INDEX

1 ANALOGY 2
2 CLASSIFICATION 9
3 ALPHABETS 1
2
4 CODING AND 1
DECODING 6
5 DIRECTION TEST 2
1
6 PUZZLE TEST 2
5
7 SYLLOLOGYSM 2
9
8 BLOOD RELATION 3
2
9 RANKING 3
6
1 DATA SUFFICIENCY 3
0 7
11 CODED INEQUALTIES 4
0

ANALOGY

Analogy means correspondence.

In questions based on analogy, a particular relationship is given and another
similar relationship has to identify from the alternatives provided. Analogy
test are , therefore , meant to test a candidate over all knowledge , power of
reasoning and ability to think concisely and accurately .
Below are given some common relationship, which will help you detect
most analogies better.

1. COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL

Ex. Afghanistan: Kabul

Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.
Some more examples are given below: ­

Australia: Canberra Canada: Ottawa Japan: Tokyo

Austria: Vienna Spain: Madrid Italy: Rome
Bangladesh: Dhaka Greece: Athens Egypt: Cairo
Bhutan: Thimpu China: Beijing France: Paris
Iraq: Baghdad Iran: Teheran India: Delhi
Denmark:Copenhagen Nepal: Katmandu Cuba: Havana
Portugal: Lisbon Kenya: Nairobi Norway: Oslo
Sri Lanka: Colombo Pakistan: Islamabad Thailand: Bangkok
Indonesia: Jakarta Russia: Moscow UK: London
USA: Washington

2. States and Capital

Ex. Maharashtra: Mumbai
Mumbai is the capital of Maharasthra

Karnataka:Banglore Assam: Dispur Bihar: Patna

Orissa:Bhubaneshwar Rajasthan: Jaipur Sikkim: Gangtok
Gujarat: Ahmedabad U.P: Luknow Kerala: Trivandrum
Himachal Pradesh: Meghalya: Shilong Nagaland: Mizorzm
Shimla
Tamilnadu: Chennai AP: Hyderabad West Bengal: Kolkata
3. Country and Currency
Ex. Rupee: India
Argentina: Peso Bangladesh: Taka Burma: Kyat
China: Yuan Greece: Drachma Iran: Rial
Iraq: Dinar Japan: Yen Korea: Won
 Kuwait: Dinar UK: Pound USA: Dollar
Thailand: Baht UAE: Dirham Turkey: Lira
Spain: Pesta Russia: Rouble Germany: Mark
Netherlands: Guilder Sweden: Krona

Quantity and Unit

Ex. Length: Meter
Mass: Kilogram Time: Second Force: Newton
Energy: Joule Resistance: Ohm Volume: Litre
Angle: Radians Power: Watt Potential: Volt
Work: Joule Current: Ampere Pressure: Pascal
Area: Hectare Temperature: Degrees Conductivity: Mho
Luminosity: Candela Magnetic Field: Oersted

6 Individual and Group

Ex. Sailor: Crew

Cattle: Herd Sheep: Flock Flower: Bouquet
Bees: Swarm Riders: Cavalcade Man: Crowed
Grapes: Bunch Singer: Chorus Artist: Troupe
Soldier: Army Fish: Shoal Nomads: Hoarde
Players: Team Musician: Band Pupils: Class
Pilgrims: Caravan Geese: Gaggle Chicken: Brood
Termites: Colony Goods: Stock Drawers: Chest

7 Animal and Young one

Ex. Cow and Calf
Bear: Cub Hen: Chick Cat: Kitten
Horse: Colt/Filly/Foal Lion/Tiger: Cub Man: Child
Duck: Duckling Sheep: Lamb Insect: Larva
Butterfly:Caterpillar Stag: Fawn Frog: Tadpole
Dog: Puppy Deer: Fawn Swan: Cygnet
Cockroach: Nymph

Male and Female

Ex. Horse: Mare
 Dog: Bitch Bull: Cow Cock: Hen
Drone: Bee Stag: Doe Lion: Lioness
Colt: Filly Bullock: Heifer Gander: Goose
Fox: Vixen Drake: Duck Bachelor: Spinster
Nephew: Niece Son: Datghter Lord: Lady
Brother: Sister Wizared: Witch Monk: Nun
Master: Mistress Tutor: Governess Earl: Countess

9.Animal and Movement

Bird: Fly Cock: Strut Eagle: Swoop

Owl: Flit Bear: Lumber Donkey: Trot
Elephant: Amble Horse: Gallop Lamb: Frisk
Loin: Prowl Mouse: Scamper Rabbit: Leap

10. Animal/Thing and Sound

Donkey: Bray Frog: Crock Goat: Bleat

Horse: Neigh Snake: Hiss Jackal: Howl
Mice: Squank Cat: Mew Cattle: Low
Camel:Grunt Owl: Hoot Sparrow: Chirp
Crow: Caw Duck: Quack Hen: Cackle
Cock: Crow Elephant: Trumpet Monkey: Gibber
Thunder: Roar Leaves: Rustle Rain: Patter
Bells: Chime Drum: Beat Coin: Jingle

11. Individual/ Things and Class

Man: Mammal Buterfly: Insect Whale: Mammal

Ostrich: Bird Snake: Reptile Rat: Rodent
 Frog: Amphibian Pen: Stationery Curtain: Drapery
Chair: Funiture Cup: Crockery Shirt: Garment

12. Individual and Dwelling Place

Ex. Dog: Kennel

Bee: hive Bird: Nest Cow: Byre/Pen

Eagle: Eyrie Hare: Burrow Horse: Stable
Lion: Den Mouse: Hole Owl: Barn
Pig: Sty Spider: Web Convict: Prison
Eskimo: Igloo Gypsy: Carvan King: Palace
Knight: Mansion Lunatic: Asylum Monk: Monastery
Nun: Convent Peasant: Cottage Soldier: Barracks

13. Animal/ thing And Keeping Place

Ex. Car: Garage

Aeroplane: Hanger Bees: Apiary Birds: Aviary

Animal: Zoo Cloths: Wardobe Fish: Aquarium
Grains: Granery Guns: Armoury Curios: Museum
Medicine: Dispensary Patient: Hospital Wine: Cellar

14. Workers and Tool

Ex. Blacksmith: Anvil

Carpenter: Saw Chef: Knife Woodcutter: Axe

Auther: Pen Soldier: Gun Warrior: Sword
Docter: Stethoscope Farmer: Plough Surgeon: Scalpel
Gardener: Harrow Mason: Plumbline Sculptor: Chinsel
Labourer: Spade Tailor: Needle

15.tool and Action

Ex. Needle and Sew
 Knife: Cut Gun: Shoot Spoon: Feed
Binocular: View Sword: Slaughter Shovel: Scoop
Chisel: Carve Oar: Row Axe: Grind
Auger: Bore Spade:Dig Shield: Guard
Mattock: Dig Pen: Write Spanner: Grip
Tongs: Hold Microscope: Magnify Loudspeaker: Amplify

16. Workers and Working Place

Ex. Chef: Kitchen

Farmer: Field Teacher: School Clerk: Office

Sailor: Ship Engineer: Site Warrior: Battlefield
Doctor: Hospital Servant: House Grocer: Shop
Painter: Gallery Waiter: Restaurant Worker: Factory
Umpire: Pitch Gambler: Casino Beautician: Parlor
Artist: Theatre Actor: Stage Mechanic: Garage
Lawyer: Court Scientist: Laboratory Astronomer:Obsevatory

17. Workers and Product

Ex. Manson: Wall

Choreographer: Ballet Dramatist: Play Cobbler: Shoe

Editor: Newspaper Producer: Film Chef: Food
Architect: Design Tailor: Clothes Poet: Poem
Farmer: Crop Auther: Book Goldsmith: Ornament
Carpenter: Furniture Butcher: Meat Teacher: Education
18. Product and raw Material
Ex. Prism: Glass

Butter: Milk Cloth: Fibre Paper: pulp

Wine: Grapes Fabric: Yarn Wall: Brick
Road: Asphalt Furniture: Wood Book: Paper
 Shoes: Leather Pullover: Wool Sack: Jute
Omelette: Egg Metal: Ore Jewellery: Gold
Rubber: Latex Linen: Flax Jaggery: Sugarcane
Oil: Seed

19. Part and Whole Relationship

Ex. Pen: Nib

Pencil: Lead Class: Student Clock: needle

Circle: Arc House: Room Car: Steering
Aeroplane: Cockpit Book: Chapter Fan: Blade
Cart: Wheel

20. Pair Relationship

Ex. Shoes: Socks

Shirt: Trouser Chair: Table Lock: key

Saree: Blouse Pencil: Eraser Door: Window
Cup: Saucer Horse: Carriage Question: Answer

