Fluid Mechanics

Practice Book
CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

100+ Questions with Solutions for

AE/JE | PSUs | State Level

BY

LAMIYA NASEEM MAM

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Mechanical/Civil Engineering
Practice Sheet
Subject: Fluid Mechanics
By- Lamiya Mam
1. A pressure measurement device fitted on the surface of 4. The large vessel shown in the figure contains oil and
a submarine, located at a depth H below the surface of water. A body is submerged at the interface of oil and
an ocean, reads an absolute pressure of 4.2 MPa. The water such that 45 percent of its volume is in oil while
density of sea water is 1050 kg/m3, the atmospheric the rest is in water. The density of the body is _______
pressure is 101 kPa, and the acceleration due to gravity kg/m3.
is 9.8 m/s2. The depth H is _______ m (round off to the The specific gravity of oil is 0.7 and density of water is
nearest integer). 1000 kg/m3. Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2
(a) 128 (b) 398
(c) 478 (d) 256

2. A cube of side 100 mm is placed at the bottom of an

empty container on one of its faces. The density of the
material of the cube is 800 kg/m3. Liquid of density
1000 kg/m3 is now poured into the container. The
minimum height to which the liquid needs to be poured
into the container for the cube to just lift up _____ is
mm.
(a) 800 (b) 80
(c) 600 (d) 60
(a) 540 (b) 258
3. Consider fluid flow between two infinite horizontal (c) 741 (d) 865
plates which are parallel (the gap between them being
50 mm). The top plate is sliding parallel to the 5. Assuming constant temperature condition and air to be
stationary bottom plate at a speed of 3 m/s. The flow an ideal gas, the variation in atmospheric pressure with
between the plates is solely due to the motion of the top height calculated from fluid statics is
plate. The force per unit area (magnitude) required to (a) Linear
maintain the bottom plate stationary is _____ N/m2 (b) Exponential
Viscosity of the fluid μ = 0.44 kg/m-s and density ρ = (c) Quadratic
3
888 kg/m . (d) Cubic
(a) 29.4 (b) 26.4
(c) 86.21 (d) 6.55

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6. An inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure the 9. An aluminium alloy (density 2600 kg/m3) casting is to
pressure difference between two pipes A and B, as be produced. A cylindrical hole of 100 mm diameter
shown in the figure. Pipe A is carrying oil (specific
and 100 mm length is made in the casting using sand
gravity = 0.8) and Pipe B is carrying water. The
densities of air and water are 1.16 kg/m3 and 1000 core (density 1600 kg/m3). The net buoyancy force (in
kg/m3, respectively. The pressure difference between newton) acting on the core is _______.
pipes A and B is ______ kPa.
(a) 1.5 N (b) 4.5 N
Acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2.
(c) 9.8 N (d) 7.7 N

10. In a simple concentric shaft-bearing arrangement, the

lubricant flows in the 2 mm gap between the shaft and
the bearing. The flow may be assumed to be a plane
Couette flow with zero pressure gradient. The diameter
of the shaft is 100 mm and its tangential speed is 10
m/s. The dynamic viscosity of the lubricant is 0.1
kg/m.s. The frictional resisting force (in newton) per
100 mm length of the bearing is _____
(a) –2.199 (b) –1.895
(a) 15.7 N (b) 45.6 N
(c) –5.264 (d) –2.978
(c) 65.5 N (d) 12.5 N
7. A spherical balloon with a diameter of 10 m, shown in
the figure below is used for advertisements. The
balloon is filled with helium (RHe = 2.08 kJ/kgK) at 11. A hinged gate of length 5 m, inclined at 30° with the
ambient conditions of 15°C and 100 kPa. Assuming no horizontal and with water mass on its left, is shown in
disturbances due to wind, the maximum allowable
figure below. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3. The
weight (in Newton) of balloon material and rope
required to avoid the fall of the balloon (Rair = 0.289 minimum mass of the gate in kg per unit width
kJ/kgK) is __________. (perpendicular to the plane of paper), required to keep
it closed is

(a) 5303.688 N (b) 1548.586 N (a) 5000 (b) 6600

(c) 4859.256 N (d) 4859.654 N (c) 7546 (d) 9623
8. The difference in pressure (in N/m2) across an air
bubble of diameter 0.001 m immersed in water (surface
tension = 0.072 N/m) is _____
(a) 445 (b) 248
(c) 985 (d) 288
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12. A large tank with a nozzle attached contains three 15. A cylindrical body of cross-sectional area A, height H,
immiscible, inviscid fluids as shown. Assuming that and density s, is immersed to depth h in a liquid of
the changes in h1, h2, and h3 are negligible, the density , and tied to the bottom with a string. The
instantaneous discharge velocity is tension in the string is

(a) ghA (b) (s – )ghA

(c) ( – s)ghA (d) (h – sH)gA
  h  h 
(a) 2gh 3 1 + 1 1 + 2 2 
 3 h 3 3 h 3 
16. The horizontal and vertical hydrostatic forces Fx and Fy
on the semi-circular gate, having a width w into the
(b) 2g ( h1 + h 2 + h 3 ) plane of figure, are
  h + 2 h 2 + 3h 3 
(c) 2g  1 1 
 1 + 2 + 3 
  h h + 2 h 3h1 + 3h1h 2 
(d) 2g  1 2 3 
 1h1 + 2 h 2 + 3h 3 

13. For a Newtonian fluid

(a) Shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(b) Rate of shear stress is proportional to shear strain
(a) Fx = ρghrw and Fy = 0
(c) Shear stress is proportional to rate of shear strain
(b) Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = 0
(d) Rate of shear stress is proportional to rate of shear
(c) Fx = ρghrw and Fy = ρgwr2/2
strain
(d) Fx = 2ρghrw and Fy = πρgwr2/2
14. The pressure gauges Gl and G2 installed on the system
17. A static fluid can have
show pressures of PG1 = 5.00 bar and PG2 = 1.00 bar.
(a) Non-zero normal and shear stress
The value of unknown pressure P is
(b) Negative normal stress and zero shear stress
(c) Positive normal stress and zero shear stress
(d) Zero normal stress and non-zero shear stress

(a) 1.01 bar (b) 2.01 bar

(c) 5.00 bar (d) 7.01 bar

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18. In figure if the pressure of gas in bulb A is 50 cm Hg 22. A two-dimensional flow has velocities in x and y
vacuum and Patm = 76 cm Hg, the height of column H directions given by u = 2xyt and v = – y2t where t
is equal to denotes time. The equation for streamline passing
through x = 1, y = 1 is
(a) x2y = 1 (b) xy2 = 1
2 2
(c) x y = 1 (d) x/y2 = 1

23. For a two-dimensional, incompressible flow having

velocity components u and v in the x and y directions,
respectively, the expression
(a) 26 cm (b) 50 cm
(c) 76 cm (d) 126 cm ( ) +  ( uv )
 u2
x y
19. A mercury manometer issued to measure the static
can be simplified to
pressure at a point in a water pipe as shown in Figure.
u v u v
The level difference of mercury in the two limbs is 10 (a) u + u (b) 2u +u
x y x y
mm. The gauge pressure at that point is
u v u v
(c) 2u +v u +v
x y x y

24. The velocity field of an incompressible flow in a

Cartesian system is represented by
(a) 1236 Pa (b) 1333 Pa ( )
V = 2 x 2 − y 2 ˆi + vjˆ + 3kˆ
(c) Zero (d) 98 Pa
Which one of the following expressions for v is valid?
(a) –4xz + 6xy (b) – 4xy – 4xz
20. The force F needed to support the liquid of density d
(c) 4xz – 6xy (d) 4xy + 4xz
and the vessel on top in the figure below is:

25. The arrangement shown in the figure measures the

velocity V of a gas of density 1 kg/m3 flowing through
a pipe. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. If
the manometric fluid is water (density 1000 kg/m3) and
the velocity V is 20 m/s, the differential head h (in mm)
between the two arms of the manometer is _______

(a) gd[ha-(H-b)A] (b) gdHA

(c) GdHa (d) gd(H-b)A

21. A steady two-dimensional flow field is specified by the

stream function  = kx3y where x and y are in meters
(a) 21.4 mm (b) 22.4 mm
and the constant k = 1 m2s–1. The magnitude of (c) 20.4 mm (d) 23.4 mm
acceleration at a point (x, y) = (1m, 1m) is _______
m/s2 (round off to 2 decimal places).
(a) 2.42 (b) 1.25
(c) 3.62 (d) 4.24

