Analogy

2
Analogy
Introduction
What is ‘Analogy’?
Analogy can be defined as:
1. Partial likeness or agreement to (or with something, between two things).
2. Process of reasoning between parallel cases: argue by analogy (by Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English: A. S. Hornby).
For example, consider the following sentence: Pillow cover is to pillow cover is to pillow is as is to shirt is to boy. This
is an analogy. This can be represented symbolically as ‘pillow cover: pillow : : shirt : boy’ or ‘pillow cover : pillow
cover : pillow = shirt : boy’.

SOME COMMON RELATIONSHIPS

1. Country and Capital :
Ex. Afghanistan : Kabul
Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan.
Some more examples are given below :
Australia : Canberra Canada : Ottawa Japan : Tokyo
Austria : Vienna Spain : Madrid Italy : Rome
Bangladesh : Dhaka Greece : Athens Egypt : Cairo
Bhutan : Thimpu China : Beijing France : Paris
Iraq : Baghdad Iran : Teheran India : Delhi
Denmark : Copenhagen Nepal : Kathmandu Cuba : Havana
Indonesia : Jakarta Kenya : Nairoboi Norway : Oslo
Portugal : Lisbon Pakistan : Islamabad Thailand : Bangkok
Sri Lanka : Colombo Russia : Moscow UK : London
USA : Washington

2. State and Capital :

Ex. Maharashtra : Mumbai
Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra
Some more examples are given below :
Karnataka : Bangalore Assam : Dispur Bihar : Patna
Orissa : Bhubaneshwar Rajasthan : Jaipur Sikkim : Gangtok
Gujarat : Ahmedabad U.P. : Lucknow Kerala : Trivandrum
Himachal Pradesh : Shimla Meghalaya : Shillong Nagaland : Mizoram
Tamil Nadu : Chennai Andhra Pradesh : Hyderabad West Bengal : Kolkata

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Analogy

3. Country and Currency :

Ex. India : Rupee
Some more examples are given below :
Argentina : Peso Bangladesh : Taka Burma : Kyat
China : Yuan Greece : Drachma Iran : Rial
Iraq : Dinar Japan : Yen Korea : Won
Kuwait : Dinar UK : Pound USA : Dollar
Thailand : Baht UAE : Dirham Turkey : Lira

4. Quantity and Unit :

Ex. Length : Metre
Metre is the unit of measuring length.
Some more examples are given below :
Mass : Kilogram Time : Seconds Force : Newton
Energy : Joule Resistance : Ohm Volume : Litre
Angle : Radians Power : Watt Potential : Volt
Work : Joule Current : Ampere Pressure : Pascal
Area : Hectare Temperature : Degrees Conductivity : Mho
Luminosity : Candela Magnetic field : Oersted

5. Animal and Young One

Ex. Cow : Calf
Calf is the young one of cow.
Some more examples are given below :
Bear : Cub Hen : Chick Cat : Kitten
Horse : Colt/Filly/Foal Lion/Tiger : Cub Man : Child
Duck : Duckling Sheep : Lamb Insect : Larva
Butterfly : Caterpillar Stage : Fawn Frog : Tadpole
Dog : Puppy Deer : Fawn Swan : Cygnet
Cockroach : Nymph

6. Male and Female :

Ex. Horse : Mare
Mare is the female horse.
Some more examples are given below:
Dog : Bitch Bull : Cow Cock : Hen
Drone : Bee Stage : Doe Lion : Lioness
Colt : Filly Bullock : Heifer Gander : Goose
Fox : Vixen Drake : Duck Bachelor : Spinster
Nephew : Niece Son : Daughter Lord : Lady
Brother : Sister Wizard : Witch Monk : Nun
Master : Mistress Tutor : Governess Earl : Countess

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7. Study & Topic Relationship:

Botany : Plants
(Botany means study of Plants)
Zoology : Animals
Pathology : Diseases
Cardiology : Heart
Astronomy : Planets
Astrology : Future
Cytology : Cells
Geology : Earth
Mycology : Fungi
Craniology : Skill
Ornithology : Birds
Nephrology : Kidney
Pedology : Soil
Phycology : Algae
Histology : Tissues
Nidology : Nests
Seismology : Earthquakes
Penology : Punishment
Archaeology : Artifacts
Ecology : Environment
Anthology : Collection of Poems
Trigonometry : Triangles
Paleography : Writings
Semantics : Language
Hematology : Blood
Malacology : Molluscs
Bryology : Bryophytes
Taxonomy : Classification
Orography : Mountains

8. Worker & Tool Relationship:

Laborer : Spade
(Spade is a tool used by a Laborers)
Carpenter : Saw Wood cutter : Axe
Blacksmith : Anvil Soldier : Gun
Tailor : Needle Chef : Knife

