Bstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a suite of connected devices that collect and
share information. On the other side, machine learning (ML) facilitates
learning. The combination of IoT and ML can open new opportunities for
developing innovative and essential applications to support different complex
and large applications. That offers monitoring and automation involved in
agricultural activities. In this paper, the recent contributions based on IoT and
ML in the agriculture sector is explored. In this context, a review of existing
work has been provided. Then the area of work, employment type, and
involved technologies have been discussed. Based on this investigative study
the key objectives have been highlighted for design and development, which
will help to empower the farmers by improving crop production yield and
resource management. In addition, a proposal based on IoT and ML
technology has been also provided for future development. The aim of this
proposal is to suggest and develop an automated system, which becomes a
helping hand towards the farmers. As opposed to traditional farming where
the same crop is grown on the same field year after year, the precise results
provided by the machine learning algorithm sense leads to better results and
different crops can be grown on the same field because there are different
information such as nitrogen level, ph level, and moisture level

Abstract

People are pressured for time in today\'s fast-paced environment, and technology
assists them in a variety of ways. Agriculture is the primary industry in India. As a result,
in the current environment, increasing output or production is critical. When it comes to
determining certain chemical features of soil that have an immediate impact on plant
growth, traditional farming faces various obstacles. Another critical factor to consider is
the effect of timely water supply on plant output. The soil alkalinity and electrical
conductivity are measured with PH electrodes. This study also looked into the real-time
detection of soil variables and the location of chemical properties like pH, humidity,
temperature, and soil moisture using a Raspberry Pi as a controller. Semi-supervised
learning will be carried out in a methodical manner using the Q-learning algorithm. We
used a range of samples in the experiment to show how to apply the indicated
performance.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the most important sector of the Indian economy. Agriculture in India
generates 18% of the country's GDP and employs half of the workers. Farmers in this
new era may use technology to control the complexities of crop management and water
consumption. Farmers have obtained modern technology and resources to optimise
their revenue as a result of the development of SaaS and cloud computing in recent
years, which has resulted in a surge in the number of discriminating consumers and
unparalleled temperature values. Unfortunately, many farmers continue to use
traditional agricultural practises, resulting in low crop and fruit yields.

Technology, on the other hand, was present everywhere, and people substituted
mechanical equipment. Many studies advocate for the deployment of devices that
collect data from diverse sources and transmit it to cloud servers over WiFi. The data
acquired provides critical insight into certain environmental conditions that require
device care. Ecological management needs are insufficient and systematic for
increasing agricultural output.

Several other factors have a significant impact on efficiency. Attacks on insects and
rodents, for example, can be documented by splattering the area with the relevant
insecticides and pesticides. Environmental conditions have an impact on agricultural
productivity, production, and labour.

We intend to perform the following in science as a whole.

 1. Data production for current soil parameters via an IoT module.
2. Cloud storage for monitoring application performance.
3. Be aware of land production.
4. Planting forecast based on current conditions
In India, agriculture has a long history. Agriculture is one of the most important
occupations in India. Because India is a country of millions of villages, a major portion of
the population works in rural areas. It is the most diverse economic sector and plays a
critical part in the country's overall development. More than 60% of the country's land is
dedicated to agriculture in order to meet the requirements of 1.4 billion people. As a
result, embracing new agricultural technologies is critical. Current agriculture is heavily
reliant on technology and concentrates on maximising earnings from selected hybrid
crops, which in the long run degrade the physical and biochemical qualities of the soil.
This will lead to profit for our country's farmers. Prior crop forecast and crop prediction
were performed based on farmers' experience at a specific location. The crop is an
important aspect in agricultural monetary. The crop is affected by a variety of factors,
including meteorological, geographic, and financial concerns. Farmers struggle to
decide when and which crops to grow. Due to climate unpredictability, farmers are
unsure of which crop to cultivate, as well as when and where to begin.

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

As per [1] an idea for coordinating the latest development into farming to modernize the
customary water framework methods, empowering simple, worthwhile, and calm
managing. A specific measure of robotization is given, empowering the idea of utilizing
cloud administrations to screen field and item conditions across significant stretches.
Sensors that work sensibly as they are changed are utilized to send off the focal points,
for example, water and work saving. The idea of modernizing agribusiness is
straightforward, objective, and serviceable. Taking into account these boundary
esteems, a farmer may effortlessly conclude which fungicides and bug sprays are
utilized for supporting harvest creation.
As per [2] a concentrate on farming IoT utilizes. Open source agrarian programming,
IoT-based farming applications, issues, and troubles are entirely covered. Furthermore,
this paper presents a layout of how IoT innovation will impact the agribusiness business
and help ranchers in dealing with their fields all the more effectively while likewise
supporting their earnings.