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26. Consider the two-dimensional velocity field given by 32. In a two-dimensional fluid flow the component of the
v = ( 5 + a1x + b1y ) ˆi + ( 4 + a 2 x + b 2 y ) ˆj , where a1, b1, velocity along the x-axis is given as u = 3x – 2x2y + y3.
a2 and b2 are constants. Which one of the following Determine the component of the velocity along the
conditions needs to be satisfied for the flow to be y-axis for the condition of continuity of flow.
incompressible? (a) 2xy2–3y+f(x) (b) 2xy–3y+f(x)
(a) a1 + b1 = 0 (b) a1 + b2 = 0 (c) 2xy2 (d) 2xy+3y+f(x)
(c) a2 + b2 = 0 (d) a2 + b1 = 0
33. When 2500 litres of water flows per minute through a
27. If the fluid velocity for a potential flow is given by 0.3 m diameter pipe which later reduces to a 0.15m
V(x, y) = u(x, y)i + v(x, y)j with usual notations, then
diameter pipe, calculate the velocities of flow in the
the slope of the potential line at (x, y) is
(a) v/u (b) –u/v two pipes.
(c) v2/u2 (d) u/v (a) 1.33 m/s (b) 2.37 m/s
(c) 0 m/s (d) 1.69 m/s
28. Match the following pairs:
Equation Physical Interpretation 34. A 200 mm diameter pipe, conveying water branches
P V = 0 I Incompressible continuity into two pipes of diameters 150 mm and 100 mm
equation respectively. If the average velocities in the 200 mm
Q   V = 0 II Steady flow diameter pipe and the 150 mm diameter pipe are
respectively 3 m/s and 1.8 m/s, determine the velocity
R DV III Irrotational flow
=0 in the 100 mm.
Dt
S V IV Zero acceleration of fluid
=0 particle
t
(a) P-IV, Q-I, R-II, S-III
(b) P-IV, Q-III, R-I, S-II
(c) P-III, Q-I, R-IV, S-II
(d) P-III, Q-I, R-II, S-IV

( )
29. Consider a velocity field V = K yiˆ + xkˆ where K is a
constant. The vorticity, ΩZ, is (a) 3.5 m/s (b) 5 m/s
(a) – K (b) K (c) 7.95 m/s (d) 3 m/s
(c) – K / 2 (d) K / 2
35. The velocity field in a fluid medium is given as
30. Velocity vector of a flow field is given as
V = 3xy 2 ˆi + 2xyjˆ + ( 2zy + 3t ) kˆ then the translational
V = 2xyiˆ − x 2 zjˆ . The vorticity vector at (1, 1, 1) is
velocity at (l, 2, 1) and t = 3 will be equal to
(a) 4iˆ − ˆj (b) 4iˆ − kˆ
(a) 12iˆ + 4ˆj − 13kˆ (b) 12iˆ − 4ˆj + 13kˆ
(c) ˆi − 4ˆj (d) ˆi − 4kˆ
(c) 12iˆ − 4ˆj − 13kˆ (d) 12iˆ + 4ˆj + 13kˆ

31. Determine the velocity components if the velocity

potential function is given by ϕ = logxy. 36. A fluid flow field is represented by u = 2x2 + 4xy and
1 1 1  = –2xy + 2y3 + 4y. At a point (1, 1), the acceleration
(a) − ˆi − ˆj (b) − î
x y y in the x-direction (ax) will be approximately
1ˆ 1ˆ 1 (a) 45 (b) 78
(c) i+ j (d) î (c) 121 (d) 64
x y x

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37. If velocity potential function is ϕ = 5(x2 – y2), the 43. A venturimeter of 20 mm throat diameter is used to
velocity u and v at point (4, 5) will be measure the velocity of water in a horizontal pipe of 40
(a) 40, 50 (b) –40, 50 mm diameter. If the pressure difference between the
(c) 40, –50 (d) 40, –50 pipe and throat sections is found to be 30 kPa, then,
neglecting frictional losses, the flow velocity is
38. For a 2D flow, the velocity potential is ϕ = x(2y – 1), (a) 0.2 m/sec (b) 1.0 m/sec
then the value of stream function will be (c) 1.4 m/sec (d) 2.0 m/sec
(a) y2 + y + x2 (b) y2 – y + x2
(c) –y – y – x
2 2
(d) y2 – y – x2 44. A liquid flows downward through at tapered vertical
portion of a pipe. At the entrance and exit of the pipe,
39. For a 2D fluid flow velocity, v = 8x 3ˆi − 10x 2 yjˆ the the static pressures are equal. If for a vertical height 'h'
the velocity becomes four times, then the ratio of 'h' to
shear strain rate is
the velocity head at entrance will be
(a) 10 xy (b) –10 xy
(c) 5 xy (d) –5 xy

40. The fluid which does not experience shearing stress

during flow is
(a) Viscid (b) Inviscid
(c) Newtonian (d) Non Newtonian
(a) 15 (b) 20
(c) 10 (d) 25
41. A smooth pipe of diameter 200 mm carries water. The
pressure in the pipe at section S1 (elevation:10 m) is 50 45. Water is coming out from a tap and falls vertically
kPa. At section S2 (elevation:12 m) the pressure is 20 downwards. At the tap opening, the stream diameter is
kPa and velocity is 2 ms–1. Density of water is 1000
20 mm with a uniform velocity of 2 m/s. Acceleration
kgm–3 and acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 ms–2. due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. Assuming steady, inviscid
Which of the following is TRUE flow, constant atmospheric pressure everywhere, and
(a) Flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is 0.53 m
neglecting curvature and surface tension effects, the
(b) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 0.53 m
diameter in mm of the stream 0.5 m below the tap is
(c) Flow is from S1 to S2 and head loss is 1.06 m
approximately
(d) Flow is from S2 to S1 and head loss is 1.06 m (a) 10 (b) 15
(c) 20 (d) 25
42. A horizontal pipe of cross-sectional area 5 cm2 is
connected to a venturi meter of throat area 3 cm2 as
46. In a pipe of 90 mm diameter water is flowing with a
shown in the figure below. The manometer reading is mean velocity of 2 m/s and at a gauge pressure 350
equivalent to 5 cm of water. kN/m2. Determine the total head, if the pipe is 8 meters
above the datum line. Neglect friction.
(a) H = 41.37 m (b) H = 42.17 m
(c) H = 44.25 m (d) H = 43.88 m

The discharge (in cm3/s) is nearly 47. If a fluid jet discharging from a 50 mm diameter orifice
(a) 195 (b) 288.39 has a 40 mm diameter at its vena-contracta then its
(c) 200 (d) 371.42 coefficient of contraction will be
(a) 0.80 (b) 1.25
(c) 0.64 (d) 0.90

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48. A fluid jet is discharging from a 100 mm nozzle and 52. In a flow of a real fluid with no addition of energy
the vena-contracta formed has a diameter of 90 mm. If (a) The energy line will be horizontal or sloping
upward in the direction of the flow
the coefficient of velocity is 0.95, then the coefficient
(b) The energy line can never be horizontal or sloping
of discharge for the nozzle is upward in the direction of the flow
(a) 0.7695 (b) 0.81 (c) The piezometric line can never be horizontal or
sloping downward in the direction of the flow
(c) 0.9025 (d) 0.855
(d) The centre line of the pipe can never be above the
energy line
49. The velocity of water is found by using a pitot-static
53. An open cylindrical tank with its axis vertical is 0.89
tube. The stagnation pressure head and static pressure
m high and is 0.8 m in diameter. It is filled with an oil
head was found to be 5 m and 3 m respectively. If the
of density 800 kg/m³ and is rotated at 120 rpm about
coefficient of tube is 0.97, the velocity water is
the axis of the cylinder. The gauge pressure at the
(a) 4.34 ms–1 (b) 6.07 ms–1
centre of the bottom of the tank is
(c) 5.67 ms–1 (d) 1.38 ms–1
(a) 0.49 m of oil (b) zero
(c) 1.29 m of oil (d) 6.27 mPa
50. An open cylindrical vessel of 20 cm diameter and 100
cm long contains water up to a height of 80 cm. What
54. An open circular cylinder 1.2 m high is filled with a
will be the rotational speed of the vessel about its liquid to its top. The liquid is given a rigid body
vertical axis such that no water spills? [g = 10 m/s2] rotation about the axis of the cylinder and the pressure
at the centre of the bottom is found to be 0.3 m of
(a) 102 rad/s (b) 202 rad/s
liquid. The ratio of the volume of liquid spilled out of
(c) 302 rad/s (d) 402 rad/s the cylinder to the original volume is
(a) 3/8 (b) 3/4
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
51. A person rests her coffee mug on a horizontal tray
10 55. A venturimeter has a Cd = 0.95. For a differential head
while she accelerates at m/s2. The mug is 10 cm
3 of 2.8 m across the inlet and the throat, the loss of head
deep and 6 cm in diameter and contains coffee 7 cm between the inlet and throat is
(a) 0.273 m (b) 0.140 m
deep at rest. Assuming rigid-body acceleration,
(c) 0.302 m (d) 0.95 m
calculate gauge pressure in the bottom corner point A
as shown in the figure if density of coffee is 1010 56. A horizontal cylinder half filled with fuel is having an
kg/m3. Assume acceleration due to gravity g = 10 m/s2. acceleration of 10 m/s2. The gravitational forces are
negligible. The free surface of the liquid will be
(a) Horizontal
(b) Slopes in the direction of acceleration
(c) Vertical
(d) Slopes in the direction opposite of acceleration
(a) 965 Pa (b) 1005 Pa
(c) 865 Pa (d) 882 Pa