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Analogy

Farmer : Plough Author : Pen

Warrior : Sword Sculptor : Chisel
Mason : Plumb line Jockey : Tack
Gardener : Harrow Surgeon : Scalpel
Astronomer : Telescope Lumberjack : Axe
Painter : Brush Violinist : Bow
Barber : Scissors Butcher : Chopper
Doctor : Stethoscope Cobbler : Awl

9. Tool & Action Relationship:

Needle : Saw
(A needle is used for sewing)
Knife : Cut Gun : Short
Pen : Write Microscope : Magnify
Spanner : Grip Sword : Slaughter
Filter : Purity Spade : Dig
Mattock : Dig Streering : Drive
Spoon : Feed Chisel : Carve
Axe : Grind Shield : Guard
Auger : Bore Oar : Row
Loudspeaker : Amplify Shovel : Scoop

10. Worker and Working place:

Chef : Kitchen
(Chef works in a Kitchen)
Farmer : Field Warrior : Battle field
Engineer : Site Sailor : Ship
Pilot : Cockpit Beautician : Parlor
Actor : Stage Mechanic : Garage
Painter : Gallery Grocer : Grocery
Waiter : Restaurant Gambler : Casino
Servant : House Worker : Factory
Umpire : Pitch Teacher : School
Artist : Theatre Doctor : Hospital
Clerk : Office Drive : Cabin
Scientist : Laboratory Lawyer : Court

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11. Worker & Product:

Poet : Poem
(Poet writes poem)
Farmer : Crop Author : Book
Cobbler : Shoes Mason : Wall
Editor : Newspaper Hunter : Prey
Carpenter : Furniture Butcher : Meat
Gold Smith : Ornaments Producer : Film
Architect : Design Tailor : Clothes
Teacher : Educations Dramatist : Play
Choreographer : Ballet Judge : Justice

TYPE 1: COMPLETING THE ANALOGOUS PAIR

In this type of questions, two words are given. These words are related to each other in some way. Another word is also given.
The candidate is required to find out the relationship between the first two words and choose the word from the given
alternatives, which bears the same relationship to the third word, as the first two bear.
Examples
1. Giant : Dwarf : : Genius : ?
(A) Wicked (B) Gentle (C) Idiot (D) Tiny
Sol.(C) ‘Dwarf’ is the antonym of ‘Giant’. Similarly, the antonym of ‘Genius’ is ‘Idiot’. So, the answer is (C)
2. Newspaper : Press : : Cloth : ?
(A) Tailor (B) Textile (C) Fibre (D) Mill
Sol.(D) Just as newspaper is prepared in a press, cloth is manufactured in the mill. So, the answer is (D).
3. Anaemia : Blood : : Anarchy : ?
(A) Lawlessness (B) Government (C) Monarchy (D) Disorder
Sol.(B) Anaemia is the state of lack of blood. Similarly, anarchy is the state of lack of government. So, the answer is
(B).

TYPE 2 : DIRECT/SIMPLE ANALOGY

The candidate is required to find out the relationship between the first two words and choose the word from the given
alternatives, which bears the same relationship to the third word, as the first two bear.
Examples
1. Part is related to Whole in the same way as Arc is related to ......... ? .........
(A) Trapezium (B) Circle (C) Triangle (D) Square
Ans. (B)

2. Shoes is related to Cobbler in the same way as Eyeglasses is related to ......... ? .........
(A) Oculist (B) Ophthalmologist (C) Optometrist (D) Optician
Ans. (B)

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TYPE 3 : CHOOSING THE ANALOGOUS PAIR

In this type of questions a pair of words is given, followed by four pairs of words as alternatives. The candidate is required to
choose the pair in which the words bear the same relationship to each other as the words of the given pair bear.

Examples
1. Darkness : Lamp
(A) Fatigue : Exercise (B) Thirst : Water
(C) Medicine : Illness (D) Study : Classroom
Sol.(B) Just as a lamp eliminates darkness, so also water eliminates thirst. Hence, the answer is (B).
2. Fish : Shoal
(A) Audience : Theatre (B) Shark : School
(C) Elephant : Flock (D) Whale : Herd
Sol.(C) A group of fish is called shoal. Similarly, a group of elephants is called flock. So, the answer is (C).
3. Energy : Joule
(A) Axe : Grind (B) Ammeter : Current
(C) Power : Ampere (D) Resistance : Ohm
Sol.(D) Joule is the unit of measuring energy. Similarly Ohm is the unit of measuring resistance. So, the answer is (D).

