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Design an spread footing to carry a column load of 1400 kN from a 400 mm square tied column containing 20 mm bars as the longitudinl steel.
The bearing capacity of soil is 100 kN/m2. Consider base of footing 1 m below the ground level The unit weight of earth is 20 kN/m3. Use grade
of concrete 25 N/mm2 grade of steel fy 415 N/mm2 and load factor 1.5.
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Unfactored Axial Load Pu ≔ 1400 kN

kN
Soil safe bearing capacity qsbc ≔ 100 ――
m2

kN
Factored soil safe bearing capacity qfacsbc ≔ 1.5 ⋅ qsbc = 150 ――
m2

For Fe415 steel Xumax = 0.418d`

Factor of safety from code FOS ≔ 1.5
N
Grade of steel fy ≔ 415 ――
mm 2
N
Grade of concrete fck ≔ 20 ――
mm 2
kN
Unit weight of concrete γcon ≔ 25 ――
m3

kN
Unit weight of soil γsoil ≔ 20 ――
m3
Height of footing from ground level below ground H ≔ 1 m
Size of column
acol ≔ 400 mm bcol ≔ 400 mm
Clear cover Cc ≔ 50 mm
Size of main bar adopted ϕbar16 ≡ 16 mm ϕbar12 ≡ 12 mm
1.) Soil Pressure
Pu
Area of footing required Afoot ≔ ―― = 14 m 2
qsbc
Self-weight of thefooting and backfill(10-15%) Wfoot ≔ γsoil ⋅ H ⋅ Afoot = 280 kN
Total Axial Load Putotal ≔ Wfoot + Pu = ⎝⎛1.68 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN
Putotal
Actual area of footing required Aactual ≔ ―― = 16.8 m 2
qsbc
2
Length & Breadth Ltrial ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾
Aactual = 4.099 m
Provide Length and Breadth of footing as
Length L ≔ 4.2 m
Breadth B ≔ 4.2 m
No eccentricity is considered in case of concentric footing
⎛⎝L - acol⎞⎠
Cantilever projection along Y-Y llcantilever ≔ ―――= 1.9 m
2
⎛⎝B - bcol⎞⎠
Cantilever projection along X-X lRcantilever ≔ ―――= 1.9 m
2

2.) Bending moment

The net upward pressure acting upward due to factored load is
Pu ⋅ FOS kN
Pnetup ≔ ―――= 119.048 ――
L⋅B m2
Bending moment about X-X axis passing through the face of column as shown in fig below as per IS 456-2000 Cl 34.2.3.2.a
⎛P 2⎞
⎝ netup ⋅ ⎛⎝llcantilever⎞⎠ ⎠
Mu ≔ ――――――― ⋅ B = 902.5 m ⋅ kN
2
Effective Depth required for footing
Critical section for bending is at the face of the column section X-X
Mu = 902.5 kN ⋅ m
2 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
Effective depth trial, dtrial ≔ ――――― = 279.026 mm
0.138 ⋅ fck ⋅ B
As per Is 456-2000 Cl 34.1.2 the effective depth of should not be less than 150mm and should be greater than 2 or 3 times calculated value.
d'' ≔ 2 ⋅ dtrial = 0.558 m
Provided effective depth d ≔ 550 mm
Overall depth of footing Dtrial ≔ d + ⎛⎝ϕbar16⎞⎠ + Cc = 0.616 m
 ⎛P 2⎞
⎝ netup ⋅ ⎛⎝llcantilever⎞⎠ ⎠
Mu ≔ ――――――― ⋅ B = 902.5 m ⋅ kN
2
Effective Depth required for footing
Critical section for bending is at the face of the column section X-X
Mu = 902.5 kN ⋅ m
2 ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
Mu
Effective depth trial, dtrial ≔ ――――― = 279.026 mm
0.138 ⋅ fck ⋅ B
As per Is 456-2000 Cl 34.1.2 the effective depth of should not be less than 150mm and should be greater than 2 or 3 times calculated value.
d'' ≔ 2 ⋅ dtrial = 0.558 m
Provided effective depth d ≔ 550 mm
Overall depth of footing Dtrial ≔ d + ⎛⎝ϕbar16⎞⎠ + Cc = 0.616 m
Provided overall depth of footing D ≔ 600 mm
Area of tension steel is calculated as
Guess Values

A'ast ≔ 1 mm 2
Constraints

⎛ fy ⋅ A'ast ⎞
Mu ＝ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ A'ast ⋅ ⎜d - ――― ⎟
⎝ fck ⋅ B ⎠
Solver

find ⎛⎝A'ast⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝4.747 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2

Aast ≔ 4747 mm 2
Percent tensile steel obtained
100 ⋅ Aast
Pt ≔ ―――= 0.205
B⋅d
Aastmin ≔ B ⋅ D ⋅ 0.12% = ⎛⎝3.024 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
Aast ≔ 4747 mm 2
Percent tensile steel obtained
100 ⋅ Aast
Pt ≔ ―――= 0.205
B⋅d
Aastmin ≔ B ⋅ D ⋅ 0.12% = ⎛⎝3.024 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2

Aast ≔ ‖ if Aast ≥ Aastmin| | = ⎛⎝4.747 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2