As per [3] a savvy water system framework that utilizations AI to conjecture how much
water a harvest will require. The three most significant factors to consider while
assessing how much water required in each agrarian yield are dampness, temperature,
and moistness. This framework comprises of sensors for temperature, dampness, and
dampness that are put in a rural field and transfer information through a microchip to a
cloud-based IoT gadget. To really gauge results, the choice tree strategy, a strong AI
method, is utilized to information gathered from the field.

As per [4] exhibit the capability of such advances in the farming area, an energy-
productive model fit for natural product ID was proposed utilizing TinyML and
LoRaWAN. The consequences of our model's correlation with a cloud-based model for
a similar application demonstrated that it was multiple times more energy-proficient and
had a high precision level, preparing for another arrangement of PC vision applications
in brilliant cultivating that depend on battery-controlled sensors. Albeit the discoveries
are empowering, the TinyML worldview has specific constraints as far as on-gadget
learning capacities since the brain network should initially be prepared before it very
well may be coordinated into the microcontroller unit. Accordingly, the TinyML sensor
can't change itself to the specific setting in which it will be utilized.

As per [5] there are two objectives covered. Initial, a versatile application based
arrangement that shows the latest sensor readings and successfully empowers field
organization from a good ways is shown. Second, a model reconnaissance framework
based on the Web of Things is recommended, and it integrates the possibility of multi-
class order involving machine and profound learning for the marks clear homestead,
horse, cow, wild elephant, and wild pig. To do this, Backing Vector Machines (SVM) and
Convolutional Brain Organizations (CNN) were looked at, and the best model was
chosen utilizing an exactness measure.

As per [6] the turn of events and testing of a shrewd cultivating framework based on a
stage with knowledge that offers expectation capacities utilizing man-made reasoning
(simulated intelligence) strategies. The sending of this framework, which depends on
remote sensor network innovation, involves three essential advances: (1) information
gathering utilizing sensors put in an agrarian field, (2) information cleaning and
stockpiling, and (3) expectation handling using specific man-made intelligence methods.

As per [7] the following stage in the development of savvy cultivating and rural practices
is IoT-ML based agribusiness. With the utilization of the rural IoT, ML calculations might
be applied to information gathered from different ranch contributions to make the
framework more intelligent, offer indisputable data, and make forecasts. In this paper,
we look at the technique and results of current ML applications in farming, each with
novel qualities and downsides. Afterward, proposals were made to put new applications
on the IoT since most of ML applications expected continuous information to prepare
prescient calculations. By utilizing man-made consciousness (simulated intelligence)
innovations that give more noteworthy thoughts and experiences to following work
decisions and exercises with an assortment of extreme creation upgrades, ranch the
board frameworks are turning into a reality.

As indicated by [8] a plot of land where every individual might start their own farming
activity. In any case, ranchers in the advanced climate don't utilize a shrewd system.
Consequently, the interest for wise agrarian strategies is rising. To achieve compelling
cultivating, new methods from the customary agrarian practices should be presented.
Among every one of the issues that ranchers are managing, the most pervasive and
critical one is water. Water is scant for cultivating inferable from variable water supply
welcomed on by floods and in some cases by dry season. Along these lines, it's critical
to oversee water admirably and save frameworks so they can utilize water proficiently
on a case by case basis. This study presents an IoT-based water the executives
framework to proficiently use, protect, and reuse water for the plants to resolve the
issues ranchers experience with the ideal use of water in cultivating.

As per [9] the innovation plays out the water system framework all the more really and
offers the two sides with security and constancy. By turning the motor on and off
consequently, it brings down water use and empowers compelling water the executives.

This strategy empowers the rancher to watch out for the water system of the field
whenever and from any area in the globe. Furthermore, the information examination
uncovers the amount of water used for crops, which empowers ranchers to create extra
yields as per water accessibility. Consequently, our proposed approach increments
horticultural efficiency, diminishes water squander, is savvy, and furthermore limits
energy, power, and human association.

As per [10] when utilized in a confined and compelled way in a reasonable climate, IOT
frameworks have demonstrated to be prevalent frameworks. Be that as it may, when
this approach is utilized in immense farming fields and when different yields are
developed, the outcomes should be broke down. Since this approach has created
positive results at the miniature level for a situation study, it is likewise exhorted that it
be utilized in limited scope farming in country locales.

III. OBJECTIVES

1. To design and develop an approach to Smart Agriculture System using IOT and
Machine Learning algorithms.
2. To design and develop an approach that predicts the plantation possibility
according to current soil quality.
3. To design and develop a Machine Learning algorithm to predict the scenario for
water management on time series data.
 4. To explore and validate the proposed system results with various existing systems
and show the system's effectiveness
IV. PROPOSED METHODOLGY

Determine crop productivity issues caused by increased or decreased water use in

large agricultural contexts. To demonstrate how the proposed solution would address
the deficiencies of the existing system. The first overall system was broken into three
phases: an Internet of Things (IoT) platform, a database, and a user interface (UI).
Because each module is dependent on the others, implementing the data environment
aids in removing data inconsistency while maintaining the system's required level of
accuracy. The Internet of Things (IoT) kit must be effectively deployed and linked to a
cloud database, which contains a Raspberry Pi microcontroller, a DHT-11 moisture
sensor, a water motor, and other components.