TYPE 4 : DOUBLE ANALOGY

Directions : In each of the following questions, two words indicated by I and II have been left out. The correct word to come
in place of I is given as one of the four alternatives [(1), (2), (3) and (4)] against I and the correct word to come in place of II is
given as one of the four alternatives [(A), (B), (C) and (D)] against II. Read with the correct words, there is some relationship
between the two words to the left of sign (: :) and the same relationhip obtains between the two words to the right of sign (: :).
The correct combination is given as one of the four alternatives (A), (B), (C) and (D). Find the correct combination in each
case.
Examples
1. I : Distance : : Kilogram : II
I. (1) Far (2) Metre (3) Europe (4) Travel
II. (A) Heavy (B) Ounce (C) Weight (D) Noise
(A) 1A (B) 2A (C) 2B (D) 2C
Ans. (D)

TYPE 5 : CHOOSING A SIMILAR WORD

In this type of questions, a group of three/four words is given, followed by four other words as alternatives. The candidate is
required to choose the alternative, which is similar to the given words.
Examples
1. Lucknow : Patna : Bhopal : Jaipur
(A) Indore (B) Pune (C) Mysore (D) Shimla
Sol.(D) Clearly, Lucknow, Patna, Bhopal and Jaipur are all capital cities of various Indian States (U.P., Bihar, M.P. and
Rajasthan respectively). Similarly, Shimla is the capital of Himachal Pradesh. Hence, the answer is (D).

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 Analogy

2. Sitar : Guitar : Tanpura

(A) Trumpet (B) Violin (C) Harmonium (D) Mridanga
Sol.(B) Sitar, Guitar and Tanpura are all string instruments. Violin is also a string instrument. Hence, the answer is (B).

3. Liver : Heart : Kidney

(A) Blood (B) Nose (C) Lung (D) Urine
Sol.(C) Liver, Heart and Kidney are all internal organs of the human body and so is the Lung. Hence, the answer is (C).

TYPE 6 : DETECTING ANALOGIES

In this type of questions, the candidate is required to trace out the hidden analogy or common characteristic among the given
words or to choose the word which mentions the quality common to the given words.

Examples
1. Judo : Karate : Taekwando
(A) They are names of martial arts (B) They can be performed by obese persons
(C) They are performed on stage (D) They are important items of Asian Games
Sol.(A) Clearly, Judo,Karate and Taekwando are martial arts and alternatives (A) is the most suitable description for
all the three. Hence, the answer is (A).

TYPE 7 : MULTIPLE-WORD ANALOGY

In this type of questions, a group of three or four inter-related words is given. The candidate is r equired to trace out the
relationship among these words and choose another group with similar relatinship, from amongst the alternatives provided.
In order to solve word analogy problems the meaning of the words are to be considered, but not the arrangement of letters or
number of letters in the words. The words on one side of the symbol (: :) are logically related to each other. Similar logical
relation should also be identified between the words on the other side of the symbol (: :). So, for solving word analogy
problems, we need to figure out the relationship between the pair of words. Sometimes, it would be easy to figure out the
logical relationship between the two words, if a short sentence relating these two words is constructed. Such a sentence is
called a paraphrase.Paraphrase helps us to select the appropriate answer from the given options.
Examples
1. C O B LE R: SHO E S : : CARPE NTE R : ?
(A) WOOD (B) FURNITURE
(C) TOOLS (C) HAM M E
Analysis : Construct a paraphrase relating COBLER and SHOES. COBLER markes SHOES. Similarly, CARPENTER
markes FURNITURES.
So, the correct answer option is (B)
Here, we cannot select WOOD as the correct option, because WOOD is a raw material for CARPENTER whereas
SHOES is a finished product for COBLER. In case LEATHER is given on the LHS in the place of SHOES, then we need
to select WOOD as the correct answer option. In such case, the paraphrase can be constructed as under.
COBLER works with LEATHER and CARPENTER works with WOOD.