21. Study Topic

Ex. Ornithology: Birds

Anthropology: Man Entomology: Insect Botany: Plant

Seismology: Man Cadilogy: Heart Mycology: Fungi
Pathology: Disease Physiology: Body Haematology: Kidney
Palaeontology: Fossils Ichthyology: Fishes Herpeology:Ambhibian
Phycology: Algae Pedology: Soil Nephrology: Kidney
Taxonomy:Classification Selenography: Moon Eccrinology: Secretion
22. Word and Intensity
Ex. Anger: Rage

Wish: Desire Touch: Push Kindle: Burn

Sink: Drown Qurrel: War Error: Blunder
Famous: Renowned Unhappy: Sad Refuse: Deny
Crime: Sin Moisten: Drench Speak: Shout

23.Word and Synonym

Ex. Abode: Dweling

Blend: Mix Solicit: Request Ban: Prohibition

Flaw: Defect Fierce: Voiolent Fallacy: Illusion
Substitute: Replace Mend: Repair Alight: Descend
Pesume: Assume Brim: Edge House: Home
Sedate: Calm Dissipate: Squander Dearth: Scarsity
Abduct: Kidnap Vacant: Empty Prsage: Predict

Word and Antonym

Ex. Attack: Defend

Advance: Retreat Sink: Float Crual: Kind

Robust: Weak Best: Worst Gentle: Harsh
Deep: Shallow Fresh: Stale Ignore: Notice
Cordial: Hostile Initial: Final Lethargy: Alertness
Affirm: Deny Mourn: Rejoice Kindle: Extinguish
Lend: Borrow Condense: Expand Create: Destroy
Gradual: Abrubt Chaos: Peace

Type 1 Completing The Analogus pair

1. Giant: Dwarf:: Genious : ?

a. Wicked b. gentle c. Idiot d. tiny
Sol. Dwarf is the antonym Of Giant. Similarly, the antonym of Genius Is
Idiot

2.Cattle: Herd :: Sheep : ?

a. Flock b. swarn c. shoal d. mob

Sol. herd is a group of cattle similarly; flock is a collection of sheep

3. Meningitis: Brain :: Cirrhois : ?

a. Lungs b. brain c. liver d. heart

Sol. First is a disease which effect the second

4. Horse: Jockey :: Car: ?

a. Mechanic b. Chauffeur c. Steering d. Brake

Sol first is driven by the second

5 Fruit: Banana :: mammal : ?

a. cow b. snake c.fish d. sparrow
Sol. first denote the class to which the second belongs

6. Rat: cat :: Worm : ?

a. Fishing b. earth c. bird d.silk

Sol.second feed the first

7 Walking: Running:: Smiling : ?

a. Feeling b.Laughing c. face d. Weeping

Sol second is the more intense form of the first

8. Eye : Wink :: Heart : ?

a. Move b. Throb c. Pump d. Quiver

Sol second denote the activity of the first

9 house : garbage :: ore : ?

a. Rubbish b. gangue c. sand d. dregs

Sol. the waste of the house is called garbage. simillarly, the impurities in
the ore are called ganuge

10. fire : extinguish :: thirst : ?

a.quench b. satiate c mitigate d.drink

sol second is the name given to the act of doing away with the first

11. wizard : witch :: monk : ?

a. madam b. widow c. nun d. virgin

sol. second is feminine gender of the first

12. connoisseur : art :: gourmet : ?

a. food b. money c drink d.flesh
sol first has good tatse for the second

Type ­2 Direct/Simple Analogy

1.Apparel is related to cloth in the same way as footwear is related to...?

a. Material b. leather c. cobbler d. shoes e. sandal

Sol first is made by other

2. Which of the following is related to Melody in the same way as

Delicious is related to Taste?
a. Voice b. Speak c. Tongue d. Highness

Sol Delicious represents good taste. Similarly, Melody describe pleasant

Voice

3. Wave is the related to air in the same way as Ripples is related to......?
a. Wind b. Water c.Strom d. Smoke

Sol Wave travel in air,ripples traval in water

4.Paddy is related to Field in the same way as Steel is related to ......?

 a.mine b. factory c.Iron D.Ore

Sol

5. Tree is related to sapling in the same way as horse is related to......?

a.pony b. mule c. cub d. foal e. puppy

Sol second is the place where the first is grown/produce

Type 3­ Choosing The Analogus Pair

1. Darekness: Lamp
a. Fatigue : Exercise b.Thirst : Water c.Medicine : Illness d.
Study:Classroom
Soln. Just as a lamp eliminates daerkness, so also water eliminates
thirest.
2. Fish: Shoal
a. Audience: Theatre b. Shark: School c.Elephant:Flock
d.Whale:Herd
Soln. A group of fish is called shoal. Similarly, a group of elephants is
called flock.
So, the answer is (c).
1. Energy: Joule
a.Axe:Grind b.Ammeter:Current c. Power : Ampere d.Resistance :
Ohm
Soln. Joule is the unit of measuring energy.Similarly ohm is the unit of
measuring resistance . So the answer is (d).

TYPE 4 ­ Choosing a similar word

 1. Iron :copper:zinc
a.ceramic b.carbon c.silver d.coke
Soln. answer is (c). All are metals.
1. Jute :cotton:wool
a.terylene b.silk c.rayon d.nylon
Soln. answer is (b). All are natural fibres.
1. Calf:Kid :Pup
a.infant b.young c.larva d.animal
Soln. anwer is (c). All are young one of animals.
1. Potato:Carrot:Raddish
a.Tomato b.Spinach c.Sesame d.Groundnut
Soln. answer is (d). All grows underground.
5.Marble: Slate: Gneiss
a.Quartzite b.Limestone c.Coal d.Sandstone
Soln. anwer is (a). All are metamorphic rocks.

TYPE ­ NUMBER BASED

1. 14 : 9 :: 26 : ?
a. 12 b.13 c.15 d.31
Soln . answer is (c). The relationship is (2x­4): x
1. 8 : 28 :: 27 : ?
a.55 b.63 c.64 d.65
Soln. answer is (d). The relationship is x*3: ( x+1)*3 +1
1. 42 : 56 :: 72 : ?
a. 81 b.90 c.92 d.100
Soln. answer is (b). 42=6x7, 56=7x8, 72=8x9 so missing fig is 90 =
9x10 .
4. 49 : 81 :: 100 : ?
a.64 b.144 c.169 d.none of these
Soln. answer is (b).The relationship is x*2 : ( x+2)*2

Classification
type 1 : choosing the odd word

ex.1 a. zebra b. lion c. tiger d.horse e.giraffe

Soln. here all except, horse are wild animals
ex2. a. parrot b.bat c.crow d . sparrow e.pigeon
Soln. here all except bat belongs to class of birds while bat is a mammal.
ex.3 a. copper b. zinc c.brass d.aluminium e.iron
Soln . here all except brass are metals while brass is an alloy.
ex.4 a. apple b. marigold c. rose d. lily e. lotus
Soln. here all except apple are flower while apple is a fruit .
ex.5 a. january b . may c. july d. august e.November
Soln here all except november are months having 31 day .
ex6. a. amethyst b. ruby c.marble d. sapphire e. diamond
Soln . here all except marble are precious stone .
ex.7 a. ginger b.onion c. beetroot d. coriander e. potato
Soln . her all except coriander are modified stem
ex.8 a. bake b. peel c. fry d. boil e.roast
Soln . here all except peel are different form of cooking .
ex.9 a. pistol b.sword c.gun d. rifle e. cannon
Soln . here all except sword are fire arms and can be used from a distance
ex.10 a. cathedral b. mosque c.church d. monastery e.temple
Soln . here all except monastery are place of worship while monastery is the
place where monks stay.

TYPE: CHOOSING THE ODD PAIR

Ex.1 a. blacksmith: anvil b. Carpenter: saw c. barber: scissor d.

