio of concrete materials at desired grade of concrete. And
sizes of boxes.

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➢I get knowledge about site language of a construction materials and construction equipment’s
and their site names
➢I get a knowledge about types of construction machines and their methods of operations on
site.
➢I get a knowledge about how quality of construction materials checked and standards of
material which are available at the market.

➢I get methods of solving some construction errors on the site.

➢I get method consultants form of writing every day to day site activities report by reading on
each section of drawing.

3.4 benefits in terms of improving theoretical knowledge

The internship program has given me a chance to enhance my theoretical knowledge to a great
extent. When observing the activities performed on the site; there were various points which
attract and require the closer analysis and assistance from professionals working there. Since I
have been working on an RC structure; I have utilized the knowledge I have got from the
previous courses.
I have tried to focus on relating the concepts from the courses taken with working principles and
mechanisms followed on the site. Reinforcement works were mainly related with the course that
I had taken enabling me understand the application of design concepts covered in the course.

List of some theoretical concepts obtained:

➢ Reinforcement works including bar cutting, bending and placement, preparation of mesh for
slabs, staircases, use of negative, positive, distribution bars, stirrups etc.
➢ Positioning reinforcement bars according to the design.
➢ Casting and removal of formwork.
➢ Knowing the difference between development, lap and anchor length.

3.5 benefits in terms of improving interpersonal communication skills

It’s the ability to convey information to another effectively and efficiently. Business managers
with good verbal, non-verbal and written communication skill helps facilitate the sharing of
information between people within a company for its commercial benefit. I have exercised
communication skill with consultants, contractors, Engineers, Forman, etc. This helps me to
upgrade my listening and understanding abilities. I had also a conversation with non-professional
workers by understanding the way they express their ideas. This needs a great patience,
respecting and understanding people's ideas and using the local language. I believe that I have

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improved my interpersonal communication skill as i have learned the barriers of effective

communication lies in the difference between interpersonal needs and failures to acknowledge
the rules associated with interpersonal communication.

In addition to these we were able to have a good communication with our friends from different
campuses. The students which were participating in the internship program were from different
campuses. From, Arba Minch, AASTU, DDU, ASTU. And these variety of students have their
own life experience, so that, this occasion was a good time for cultural exchange and experience
sharing by site language.

3.6 benefits in terms of improving team playing skills

Since this internship program have arranged in order to practice theoretically knowledge, share
common experiences and getting addition information from the team which found in site
especially from experienced worker. Especially in case of mistake happens on specific work; I
learnt that as a team member how could investigate such error and reach to the solution. Here,
adopt the skill of decision-making and conflict management whenever necessary. Additionally, I
was gain the skill of comparing one’s idea within a group member before going to reject the idea
that might be important and gain benefits in terms of improving my skills in different way in
terms of what is expect from me a team member. This means how to accomplish site works,
acting as a group or a team.
Generally from our team working with each other I have understood the following
benefits of team working skill;
➢Generating new ideas and discussing on it.
➢Asking and sharing questions and ideas with each other about the tasks.
➢Explaining ideas within a group
➢Communicate each other with respectful and understandable ways.
➢More creativity leading into more ideas and better results. When peoples become together they
get the chance to generate new ideas and following this new idea they will have a better results.
➢Increased employee satisfaction. The main objective of the work is just having good work
satisfaction in one’s life and leading works with other being involved in works.
➢ The opportunity to develop and acquire new skill. When persons work together they will
share knowledge from each other; this will also help in developing practical skills.
➢Keeping communication channel open.
➢Understanding difference between the group;
➢Appreciate the ideas of the others.
➢Conflict management skill of different ideas of the group.
➢Accept the group idea, etc.

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Generally, I can improve team-playing skill very well. This is the main skill have to be improved
in our daily life, so I got this experience for

3.7 benefits in terms of improving leadership skills

Since construction work by itself relates with so many disciplines and different workers,
accordingly these workers have their own position at work place based on their education status
and experience in works so it is necessary to be one as a leader and the others leaded. Leadership
is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. A leader is basic for the whole project to be
hindered well. Leadership started from planning. This helps to know the progress of the work
have to be done and the required goal to be achieved. After having a good plan by organizing the
team and creating best strategies, we could achieve our goal.

If there is a good leadership throughout the whole construction work, the following things done
smoothly

➢Wastage of materials and labor is controlled

➢Proper co-ordination between all the categories of person will improved.
➢The quality of products and workmanship will be better.
➢Work has properly executed as per specifications.
➢The work can be finished as per the specified period. In my internship time, I have observed
some tasks, which were related more of with leadership.
➢I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform it's day-to-day activities.
➢I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done
by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan.
➢For effective leadership I understood that personal values like confidence, effective
communication and devotion are very important.
➢I was a witness when the Forman and supervisor responsibility to control and supervise some
activity.

Generally, the internship time helps me to get and improve the skills to be a leader. Some of
them are good speaking ability, to have the ability to listen to others, to be decisive, good
management skills and to know the subject one is working on thoroughly.

