s3 PPT STARS AND GALXIES

THEME: EARTH AND SPACE PHYSICS
Topic : STARS AND GALAXIES
COMPETENCY:
The learners should be able to
understand the life cycle of stars
and the source of their energy
Star Systems and Galaxies
Star Systems and Galaxies
hazy band of light stretched across the sky
is the Milky Way, a spiral barred galaxy.
It looks as if the Milky Way is very far

away from Earth. Actually, though, Earth
is inside the Milky Way!
Star Systems and Planets
Our solar system has
only one star, the sun.
Half of all stars are
members of groups of
two stars called binary
star systems.
In this star system you
would see two or more
suns in the sky.
Double and Triple Star Systems
The prefix bi means “two.” What does Tri mean?
An example of a binary star system is in the
handle of the Big Dipper.
Those with three stars are called triple stars.
An example of a triple star system is that of
Alpha Centari.
Alpha Centari is the closest star to ours, but it is
really three stars.
Eclipsing Binaries
A dim star in a binary star may pass in
front of a brighter star and eclipse it.
From Earth, the binary star would
suddenly dimmer.
A system in which one star periodically
blocks the light from another star is called
an eclipsing binary.
Planets Around Other Stars
Triple star system, astronomers found a

world called HD 188753 Ab.
We could not set foot on this planet
though, since it’s a “gas giant”, roughly the
mass of Jupiter, orbiting its parent star
every 3.3 days!
Gliese 581-New
Earth-like planet
Star Clusters
Many stars belong to larger groupings
called star clusters.
All the stars cluster form from the same
nebula at about the same time.
There are two major types of star clusters:
open clusters and globular clusters.
Star Clusters
Open clusters have a
loose, disorganized
appearance and
contain no more than
a few thousand stars.
They often contain
many bright
supergiants and
mostly gas and dust.
Star Clusters
Globular clusters are
large groupings of
older stars.
Globular clusters are
round and densely
packed with stars—
some may contain
more than a million
stars.
Galaxies
A galaxy is a huge group of single stars, star
systems, star clusters, dust, and gas bound
together by gravity.
There are billions of galaxies in the universe.
Astronomers have classified most galaxies into
three main categories: spiral galaxies, elliptical
galaxies, and irregular galaxies.
Spiral Galaxies
Spiral galaxies are
galaxies that have the
shape of twin spirals.
Our galaxy (milk way
galaxy) has the same
spiral, pinwheel
shape.
The spiral arms
contain many bright,
young stars as well as
gas and dust.
Elliptical Galaxies
Not all galaxies have
spiral arms.
Elliptical galaxies look
like flattened balls.
These galaxies
contain billions of
stars but have little
gas and dust between
the stars.
Irregular Galaxies
Some galaxies do not
have regular shapes.
Because of this, they
are known as
irregular galaxies.
Irregular galaxies are
typically smaller than
other types of
galaxies.
Quasars
A quasar is an enormously bright, distant

galaxy with a giant black hole at its center.
Each of these black holes has a mass of a
billion times or more as great as the sun.
As enormous amounts of gas revolve
around the black hole, the gas heats up
and shines brightly.
WHAT IS A STAR?
A star is a luminous ball of gas,
mostly hydrogen and helium, held
together by its own gravity.
Nuclear fusion reactions in its core
support the star against gravity
and produce photons and heat, as
well as small amounts of heavier
elements. The Sun is the closest
star to Earth.
HERE DO STARS COME
FROM?
According to current star
formation theory, stars are born as
clumps within gigantic gas clouds
that collapse in on themselves. The
cloud’s material heats up as it falls
inward under the force of its own
gravity.
WHERE DO STARS COME
FROM?
When the gas reaches about 10