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57. A piezometer and a Pitot tube are tapped into a 62. Water at 25°C is flowing through a 1.0 km long G.I.
horizontal water pipe, as shown in figure. The velocity pipe of 200 mm diameter at the rate of 0.07 m3/s. If
of water at the center of the pipe is value of Darcy friction factor for this pipe is 0.02 and
density of water is 1000 kg/m3 the pumping power (in
kW) required to maintain the flow is
(a) 1.8 (b) 17.4
(c) 20.5 (d) 41.0

63. Two pipe lines of equal length are connected in series.

The diameter of second pipe is two times that of first
pipe, the ratio of head loss between first and second
pipe is
(a) 1 : 32 (b) 32 : 1
(c) 64 : 1 (d) 1 : 8

(a) 1.53 m/s (b) 3.6 m/s 64. Oil flows through a 200 mm diameter horizontal cast
(c) 9.8 m/s (d) 2 m/s iron pipe (friction factor, f = 0.0225) of length 500 m.
The volumetric flow rate is 0.2 m3/s. The head loss (in
58. In a flow field at the stagnation point m) due to friction is (assume g = 9.81 m/s2)
(a) Pressure is zero (a) 116.18 (b) 0.116
(b) Total energy is zero (c) 18.22 (d) 232.36
(c) Pressure head is equal to velocity head
(d) All the velocity head is converted into pressure 65. For steady, fully developed flow inside a straight pipe
head of diameter D, neglecting gravity effects, the pressure
drop Δp over a length L and the wall shear stress τw are
59. A tank containing water has two orifices of the same related by
size of depths of 40 cm and 90 cm below the free
pD pD2
surface of water. The ratio of discharge through these (a) w = (b) w =
orifices is :
4L 4L2
pD 4pL
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 1 (c) w = (d) w =
(c) 4 : 8 (d) 16 : 81 2L D

60. A pitot static tube is to measure the velocity of air- 66. A head loss in a sudden expansion from 6 cm diameter
stream in a pipe. If the difference between the pipe to 12 cm diameter pipe in terms of velocity v1 in
stagnation and static pressure as indicated by a vertical the smaller diameter pipe is
tube manometer is 12.5 cm of water, the velocity of the 3 v12 5 v12
(a) (b)
air-stream is (take ρwater = 1000 kg/m3 and g = 10 m/s2) 16 2g 16 2g
(a) 5 10 m/s (b) 50 m/s 7 v12 9 v12
(c) (d)
(c) 400 m/s (d) 500 m/s 16 2g 16 2g

61. The maximum efficiency of transmission through a

pipe is:
(a) 50% (b) 56.7%
(c) 66.67% (d) 75%

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67. What is the discharge velocity at the pipe exit in the 72. Which one of the following statements is not correct in
given figure? the context of laminar flow through a pipeline?
(a) Shear stress is zero at the centre and varies linearly
with pipe radius
(b) Head loss is proportional to square of the average
flow velocity
(c) The friction factor varies inversely with flow
Reynolds number
(d) No dispersion of die injected into the flow stream

(a) 2  9.81  1 (b) 2  9.81  2 73. The velocity along the radius of a pipe of 0.1 m radius
(c) 2  9.81  5 (d) 2  9.81  4 varies as u = 10 × [1 – (r/0.1)2] m/s. The viscosity of
the fluid is 0.02 Ns/m2. The maximum value of shear
68. For a fully developed flow of water in a pipe having stress in N/m2 is
diameter 10 cm, velocity 0.1 m/s, and kinematic (a) +4 (b) +4.5
viscosity 10–5 m2/s, the value of Darcy friction factor is (c) +6 (d) +8
________.
(a) 0.040 (b) 0.016 74. If the pipe diameter is suddenly enlarged such that the
(c) 0.064 (d) 0.0128 velocity of flow is decreased from 8 m/s to 2 m/s. The
head loss due to this enlargement will be: [g = 10 m/s2]
69. The phenomenon of water hammer takes place in (a) 1.8 m of water (b) 0.18 m of water
pipes: (c) 18m of water (d) 0.018 m of water
(a) When water is suddenly accelerated by opening
the valve. 75. When a liquid is flowing through a pipe, the velocity
(b) When fluid is moving with high head. of the liquid is
(c) When pressure is reduced to zero. (a) Maximum at the centre and minimum near the
(d) When fluid is suddenly brought to rest by closing walls
the valve. (b) Minimum at the centre and maximum near the
walls
70. If coefficient of contraction at the vena contract is (c) Zero at the centre and maximum near the walls
equal to 0.62, then what will be the dynamic loss (d) Maximum at the centre and zero near the walls
coefficient in sudden contraction in airconditioning
duct? 76. In a steady flow along a stream line at a location in the
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.375 flow, the velocity head is 6 m, the pressure head is 3 m,
(c) 0.55 (d) 0.65 and the potential head is 4 m, the height of hydraulic
gradient line at this location will be:
71. Oil of viscosity 1.5 Pa.s and relative density 0.9 flows (a) 13 m (b) 09 m
through a circular pipe a diameter 5 cm with a mean (c) 10 m (d) 07 m
velocity of 1.2 m/s. The shear stress at the wall in Pa is
(a) 360 (b) 288 77. The center–line velocity in a pipe now is 2 m/s. What
(c) 180 (d) 144 is the average flow velocity in the pipe if the Reynolds
number of the now is 800?
(a) 2 m/s (b) 1.5 m/s
(c) 1 m/s (d) 0.5 m/s

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78. In a steady laminar flow of a given discharge through 85. The pressure drop for a relatively low Reynolds
a circular pipe of diameter D, the head loss is number flow in a 600 mm diameter, 30 m long pipeline
proportional to is 70 kPa. What is the wall shear stress?
(a) D–1 (b) D–2 (a) 0 Pa (b) 1400 Pa
(c) D–3 (d) D–4 (c) 700 Pa (d) 350 Pa

79. A 1000 m long pipe discharges 1 m3/sec of water with 86. In a circular tube of diameter 100 mm and length 13 m
a head of 99 m at the inlet. The maximum power with laminar flow, the friction factor is estimated to be
transmitted by pipe is (specific weight of water = 10 0.05. Calculate the Reynolds number?
kN/m3) (a) 950 (b) 2300
(a) 990 kW (b) 660 kW (c) 1280 (d) None of the above
(c) 445 kW (d) None
87. A fluid of viscosity 7 poise and density 1300 kg/m3 is
80. In case of fluid flow through pipes, cavitation is caused flowing through a circular pipe of diameter 200 mm.
by The maximum shear stress at the pipe wall is 200 N/m2.
(a) High pressure What will be the pressure loss per metre of pipe length?
(b) High velocity (a) 400 N/m2 (b) 4000 N/m2
(c) Low pressure below a limit (c) 6000 N/m2 (d) 8000 N/m2
(d) Weak material of pipe
81. The maximum velocity of a one-dimensional 88. Oil (SG = 0.9, Dynamic viscosity = 1 Poise) is flowing
incompressible fully developed viscous flow, between with a mean velocity of 1 m/s between two fixed
two fixed parallel plates, is 6 ms–1. The mean velocity parallel plates which are 1 cm apart. What will be shear
(in ms–1) of the flow is stress at the surface of the plate?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (a) 40 N/m2 (b) 50 N/m2
(c) 4 (d) 5 (c) 60 N/m2 (d) 70 N/m2