Goldsmith: ornament e. sculptor: chisel
Soln. the answer is (d). In all other pairs, second is the tool used by the
first.
Ex.2 a. painter: gallery b. actor: stage c. mason: wall d farmer: field e.
worker: factory
Soln. the answer is (c). In all other pairs second is the working place of the
first.
Ex.3 a. cow : calf b. dog : bitch c. lion : cub d. tortoise : turtle e. insect
: larva
Soln . Clearly , the answer is b. In all other pairs second is the young one of
other.
Ex.4 a. volume: litre b. time: second c. length: metre d. resistance: ohm
e. pressure : barometer
Soln . Answer is (e). In all other pairs, second is the unit to measure the first.
Ex. 5. a. White: dirty b. easy: difficult c. brave: coward d . end : beginning
Soln . Answer is (a). In all other pairs, the two words are antonyms

TYPE­ CHOOSING THE ODD NUMERALS

Ex.1. a. 13 b.17 c.23 d.63 e.71

Soln. Each of the number except 63 is the prime nos. hence answer is (d).
Ex. 2 a. 12 b.25 c.37 d. 49 e.57
Soln. 37 is the only prime nos in the group. Hence answer is (c).
Ex.3 a. 25 b.36 c. 78 d. 144 e.196
Soln. Each of the number except 78 is a perfect square . Hence answer is
(c).
Ex.4 a. 131 b. 151 c. 161 d. 171 e.191
Soln. The sum of the digits of each of the number except 161 is an odd
number. Hence answer is (c).
Ex. 5 a. 751 b. 734 c. 981 d.853 e.532
Soln. In each number except 751, the difference of the first and the third
digit is equal to the middle digit.
Hence answer is (a)

TYPE ­ CHOOSING THE ODD LETTER GROUP

Ex.1 a. BD b. IK c. PN d.SU e. WY
Soln . The anwer is (c). All other group consist of two alternate letters in
order while in this group, they are in reverse order.
Ex.2 a. BCD b. KMN c. QRS d. GHI e. WXY
Soln . The anwer is (b). All other group consist of three consecutive letters
while this one doesnot.
ex.3 a. POCG b. KLIZ c. BUDX d. FQMV e. ARTG
Soln . the answer is (d) . All other group consist of one vowel each but this
group doesnot .
ex.4 a. CZHK b. MLAG c. XUBU d. SENO e.YDFB
Soln . The answer is (c). This is the only group in which one letter has been
repeated.
 ALBHABETS

1 11 21
A K U OPPOSITE LETTERS
B L V ( SUM IS 27 )
C MW UF BY LOVE
D N X SHIRT GAZ
E O Y PK MN JQ
F P Z CX DW
G Q
E J O T Y
5 1 1 2 2
0 5 0 5
H R
I S
J T
Although such question are very simple, yet by doing them in a
systematic manner you can save some extra seconds. We suggest that
you perform recalculation .In this method,
1. Subtract the numbers if both the direction are same
1. Add the numbers if the directions are opposite
For example: 1) ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Which letter would be the seventh to the right of the eleventh
letter from?
The right end 1)K 2) W 3) J 4) U 5) none of these
Since both directions are same (right, right) we request we
subtract 7
From 11.Hence the answer would be the 4th from the right that
is, W
Some more examples are given below.
3) Which letter is seventh to the right of the thirteen letters
from the left?
a. S b) T c) U d) V e) none of these
sol: Since we want the seventh letter to the right of the thirteen
letter from the left ­directions
are opposite ­hence we add 7+13=20 .Hence the answer is 20th
from the left . Now 20th from the left means 26­20+1=7th from
right (note this step). Hence answer is T.
You must have understood the method of pre­calculation by
now .The trick is to calculate the actual position of the required
letter before going to search for it .Now there may be some
variations to the above type of problem. Some variations are
presented below. See how we precalculate the position of the
required letter.
Ex: 3If the above alphabet is written in reverse order, which
will be the eighth letter to the right of O?
a) F b) G c) V d) W e) none of these
Sol: The letter which is eighth to the right of O when the
alphabet is , reversed must be presently eighth to the left of O.
Hence it is G .
Ex:4 If the first half of the alphabet is written in reverse order
which letter would be the nineteenth letter from the right ?
a)F b) G c) E d) H e) none of these
sol: Since the second half is not reversed the first 13 letters
would be the same when counting is done from right .But next
letters after 13th will be actually from the left end( the 14th
letter would be A) Hence the
Some more rules on English alphabet series
a)Question based on dropping or deleting of letters in the
english alphabet at regular intervals
Ex­ every third letter from left to right of the English alphabet is
dropped. Find the 7th letter from the left of the new series
obtained.
sol: In the English alphabet ,every third letter is dropped from
the left (given) ,Hence the new series will be like ,
AB C DE F GH I JK L MN O PQ R ST U VW X YZ
That is ; A B D E G H J K M N P Q S T V W Y Z
Clearly, 7th letter from the left in the new series is J
Quicker method: Above discussed method is lengthy and time
consuming. Therefore you need a quicker method to solve such
kind of problems.
Question says that every 3rd letter is dropped in the original
series that is we are left with two letters after every dropping of
 letters. Here 2 is the key figure .We have to seek a digit which
is just les than 7 but divisible by 2. In this case the required
digit is 6. Now we do the following operations to get the
required answer.
7th letter from the left in the new series = 7+6/2=10th letter
from the left in the original series=J
Similarly, you can find any letter at a particular position in the
new series.
Question based on reversed English alphabet series.
The English alphabet series can be reversed in many ways.
Some of them are discussed below
1) The whole English Alphabet is reversed
2) First half of the series is reversed
3) Second half of the series is reversed
4) Many sections of the English alphabet series are reversed
To solve the questions of the Reversed English alphabet series,
you should
Remember the basic rule, that is:
Mth element counting from left to right of a series of N
characters is equal to the (N +1­M)th element counting from
right to left of that series.
let us take a example :
Let us take the english alphabet series as given below:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26
Suppose we have to find the position of L in the above series
counting from right to left.
We know that the English alphabet has 26 characters.
Hence N =26

Position of L in English alphabet starting from A (left to

right) is 12. Hence M=12

Hence Position of L in the above series is from right to left is

(26+1­12)=15

Let us take a typical example: Suppose first five letters, then

next six letters, then next 7 letters and then after last 8 letters of
the following English alphabet series are reversed.
 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Then you are asked to find I) 4th II) 20th elements from the left
of the new series .How will you proceed to get the answer? Let
us see.

According the question, first 5, then next 6,7,8 letters of the

English alphabet are reversed.

Hence we obtain a new series as given below

EDCBA / KJIHGF / RQPONML / ZYXWVUTS

1 2 3 4
We have to find i) 4th letter from the new series, 4th letter falls
into group 1
Hence fourth letter in group 1= (5+1­4)=2nd letter from the left
in the
Original series.(refer to the basic rule )
II) 20th letter from the left of the new series falls into the group
4.There are
8 characters in­group 4.We have to find second letter of the
group 4
(Since 5 letters of group 1, 6 letters of group 2 and 7 letters of
group 3
Does not effect the position of letter that falls into the group 4
that is
20=5+6+7+2) 2nd letter in the group 4 =18+(8+1­2)=25th letter
from the
Left in the original series=Ys
Remember: ­ If we want to go back 3 places back from c then answer will
be z. similarly if we want to go back 5 places back from the alphabet e then
answer will be z.
C­3 = Z
E­5 = Z
C­ 5 = X (26+3­5=24 which is the position of x)

SERIES COMPLETION
 TYPE­1 :­ Alphabet series

a) Increasing by a definite number

e.g i) IJKL? ( each letter increases by 1)
i. AGMSY? ( each letter increases by 6 place to its right position)

b) Decreasing by a definite number

e.g. i) ZXVTRP ? ( each letter decreases by 2 places to its left )

c) Increasing successively
e.g. DEGJNS? ( +1,+2,+3,+4,+5)

d) Decreasing successively
e.g. i) ZYWTP ( ­1,­2,­3,­4 ..)
ii) ZTOKHFE ( ­6,­5,­4,­3,­2,­1)

e) Decreasing and Increasing by a constant value.

e.g. i) DFCEBDACZ (+2,­3,+2,­3,...)

TYPE­II :­ ALPHANUMERIC SERIES

EX­1: Z1A, X2D,V6G,T21J,R88M, P445P,?

First letter: ZXVTRP (­2,­2,­2,.....)

Second letter: ADGJMP ( +3, +3,+3,...)
Series of numerals: 1,2,6,21,88,445 ( x1+1, x2+2, x3+3...)
So next term is N2676S.

EX.2:­ 2Z5,7Y7,14X9,23W11,34V13,?

First numeral­ 2,7,14,23,34 (+5,+7,+9,+11..)

Second letter­ ZYXWV ( decreases by 1 each time)
Third numeral­ 5,7,9,11,13 ( increases by 2 each time)

EX­3 :­ W­144 , U­121, S­100, Q­81,?

First letter­ decreases by 2 each time
Second numeral­ square of 12,11,10,9,8..

Type­III :­ Continuous patterns series

Ex­1 : ab_ _ baa_ _ ab_
options i) aaaaa ii) aabaa iii) caabab iv) baabb

solution: our answer is ii) . Here series aba is repeated

Ex­2 :ab_aa_bbb_aaa_bbba
options i) abba ii) baab iii) aabb iv) abab

Solution­ our answer is ii) . The series is abb/aaabbb/aaaabbbb/a. Thus the

letter are repeated twice , then thrice , then four times and so on .

Ex.3 ­ _bc_ca_aba_c_ca
Options i)abcbb ii)bbbcc iii)bacba iv)abbcc
Solutions­ our answer is i) . The series is abc/bca/cab/abc/bca. Thus the
letter change in cyclic order .

Ex.4­ _c_bd_cbcda_a_db_a
Options i) adabcd ii) bdbcba iii) cdbbca iv)daabbc
Solutions­ our answer is i). The series is acdb/dacb/cdab/acdb/da. Each
group of four letters contains the letters of the previous group in the order ­
third , first , second and fourth.