3.8 Benefits in terms of Understanding about work ethics and related

issues
The company has rules and regulations about the work ethics at work place, These rules help
workers maintain appropriate professional discipline. Without these ethics, it would be difficult

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to conduct ones work effectively. There is labour discipline that each worker should observe and
respect. These could relate to norms, mode of carrying out a work, protection of the property and
means of working and managing activities.

From the intern ship gained good work ethics by taking experience from the workers. These are:-

➢ Punctuality: - we understand that we have to be punctual in working time because our

punctuality in the working place aids the work to be done on time and run smoothly.
➢ Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain from bad
behaviors such as cheating, bias, corruption etc.
➢ Dressing appropriately: - we must dress according to the protocol of civil engineering
standard and the company we involve.
➢ Accountability: we have to be responsible for our work done on site.
➢ Open mindedness: we must have to be open minded since It makes the work to be done
understandably.

Office disciplines: - in work place you don’t have to disturb the working atmosphere. For
example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb others
workers working mood or style.

3.9 Challenges We Face and problems That I Have Taken

During my internship period, I have been faced many challenges and problem, but I haven’t faill
down by these challenges and problems, remedial measurements and solution was my resisting
activity.

These challenges and problem that have taken are the following.

Difficult words
Some of the words that I have in mind are: Keblito, gancho – anchor,stafa, stanga, karvat, etc
Lack of skilled labor
For economical purpose, we had to take labors from around the rural area of the environment.
Labor disagreement with regard to fee
There were some disagreements between the labors and the employers about payment. Because
the labors that works on site would need for daily purpose.
The disagreement between consultant and contractor
There is much disagreement between consultant and contractor about quality of material they use
on site, the design of building they work and the time they use to construct the building and so
on.
Transportation

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Since I was far from my home to the site, therefore i started to move to site at 6:00AM, and some
times I have not get taxi emidetly. When I was performing my internship, I have been facing a
lot of challenges.

The major and the most difficult problems that I faced during the practical attachment session
are:
Some courses were not given prior to internship:
Even though we had taken most of the courses, in my opinion, some of the courses such as
Quantity Surveyor and RC2 must be taken before internship. I overcome this challenge by asking
help and trying to work with other engineers. And it’s difficult to them how to tell about that
things to understanding me.
Understanding site language:
For me, learning site language is heavier than learning civil engineering principles, I have spent
days trying to learn equipment names and technical words. As I heard from workers, most of the
names and technical words came from Italian language.
To overcome such challenges I used notebook for writing the words and their meanings.
Safety problems
For problems related to construction safety wears take many measures like wearing our own hard
shoes, not entering to risky area of the site and walking properly.

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chapter 4:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusions
My internship hosting company has been eager to give a chance for me to take my internship
career there and providing me with a supervisor who had a major part in helping and learning me
in all my activities. This shows that Bamacon Engineering PLC. Has been cooperative and
helpful in giving chances for conducting the internship activities by maintaining good working
conditions.
I think it would be fair to say the internship program has been a helpful experience in exposing
us to the real engineering work. It can also be expressed as an exciting even depending upon how
excited one really is to put his theoretical knowledge into practice.

Also, this program creates an opportunity to think in what way we should learn and what type of
knowledge should we have to gather before we leave. For the students the program opens the
space to have some relation with some personnel and company. Which in turn minimize the
number of idles in the country. These days the technology of construction industry has been
improved. Consequently, modern and new construction techniques and material usage is in
practice. This has greatly required the improvement of the work methodology. As a result, the
supervision work shall also be improved. So, it is clear that the supervisor has a big role to
improve the time quality and cost controlling in the construction industry. To implement these
parameters (time, cost and quality) the experience of the supervisor shall be carefully determined
by the consultant depending on the size and complexity of the project. Additional to the above
having this internship in this time helps us to know what will be expected from us as civil
engineers. Such us ➢Being practically rich
➢Being confident in theoretical knowledge
➢Team working ability
➢Creativity and problem-solving ability ...

Generally, the purpose of this Internship (apparent) program was to introduce students
with working condition and mostly it helps students to grasp knowledge from practicing the
theory which they have been learning in the class. This program gave us good practical skills and
made us familiar to the outside real construction world. Most the theoretical things we been
leaned got illustrated here in this program, which develops more our confidence in the theoretical
knowledge.

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 Final Internship Report

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
During my internship experience period I have seen some positive and negative sides about the
internship hosting company and area of improvement of the internship program. So, I want to
raise my personal opinion to improve the internship for future students. In this part of my report I
will try to suggest some ideas for my internship hosting company and my department.

The following are the recommendations that I made to solve the problems and I hope they might
help the company:

➢ Necessary safety materials and first aid should be prepared for workers and site visitors.
➢Poor Handling of steel (rebar) on the site the problem with drawing should be corrected.
Because each and everything must have done with only the design given unless and otherwise it
must be design again.
➢Slump test and silt content test should be conducted on the site.
➢Carelessness of using spacer, on keeping/storing construction materials and on batching,
mixing, pouring, placing and vibration of concrete should be stopped.
➢All construction rules should be respected in day to day activities to avoid or reduce different
problems.
➢this might not be obligation but it would be nice if the company give pocket money to the
internees cause I didn’t get any I heard other companies pay for students which will motivate to
word every day with passion.
➢

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 Final Internship Report

END

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