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2. D E S T R O Y : D E M O L I S H : : ? : R E PA I R
(A) BREAK (B) SPOIL (C) MAKE (D) SE TRIGHT
Analysis : DESTROY and DEMOLISH are the words having the same meaning. They are the
Ans. (D)
3. HA P PY : S A D : : TA L L : ?
(A) SHO RT (B) LENGTH (C) HE I GHT (D) LO NG
Analysis : HAPPY and SAD have opposite meaning. They are the antonyms. Similarly, TALL and SHORT are antonyms.
Ans. (A)
4. BRIGHT :SUN ::?:KNIFE
(A) STEEL (B) S HAR P (C) CUT (D) B LA D E
Analysis : Construct a paraphrase as given below:
SUN is BRIGHT and KNIFE is SHARP
Ans. (B)
5. S C H O O L : C LA S S R O O M : : B O O K “ ?
(A) PRINT (B) PUBLI SH (C) PA G E (D) PA P E R
Analysis : CLASSROOM is a part of the SCHOOL. Similarly, PAGE is a part of the BOOK.
Ans. (C)
6. HAM ME R : T O OL: : S C O OTE R: ?
(A) RIDE (B) PETROL (C) ROAD (D) TWO WHEELER
Analysis : HAMMER is a TOOL and SCOOTER is a TWO WHEELER.
Ans. (D)
7. CLUB: GO LF:: ?: ?
(A) TYPE : BOOK (B) BALL : SOCCER
(C) BOARD : CHESS (D) RACKET : TENNIS
Analysis : We can make the paraphrase as ‘a CLUB is used to play GOLF’. But this paraphrase helps us to eliminate
only the answer choice (A). So, we should construct a more specific paraphrase as ‘A CLUB is used to strike a BALL
in the game of golf’. Similarly, ‘a RACKET is used to strike a BALL in the game of TENNIS’. Thus, the correct answer
alternative is (D).
If more than one answer choice fits a particular paraphrase, then the paraphrase is to be made more specific.
8. SEDATIVE : DROWSINESS : : ? : ?
(A) VACCINE : VIRUS (B) ANAESTHETIC : NUMBNESS
(C) LAXATIVE : DRUG (D) TONIC : HEALTH
Analysis : SEDATIVE causes DROWSINESS and ANAESTHETIC causes NUMBNESS.
Ans. (B)
Examples
1. Pen : Pencil : Ink
(A) Orange : Banana : Juice (B) Table : Chair : Wood
(C) Cow : Milk : Curd (D) Fish : Shark : Water

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Sol.(A) Clearly pen contains ink and pencil belongs to the same category as pen i.e. stationery. Similarly, orange
contains juice and banana belongs to the same category as orange i.e. fruits. Hence, the answer is (A).
2. Correspondent : News : Newspaper
(A) Road : Vehicle : Destination (B) Cloud : Water : Ponds
(C) Farmer : Crops : Food (D) Mason : Cement : Construction
Sol.(C) Just a correspondent collects and formats news for newspaper, so also a farmer grows and reaps crops for
food. Hence, the answer is (C).

3. Tehsil : District : State : Country

(A) Metropolitan : Megapolis : Town : City
(B) Block : Colony : Zone : City
(C) Province : District : State : Country
(D) Madhya Pradesh : Maharashtra : Mumbai : Victoria Terminus
Sol.(B) The given group contain four items of a hierarchical system, in the order from lowest to highest levels. A
similar relationship exists among the components of (B). Hence, the answer is (B).

TYPE 8 : NUMBER ANALOGY

This section deals with two types of quesitons :
I. Choosing a number related to a given number in the same manner as the two numbers of another given pair are related
to each other.
II. Choosing a similarly related pair as the given number pair on the basis of the relation between the numbers in each
pair.
III. Choosing a number similar to a group of numbers on the basis of certain common properties that they possess.
IV. Choosing a number set similar to a given number set.
In number analogies, two numbers are given that maintain a relation, followed by a number and a blank.This number
and the missing number maintains the same relationship. We have to identify the missing number. In number analogies,
since only two numbers are given initially, it is possible that a combination of addition, substraction, and multiplication
etc. is used.
Generally realtionships are based on following concepts or a combination of any the following:
1. One number is a multiple of the other.
2. One number is a square root or square of the other.
3. Two numbers are squares of two other numbers which themselves are related. For example, the two numbers
are squares of two consective odd integrs.
4. The two numbers are such that they are obtained by subtracting a certain number from the squares or cubes
of the two related numbers.
5. The two numbers can be consecutive, even, odd or prime.

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Number Analogies
In the present topic, we discuss some analogy problems related to numbers. In number analogy questions,
three numbers and a blank is given. The blank can be on either side of the symbol ‘: :’ (or’=’). This blank represents a
missing number. We are required to recognise the relationship between the two numbers given on one side of the
symbol ‘: :’ (or ‘=’). The missing number should bear a similar relation with the number given on the other side of the
symbol ‘: :’ (of ‘=’). We are required to select an appropriate number from the given options.
Two numbers can be related to each other in anumber of ways. Hence, analogy problems cannot be solved unless
options are given. In order to understand this aspect clearly, let us consider one example and discuss.
Example : 2 : 4 : : 3 : ?
In this example, first we are required to find the relationship between 2 and 4. Then we are required to find a number
which bears the same relationship with 3.