82. The discharge in m3/s for laminar flow through a pipe 89. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of constant
of diameter 0.04 m having a centre line velocity of 1.5 diameter and the flow is laminar. If the diameter of the
m/s is pipe is increased by 50% keeping the volume flow rate
3 3 constant, then the pressure drop in the pipe due to
(a) (b)
50 2500 friction will decrease by
3 3 (a) 33% (b) 50%
(c) (d)
5000 10000 (c) 70% (d) 80%

83. At what distance r from center of a pipe of radius R the 90. The shear stress at the wall 16 cm diameter pipe in
average velocity is indicated as the local velocity in laminar flow is 36 N/m2. The shear stress at a radius of
laminar flow? 4 cm in N/m2 is:
(a) r = 0.36 R (b) r = 0.45 R (a) 9 (b) 18
(c) r = 0.59 R (d) r = 0.707 R (c) 6 (d) 72

84. An oil of kinematic viscosity 0.25 stokes flows,

through a pipe of diameter 10 cm. The flow is critical,
at a velocity of
(a) 7.2 m/s (b) 5.0 m/s
(c) 0.5 m/s (d) 0.72 m/s

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 11

91. For a laminar flow the reduction of radius to half will 98. Ratio of inertia force to surface tension is known as
increase the pressure gradient by a factor (a) Mach number
(a) 4 (b) 8 (b) Froude number
(c) 2 (d) 16 (c) Reynold's number
(d) Weber number
92. The head loss in turbulent flow in a pipe is _______
(a) Directly proportional to the velocity 99. Volumetric flow rate Q, acceleration due to gravity g
(b) Inversely to the square of the velocity and head H form a dimensionless group which is given
(c) Inversely to the square of the diameter as _______
(d) Directly proportional to the square of the velocity
gH5 Q
(a) (b)
Q gH
93. Velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer
follows: Q Q
(c) (d)
(a) Logarithmic law (b) Parabolic law 3
g H g2H
(c) Linear law (d) Cubic law
100. A model of torpedo is tested in a towing tank at a
94. In the question & denotes the average height of surface
velocity of 36 m/sec. The prototype is assumed to
irregularities, yw is the thickness of laminar sub-layer
attain a velocity of 6 m/sec. What model scale should
and y is the thickness of turbulent boundary layer. A
be used?
pipe is termed as hydraulically smooth, if
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 1 : 4.5
 
(a)  0.35 (b)  0.05 (c) 1 : 6 (d) 1 : (6) ½
y y
  101. If x is the distance measured from the leading edge of
(c)  0.35 (d)  0.25
yw yw a flat plate, the laminar boundary layer thickness varies
as
4
95. Intensity of turbulence is: 1
(a) (b) x 5
(a) The frequency of turbulent fluctuations x
(b) The root mean square value of velocity 1
fluctuations. (c) x 2
(d) x2
(c) The average kinetic energy of turbulence
(d) The mean time interval between the reversals in 102. At the point of boundary layer separation
the sign of velocity fluctuation (a) Shear stress is maximum
(b) Shear stress is zero
96. The head loss due to turbulent flow as compared to (c) Velocity is negative
laminar flow is:- (d) Density variation is maximum
(a) More (b) Less
(c) Equal (d) Unpredictable 103. Separation of boundary layer take place when
(a) Pressure and velocity gradient both positive
97. If there are m physical quantities and n fundamental (b) Pressure and velocity gradient both negative
dimensions in a particular process, the number of non- (c) Positive pressure gradient and negative velocity
dimensional parameters is gradient.
(a) m + n (b) m × n (d) Negative pressure gradient and positive velocity
(c) m – n (d) m/n gradient.

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 12

104. The thickness of the turbulent boundary layer in case 110. An experiment is conducted with a fluid of density 1
of a flat plate parallel to fluid flow is proportional to kg/m3 at 10 m/s velocity. The free stream static
(a) Square root of the distance from the leading edge pressure is 100 kPa and the local static pressure is 101
(b) (4/5)th power of the distance from the leading kPa. What is the pressure coefficient at the location?
edge (a) 70 (b) 80
(c) (1/5)th power of the distance from the leading (c) 20 (d) 50
edge
(d) Distance from the leading edge 111. A fluid near a solid wall has an approximated velocity
profile given by
105. A laminar boundary layer has a velocity distribution  y 
u ( y ) = U  sin   , 0  y   .
given by u/U = y/δ. The displacement thickness δ * for  2 
this boundary layer is: The walls shear stress is given by:
(with usual notations) U  3U 
(a) δ (b) δ / 2 (a) wall = (b) wall =
2 
(c) δ / 4 (d) δ / 6
2U  U 
(c) wall = (d) wall =
 
106. For laminar flow over a flat plate, the thickness of the
boundary layer at a distance from the leading edge is
112. The displacement thickness at section for an air stream
found to be 5 mm. The thickness of the boundary layer
(ρ = 1.4 kg/m3) moving with a velocity of 12 m/s over
at a downstream section, which is at twice the distance
a flat plate is 0.6 mm what is the loss of mass rate of
of the previous section from the leading edge, will be
flow of air due to boundary layer formation in kg per
(a) 10 mm (b) 5 2 mm meter width of plate per second?
(c)
5
mm (d) 2.5 mm (a) 10.08 × 10–3 (b) 6 × 10–3
2 (c) 8.16 × 10–3 (d) 6.08 × 10–3

107. In liquid metals, thermal boundary layer develops 113. The velocity profile is approximated' by a cubic
much faster than velocity boundary layer due to 2 3
u 3 y 1 y
(a) Lower value of Nusselt number parabola =   −   , where the
U 2   2  
(b) Higher value of Prandtl number
displacement thickness for the profile is
(c) Lower value of Prandtl number
3 5
(d) Higher value of Nusselt number (a)  (b) 
8 8
11
108. What is the momentum thickness for the boundary (c)  (d) None of the above
8
u y
layer with velocity distribution = ?
U 
114. Select the correct option for the velocity profile
(a) δ/6 (b) δ/2
2 2 3
(c) 3δ/2 (d) 2δ u 5 y 1 y 2 y
=   −   +  
v 2   2   3  
109. The velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer (a) Flow has separated
1 (b) Flow is on the verge ofa separation
u  y 7
is given by =  What is the displacement (c) Flow will not separate
U  (d) All of the above
thickness δ*?
(a) δ (b) δ/7
(c) 7δ/8 (d) δ/8

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 13

115. A dimensionless group formed with the variables p 118. The scale ratio in model of spillway is 1: 9. If the
(density), ω (angular velocity), μ (dynamic viscosity) discharge in the prototype is 2430 cumecs, the
and D (characteristic diameter) is discharge in the model is (in cumecs)
(a) ρμD\ω (b) ρωμ/D2 (a) 270 (b) 90
(c) ωμD2/ρ (d) μ/ρωD2 (c) 30 (d) 10

116. A ship whose hull length is 100 m is to travel at 10 119. If a sphere of 10 mm dia is falling in a fluid medium of
m/sec. For dynamic similarity, at what velocity should kinematic viscosity of 10 stokes with terminal velocity
a 1: 25 model be towed through water? of 12 mm/s, then coefficient of drag on the sphere will
(a) 10 m/sec (b) 25 m/sec be
(c) 2 m/sec (d) 50 m/sec (a) 12 (b) 24
(c) 100 (d) 200
117. The position of a body with acceleration a is given by
x = kam tn. Here, t is time. Find the values of m and n 120. A flowmeter when tested in a laboratory gives a
(a) m = 1, n = 1 (b) m = 1, n = 2 pressure drop of 100 kN/m2 for a discharge of 0.1 m3/s
(c) m = 2, n = 1 (d) m = 2, n = 2 in a 150-mm diameter pipe. If a geometrically similar
model is tested in 600 mm diameter pipe at identical
conditions of fluid, the corresponding discharge will be
(a) 0.1 m3/s (b) 0.2 m3/s
3
(c) 9.3 m /s (d) 0.4 m3/s