million K (18 million °F), hydrogen
nuclei begin to fuse into helium
nuclei, and the star is born. Energy
from nuclear fusion radiates
outward from the center of the
burgeoning star, and gradually
halts the gas cloud’s collapse.
HOW DOES THE COLOUR OF
THE STAR COME ABOUT?
A star’s color relies on its temperature:
hotter stars emit bluer light and cooler
stars emit redder light. Temperature is
also correlated to mass.
Red dwarf stars have as little as 0.075
solar masses and a visible surface
temperature less than 4,000 K. The most
massive star known is R136a1, a Wolf-
Rayet star 265 times the Sun’s mass — its
visible surface temperature hovers at a
THE SOURCE OF STAR’S HEAT
The most massive (and hottest) stars

exhaust their energy supply within a
few million years, while tiny and cool
red dwarf stars can keep on burning
for many billions of years.
THE UNIVERSE
The Universe is all of space, matter, energy,

time, and its contents, including planets, stars,
galaxies, and all other forms of matter and
energy.
It is the totality of all that exists, the entire
cosmos. It even includes all of us.
The Universe is the biggest and contains
billions of galaxies.
THE UNIVERSE
DARK MATTER
A very large fraction of the Universe is
made of an unknown type of matter
called "dark matter."
What is dark matter? This is the

opposite of bright matter.
Bright matter is what we can see with
our naked eye or with the help of
telescopes
BRIGHT MATTER
Examples of bright matter
Planets,
 stars,
 galaxies
DARK MATTER
Dark matter is what exists around all those
bright objects. We know it exists because we
can measure its pull on other objects in the
Universe.
We just can't see it. It is very hard to find out
how big the Universe is and, in fact, nobody
really knows because we cannot see to the
edge of it.
We don't even know if it has an edge.
Scientists can only see out to a distance of
about 14 billion light-years from Earth.
A LIGHT YEAR
What is a light year?
Light-year is the distance light travels in
one year.
Light zips through interstellar space at

186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per
second and 5.88 trillion miles (9.46 trillion
kilometers) per year
LIGHT YEAR
This means that the size of the
observable Universe is about
28 billion light-years in diameter
(across).
Light has not reached us from
beyond this distance.
THE SUN
THE SUN
How does the sun produce
energy?
The interior structure of the Sun.
There is a reason that Earth is the only place

in the solar system where life is known to be
able to live and thrive.
Granted, scientists believe that there may
be microbial or even aquatic life forms living
beneath the icy surfaces of Europa and
Enceladus, or in the methane lakes on Titan.
How does the sun produce
energy?
Enceladus and Europa are both moons

of giant planets, moving in eccentric
orbits, and possessing global liquid
water oceans under ice shells.
Both moons exhibit tectonic features
that likely formed from tidal stress due
to their eccentric orbits, although
additional sources of stress may have
also been involved.
EARTH SUPPORTS LIFE
But for the time being, Earth remains
the only place that we know of that has
all the right conditions for life to exist.
One of the reasons for this is because
the Earth lies within our sun's Habitable
Zone (aka. "Goldilocks Zone").
WHY EARTH SUPPORTS LIFE
This means that it is in right spot

(neither too close nor too far) to
receive the sun's
abundant energy, which includes
the light and heat that is essential
for chemical reactions.
But how exactly does our sun go
about producing this energy?
The simple answer is that the sun, like all

stars, is able to create energy because it is
essentially a massive fusion reaction.
Scientists believe that this began when a
huge cloud of gas and particles (i.e. a
nebula) collapsed under the force of its own
gravity – which is known as Nebula Theory

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THEME: EARTH AND SPACE PHYSICS

Topic : STARS AND GALAXIES

It looks as if the Milky Way is very far

Triple star system, astronomers found a

A quasar is an enormously bright, distant

When the gas reaches about 10

The most massive (and hottest) stars

The Universe is all of space, matter, energy,

What is dark matter? This is the

Light zips through interstellar space at

There is a reason that Earth is the only place

Enceladus and Europa are both moons

This means that it is in right spot

The simple answer is that the sun, like all

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