2 2  4 3 2  5
22  4 3 2  6
2
2 4 32  9
23  22  4 33  32  18

So, in the above illustration, any one of these numbers 5, 6, 9, or 18 can replace the question mark. In other words,
all these numbers are correct answers. From this discussion, it is clear that multiple answers exist for analogy problems.
The options contain only one of the correct answers. We should identify that correct option.
Examples
1. 35 : 24 = 63 : ______
(A) 38 (B) 52 (C) 48 (D) 80 (E) 26

35 : 24 = 63 : ______
   
2 2 2 2
6 1 5 1 8 1 7 1

Sol.(C) 7 2  1  48

2. 28 : 44 = 35 : ______
(A) 53 (B) 50 (C) 54 (D) 48 (E) 44
28 : 44 = 35 : ______

Sol.(B) 35   3  5   50

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3. 2 : 9 = 64 : ______
(A) 125 (B) 257 (C) 4225 (D) 625 (E) 216
2 : 9 = 64 : ______
   
2
21 3 43 54
Sol.(D) 54  625
4. 3 : 11 : : 7 : ?
(A) 22 (B) 29 (C) 18 (D) 51
2 2
Sol.(D) Clearly 3 + 2 = 11, Now, 7 + 2 = 51.
So, if the first number is x, the second number is x 2 + 2.
Thus, the relationship is x : x2+ 2.
Hence, the answer is (D).
5. 11 : 1210
(A) 8 : 448 (B) 6 : 2160 (C) 7 : 1029 (D) 9 : 729
Sol.(A) Clearly, the relationship is x : x2 (x - 1)
This relationship exists in (A).
Hence, the answer is (A).

6. Which number is like the given set of numbers ?

Given set : (3, 17, 31)
(A) 5 (B) 15 (C) 45 (D) 49
Sol.(A) Clearly, the number in the given set are all prime numbers. 5 is also a prime number and so belongs to the same
group. Hence, the answer is (A).

TYPE 9 : ALPHABET ANALOGY

In this type of questions two groups of letters related to each other in some way, are given. The candidate is required to find
out this relationship and then choose either a letter-group which is related in the same way to a third group provided in the
question or a pair consisting of similarly related letter-group.
Normally, three groups of letters and one blank (or question mark) are given in the problems. The group of letters is referred to
as terms. The blank (or the question mark) in the problem represents the missing term. The missing term can be either on the
RHS or on the LHS of the symbol ‘=’. The relation between the two terms on the RHS of the symbol ‘=’ should always be similar
to the relation between the two terms on the LHS of the symbol ‘=’. Students are required to analyse the pattern of letters in
the two terms on one side and find out as to how they are mutually related. Same rule/pattern should be applied to find the
missing term.
Some problems may contain two missing terms. Such problems can be solved by trial and error method as explained in one of
the worked examples.
Some authors use the symbol ‘: :’, instead of the symbol ‘=’ in analogy problems.

Examples :
1. B DAC : G I F H = N PM O : ?
(A) RSTU (B) SURT (C) SRUT (D) UTSR

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Analysis : In the first term on the LHS, the letters in position number 3, 1, 4 and 2 are consecutive letters. The second term
on the LHS also follows the same pattern. Further, between the first and the second term on the LHS, one letter (E) is
missing. Applying the same rule to the terms on the RHS, we have to skip one letter (Q) after P and write the next four
consecutive letters in the positions 3, 1, 4 and 2, respectively. Hence, the missing term is S U R T.
Ans. (B)
2. PRLN:X ZTV= JLFH:?
(A) TNPR (B) RTTN (C) RTPS (D) RTNP
Analysis : Here, in the first term on the LHS, the letters in positions 3, 4, 1 and 2 are alternate letters. The second term on the
LHS also follows the same pattern. Further, the second letter of the first term and the third letter of the second term are also
alternate letters.
It is observed that the first term on the RHS also follows the above pattern. Only the letters in option 4 follow this pattern.
Further, the second letter ‘L’ of the first term on the RHS and the third letter of option (D), i.e., ‘N’, are alternate letters.
Hence, the answer is R T N P.
Ans. (D)
3. ?: I R O L = U F C X : R L O I
(A) XFUC (B) CUFX (C) XUCF (D) FCUX
Analysis : Here, the missing term (?) is on the LHS. Hence, we are required to find the relation between the two terms on the
RHS.
We notice that the second term on the LHS as well as the second term on the RHS contains the same set of letters, but in
different order.
By comparing the letters of the first term with the letters of the second term on the RHS, we observe that each letter of the
first term is replaced by a new letter in the second term, as shown.
U  R, F  L, C  O and X  I.
By applying the same technique to the LHS, we get the letters of the first term as X U C F. Hence, the answer is X U C F.
Ans. (C)
4. MKQO:L NPR= ?: XVT Z
(A) Y S U W (B) V T W Y (C) WY TS (D) XUSY
Analysis : Observe the first and second terms on the LHS. M and L are consecutive letters in the reverse order. Two letters
are skipped between K and N. Again, Q and P are consecutive letters in the reverse order and two letters are skipped
between O and R.
Applying the same pattern to the terms on the RHS, we get the missing term as Y S U W.
Ans. (A)
5. ?: B Z X D = H L J F : N R P T
(A) PSVR (B) PT VR (C) PR UT (D) PT VQ
Analysis : Observe all the given terms carefully. We notice that each term consists of four alternate letters in a jumbled
manner. The second term on the LHS is BZXD. The letters X, Z, B and D are alternate letters. The first term on the RHS is
HLJF. The letters F, H, J and L are alternate letters. Similarly, the letters N, P, R and T of the second term on the RHS are also
alternate letters. Only option (B) complies with this requirement. In this option, P, R, T and V are alternate letters.
Ans. (B)