❑❑❑

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 14

Answer Key
1. (d) 41. (c) 81. (c)
2. (b) 42. (c) 82. (d)
3. (b) 43. (d) 83. (d)
4. (d) 44. (a) 84. (c)
5. (b) 45. (b) 85. (d)
6. (a) 46. (d) 86. (c)
7. (a) 47. (c) 87. (b)
8. (d) 48. (a) 88. (c)
9. (d) 49. (b) 89. (d)
10. (a) 50. (b) 90. (b)
11. (d) 51. (d) 91. (d)
12. (a) 52. (b) 92. (d)
13. (c) 53. (b) 93. (a)
14. (d) 54. (a) 94. (d)
15. (d) 55. (a) 95. (b)
16. (d) 56. (c) 96. (a)
17. (c) 57. (a) 97. (c)
18. (b) 58. (d) 98. (d)
19. (a) 59. (a) 99. (a)
20. (b) 60. (b) 100. (c)
21. (d) 61. (c) 101. (d)
22. (b) 62. (b) 102. (b)
23. (d) 63. (b) 103. (c)
24. (b) 64. (a) 104. (b)
25. (c) 65. (a) 105. (b)
26. (b) 66. (d) 106. (b)
27. (b) 67. (a) 107. (c)
28. (c) 68. (c) 108. (a)
29. (a) 69. (d) 109. (d)
30. (d) 70. (b) 110. (c)
31. (a) 71. (d) 111. (a)
32. (a) 72. (b) 112. (a)
33. (b) 73. (a) 113. (b)
34. (c) 74. (a) 114. (c)
35. (d) 75. (a) 115. (d)
36. (d) 76. (d) 116. (c)
37. (b) 77. (c) 117. (b)
38. (d) 78. (d) 118. (d)
39. (b) 79. (b) 119. (d)
40. (b) 80. (c) 120. (d)

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 1

Mechanical/Civil Engineering
Solutions
1. (b) density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Given, Absolute press (PA) = 4.2 MPa 45% let  be the volume of metallic body for
atmospheric press (Patm) = 101 KPa equilibrium condition
density () = 1050 kg/m3 Net buoyant Force = (FB)water + (FB)oil
We know, Pn = Patm + gH m g = w  0.55 + oil  0.45  g
4.2 × 106 = (101 × 103) + 1050 × 9.81 × H m = 1000  0.55 + 700  0.45
H = 398 m m = 865 kg/m³

2. (b) 5. (b)
Given – constant temperature condition
We know,
dp
= −g
Given, a = 100 mm dx
according to ideal gas equation
m = 800 kg/m3
P = RT
w = 1000 kg/m3
dp g
When the cube is just about to lift so, =−
FB = Weight of block dx RT
 wgVfd = mgVm 1 −g
or dp = dx
 1000 × a2 × h = 800 ×a³ P RT
 h = 0.8 × a −g
ln P = x
h = 80 mm RT
 −g 
P = exp  .x 
3. (b)  RT 
Given: so, pressure variation is exponential function of height
h = 50 nm, v = 3 m/s, µ = 0.44 kg/m·s
 =888 kg/m³ 6. (a)
Newtons law of viscosity Given:
µu
=
h
0.44  3
=
50  10 –3
 = 26.4 N/m2

4. (d)

oil = 800 kg/m³

Given:
density of oil = 700 kg/m3 air = 1.16 kg/m³
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 2

water = 1000 kg/m³ 

=  (0.1)2  (0.1)
PA – oil gh2 – air gh1 + w g(h1 + h2 + h3) = PB 4
PA – PB = 800 × 10 × 0.2 + 1.16 × 10 × 0.08 – 1000 ×  = 7.85 × 10–4 m3
10 (0.38) Net buoyancy force = (al – sand) g
PA – PB = – 2199.07 Pa or –2.199 kPa = (2600 – 1600) × 7.85 ×10–4×10
= 7.7 N
7. (a)
Given: 10. (a)
diameter = 10 m Given:
RHe = 2.08 kJ/kg-k dia (d) = 100, Length (L) = 100 mm
T = 15°C or 288 k vel (v) = 10 m/s, viscosity (µ) = 0.1 kg/m.s
P = 100 kPa h = 2 mm
Rair = 0.289 kJ/kg-k we know, frictional force (F) =  × A
mass =  µV
P 4 3 =  dL
mass of helium filled in botton =  r h
RT 3 0.1  10
=    0.1 0.1
100  10³ 4 2  10 –3
=    (5)3
2080  288 3 F = 15.7 N
mHe = 87.359 kg
mass of air displaced = air × 11. (d)
P Given:
= 
R air T h = 5m
100  103 4  = 30°
=    (5)3 water = 1000 kg/m3
289  288 3
= 628 kg We know that,
For equalibrium condition.
Weight of helium + Weight to ballon = buoyancy force
87.359 × 9.81 + W = 628 × 9.81
W = 5303.688 N

8. (d)
Given:
h
dia of bubble = 0.001 m x = sin 
2
surface tension () = 0.072 N/m
5
For bubble, x = sin 30
2
2
P = x = 1.25m
r
and F = gA x
2  0.072
P = = 288 N/m 2 F = 1000 × 9.8 × 5 × 1 × 1.25
0.0005 F = 61312.5 N
I
9. (d) also h = x + sin 2 
Ax
Given:
al = 2600 kg/m3, sand = 1600 kg/m3 bh 3 / 12 2
h = 1.25 + sin 30
Length (L) = 100 mm, dia (d) = 100 mm Ax
 1  (5)3 / 12 2
Volume of core = d 2  L h = 1.25 + sin 30
4 5  1  1.25

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 3

h = 1.666 m 14. (d)

taking moment about hinged Given:
moment olue to force = moment due to weight
h h
F = W  cos 
sin  2
1.666 5
61312.5  = m  g   cos30
sin 30 2 PG1 = 5 bar
m = 9618.93 kg PG2 = 1 bar
For pressure Gauge (G2)
12. (a) (Pabs) = Patm + PG2
Given: (Pabs) = 1.01 + 1
(Pabs) = 2.01 bar
For pressure Gauge (G1)
P = (Pabs) + PG1
P = 2.01 + 5
P = 7.01 bar

15 (d)
Given:
density of body = s
density of water = 
Tank is open to atmosphere
applying bernoulli's equation between point–1 and
point –2, we get
P1 V12 P V2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + Z2
g 2g g 2g
Where, Z1 = Z2, From equilibrium condition:
V1 = 0 weight of body + tension in wire = Buoyant force
P2 = patm, sgAH + T = gAh
P1 = Patm + 1gh1 +2gh2 + 3gh3 T = Ag(h–sH)
so,
Patm + 1gh1 + 2 gh 2 + 3gh 3 16. (d)
+0+0
3g
Patm V22
= + +0
3g 2g
  h h 
V2 = 2gh 3 1 + 2 2 + 1 1 
 3h 3 3h 3 
Fx = Pressure × Projected area
13. (c) Fx = gh × (2r × w)
For a newtonian fluid Fx = 2ghrw
du Fy = g
 r2
dy Fy =  g 
2
µdu
or = gwr 2
dy Fy =
2
where  is shear stress
and du/dy is rate of shear strain

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 4

17. (b) 21. (d)

A static fluid can have negative normal stress and zero Given:
shear stress.  = kx3y
k = 1 m2s–1
18. (b)
we know,

U=−  U = −x3
y

V=+  V = 3x 2 y
x
so, V = − x 3ˆi + 3x 2 yj
Given:
u u u u
(Pgas)gauge = - 50 cm of Hg and a x = +u +V +w
Patm = 76 cm of Hg t x y z
Now (PA)abs = Patm + (Pgas)gauge so ax = – x3(–3x2)
(PA)abs = 76 – 50
ax = 3x5
(PA)abs = 26 cm of Hg
also (PA)abs + H = Patm at (1,1) ax = 3m/sec2
26 + H = 76 v v v v
similarly a y = +u +v +w
H = 50 cm of Hg t x y z
ay = (3x2y) (3x2) + (–x3) (6xy)
19. (a)
ay = 3x4y
at (1,1) ay = 3m/s2
so a = a x 2 + a y 2

(a) = 32 + 32

a = 4.24 m/sec 2
Given
PA = Patm = 0
h = 10 mm 22. (b)
PB = PA + gh Given:
PB = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.8 × 0.01 u = 2xyt, v = –y2t
PB = 1334.16 Pa we know that
and PC = PB – gh
dx dy dz
PC = 1334.16 × 1000 × 9.8 × 0.01 = =
PC = 1236 Pa u v w
dx dy
20. (b) = 2
2xyt − y t
1 dy
dx =
2x −y
c
ln x = ln  
y
c
x=
y
xy2 = c2
Given:
density = d at (1,1) c2 = 1
Piston area = A eqation at streamline become xy2 = 1
Force needed (F) = gHA
or F = dgH.A
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 5

23. (d) 27. (b)