Ex.5:­ a_bb_baa_bbb_aa_

Options i) aabba ii) bbaab iii)abaaa iv)baabb

Solutions:­ our answer is iii). The series is aabbbb/aaabbb/aaaa. At each step
, the number of a's increases by one while the number of b's decrease by one.

Ex.6­ _aba_cabc_dcba_bab _a

Options i) abdca ii) bcadc iii) abcdb iv) cbdaa

Solutions­ Our answer is i) . The series is aababcabcd/dcbacbabaa. The
letters equidistant from the beginning and the end of the series is same .

Ex.7­ mnonopqopqrs_ _ _ _ _
Options­ i) mnopq ii)oqrst iii)pqrst iv) qrstu
Solutions­ our answer is iii) . The series is mno/nopq/opqrs
 CODING DECODING

Type I: Letter coding

Case­ I To from the code for another word (coding)
Ex­1) In a certain code, TEACHER is written as VGCEJGT .How is
children written in that code?
a. EJKNEGTP b) EGKNFITP C) EJKNFGTO d) EJKNFTGP
Solution : Each letter in the word "TEACHER " is moved two steps forward
to obtain the corresponding letter of the code.
T E A C H E R : Ans : V G C E J G T
(Each letter is increasing by 2)
Similarly we have
C H I L D R E N Ans: E J K N F T G D
( Each letter is increasing by 2 )
Ex­2) In a certain code language , RUSTICATE is written as
QTTUIDBSD ,How would ( Each letter is increasing by 2 )
STATISTIC be written in thqt code?
a. RSBUJTUHB b) RSBUITUHB c) RSBUIRSJD
d)TUBUITUMB
Solution: Clearly , the middle letter of the word remains the same in the
code. Each of the first two and the last two letters of the word is moved one
step backward ,while each of the remaining letters is moved one step
forward to obtain the corresponding letters of the code.

R U S T I C A T E
Ans: QTTUIDBSD
Similarly we have
S T A T I S T I C
Ans: RSBUITUHB

So the required code is RSBUITUHB. Hence the answer is b

 Ex­ 3) If ROAST is coded s PQYUR in a certain language, then how will
SLOPPY be coded in coded in that language?
a. MRNAQN b) NRMNQA c) QNMRNA d) RANNMQ
Sol: Clearly the letters in the word ROAST are moved alternately two­step
backward and two steps forward to obtain the letters of the code. Thus we
have:
R O A S T Ans: (PQYUR). S L O P P Y Ans: (QNMRNA)
So required answer is c
Ques:5) If HEALTH is written as GSKZDG , then how will NORTH be
weitten in that
Code?
a. OPSUI b) GSQNM C) FRPML d) IUSPO
Sol: Clearly the letters of the given word are written in a
reverse order and then each letter is moved one step backward
to obtain the code.
Reversing the order of the letter in NORTH, we get HTRON,
thus we have
H T R O N Ans: ( G S Q N M ) Hence the answer is b
Ques:6) In a certain code , BREAKTHROUGH is written as
EAOUHRBRGHKT. How is
DISTRIBUTION written that code?
a. TISTBUONDIRI B) STTIBUONRIDI c)STTIBUDIONRI
d)RISTTIBUDION
e) None of these
Sol: Let us divide the letters of the given word into pair and label
there pairs from 1 to 6.
BR EA KT HR OV GH
1 2 3 4 5 6
Clearly ,the code contains there pairs arranged in the order 2 ,5 ,4
. 1 ,6 ,3
Dividing the letters of the word DISTRIBUTION in pairs we
have :
DI ST RI BU TI ON
1 2 3 4 5 6
Arranging there in the order 2 ,5 ,4 ,1 ,6 ,3.
we get the requires code that is STTIBUDIONRI Hence the
answer is c
Ques­7: In a certain code language ,BEAT is written as a certain code
language , BEAT is written as YVZG,then what will be code
of MILD?
a. B,E,A,T, are respectively the 2nd ,5th, 1st ,20th letter from
the begining
of the English alphabet. Similarly M, I, L, D are respectively
the
13th,9th,12th, 4th letters from the begining of the English
alphabet ,and the 13th,9th,12th, 4th letters from the begining of
the English alphabet are NROW, hence the answer is d
Ques­8:In a certain system of coding ,the word STATEMENT is
written as
TNEMETATS.In the same system of coding .what should be the
code for the word POLITICAL
a. LACITILOP b) LCATILTOP c)POILITCAL d)none of these
Sol: Clearly the letters of the given word are written in a
reverse order to obtain the code. Reversing the order of letters
in POLITICAL, we gwt LACITILOP, which is required code
,hence the answer is a
CASE ­II: To find the word by analysing the given code(decoding ) .
Ex:On a certain code ,the word ROAD is written as WTFI.
Following
the same rule of coding ,what should be the word for the code
GJFY?
a)REAP b) TAKE c) BEAT D) LATE
sol: Each letter of the word is five steps behind the
corresponding letter of
the code we have
W T F I Ans: R O A D
G J F Y Ans :B E A T
So BEAT is coded as GJFY. Hence the answer is c
Ex:If NARGRUED is the code for GRANDEUR , which word
is coded as
SERPEVRE?
Sol:Clearly ,the code has been obtained by writting the first four
and the last
four letters of SERPEVRE
SERP/EVRE PRES/ERVE Hence answer is e

Q. if in a certain language , ITNIETAM is the code for INTIMATE,

which word has the code TREVNIETARBI?
 a. INVRETIBRATE b. INVERTIBARTE c. INVERTIBRETA
d. INVERTIBRATE e. INVERITBARTE
Soln. our ans (d) . The letters in the first half and the latter half of the code
are separately reversed to obtain the word.

Q. If QOSCFLBJO is the code for PORCELAIN , which word is

coded as BKMOUSPP?
a).ALTOLROPY b.ALLOTROPY c.ALOTROLPY d. ATLOROPLY
e. None of these
Soln. In the code , we have alternately one letter one step ahead of and the
other the same as the corresponding letter in the word.
Q.If in a certain language , MACHINE is coded as LBBIHOD, which word
would be coded as SLTMFNB?
a. RKSLEMA b.TKULGMC c.RMSNEOA d.TMUNGMC
Soln. In the code , we have alternately one letter one step behind and the
other one step ahead of the corresponding letter in the word..

Q.Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given
below.
The consonants of English alphabet have been coded by using digits 1 to 8
and the vowels have been coded by using different symbols.

G B K H Z M F
R V C S D Q X
J N T L W Y P
Digit 5 4 1 3 2 8 7

If any vowel is not in the beginning or last , it is coded as 6. If any vowel is

at the beginning or in the last , it is coded as 9. However , if the same vowel
is placed at both beginning and in the last , it is coded as $ at both the places
. Now, choose the correct coded forms of each of the following letter groups.
Q1. AFDQENI
a. 6728949 b.$72864$ c.9728649 d.9728949 e. None of these
Q2.ENIANGE
a.6499456 b.$466453$ c.$4$$45$ d.9466456 e. None of these
Q3. PKDEJHI
a.7126539 b.712653$ c.7129539 d.712$53$ e. none of these
Q4. OPTIONAL
a.67199493 b.97166463 c.$7199493 e. none of these
Q5. EGTARLQE
a.65195386 b.$51$538$ c.95165389 d.$519538$ e. none of these

Soln. 1­(c), 2 (b), 3(a), 4(b), 5(e)

Ex. In each of the questions below, a group of numerals is given, followed

by four groups of symbols/letter combination labeled (a), (b), (c), (d).
Numerals are to be coded as per the codes and conditions given below. You
have to find out which of the combination (a), (b), (c), (d) is correct and
indicate your answer accordingly. If none of the four combination represents
the correct code, mark ( e) as your answer.

Numerals 3 5 7 4 2 6 8 1 0 9
Letter/ Symbol * B E A @ F K % R M
code

Following condition apply:

1. If the first digit as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as
X.
1. If the first digit as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded as
$.
1. If the last digit is 0, it is to be coded as #.

1. 546839
a. XAFK*Mb. BAFK*Mc. XAFK*X d.BAFK*X e. None of the
these
1. 713540
a.E%*BA# b. X%*BA# c. X%*BARd.E%*BAR e. None of the
these
1. 765082
a.XFBRK@ b. EFB#K@ c. EFBR#K d.EFBRK@ e. None of the
these
1. 487692
a.AKEFM@b. $KEFM@ c. AKEFM$ d. $KEFM$ e. None of
the these
1. 364819
a.XFAK@M b. *FAK%X c. *FAK%M d. *EAK%X e.
None of the these
Sol. 1. Clearly, in the given number­ group, both the first and last digits are
odd no. So, each of them is to be coded as X. The remaining numerals are to
be coded with their respective codes from the given table. So, the required
code XAFK*X. hence, answer is (C).
2. The last digits in the given number group is 0, which shall thus be coded
as #. Choosing the individual Codes for the remaining digits from the given
table, we obtain the code for 713540 as E%*BA#. Hence, answer is (a)
1. Each digit of the given number group is to coded by individual
letter/symbol code
So, required code is EFBRK@. Hence, the answer is (d)
1. the first and the last digits, both being odd numbers, each of the them
is to be coded as X. hence answer is (c).