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6. PYXF:?=?:UDSK
(A) Q Y V F; S C U J (B) O X E Y; V E L R
(C) O X Y E; V E R L (D) Q X W G; T C T J
Analysis : In this problem, two terms (one on the LHS and the other on the RHS) are missing. In such problems, we are
required to find the correct answer by the trial and error method.
Let us consider the first option. Then the analogy appears as under:
PYXF:QYVF= SCUJ:UDSK
Here, notice that the last letter of the first and second terms on the LHS is same, whereas the terms on the RHS do not
follow this pattern. Further, no other common pattern is noticed. So this option does not hold good.
Now, let us consider the second option. On replacing the ‘?’ mark with the terms given in option (B), the analogy
appears as under:
PY XF:O XE Y= VEL R: UD SK
We observe that the second and third letters of the first term on the LHS have occupied fourth and second positions
in the second term on the LHS. But this pattern is not followed by the terms on the RHS. Further, no other common
pattern is noticed. So, this option is also not correct.
Now, let us consider the third option. On replacing the ‘?’ mark with the terms given in option (C), the analogy appears
as under:
PY XF:O XYE= VER L: UD SK
Here, consider the first and second terms on the LHS. We find that P and O are consecutive letters in the reverse order.
Y and X are also consecutive letters in the reverse order. We have a pattern here. The same pattern is followed by the
terms on the RHS also. So this is the correct option.
Ans. (C)

7. BEGK is related to ADFJ in the same way as PSVY is related to .......... ? ..........
(A) LOQT (B) ROUX (C) OTUZ (D) ORUX
Ans. (D)
Sol. Clearly each letter of the first group in a pair is moved one step backward to obtain the corresponding letter
of the second group.

B E G K P S V Y
1   1  1   1  1   1  1   1 
A D F J O R U X
Hence, the answer is (D)
8. ABCD : NPRT : : FGHI : ?
(A) KLMN (B) OQRT (C) RTUW (D) SUWY
Ans. (D)
Sol. Clearly, the first second, third and fourth letters of the first group are moved 13, 14, 15 and 16 steps forward respectively
to obtain the corresponding letters of the second group.

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A B C D F G H I
 13   14   15   16   13   14   15   16 
N P R T S U W Y
Hence, the answer is (D).
9. BLOCKED : YOLXPVW : : ? : OZFMXS
(A) LAUNCH (B) DEBATE (C) LABOUR (D) RESULT
Ans. (A)
Sol. Clearly, each letter in the first group occupies the same position from the beginning of the alphabet as is occupied by
the corresponding letter of the second group from the end of the alphabet.
Now, O, Z, F, M, X, S are respectively the 12th, 1st , 21st , 14th, 3rd, 8th letters from the end of the alphabet. Thus,
the required letter-group shall have in order the 12 th, 1st , 21st , 14th, 3rd , 8th letters from the beginning of the
alphabet, which is LAUNCH. Hence the answer is (A).

LETTER ANALOGY
Problems on letter analogy are similar to the problems on number analogy which we have already studied.

WORD ANALOGY
In word analogy, the terms are in the form of words.