The Machine Learning technique, which has been utilised for advised prediction based
on their values, must be validated. Finally, depending on the algorithm's output,
anticipate the potential need for water. To put into action a suggested system that
makes use of an IoT platform to obtain various values from various sensors. Cloud
database services should be used to store all runtime data on database servers. Take
the data from the server, classify it with machine learning as the base, and evaluate the
system's precision. Soil moisture, temperature, and pH levels will be monitored by the
farmer. A web application is used to analyse data from sensors using ML techniques.
Depending on the parameter and received data the system predicts the best suitable
crop which can be planted for farming. To recognize hardware, software, and other
system issues.

Conclusion

For real-time temperature, pH sensor, and soil humidity data, the module achieves great
efficiency and precision. This module will help farmers increase agricultural yields and
manage food production more efficiently. It will always assist farmers in receiving more
precise live feed from environmental temperature, soil moisture, and certain pH values
qualities existing in the soil. The key advantage of this method is that it can be applied
to any soil productivity and provides a solid plant forecast in the current environment.

References

[1] Naresh, Muthunoori, and P. Munaswamy. \"Smart agriculture system using IOT
technology.\" International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 7.5 (2019):
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Issues and challenges.\" 2020 IEEE conference on open systems (ICOS). IEEE, 2020.
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learning.\" 2020 Second International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing
Applications (ICIRCA). IEEE, 2020. [4] Nicolas, Chollet, Bouchemal Naila, and
Ramdane-Cherif Amar. \"TinyML Smart Sensor for Energy Saving in Internet of Things
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Copyright

Copyright © 2023 Vinu V, Prof. Kalpita Mane. This is an open access article distributed
under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
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Paper Id : IJRASET57520

Publish Date : 2023-12-12

ISSN : 2321-9653

Publisher Name : IJRASET

DOI Link :

The implementation of soil quality and crop prediction models offers numerous benefits,
particularly in the realm of agriculture. Here’s a summary of the key advantages:

Enhanced Crop Production: By utilizing machine learning algorithms, farmers can make
informed decisions about planting, watering, and harvesting, leading to optimized crop yields
and reduced waste1.

Cost Reduction: Accurate predictions help in minimizing the use of resources like water and
fertilizers, thereby reducing the overall cost of farming operations1.

Risk Mitigation: Predictive models can forecast potential crop failures or diseases, allowing
farmers to take preventive measures and thus minimizing risks1.

Sustainable Farming: With better soil quality monitoring and crop prediction, farmers can adopt
more sustainable farming practices that contribute to long-term environmental health2.

Data-Driven Decisions: Access to real-time data from IoT sensors and other sources enables
farmers to make data-driven decisions that can lead to increased efficiency and productivity1.
Market Competitiveness: Improved prediction models can lead to higher quality crops, which
can increase a farmer’s competitiveness in the market3.

Food Security: By increasing the efficiency and reliability of crop production, these technologies
can play a significant role in addressing global food security challenges3.

In summary, the integration of advanced soil quality and crop prediction technologies into
agriculture can revolutionize the industry by increasing efficiency, reducing costs, and promoting
sustainability.

Precision Agriculture: Machine learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data from
various sources, including satellite imagery, weather forecasts, and soil sensors. This allows for
precision agriculture, where farmers can apply the exact amount of water, fertilizers, and
pesticides needed for each part of their fields, reducing waste and environmental impact.

Predictive Analytics: These algorithms can predict the best planting and harvesting times by
analyzing historical data and current conditions. This leads to better planning and can
significantly increase the chances of a successful harvest.

Disease and Pest Detection: Machine learning models can identify signs of diseases and pests
early on by analyzing images of crops. Early detection means that farmers can take swift action
to prevent widespread damage.

Yield Prediction: By processing historical yield data along with current season information,
machine learning algorithms can provide accurate yield predictions. This helps farmers to plan
for storage, marketing, and sales strategies well in advance.

Resource Management: With better predictions and real-time monitoring, farmers can manage
resources more efficiently. For example, they can optimize irrigation schedules to conserve water
or adjust fertilization based on the nutrient levels detected in the soil.

Climate Adaptation: Machine learning models can help farmers adapt to climate change by
predicting how different crops will fare under various weather scenarios. This can guide
decisions about which crops to plant and when to plant them.

Automation: Integration with automated machinery, such as tractors and drones, allows for the
execution of data-driven decisions with minimal human intervention. This can lead to reduced
labor costs and increased operational efficiency.

In summary, the use of machine learning in agriculture paves the way for smarter, more efficient,
and sustainable farming practices. It empowers farmers with actionable insights that lead to
enhanced crop production, better quality produce, and higher economic gains.