Type: Substitution

1.If sky is star, star is cloud, cloud is earth, earth is tree, and tree is book,
than where do the birds fly ?
a. Cloud b. Sky c. Star d. data inadequate e. None of these

Sol. answer is (c). Birds fly in the sky and as given, sky is star . So birds fly
in the star .
2. If orange is called butter, butter is called soap, soap is called ink, ink is
called honey and honey is called orange , which of the following is used for
washing clothes?
a. honey b. butter c. orange d. soap e. ink
Soln. answer is (e). Clearly , soap is used for washing the clothes. But , soap
is called called ink. So, ink is used for washing the clothes.
3. If light is called morning , morning is called dark , dark is called night ,
night is called sunshine and sunshine is called dusk, when do we sleep?
a. night b. sunshine c. dusk d. dark
Soln. Answer is (b). We sleep in the night . But night is called sunshine . So
we sleep in the sunshine.
4. I f blue means green , green means white , white means yellow , yellow
means black, black means red and red means brown , then what is the color
of milk?
a. black b. brown c. blue d. yellow e. green
Soln. Answer is (e). The colour of milk is white . But as given green means
white . So the color of milk is green .
5.If in a language , finger is called toe, toe is called foot , foot is called
thumb , thumb is called ankle , ankle is called palm and palm is called
knee, then in that languaghe , what will an illiterate man put to mark his
signatures?
a.toe b. knee c. Thumb d. ankle
Soln. Anwer is (d). Clearly, an illiterate man puts his thumb to mark his
signatures . But as given , thumb is called ankle . So an illiterate man will
put his ankle to mark his signatures.

Type­ DECIPHERING MESSAGE WORD CODES

EX.1 In a certain language, sun shines brightly is written as ba lo sul,

houses are grightly lit as kado ula ari ba and light comes from sun as dopi
kup lo nro. What code words are written for sun and brightly?
a. ba, sul b. sul, lo c. lo, ba d.ba, lo
Soln . In the first and third statements , the common word is sun and the
common code­word is lo . So , lo is the code for sun . In the first and second
statements, the common word is brightly and the common code word is ba .
So , ba is the code for brightly. Hence, the answer is (c).
Ex.2. If in a certain language, oka peru means fine cloth , meta lisa means
clear water and dona lisa peru means fine clear weather , which word in that
language means weather?
Soln . In the first and third statements , the common code word is peru and
the common word is fine . S o , peru means fine . In the second and third
statements, the common code word is lisa and the common word is clear. so
lisa means clear. Thus , in the third statement, lisa means clear and peru
means fine . So, dona means weather. Hence the answer is (d).

EX.3 Read the information given below to answer the questions that follow
:
In a certain code language ,
i. pit na sa means you are welcome ;
i. na ho pa la means they are very good ;
i. ka da la means who is good ;
i. od ho pit la means they welcome good people .
1. Which of the following means people in that code language ?
 a. od b. la c.ho d. pit e. data inadequate
2. Which of the following means very in that code language ?
a. pa b.na c.da d. data inadequate e. none of these
3. Which of the following statements is / are redundant to answer
the above two questions?
a. none b. (i) and (ii) c.(ii) or (iv) d. (i) or (iv) e. none of
these
Soln .
1. In statements (i) and (iv) , the common code word is pit and
the code word is welcome , so , pit means welcome .
In statements (ii) and (iv) the common code words are ho and
la and the common words are they and good . So , ho and la
mean they and good . Thus , in (iv) , the remaining code word
i.e. od means people .
Hence the answer is (a).
2. From 1, we know that ho and la are codes for they and good
Now , in statements (i) and (ii), the common code word is na
and the common word is are . So , na means are. Thus , in (ii),
the remaining code word i.e. pa means very .
Hence the answer is (a).
3.Clearly , to answer the above two questions, we used statements
(i) , (ii), and (iv) and didnot require (iii). So , (iii) is redundant .
Hence , the answer is (e).

Direction test

Tips for Question based on Sense of Direction

1. Always try to use the direction planes as the

reference for all the questions.
N
 W E

1. Now , as the statement of the question

progresses, you should also proceed over this
reference plane only.
1. always mark the starting point and end point
different from the other points.
1. mark be attentive while taking right and/or
left turns.
1. mark distance with a scale ( if your rough
diagram confuse you)
1. To solve this type of questions you should
remember the following diagram.

NW NE

W E

SW SE
S
 1. One should aware of the basic geometric rule,
such as Pythagoras Theorem.
Pythagoras Theorem AC2= Ab2+BC2

Ex. 1. Abinav walked 2 km west of his of house

and then turn south covering 4 km. Finally he moved
3 km towards the east and then again 1 km west.
How far is he from his initial position?
a. 2 km b. 4 km c. 9 km d. 10 km

Soln. Abhinav start from his house at A, Moves 2 Km

west upto B, then 4 km to the south upto C 3 km
east upto D and finally 1 km west upto E. thus his
distance from the initial position A = AE = BC = 4
Km. hence ans is (b)

B 2 km A

4km

C 2 km E D

Ex. 2. A man walks 6 km to the east and then turns

to the south and walks 5 km. Again he turns to the
east and walks 6 km. Next, he northwards and walks
10 km. How far is he now from his starting point?
a. 5 km b.12 km c.13km d. 17
Soln. (c) the man starts from A and walks 6km east
upto B, turn southwards and moves 5 km upto c. at
C, he turns to the east and walks 6 km upto D. He
then Turns northwards and walks 10 km upto E.

Now draw BO and AE.

Clearly BO = CD = 6 km
AO = (AB+BO) = (6+6) km = 12 km
OE = (DE= OD) + (DE­BC) = (10­5) km = 5 km

man's distance from the starting point A

= AE = √ AO2 + OE2 = √ (12)2 + (5)2 = √ 169 = 13KM

E

10KM
A B
O 6 KM

5KM
C 6KM D

3. kunal walks 10km towards north from there he

walks 6 km towards south then he walk 3 km
towards east ,how far ans in which direction is he
with reference to his starting point
a. 5 km west b) 7 km west c)7 km west d) 5 km
north east
soln: d)
Clearly kunal moves from A 10 km northwards
up to B ,then moves 6 km southwards up to C
,turn towards east and walk 3 km up to D
 B 6 km

10km
3km D
C

then, AC = ( AB ­ BC ) = (10 ­ 6 ) = 4 km
CD = 3 Km
kunal distance from starting point A =AD= √ AC2
+CD2 = √42+3 2=5 km .

4) Amrita left for her office in her car .she drove

15 km towards north and then 10 km towards
west ,she then turn to the south and covered 5 km
further ,she turn to the east and move 8 km .
Finally she turn right and drove 10 km , How far
and in which direction is she from her starting
point ?
 a)2 km west b) 5 km east c) 3 km north d) 6 km
south
Ans: a)
solu: Amrita drove 15 km from A to B northwards
and then 10 km from B to C towards west .
She then move 5 km southwards C to D.and 8 km
eastward up to E, Finally she turn right and move
10 km up to F.
A and F lie in the same straight line and F lies to
the west of A so Amrita's distance from the
starting point A =AF=BC­DE=10­8=2km
Hence the answer is (a).

C 10 km B

5 km
E 15 km D
8 km
10 km

F A

Ques: 5 : Deepa moves a distance of 75 m

towards the north She then turn to the left and
walk for about 25 m .Turn left again and walk 80m
Finally she turn to the right an angle of 45 degree
. In which direction she is moving finally?
a. Northeast b) Northwest c) south d) Southwest
Ans:d
sol: Deepa started from A moves 75 m up to B
turn left and walk 25 m up to C ,she then turn left
again and move 80m up to D.Turning to the right
at an angle of 45 degree she was finally moving
in the direction of DE.that is southwest .

25 m
C
B

75 m

D
A
E
 PUZZLE TEST

i. Five friends , P, Q, R, S AND T travelled to five different cities of

Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Banglore and Hyderabad by different
modes of transport of Bus, Train , Aeroplane , Car and Boat from
Mumbai.
i. The person who travelled to Delhi did not travel by boat.
i. R went to Bangalore by car and Q went to Kolkata by aeroplane
i. S travelled by boat whereas T travelled by train .
i. Mumbai is not connected by bus to Delhi and Chennai.
1. Which of the following combinations of person and mode is
 not correct?
a. P­ Bus b. Q­Aero plane c.R­ Car d. S­ Boat e. T­ Aero
plane.
2. Which of the following combinations is true for S?
a. Delhi­Bus b. Chennai­Bus c.Chennai­ Boat
d. Data inadequate e. None of these
3. Which of the following combinations of place and mode is not
correct?
a. Delhi­Bus b.Kolkata­ Aero plane c.Bangalore­ Car
d.Chennai­boat e. hyderabad­ bus
4. The person traveling to delhi went by which of the following
modes?
a. bus b. train c. aero plane d. car e. boat
5. Who among the following traveled to delhi
a. R b. S c. T d. data inadequate e. none of these.