‖ ||
‖ ‖ Aast ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ Aastmin || |
‖ ‖ |
π ⋅ ⎛⎝ϕbar16⎞⎠ 2
Using 16 mm dia bar, A16ϕ ≔ ――――= 201.062 mm 2
4
Aast
Number of bars required N' ≔ ―― + 1 = 24.61
A16ϕ
float , 1
N'' ≔ N' ――― → 24.0
‖
Diff ≔ if N'' ≥ N' | | = 0.61
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ N'' - N' | |
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖‖ ‖ N' - N'' | ||
N ≔ ‖ if Diff ≥ 0.5| | = 25
‖ ‖ ||
‖ ‖ N'' + 1 ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖ ||
‖‖ ‖ N'' | ||
B - 2 ⋅ Cc
Spacing of bars S ≔ ―――= 0.178 m
N-2
SArea of steel provided Asteel ≔ A16ϕ ⋅ ((N - 2)) = ⎛⎝4.624 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
Provide 22 nos -16 mm dia bars at uniform spacing of 180mm c/c in the long direction
 ‖ ‖ ||
‖‖ ‖ N'' | ||
B - 2 ⋅ Cc
Spacing of bars S ≔ ―――= 0.178 m
N-2
SArea of steel provided Asteel ≔ A16ϕ ⋅ ((N - 2)) = ⎛⎝4.624 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm 2
Provide 22 nos -16 mm dia bars at uniform spacing of 180mm c/c in the long direction
Check for shear:
a. One way shear
The critical section is located at a distance of 'd' mm away from the face of column.
Shear Force
Vu1 ≔ Pnetup ⋅ B ⋅ ⎛⎝llcantilever - d⎞⎠ = 675 kN
Nominal Shear Stress
Vu1 N
τv1 ≔ ―― = 0.292 ――
B⋅d mm 2
Percent tensile steel obtained
100 ⋅ Asteel
Pt ≔ ―――― = 0.2
B⋅d
N
From table 19 PP73 of the code, for M25 concrete and for Pt = 0.2 τc1 ≔ 0.325 ⋅ ――
mm 2
ShearCheckoneway ≔ ‖ if τv1 ≤ τc1 | | = “It is safe against one way shear”
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “It is safe against one way shear” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “It is unsafe against one way shear. Hence redesign” | |
‖ |

b. Two way shear(Punching Shear)

The critical section is located at a distance of 'd/2' mm away from the face of column.
Shear Force
Vu2 ≔ Pnetup ⋅ ⎛⎝L ⋅ B - ⎛⎝bcol + d⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝acol + d⎞⎠⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝1.993 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ kN
Perimeter
P0 ≔ 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝⎛⎝acol + d⎞⎠ + ⎛⎝bcol + d⎞⎠⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝3.8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm
Nominal Shear Stress
Vu2 N
τv2 ≔ ――= 0.953 ――
P0 ⋅ d mm 2
From IS 456:2000 clause 31.6.3 PP58 of the code for two way shear(Punching) permissible shear stress is Pershear ≔ Κs ⋅ τc
2 N N
τc2 ≔ 0.25 ⋅ ‾‾ 25 ―― 2
= 1.25 ――
mm mm 2
bcol
Βc ≔ ―― =1
acol
Ks ≔ ⎛⎝0.5 + Βc⎞⎠ = 1.5
 P0 ≔ 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝⎛⎝acol + d⎞⎠ + ⎛⎝bcol + d⎞⎠⎞⎠ = ⎛⎝3.8 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm
Nominal Shear Stress
Vu2 N
τv2 ≔ ――= 0.953 ――
P0 ⋅ d mm 2
From IS 456:2000 clause 31.6.3 PP58 of the code for two way shear(Punching) permissible shear stress is Pershear ≔ Κs ⋅ τc
2 N N
τc2 ≔ 0.25 ⋅ ‾‾ 25 ―― 2
= 1.25 ――
mm mm 2
bcol
Βc ≔ ―― =1
acol
Ks ≔ ⎛⎝0.5 + Βc⎞⎠ = 1.5
Ks ≔ ‖ if Ks < 1| | = 1
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ 1 ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ 1 | ||
‖
N
Permshear ≔ τc2 ⋅ Ks = 1.25 ――
mm 2

Permissibleshearstreeecheck ≔ ‖ if Permshear > τv2 | | = “It is safe against Two way shear”
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “It is safe against Two way shear” | |
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “It is unsafe against Two way shear” | |
‖ |
3.) Development length required (For M20 concrete and Fe415 rebar)
N
τbd ≔ 1.6 ⋅ 1.2 ――
mm 2
0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ ϕbar16
Ld ≔ ――――― = 752.188 mm
4 ⋅ τbd
Length of embedment available LembX ≔ llcantilever - Cc = ⎛⎝1.85 ⋅ 10 3 ⎞⎠ mm
5.) Check for Bearing stress(Load transfer from column)
Nominal bearing stress in concrete under column
Pu ⋅ FOS N
σbr ≔ ―――= 13.125 ――
acol ⋅ bcol mm 2
Permissible stress in direction compression
N
σbr_P ≔ 0.45 ⋅ fck = 9 ――
mm 2
σbr_P ≔ ‖ if σbr_P > σbr | | = “Not safe in bearing stress”
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Safe in bearing stress” ||
‖ ||
‖ else |
5.) Check for Bearing stress(Load transfer from column)
Nominal bearing stress in concrete under column
Pu ⋅ FOS N
σbr ≔ ―――= 13.125 ――
acol ⋅ bcol mm 2
Permissible stress in direction compression
N
σbr_P ≔ 0.45 ⋅ fck = 9 ――
mm 2
σbr_P ≔ ‖ if σbr_P > σbr | | = “Not safe in bearing stress”
‖ ||
‖ ‖‖ “Safe in bearing stress” ||
‖ ||
‖ else ||
‖ ‖‖ “Not safe in bearing stress” | |
‖ |
Hence, the column load can be transferred by direct bearing on concrete, alone.
Fig: Footing Details