 (u ) (uv)
2
Given:
+
x y
V = u(x, y)iˆ + v(x, y)ˆj
by differentiating
u v u dy −u
 2u +u +v Slope of potential line is =
x y y dx v
u  u v  u
u + u + u  + v
x  x y  y
28. (c)
u u
 u +v   V = 0 For irrotational flow
x y
  V = 0 For incompnessible flow
24. (b) V
Given: = 0 For zero acceleration of fluid
Dt
V = 2(x 2 − y 2 )i + vj + 3k
v
For incompressible flow = 0 Steady flow
u v w t
+ + =0
x y z
v 29. (a)
4x + =0
y Given:
v
= −4x V = K(yiˆ + xk)
ˆ
y
so, u = ky
v = −4xy + f (x, z)
v=0
25. (c) w = kx
Given: vorticty about z – axis
m = 1000 kg/m3
air = 1 kg/m3 v u
z = −
v = 20 m/s x y
we know that
z = 0 − k
 
v = 2gh  m − 1 z = −k
 air 
 1000  30. (d)
 20 = 2  9.8  h  − 1
 1  Given:
 h = 0.0204 m of water
V = 2xyiˆ − x 2 zjˆ
or h = 20.4 mm of water
vorticity vector
26. (b)
Given- () = (x 2 )iˆ + ojˆ + (−2xz − 2x)kˆ
V = (5 + a1x + b1y)iˆ + (4 + a 2 x + b 2 y)ˆj i j k
For incompressible flow   
u v
+ =0 x y z
x y
  2xy − x 2 z 0
 (5 + a1x + b1y) + (4 + a 2 x + b 2 y) = 0
x y −2xz − 2x
 a1 + b 2 = 0 at (1,1,1)

 = ˆi − 4kˆ
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 6

31. (a)
Given:
= log xy

we know that u = −
x
y 1
u=− =−
xy x
∂𝜙
and 𝑉 = −
∂𝑦
− x −1 For continuity
V= =
xy y Q1 = Q2 + Q3
 2  
−1 ˆ 1 ˆ d1  V1 = d 22  V2 + d32  V2
so V = i− j 4 4 4
x y
(0.2)2  3 = (0.15) 2  1.8 + (0.1) 2  V3

32. (a) V3 = 7.95m / s

Given:
U=3x–2x2y+y3 35. (d)
u v Given:
From continuity equation = + =0
x y V = 3xy 2 i + 2xy j + (2zy + 3t)kˆ
v at (1, 2, 1) and t = 3 sec
(3 – 4xy) + =0
y V = (3  1  22 )iˆ + (2  1  2)ˆj + (2  1 2 + 3  3)kˆ
v = (4xy − 3)dy V = 12iˆ + 4ˆj + 13kˆ
v = 2xy 2 − 3y + f (x)
36. (d)
Given:
33. (b) u = 2x2 + 4xy, v = –2xy+2y3 + 4y
Given: u u
lit ax = u +v
Q = 2500 d1 = 0.3m, d2=0.15m x y
min ax = (2x + 4xy) (4x + 4y) +(–2xy + 2y3 + 4y) × (4x)
2

For continuity equation at (1, 1)

Q = A1V1 = A2V2 ax = (2+4)(4+4)+(–2+2+4)×4
so, for pipe (i) Q = A1V1 ax = 64
2500  10−3 
=  (0.3)2  V1
60 4
37. (b)
v1 = 0.59m / s Given:
For pipe (2)  = 5(x2 – y2)
Q = A2V2 
we know, u = −
2500  10−3 
x
=  (0.15)2  V2 u = – 10x
60 4

V2 = 2.37m / s and v = −
y
v = – (–10y) = 10y
at (4, 5)
u = – 40
v = 50
34. (c) 38. (d)

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 7

Given: 50  103 20  103

+ 10 = + 12 + H L
 = x (2y – 1) 103  9.8 103  9.8
we know that
H L = 1.058m
 
=
x y As head loss is positive.
 So, our assumption is correct.
(2y − 1) =
y
 = y2 – y + c _____ (1)
42. (d)
 
also − = Given
y x
 A = 5cm2, a = 3cm2 , h = 5 cm
−2x =
x A1  a
We know, Qact = Cd   2 gh
 = – x2 + c _____ (2) A2 − a 2
from equation (1) and (2)
53
So, Qact = Cd   2  981  5
we say that  = y − x − y2 2
52 − 32
39. (b)
Qact = 371.42cm3 / sec
Given
V = 8x 3ˆi − 10x 2 yjˆ
we know that, 43. (d)
1  u v  Given
shear strain rate =  + 
2  y x  d1 = 40mm, d2 = 20 mm, P1 – P2 = 30 kPa
1
= ( 0 + (–20yx) ) Z1 = Z2
2
P1 V12 P V2
= – 10 yx Apply B.E. = + + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2
.g 2 g .g 2 g
40. (b) 𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉22 −𝑉12
=
Inviscid fluid does not experience shearing stress 𝜌.𝑔 2𝑔

during flow. 30  103 1 2

3
= (V2 − V12 )
10 2
41. (c)
V22 − V12 = 60....... (1)
Given:
P1 = 50 k Pa , P2 = 20 k Pa From continuity equation:
h1 = 10m , h2 = 12m
A1V1 = A2 V2
V1 = V2, (Uniform section)
 
Let suppose water flow from ( 40 )  V1 =  ( 20 )  V2
2 2

Section 1 to section 2 4 4
So, according to B.F. 4V1 = V2……….(2)
From solving equation (1) & equation (2), we get
V1 = 2m / s

44. (a)
Given
P1 V12 P V2
+ + h1 = 1 + 2 + h2 + H L P1 = P2 , V2 = 4V1
g 2 g g 2 g
Apply B.E.
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 8

dia of vena contracta (d2) = 40mm

Coefficient of contraction (Cc) =
Area of vena contracta
Area of orifice

 ( 40 )
2

Cc = 4

P1 V12 V2  ( 50 )
P 2
+ + Z1 = 2 + 2 + Z 2 4
.g 2 g .g 2 g

V12 ( 4V1 )
2 Cc = 0.64
+h=
2g 2g
16V12 V12 48. (a)
h= −
2g 2g Given
h dia of Nozzle (d1) = 100mm
= 15
V2 dia of vena contracta (d2) = 90mm
2g
Cocfficient of velocity (CV) = 0.95
We know that,
45. (b)
 2
Given, d2
Coefficient of contracta (Cc) = 4
d1 = 20mm V1 = 2m/s h = 0.5m 
( d1 )
2
From continuity equation: 4
A1 V1 = A2 V2
( 90 )
2
 2  Cc =
d1  V1 = d 22  2 gh
(100 )
2
4 4
( 20 )  2 = d 22  2  9.8  0.5
2
Cc = 0.81
d 2 = 15mm Also, Cd = Cc × Cv
Cd = 0.81 × 0.95
46. (d) Cd = 0.7695
Given
d = 90mm V = 2m/s P = 350 KN/m2
h = 8m 49. (b)
P1 V 2 Given,
Total head (H)= + +h
g 2 g Pstag Pstatic
Cv = 0.97, = 5m , = 3m
350  10 ( 2)
3 2
.g .g
H= + +8
10  10 2  10
3
Vel of water (V) = Cv 2 g ( hstag − hstatic )
H = 35 + 0.2 + 8
H = 43.2m V = 0.97 2  9.8  ( 5 − 3)

V = 6.07 m / s

47. (c)
50. (b)
Given
Given,
dia of orifice (d1) = 50mm d = 20cm, H = 100cm, h = 80cm
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 9

g = 10m/s2 = 8.732cm
Height of parabola = 40cm Pressure at A = gh
= 1010×10×8.732 × 10–2
PA =881.932Pa

52. (b)
Energy line can never be horizontal or sloping upwards
because energy always decrease in the direction of
flow.
r 2 w2
Z=
2g
53. (b)
2gz Given,
w=
r H = 0.89m, d = 0.8m,  = 800kg/m3
2  10  0.4 N = 120rpm
w= = 20 2 rad / sec.
0.1  r 2 w2 
We know that, Z max =  
51. (d)  2g 
Given
r 2   2N 
2

10 Z max =  
a= m / s2 , H = 10cm, h = 7cm 2 g  60 
3
0.42  2  120 
2
d = 6 mm, S = 1010 kg /m3 , g = 10 m/s2 
= 
When body accelerated with acceleration 2  9.8  60 
Zmax = 1.29m > 0.89m
So, surface at the centre of base exposed to
atmospheric.
Pgauge = 0