PRACTICE EXERCISE - 1

In each of the following questions find out the alternative which will replace the question mark.
1. CUP : LIP :: BIRD : ?
(A) BUSH (B) GRASS (C) FOREST (D) BEAK
2. Flow : River :: Stagnant : ?
(A) Rain (B) Stream (C) Pool (D) Canal
3. Paw : Cat :: Hoof : ?
(A) Lamb (B) Elephant (C) Lion (D) Horse
4. REASON : SFBTPO :: THINK : ?
(A) SGHMJ (B) UIJOL (C) UHNKI (D) UJKPM
5. Carbon : Diamond :: Corundum : ?
(A) Garnet (B) Ruby (C) Pukhraj (D) Pearl
6. NATION : ANTINO :: HUNGRY : ?
(A) HNUGRY (B) UHNGYR (C) YRNGUH (D) UNHGYR
7. Architect : Building :: Sculptor : ?
(A) Museum (B) Stone (C) Chisel (D) Statue
8. Eye : Myopia :: Teeth : ?
(A) Pyorrhoea (B) Cataract (C) Trachoma (D) Eczema

Course for NTSE 18 Module - 1

 Analogy

9. Conference : Chairman :: Newspaper : ?

(A) Reporter (B) Distributor (C) Printer (D) Editor
10. Safe : Secure :: Protect : ?
(A) Lock (B) Sure (C) Guard (D) Conserve
11. Master : OCUVGT :: LABOUR : ?
(A) NCDQWT (B) NDERWT (C) NBERWT (D) NEDRWT
12. Microphone : Loud :: Microscope : ?
(A) Elongate (B) Investigate (C) Magnify (D) Examine
13. Melt : Liquid :: Freeze : ?
(A) Ice (B) Condense (C) Solid (D) Force
14. College : Student :: Hospital : ?
(A) Nurse (B) Doctor (C) Treatment (D) Patient
15. Tree : Forest :: Grass : ?
(A) Lawn (B) Garden (C) Park (D) Field
16. South : North-West :: West : ?
(A) North (B) South-West (C) North-East (D) East
17. Cloth : Mill :: Newspaper : ?
(A) Editor (B) Reader (C) Paper (D) Press
18. Country : President :: State : ?
(A) Governer (B) M.P (C) Legislator (D) Minister
19. Race : Fatigue :: Fast : ?
(A) Food (B) Laziness (C) Hunger (D) Race
20. Peace : Chaos :: Creation : ?
(A) Build (B) Construction (C) Destruction (D) Manufacture

PRACTICE EXERCISE - 2

In each of the following questions find out the alternative which will replace the question mark.
1. Tiger : Forest :: Otter : ?
(A) Cage (B) Sky (C) Nest (D) Water
2. Poles : Magnet :: ? : Battery
(A) Cells (B) Power (C) Terminals (D) Energy
3. Cassock : Priest :: ? : Graduate
(A) Cap (B) Tie (C) Coat (D) Gown
4. BEGK : ADFJ :: PSVY : ?
(A) ROUX (B) ORUX (C) LQUT (D) LOQT
5. AZBY : CXDW :: EVFU : ?
(A) GTHS (B) GHTS (C) GSTH (D) TGSH

Course for NTSE 19 Module - 1

Analogy

6. ACEG : IKMO :: QSUW : ?

(A) YZCE (B) YACD (C) YACE (D) YBCE
7. BCFG : HILM :: NORQ : ?
(A) TXWU (B) TXUW (C) TUXW (D) TVWX
8. ZRYQ : KCJB :: PWOV : ?
(A) GBHA (B) ISJT (C) ELDK (D) EOFP
9. KeaC :CaeK :: XgmF : ?
(A) GmcF (B) FmgX (C) EgmX (D) EmgF
10. Corden :zrogbq :: ? : pxivro
(A) mulmul (B) sulsul (C) munmun (D) srspql
11. LKJ :pon :: ? : hgf
(A) dcle (B) DBC (C) dcd (D) DCB
12. Computer :fqprxvht :: Language : ?
(A) oxpixdig (B) ocqicyig (C) ocqixcjg (D) ocqixcig
13. AEFJ : KOPT :: ? : QUVZ
(A) GKLP (B) GLKP (C) HKLP (D) HKQL
14. PASS : QBTT :: FAIL : ?
(A) GJBM (B) GBJM (C) MBJG (D) MJBG
15. BLOCKED : YOLXPVW :: ? : OZFMXS
(A) DEBATE (B) RESULT (C) LABOR (D) LAUNCH
16. CEDH : HDEC :: ? : PNRV
(A) VRNP (B) RNPV (C) NRVP (D) VNRP
17. DFHJ : LNPR :: TVXZ : ?
(A) DBFH (B) DBHF (C) BDFH (D) FDBH
18. ACEG : ? :: BDFH : KMOQ
(A) NLPR (B) LMNO (C) JLNP (D) JNLO
19. REASON : SFBTPO :: THINK : ?
(A) SGHMJ (B) UIJOL (C) UHNKI (D) UJKPM
20. PSQR : CFED :: JMKL : ?
(A) UVXZ (B) YVZX (C) YXZW (D) WZYX
21. FIELD : GJFME :: SICKLE : ?
(A) RHBJKD (B) RHJBKD (C) TJLDMF (D) TJDLMF
22. ? : QEHMDF :: WIDELY : HVCDXK
(A) FRINGE (B) STRING (C) FRANCE (D) DEMAND
23. ACFJ : ZXUQ :: EGIN : ?
(A) VUSQ (B) UTRP (C) VRPM (D) VTRM
24. ABCD : WXYZ :: EFGH : ?
(A) STUV (B) ZYXW (C) VUTS (D) WXZY