Soln. the given information can be analysed as follows:

a. mode of transport : RTravels by car, Q by aeroplane , S by
boat and T by train . Now , only P remains . S o, P travels by
Bus.
a. place of travel: R goes to bangalore , Q to kolkata. N ow ,
bus transport is not available for delhi or chennai. so , p who
travels by bus goes to hyderabad. S travels by boat and hence
by (ii) , did not go to delhi. So, S goes to chennai. Now, only T
remains. So, T goes to delhi

Person P Q R S T
Place Hyderabad Kolkata Bangalore Chennai Delhi
Mode Bus Aero Car Boat Train
plane

1. clearly , the incorrect combination is T­aeroplane . So , the

answer is (e)
1. clearly, the correct combination for S is chennai­ boat. So,
the answer is (c).
1. clearly , the incorrect combination is delhi­bus. So the
 answer is (a).
1. clearly, T travel to delhi by train . So the answer is (b).
1. clearly , T travel to delhi. So , the answer is (c).

Ex.2­
i)B and E are good in dramatics and computer
science
ii) A and B are good in computer science and physics.
iii) A, D and C are good in physics and mathematics .
iv) C and A are good in physics and mathematics .
v) D and E are good in history and dramatics.
1. Who is good in physics , history and dramatics ?
a. A b. B c. D d. E
1. Who is good in physics, history and mathematics but not in
computer science ?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
1. Who is good in computer science , history and dramatics?
a. A b. B c. C d. E
1. Who is good in history , physics , and computer science and
mathematics?
a. A b. B c. C d. D
1. Who is good in physics , dramatics and computer science ?
a. A b. B c. D d. E

Soln. The given information can be analysed as under :

dramatic com. Ph Hi Mat

s sc. y s h
A X √ √ √ √
B √ √ √ X X
C X X √ √ √
D √ X √ √ X
E √ √ X √ X

1. D is good in physics , history and dramatics . so the answer is

 ( c).
1. Both A and C are good in physics , History and mathematics .
But A is good in computer science , while C is not . So , the
answer is (c).
1. E is good in computer science , history and dramatics. Hence ,
the answer is (d).
1. A is good in history , physics , computer science and
mathematics . Hence , the answer is (a).
1. B is good in physics, dramatics and computer science. Hence ,
the answer is (b).

Ex.­3
Study the following information carefully to answer the given
question .
Madan and Rohit are in same team of hockey . Parth defeated
Rohit in badminton but lost to sachin in tennis . nitin teams with
sagar in football . and with sachin in hockey . rohit defeated
sachin in chess. Those who play cricket donot play badminton ,
volleyball or tennis . madan and parth are in opposite team of
basketball. nitin represent his state in cricket while sagar does so
at the district level. Boys who play chess donot play football ,
basketball or volleyball. Madan and parth are together in
volleyball team . Boys who play football also play hockey.
1. Name the boy who donot play football ?
a. Sachin , Nitin b. Rohit , Sagar c. Rohit , Sachin d. Rohit , Nitin
1. Who play both hockey and tennis?
a. Sachin b. Rohit c. Nitin d. Parth
1. Which is the most popular game with this group?
a. cricket b. hockey c. football d. badminton
1. Who play the largest number of games ?
a. Sagar b. Rohit c. Parth d. Nitin
1. Which boy play both badminton and hockey?
a. Sachin b. Rohit c. Nitin d. Parth

Soln.
 Mada Rohi Part Sachi Niti Saga
n t h n n r
Hockey √ √ √ √ √
Badminto √ √ X X
n
Tennis √ √ X X
Chess √ √
Football X X √ √
Basketball √ X √ X
Volleyball √ X √ X X X
Cricket √ √

1. (c) Rohit and Sachin donot play football

1. (a) Sachin play both hockey and tennis .
1. (b) Since hockey is played by the maximum nos. of student in the
group so, hockey is the most popular game.
1. (c) Parth , play the largest nos. of game i.e. four.
1. (b) Rohit play both badminton and hockey

EX.
Study the following information carefully to answer the given question
1. A, B, C, D, E ,F and G are sitting around a circle and are facing the
centre.
1. G is second to the left of C, who is to the immediate left of F.
1. A is third to the left of E.
1. B is between D and E.
i)which of the following is false ?
a. A is the fourth to the right of E. b. G is to the immediate right of D .
c. F is the third to the right of D . d. B is the immediate left of D . e.
None of these
ii) Which of the following is true?
a. C is fourth to left of B . b. A is to the immediate right of G. c. D is
second to the left of E. d. B is second to the right of G.
e. None of these
iii) Which of the following pair has the first person sitting to the immediate
left of the second person?
a. BE b. CA c . GD d. DG e. None of these
iv) Which of the following is the positions of F?
a. Fourth to the right of D. b. To the immediate left of C. c. Between A
and C. d. To the immediate right of A e. None of these.

Solutions.
We first of all marki the seven balank polsitions around a circle . Now , G is
second to the left of C and C is to the immediate left of F . We mark their
positons as shown . also , B is between D and E. tHUS , D , B, E sit together
and occupy the three consecutive blank positions . Now , only one position
remains blank betwen G and C, and this must be occupied by A. now , D, B,
E may sit in any of the postions ( D,B,E) or ( E,B,D). But A is third to the
left of E only when they sit in the order ( D, B, E). Thus we mark their
postions as shown.

1. Clearly , F is fourth to the right of D . So , (c) is false . hence , the

answer is (c)
1. C is third to the left of B. So, (a) is false
A is to the immediate right of G. So , (b) is true.
D is second to the right of E. So, (c) is false .
B is second to the left of G. So, ( d) is false .
Hence , the answer is (b)
1. Clearly , only in the pair DG , the first person D sits to the immediate
left to the second person G . Hence the answer is (d).
1. C sits between A and F ; F sits between E and C ;E sits between B
and F: D sits between G and B. So, none of the given groups satisfies
the given condition.
1. Clearly, F's postion is . fourth to the right of D.
. to the immediate right of C.
. between C and E
.Second to the right of A.
Hence, the answer is (a).
 D

G G
E

F
C A
F

C
 SYLLOLOGISM

ALL NO
SOME SOME NOT
These are basically four types used in syllologism. They are
shown above in the chart
A type: Starts with ALL words
eg: All M are N
All bats are rats

E type: Starts with word NO

eg: No M are N
No bats are rats

I type: Starts with word some

eg: Some M are N
Some bats are rats
o type: Starts with word some
not
eg: Some M are not N
Some bats are not rats

Note:O* also starts from some not

Implications: 1)E E
2) I I
eg: E E
No bats are rats (subject :bats , predicate:rats)
Here the starts with word NO .So it is of E type
.Herer the subject is bats and the predicate is rats
.Now in implications,the predicate can become
subject and vise­ versa like
No rats are bats
2) I I
Some bats are rats can be written as some rats
are bats

Conversions A I O type cannot be

converted
E O
On conversion ,A type can be converted to I
type,and E type can be converted to O type .each
is explained below
1) A I
All bats are rats
Some bats are rats
2)E O
No bats are rats
Some bats are not rats
COMBINATION: only six types combinations
possible . Other combination has no conclusion
1)A+A=A
2)A+E=E
3)A+I=no conclusion
4)E+A=O*
5)E+I =O*
6)I +E=O
7)I +A=I