54. (a)
Given,
H = 1.2m Pressure at centre = 0.3m
1 2
So, Vspilled = r  0.9
2
So, tan  =
a
=
y Vinitial = r 2  1.2
g ( d / 2) VSpilled 0.9 3
So, = =
10 y Vinital 2  1.2 8
=
3  10 3
y = 1.732 cm

55. (a)
Given,
Height at A = 7 + 1.732
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 10

Cd = 0.95, H = 2.8m, hf = ? Q1 2 gh1

 =
H − hf Q2 2 gh2
We know that, Cd =
H Q1 40
 =
2.8 − h f Q2 90
0.95 =
2.8 Q1 2
=
h f = 0.273m Q2 3

60. (b)
56. (c) Given,
a X = 12.5cm of water
tan  = water = 1000 kg/m3, air = 1 kg/m3
g
g = 10m /s2
As no graritational force, So g = 0 As we, know,
Hence, tan  =
a   water 
h = x − 1
0   air 
 = 90° 1000 
So, the free surface of the liquied will be vertical. h = 0.125  − 1
 1 
H = 0.125 × 999m
57. (a) And velocity (v) = 2gh
Given, = 2  10  0.125  999
Static head = 7cm
V = 49.97 m / s
Dynamic head = 12cm
Velocity of water = 2g ( h dynamic ) 61. (c)
Efficiency of power transmission through pipe is given
V = 2  9.8  0.12 by
H − hf
V = 1.53m / s =
H
For maximum power transmission
58. (d) H
hf =
In a flow field at the stagnation paint all the velocity 3
head is converted into pressure head. So
H−H/3 2
(v = 0) max = =
H 3
2
59. (a) Or max =  100
Given, 3
d 1 = d2 max = 66.67%
h1 = 40 cm, h2 = 90 cm

62. (b)
Given
l = 1 km, d = 200 mm, Q = 0.07 m3/sec, f = 0.02,  =
1000 kg/m3
f Q2
So head loss (h) =
12d5
Q1 AV
= 1 1 0.02  1000  (0.07)2
=
Q2 A2V2 12  (0.2)5
Q V
 1 = 1 A1 = A2 h = 25.52 m
Q2 V2
Pumping power (P) = gQh
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 11

= 1000 × 9.8 × 0.07 × 25.52 2 2

v2   6 
P = 17524.58 W or P = 17.5 kW h L = 1 1 −   
2g   12  

2
63. (b) v12  3 
hL =  
Given 2g  4 
L1 = L2 d2 = 2d1
9 v12
Pipe connected in series → Q1 = Q2 hL = 
16 2g
𝑓𝑙𝑄 2
So, ℎ1 = 12.1 𝑑1 5
1
𝑓𝑙𝑄22 67. (a)
and ℎ2 = 12.1 𝑑25 Applying BE between point 1 and point 2
5 p1 v12 p v2
h d  + + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
hence 1 =  2  g 2g g 2g
h 2  d1 
For free surface v1 = 0
h1
= ( 2) So
5
h2 patm p v2
+ z1 = atm + 2 + z 2
h1 g g 2g
= 32
h2 v22
= z1 − z 2
2g
64. (a) v 2 = 2g ( z1 − z 2 )
Given
d = 200 mm, f = 0.0225, l = 500 m, Q = 0.2 m3/s v2 = 2  9.8  1
𝑓ℓ𝑄 2 0.0225 × 500 × (0.2)2
ℎ= = 68. (c)
12.1 𝑑5 12 × (0.2)5
Given
h = 116.18 m
d = 10 cm, v = 0.1 m/s, v = 10–5 m2/s
vd
Reynold number (Re) =

65. (a) 0.1 0.1
=
Considering equilibrium of a section of length (L) 10−5
d 2 Re = 1000
w  dL = P 
4 Hence, flow is laminar
64 64
Pd So, f = =
w = R e 1000
4L
f = 0.064
66. (d)
Given
d1 = 6 cm, d2 = 12 cm, v1 = initial velocity 69. (d)
head loss in sudden expension Phenomenon of sudden rise in pressure is known as
( v1 − v2 )
2 2
v2  V  water hammer it is caused by sudden closure of a value
hL = = 1 1− 2   in pipe flow.
2g 2g  V1 
2
v12  A1  70. (b)
hL = 1 − 
2g  A 2  Given
2 Coefficient of contracta (CC) = 0.62
v2  d 2 
h L = 1 1 − 12   1 
2
2g  d 2  Dynamic loss coefficient (CD2) =  − 1
 Cc 

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 12

CDL = 0.376 Given

v1 = 8 m/s v2 = 2 m/s
2
71. (d)  v − v2 
h = 1 
Given  2g 
 = 1.5 Pa-s,  = 900 kg/m3 2
 8−2 
d = 5 cm, vmax = 1.2 m/s h = 
 2  10 
−R P
Shear stress at wall ( w ) =  6 
2
2 X h = 
Where pressure drop per unit length  2  10 
36
P −32  Vavg h=
= 20
X d2
h = 1.8 m
So,
−𝑅 −32
𝜏𝑤 = × ( 2 𝜇𝑉𝑎𝑣𝑔 ) 75. (a)
2 𝑑
Liquid flowing through a pipe. The velocity of liquid
0.05  32  1.5  (1.2 / 2 )  Vmax
w =   =2 is maximum at the center and minimum near the walls.
4  ( 0.05 ) 2  Vavg
 
w = 144 Pa 76. (d)
Given
 V2 
Velocity head  =6 m
 2g 
72. (b)
In laminar flow, head loss is proportional to the  
average flow velocity.  p 
In turbulent flow, head loss is proportional to square of Pressure head   = 3 m
 g 
the average flow velocity.
Potential head (z) = 4 m
p
73. (a) Piezometric head = +z
g
r = 0.1 m,  = 0.02 NS/m2
=3+4
  r 2 
u = 10 × 1 −    Piezometric head = 7 m
  0.1  
10r 2
u = 10 −
( 0.1)2
u = 10 – 1000 r2 77. (c)
du
= –2000 r Given = center line velocity (Vmax) = 2 m/s
dr For laminar flow
 du  V
At r = 0.1 m   = −200 Vavg = max
 dr  2
By using Newton’s law of viscosity 2
V avg = = 1 m/s
du du 2
= = −.
dy dr
 = −0.02  ( −200 ) 78. (d)
Head loss in steady laminar flow is given by
 = +4 N/m 2 128 𝜇QL
ℎ=
𝐷4
74. (a)
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 13

1
So, h  83. (d)
D4
We know that
u r2
79. (b) =1− 2
Given umax R
L = 1000 m, Q=1 m3/sec u r2
=1− 2
H = 99 m, g = 10 kN/m3 2v avg R
For maximum power transmission
1 r2
H 99 =1− 2
hL = = 2 R
3 3 1
hL = 33 m r2 = R 2
2
So, power transmission (P) = gQ(H-hL) r = 0.707 R
P = 10 × 103 × 1 × (99 – 33)
P = 660 × 103 84. (c)
Or
Given – v = 0.25 stoke or 0.25 × 10–4 m2/sec
P = 660 kW
d = 10 cm
for flow to be critical, takes Re = 2000
80. (c) vd
In case of fluid flow through pipes cavitation is caused ∵ Re =
v
by low pressure below a limit.
v  0.1
2000 =
0.25 10 –4
v = 0.5m/s
81. (c)
Given – maximum vel b/w two fixed plate (Vmax) = 6 85. (d)
m/s Given, – d = 600 mm , l = 30 m
2 ΔP = +70 kPa
for parallel plate Vavg = Vmax
3 for circular pipe,
2 r P R P
Vavg = × 6 τ=- = .
3 2 x 2 L
Vavg = 4m/s 0.3  70  103 
τ=  
2  30 

 = 350Pa

82. (d) 86. (c)

Given – d = 0.04 m, Vmax = 1.5 m/s Given – d = 100 mm L = 13, f = 0.05
Vmax 64
So, Vavg = [For Pipe Flow] For laminar flow, f=
2 Re
Vavg = 0.75 m/s 64
Re =
f
dischange (Q) = A × Vavg
64
 Re =
=  (0.04) 2  0.75 0.05
4
Re = 1280
3π
Q= m3 /sec
10000