explanations :1)A+A=A
All M are N (A type)
All N are P (A type)
We can combine this two types only if predicate of
first sentence :N and subject of second sentence
:N are same .in other words the same words must
come diagonally. conclusion is .
All M are P
2) A+E=E
All M are N(A type)
No N are P(E type)
conclusion :No M are P
3) A+I = no conclusion
4) I +I = no conclusion
5)I +E=O
Some M are N ( I type)
No N are P (E type)
conclusion : Some M are not P ( O type)
6) I +A = I
Some M are N ( I type)
All N are P (A type )
conclusion :Some M are P (I type)
7) E +A =O*
No M are N (E type )
All N are P (A type)
conclusion: Some P are not M ( O* type)
Note: In O* we use some not but the subject is
the predicate of 2nd sentence
8)E +I =O*
No M are N (E type)
Some N are P(I type)
conclusion: Some P are not M (O* type)
Rest combination are not possible E + E = No
conclusion
Complementary pair: If the options given in
conclusion part is not our conclusion then we
check for complementary. There are mainly three
pairs coming under complementary pair. They are
1)A­O
2)I­O
3)I­E
But the condition is subject and predicate of both
the sentences ahould be same.
1)A­O pair: All M are N (A type)
Some M are not N (O type)
2)I­O pair : Some M are N (I type)
Some m are not N (O type)
3)I­E pair: Some M are N (I type)
No M are N (E type)
 BLOOD RELATIONS
Mother or father's son
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Brother
Mother's of father's daughter
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Sister
Mother or father's brother
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Uncle
Mothers or fathers sister
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Aunt
Mothers or fathers
father­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Grand
father
Mothers or fathers
mother­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Gran
dmother
Son's
wife­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­­­­­­­­Daughter­in­law
Daughters
husband­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­Son ­in ­law
Husbands or wifes
sister­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Sister­i
n­law
Husbands or wifes
brother­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Brother
­in­law
Brother's
son­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­­­Nephew
Brother's daughter
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Niece
Uncle or aunts son or
daughter­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Cousin
Sisters
husband­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­­­­Brother­in­law
Brothers
wife­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
­­­Sister­in­law
Grandsons or geand daughter
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­Great grand
daughter
Ex­­ A man pointing to a photographer says "the lady
in the photograph is my nephew's maternal
grandmother" .How is the lady in the photograph
related to the man's sister who has no other sister ?
a)Cousin b) Sister­in ­law c)Mother d)Mother­in­law
Solution: Clearly the lady is the grandmother of
man's sister's son that is the mother of the mother
of man's sister's son that is the mother of man's
sister.Hence the answer is c

Ex: A woman going with a boy is asked by another

woman about the relationship between them .The
womwn replied ,"My maternal uncle and the uncle of
his maternal uncle is the same". How is the lady
related with that boy?
a)grandmother and Grandson b)Mother and son
c)Aunt and nephew d)None of these
Solution:Clearly the brother of woman's mother is
the same as the brother of the father of boys
maternal uncle .So, the womans mother's brother is
the boy's maternal uncle's father ,Thus the woman's
mother's brother's son is boy's maternal uncle that
is ,woman's mother's brother's daughter is boy's
mother .So the woman and boy's mother are
cousins. Thus the woman is boys aunt .Hence the
answer is c
Ex: Pointing out to a lady ,Rajan said ,"she is the
daughter of the woman who is the mother of the
husband of my mother ."Who is the lady to Rajan ?
a)Aunt b)Grand daughter c) Daughter d)Sister e)
Sister­in­law
Sol:The relation may be analysed as follows
Mother's husband ­­Father ;Father's mother
­­Grandmother ; Grandmother's daughter ­­ Father's
sister,Father's sister ­­Aunt
Hence, the answer is a
Ex: 1. Pointing towards a person a man said to a
woman "His mother is the only daughter of your
father . How is the woman related to that person?
a)Daughter b) Sister c)Mother d) wife
sol: The only daughter of woman's father is she
herself ,so the person is woman's son that is the
woman is the person's mother .Hence the answer is
c
Ex: 2) Pointing to a lady in a photograph ,Shaloo
said , "Her sons father is the son­in­law of my
mother ," How is shaloo related to the lady ?
a)Aunt b) Sister c)Mother d) Cousin e) nono of these
sol:Lady's son's father is lady's husband .So the
lady's husband is the son ­in law of shaloo's mother
that is the lady is the daughter of shaloo's mother
.Thus Shaloo is the lady's sister . Hence the answer
is b
Ex­ 3: Anil introduces Rohit as the son of the only
brother of his father's wife. How is Rohit related to
Anil
a)Cousin b) Son c) Uncle d) Son­in­law e) Brother
sol: The relation may be analysed as follow
Father's wife ­­Mother ,Mother's brother ­­Uncle
,Uncle's son ­­Cousin
So ,Rohit is Anils Cousin .Hence answer is a
Ex­4:Pointing towards a person in the photograph
Anjali said "He is the only son of the father of my
sister's brother " . How is that person related to
Anjali ?
a. Mother b) Father c) Maternal uncle d)Cousin
e)none of these
sol:Relation may be analysed as follow
Sisters brother ­­ Brother ,Brother's father ­Father ,
Father's son ­Brother
So the person in the photograph is Anjali's brother
.Hence the answer is e
Ex­5: Rita told Mani,"The girl i met yesterday at the
beach was the youngest daughter of the
brother­in­law of my freind's mother " How is the girl
related to Rita's freind ?
a. Cousin b) Daughter c) Nice d) Freind e)Aunt
sol: The relation may be analysed as follow
Daughter of brother ­in­law ­­Niece : Mother niece
­­Cousin : so the girl is the cousin of Rita's freind .
Hence the answer is a
 BLOOD RELATIONS
Direction : Read the following information and
answer the question given below it .
A is the father of a C .But C is not his son .
E is the daughter of C .F is the spouse of A.
B is the brother of C. D is the son of B.
G is the spouse of B. H is the father of G.
Q.:­ Who is the grandmother of D?
a) A b) C c) F d) H
Solutions:­ ( answer is c.) D is the son of B, B is the
brother of C and A is the father of C. Thus means
that B is the father of D and A is the father of B . So
, A is the grandfather of D. Since F is the spouse of
A, So F is the grandmother of D.
Q.) Who is the son of F?
a) B b) C c) D d) E
Solutions:­ ( Answer is a.) As explained above , B is
the son of A and F is the spouse of A. So , B is the
son of F.

EX i) In a family of six persons A, B, C, D, E, and F,

There are two married couples .
ii). D is grandmother of A and mother of F.
iii). C is wife of B and mother of F.
iv) F is the granddaughter of E.
Q:­ What is C to A?
a) Daughter b) grandmother c) mother d)
cannot be determined e) none of these
Solutions:­ ( answer is c.) Cis the wife of B and D is
the mother of B. Also , D is grandmother of A. So , C
is the mother of A.
Q.:­ How many male members are there in the
family?
a) two b) three c) four d) cannot be determined
e) none of these
Solutions:­ Clearly the sex of A cannot be
determined so answer is (d).
Q:­ Which of the following is true?
a. A is brother of F.
a. A is the sister of F.
a. D has two grandsons .
a. B has two daughters
a. None of these.
Solutions:­The sex of A is not known , so, neither
(a) nor (b) is definitely true. Clearly , D is the
grandmother of A and F. So, the answer is (e).
Q.) Who among the following is one of the couples .
a) CD b) DE c) EB d) Cannot be determined e)
None of these
Solutions:­ C is the wife of B, so , one couple is BC.
Now , D is grandmother of A. B is the son of D and
his wife C is the mother of F . So , D is also
grandmother of F. But F is the granddaughter of E .
So , E is the grandfather of F and the husband of D .
Thus , DE is another couple. Therefore , our answer
is (b).

Ex. Read the following information and answer the

questions given below :
A is the son of B. C, B's sister has a son D and a
daughter E. F is the maternal uncle of D.
Q. How is A related to D?
a. cousin b) nephew c) uncle d)brother
Q. How is E related to F?
a. sister b) Daughter c) Niece d) Wife
Q. How many nephews does F have ?
a) nil b) one c) two d) three
Solutions:­ First answer is (a) . A is the son of B and
D is the son of the sister of B. So , A is the cousin of
D.
Second answer is (c). E is the daughter of C and D
is the son of C. So, F, who is the maternal uncle of D,
is also the maternal uncle of E. Thus , E is the niece
of F.
Third answer is (c). Clearly , F is the maternal uncle
of D means F is the brother of D's mother i.e. F is
the brother of C. C is the sister of B. So , F is the
brother of B who is A's mother . Thus F is the
maternal uncle of A . So , A and D are the nephews
of F i.e.F has two nephews.

Number, Ranking and Time Sequence

type1­ Number test :­ In this type of questions, generally a set , group or

series of numerals is given and the candidate is asked to trace out numerals
following certain given conditions or lying at specific mentioned positions
after shuffling according to a certain given pattern.
1. How many 5s are there in the following number sequence, which are
 immediately preceded by 7 and immediately followed by 6?
755945764598756764325678
a. One b. two c. three d. four
1. How many 6's are there in the following number series , each of which
is immediately preceded by 1 or 5 and immediately followed by 3 or
9?
263756429613416391569231654321967163
a. none b. one c.two d.three e.none of these
1. How many 7's immediately preceded by 6 but not immediately
followed by 4 are there in the following series ?
74276436753578437672406743
a.one b. two c.four d.six
1. In the series given below , count the number of 9's , each of which is
not immediately preceded by 5 but is immediately followed by either
2 or 3. How many such 9's are there ?
19321742697461328741383256743958201874
63
a. one b. three c. five d. six
1. How many 4's are there preceded by 7 but not followed by 3?
59321742697461328741383256743958201874
63
a. three b. four c. five d.six.
soln. 1(a ) , 2(d ) , 3 ( b ) , 4 ( b ) , 5 ( b )
TYPE­ RANKING TEST
EX.1 Rohan ranks 7th from the top and 26th from the bottom in the
class. How many students are there in the class?
a.31 b.32 c.33 b.34
Soln. Clearly , the whole class consist of
i. 6 students who have ranked higher than Rohan
i. Rohan, and
i. 25 students who have ranks lower than Rohan i.e. 6+1+25 = 32
students
EX.2 Manik is 14 th from the right end in the row of 40 students .
What is his position from the left end ?
i. 24 ii) 25 iii)26 iv)27
Soln. Clearly, The number of students towards the left of the Manik =
40­14= 26
so Manik is coming 27th from the left end . Hence the answer is (d)
EX.3 In a row of boys facing the north , A is 16th from the left end and C is
16 th from the right end . B , who is 4th to the right of A , is 5th to the left of
C, in a row. How many boys are there in a row?
a. 39 b. 40 c.41 d. 42 e. 43
Soln. Clearly , according to given conditions , there are 15 boys to the left
of A , as well as to the right of C . Also , B lies between A and C such that
there are three boys between A and B, and 4 boys between B and C.

N
A B C
15 3 4 15
so, number of boys in a row = ( 15+1+3+1+4+1+15)= 40. Hence our answer
is (b).

Data sufficiency

Direction: Each of the questions below consist of a question and statements

numbered I and II given below it. You have to decide whether the data
provided in the statements are sufficient to answer the question.
a. If the data in statement I alone are sufficient to answer the question, while
the data in
Statement II alone are not sufficient to answer the question
b. If the data in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the question,
while the data in statement I alone are not sufficient to answer the question
c. If the data either in statement I alone or in statement II alone are sufficient
to answer the question.
d. If the data both in statement I and statement II together are not sufficient
to answer the question.
e. If the data both in statement I and statement II together are necessary to
answer the question.

1. What is the colour of the fresh grass?

i) Blue is called green , red is called orange, orange is called
yellow.
ii) Yellow is called white , white is called black, green is called
brown and brown is called purple .
1. What does nip stands for in a code language ?
 iii) In the code language ,that is very beautiful is written as , "
nip sto sre tip "
iv) In the same code language , " my house is beautiful is
written as " nip sto sre tip .
1. In a certain code , nop al ed means they like flower . Which code word
means flowers?
v) Id nim nop means they are innocent .
vi) gob ots al means we like roses .
1. What is the code for sky in the code language ?
i) In the code language , sky is clear is written as de ga jo
i. In the same code language , make is clear is written as de ra
fa.
1. How J related to p?
vii) M is the brother of P and T is the sister of P.
viii) P's mother is married to J's husband, who has one son and
two daughter .
6 .How is T related to K?
I) R's sister J has married T's brother L, who is the only son of
his parent.
i. K is the only daughter of L and J.

7.B is the brother of A . How is A related to B?

ix) A is the sister of C.
x) E is the husband of A .
8. How is M related to N ?
I) P, who has only two kids , M and N is the mother
­in­law of Q , who is sister ­in­law of N.
II) R, the sister­in­law of M, is the daughter ­in ­law of
S, who has only two kids , M and N.
9. P, Q, R,and S are sitting around a circle facing at the center. Who is to the
immediate right of Q?
i. R is between P and S
i. S is to the immediate right of R.

10. What is Sumit's position from the right in a row of children?

i. There are ten children between sumit and ranjan
i. Ranjan is the twentieth from the left end of the row
of the children
11. What is the Nitin's rank from the top in a class of 40 students?
 i. There are ten student between Nitin and Deepak
i. Deepak is the twentieth from the top

12. On which date of the month was Anjali born in february , 2004 ?
i. Anjali was born on an even date of the month.
i. Anjali's birthdate was a prime number.
13. Which train did Aman catch to go to office?
i. Aman missed his usual train of 10:25 a.m..A train comes in
every five minutes .
i. Aman did not catch the train 10:40 a.m, train or any train
after that time

Soln .
1. (b). The colour of fresh grass is green and as given in II ,
green is called brown . So the color of fresh grass is brown
2. (d). In I and II , the common codes are nip and sre and the
common words are is and beautiful . So nip and sre are the
codes for is and beautiful . But the exact word for nip;
cannot be found out
3. (e). In the given statement, and I , the common word is they
and the common code word is nop . So , nop is the code for
They . In the given statement and II , the common word is
like and the common code word is al . So , al is the code for
like . Thus , in the given statement, ed is the code for
flowers.
4. (d). The only word common to I and II is clear and as such
, only the code for clear can be ascertained from the given
information .
5. (b). From II, we know that P's mother is married to J's
husband , which means that J is P's mother .
6. (e). From I, we know that L is T's brother and J's husband .
Since L is the only son of his parents , T is L's sister .
From II, we know that K is L's daughter .
Thus , from I and II, we conclude that T is the sister of K's
father i.e.T is K's aunt.
7.(c) . B is A's brother means A is either brother or sister of
B. Now , each one of I and II individually indicates
that A is female , which means that A is B's sister .
 8.(a). From I, we conclude that P is the mother of M and N ,
while Q is the daughter ­in­law of P and sister ­in­law of N. Thus , Q is
M's wife and hence , M is N's brother . From II, we conclude that M and N
are the children of S. Also, R is the daughter ­in­las of S . Hence , M is either
brother or sister of N.

9. From I, we have

OR
P
R S S R P

From II, We have

S
R S Q
Combining the above two, we have

P R S
Clearly, P is to the immediate right of Q.

10. Answer is (d).. Clearly, neither the number of children in the row is
given nor the position of Sumit relative to Ranjan is mentioned in any one of
I or II.

11. Answer is (d). Since there are ten students between Nitin and Deepak , so
Nitin may be eleven ranks above or below Deepak . Thus Nitin may be 9th,
or 31st from the top.

12. Answer is (e). From I and II , We conclude that Anjali was born in
February, 2004 on a date which is an even prime number . Since the only
even prime number is 2 , so Anjali was born on 2nd February, 2004.
13. Answer is (d). From I and II , we conclude that Aman went to office by
either 10:30 a.m. or 10:35 a.m train.
 Coded inequality

Few points to remember

A)
Similar points between two variable and common variable in middle
.Conclusion is similar signs .
1)A>=B, B>= C
conclusion: A>=C
2)A<=B,B<=C
conclusion: A<=C
3) A>B, B>C
conclusion: A>C
4)A<B, B<C
conclusion: A<C
5)A=B, B=C
conclusion: A=C

A. If common variable is in the middle and between two variable

signs like >=and > and <=and < prevails then conclusion is >and
<
6) A>=B , B>C
 conclusion : A> C
7) A<=B, B<C
conclusion: A< C
A. If the conclusion we get >= or <= signs and in option we have two
choices >and
= signs or < and = between two variables then conclusion will be
either choice follow
Ex­ A>=B , B>= C A<=B, B<=C

1)A<C, 2) A=C
1) A>C, 2) A=C

Our answer is either 1 or 2

D) We can't combine two variables with common variable in middle having

sign >= and <=or > and < for example
1)A>=B, B<=C
no conclusion between A and C
2) A>B , B < C
no conclusion between A and C

E) At least if we don't get any conclusions yhen we check for

complementary pair. So there are two complementary pair
1. >= and <
1. <=and >
Ex: 1)A>=B, B <=C
conclusion: a) A >= C
b) A <C
c) A <=C
d) A >C
Ans: Either a or b
Either c or d
E) If any new alphabet is compared in the conclusion part ,and
if it is not used in the question part then it can't have a definite
conclusion .It will have complementary pair
Ex­ A >=B, B>=C
option 1) T > C
2)T<=C
1. T>= C
1. T<C
conclusion : either 1 or 2 and either 3 or 4

P @Q means P is either greater than or equal to Q

P+ Q means P is either smaller than or equal to Q
P%Q means P is greater than Q
PX Q means P is smaller than Q
P$ Q means P is neither greater than nor smaller than Q
Now in each of the following questions assuming the given statement to
be true ,find which of the two conditions I and II given below them is /are
definately true ? Give answer.
a. If only conclusion I is true
a. If only conclusion II is true
a. If either I or II is true
a. If neither I or II is true
a. If both I and II is true

1) Statements : M @R , R%T , T$ K
Conclusion : I) KXM, II) TXM
2) Statements : H%J, B+J, B@F
Conclusion: I)F$J, II) J%F
3) Statements : D$M, M%W, W@R
Conclusion : I) RXD, II) W+D
4) Statements : A+N , NXV, V$J
Conclusion: I) J@N, II) A +V
5) Statements : KXT , T@B , B+M
Conclusion : I)M%T II) K+B
6) Statements : B@H, HXM , M$N
Conclusion : I) B@N, Ii) N%H
Answers: 1)­ e 2)C 3)a 4)d) 5)d 6)b