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 14

87. (b) P2 d14

Given or =
P1 d 42
μ = 7 poise or 0.7 N-s/m2,  = 1300 kg/m3 4
P2  1 
d = 200 mm τmax = 200 N/m2 = 
P1  1.5 
P P – P2
=? % change in pressure = 1 = 0.8024
x P1
–r  P  or % change = 80.24%
we know, τmax =  
2  x  90. (b)
Given – D = 16 cm or R = 8 cm
P 2 τmax = 36 N/m2 , r = 4cm
= – max
x r Shear stress in pipe
P 2  200 r  – P 
=– τ=  
x 0.1 2  x 
τ α r
P τ max R
=–4000N/m 2 =
x r r
negative sign indicate that pressure is decrease along 36 8
the length of pipe. =
r 4
τ r =18N/m 2
88. (c)
Given S.G = 0.9, μ = 1 poise 91. (d)
Vavg = 1m/s R1
Given – Q1 = Q2 = Q , R2 =
h = 1 cm (Fixed parallel plate) 2
For laminar flow through pipes
For fixed plate,
 – P  8Q
1  – P  2  =
Vavg =  h  x  R 4
12  x   – P  1
⇒  4
1  – P  –2 2  x  R
1= –1    (10 ) P
12 110  x 
4
 – P  x 2  R1 
  =12000N/m
3 ⇒ = 
 x  P  R2 
x 1
h  P 
also τmax = –   P 
2  x   
 x 2
τmax = 60 N/m2 ⇒ = (2)4
 P 
 
 x 1
 P   P 
⇒   = 16  
 x 2  x 1
89. (d)
Given – d2 = 1.5 d1, Q1 = Q2, L1 = L
12QL 92. (d)
Pressure drop in Pipe ΔP = Head loss in turbulent flow
d 4
1 fLv2
so ΔP α 4 hf =
d 2gD
So, head loss is directly proportional to square of
P1 d 24
= velocity.
P2 d14
93. (a)
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 15

Velocity distribution in a turbulent boundary layer

gH5
follows logarithmic ⇒
Q
y
u = Vmax + 2.5V * ln   100. (c)
R
Given – Vm = 36 m/sec , Vp = 6m/sec
Reynold model law is applicable for completely
94. (d) submerged body.
 m Vm Lm P VP LP
 0.25 for smoth =
yw m P
 As water is working fluid in booth case
0.25 <  6 for transition
yw VmLm = VP LP

 6 for Rough. L
⇒ m= P
V
yw LP Vm
Lm 6
95. (b) ⇒ =
L P 36
The turbulence intensity, also often referrance to as
Lm 1
turbulence level, is defined as =
' LP 6
I=
V
where 101. (d)
v’ is root mean square of turbulence velocity Laminar boundary layer thickness = δ
fluctuation and v is mean velocity 5x
from Blasius equattion δ =
Re
96. (a) 5x
The head loss due to turbulence as compared to ⇒ = = x
vx
laminar is more

97. (c) ⇒   x1/2
We know from Buckingham π – theorem
m = physical quantities 102. (b)
n = fundamental quantities At the point of Boundary layer separation shear stress
non–dimensional parameter = m – n is zero.

98. (d) 103. (c)

Ratio of inertia force to surface tension is known as Separation of Boundary layer takes place when
weber is number.  P 
(i) Pressure gradient is positive   0
 x 
 P 
(ii) Velocity gradient is negative   0
 x 
99. (a)
104. (b)
Given –
Boundary layer thickness for turbulent flow is
'Q' unit is m3/sec
0.371x 0.371x
= =
'g' unit is m/sec2 1/5 1/5
Re  vx 
'H' unit is m   
 
substitute there in option and you will get
dimensionless formula as x
⇒δ∝ 1/5
x
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 16


  x 4/5 y y
⇒ θ =   1 –   dy
0
105. (b) 
Velocity distribution in layer  y 2 y3 
⇒ θ =  – 2
u y  2 3  0
=
   
displacement thicknessm ⇒ θ = –
2 3

 y 

 = 1 –  dy
x
⇒ =
  6
0
 109. (d)
 y2 
 =y–
x
 Velocity distribution for turbulent flow is
 2 
 0 u y
1/7
= 
 u   
x =
2 
  y 1/7 
displacement thickness (δ) = 1 –    dy
  
106. (b) 0 
For laminar flow over a flat plate 
⇒ x =
 x 8
1 x1 7  8/7 
So = ⇒ x =  –  1/7 
2 x2 8   
Given at x1 = x, δ1 = 5 mm, 8 x2 = 2x 7
⇒ x =  – 
5 x 8
=
2 2x 
⇒ x =
2 = 5 2mm 8

110. (c)
107. (c)
Prandtl number is given by Given →  = 1kg/m3, v = 10 m/s,
 Pstream = 100 kPa Patm = 101 kPa
= (Pr)1/3
 th P
Pressure coefficient (CP) =
δth > δ 1 2
For liquid metal Pr < 1, u 
hence for low value of Prandtl no, thermal boundary 2
layer develops much faster than velocity boundary Patm – Pstatic
CP =
layer. 1 2
u 
2
C P = 20
108. (a)
u y
Velocity distribution = 111. (a)
u 
 y 
 Given → u (y) = u  sin   , o ≤ y ≤ δ
u  u   2 
momentum thickness θ = 
1 –
u  u 
 dy
du   y 
0 = u    cos  
dy 2  2 

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 17

du  Differentiating w.r.t y
at y = 0 = U   cos 0
dy 2 du 5 y 2y 2 
= U  – 2 + 3 
du U dy  2   
=
dy 2 𝑑𝑢 5𝑈∞
at y = 0 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝛿
du
Wall shear stress, τw = 
dy du
as 0
u  dy y=0
=μ×
2 So, flow will not separate.
u
w = 
2 115. (d)
Given → unit of density () = kg/m3
112. (a) unit of angular velocity (ω) = rad/sec
Given –  = 1.4 kg/m3 , V = 12 m/s, δ* = 0.6 mm unit of diameter (D) = meter
mass flow rate (\ṁ) = Q unit of dynamic viscosity (μ) = kg/m–sec
ṁ =  × V × δ* × width by hit and trial method
𝑚̇ 
=  × 𝑉 × 𝛿 * × 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = dimensionless group.
𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ D2
m
=10.08×10 –3kg/m/s
width 116. (c)
Given,
113. (b)
LP = 100m, VP = 10m/s
2 3
v 3 y 1 y
Velocity profile =   –   Lm
=
1
U 2    2    L p 25

 u  Using froude’s equation
displacement thickness δ* =  1 –

 dy
U   V
0 =constant
gL

 3  y  2 1  y 3   Vm
=
VP

* = 1 –    –     dy
  2    2     
gLm gLP
0
 Lm
 Vm = VP
3  y3    y 4   LP
⇒ * =  y –   2  +  3  
 2  3  2  4  
0 1
Vm = 10 ×
  25
⇒ * =  – +
2 8 Vm = 2 m/s
8 – 4 + 
⇒ * =
8
5
⇒ * =
8
117. (b)
114. (c)
𝑢 5 𝑦 1 𝑦 2 2 𝑦 3
Given → x = kamtn
Given – 𝑈∞
= ( ) – 2 (𝛿 )
2 𝛿
+ ( )
3 𝛿 where x = position , a = acceleration , 1–2time
5  y  1  y  2  y  2 3
and k, m, n are constant
So u = U    –   +   
 2    2    3     x = k am t n
[L] = k [LT–2]m [T]n
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 18

[LJ0] = k [L]m [T]n–2m Coefficient of drag (Cd) =

24
Re
Comparing both side, we get
24
⇒ Cd =
m =1 Vd
and n–2m = 0 
24 10 10 –4
n=2 ⇒ Cd =
12 10 –3 10 10 –30
Cd = 200
118. (d)
Lm 1 120. (d)
Given – = , QP = 2430 cumecs
LP 9 Given – Q1 = 0.1 m3/s , d1 = 150 mm
Q2 = ? d2 = 600 mm
using Froude is law equation
For flow meter Reynold model is applicable,
Qm  Lm 
5/2
R e1 = R e 2
= 
QP  LP  V1D1 V2 D 2
=
5/2
 
L   Q1   Q2 
Qm = QP  m 
 LP    D1 =   D2
 A1   A2 
1
5/2 Q1 Q2
 D1 =  D2
Qm = 2430    2  2
9 D1 D2
4 4
5
1 Q1 Q 2
=
Qm = 2430  
 3 D1 D 2
D 
Q m =10 cumecs Q2 = Q1  2 
 D1 
 600 
119. (d) Q2 = 0.1 ×  
 150 
Given – d = 10 mm  = 10 stokes
V = 12 mm/s Q 2 = 0.4m3 /sec
As we know, for sphere
❑❑❑

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