Course for NTSE 20 Module - 1

 Analogy

25. QIOK : MMKO :: YAWC : ?

(A) UESG (B) USGA (C) VUES (D) SUEG

PRACTICE EXERCISE - 3

In each of the following questions find out the alternative which will replace the question mark.
1. QIOK : MMKO :: YAWC : ?
(A) UESG (B) USGA (C) VUES (D) SUEG
2. 14 : 9 :: 26 : ?
(A) 12 (B) 13 (C) 31 (D) 15
3. MO : 13 11 :: HJ : ?
(A) 19 17 (B) 18 16 (C) 8 10 (D) 16 18

4. 123 : 132 :: 235 : ?

(A) 232 (B) 352 (C) 253 (D) 252

5. 8 : 28 :: 27 : ?
(A) 28 (B) 8 (C) 64 (D) 65

6. 3 : 12 :: 5 : ?
(A) 25 (B) 35 (C) 30 (D) 15

7. 3 : 12 :: 5 : ?
(A) 14 x 15 (B) 5 x 17 (C) 6 x 18 (D) 7 x 19

8. 16 : 56 :: 32 : ?
(A) 96 (B) 112 (C) 120 (D) 128
9. 4 : 19 :: 7 : ?
(A) 52 (B) 49 (C) 28 (D) 68

10. 24 : 60 :: 120 : ?
(A) 160 (B) 220 (C) 300 (D) 108
11. 335 : 216 :: 987 : ?
(A) 868 (B) 867 (C) 872 (D) 888
12. 10 : 99 :: 9 : ?
(A) 69 (B) 80 (C) 97 (D) 49
13. 8 : 24 :: ? : 32
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 10 (D) 8
14. 144 : 10 :: 169 : ?
(A) 14 (B) 11 (C) 13 (D) 12
15. 9 : 8 :: 16 : ?
(A) 27 (B) 17 (C) 16 (D) 18

Course for NTSE 21 Module - 1

Analogy

16. In this pyramid number if: 11 22 31 : 12 21 32 :: 9 12 21 : ?

2 3 4
9 8 7 6 5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
(A) 2, 7, 14 (B) 8, 13, 20 (C) 6, 15, 18 (D) 10, 23, 30
17. 25 : 37 :: 49 : ?
(A) 41 (B) 65 (C) 56 (D) 60
18. K/T : 11/20 :: J/R : ?
(A) 10/18 (B) 11/19 (C) 10/8 (D) 9/10
19. 68 : 130 :: ? : 350
(A) 220 (B) 224 (C) 222 (D) 226
20. 61 : 121 :: ? : 337
(A) 211 (B) 222 (C) 220 (D) 240
21. 27 : 125 :: 64 : ?
(A) 162 (B) 216 (C) 517 (D) 273
22. Glove : Hand
(A) Neck : Collar (B) Tie : Shirt (C) Socks : Feet (D) Coat : Pocket
23. Lawyer : Court
(A) Chemist : Laboratory (B) Businessman : Office
(C) Labour : Factory (D) Athlete : Olympics
24. Letter : Word
(A) Page : Book (B) Product : Factory
(C) Club : People (D) Home work : School
25. Lively : Dull
(A) Employed : Jobless (B) Flower : Bud
(C) Factory : Labour (D) Happy : Gay

PRACTICE EXERCISE - 4

In each word of the following questions consists of pair of words bearing a relationship among these, from
amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that best illustrate a similar relationship.
1. Silence : Noise
(A) Quiet : Peace (B) Baldness : Hair
(C) Talk : Whisper (D) Sing : Dance
2. Kick : Football
(A) Wash : Dishes (B) Dust : Rage (C) Mop : Sweep (D) Throw : Ring

Course for NTSE 22 Module - 1

 Analogy

3. Scales : Fish
(A) Bear : Fur (B) Woman : Dress (C) Skin : Man (D) Tree : Leaves
4. Numismatist : Coins
(A) Jeweller : Jewels (B) Cartographer : Maps
(C) Philatelist : Stamps (D) Geneticist : Chromosomes
5. Sunrise : Sunset
(A) Dawn : Twilight (B) Noon : Midnight (C) Morning : Night (D) Energetic : Lazy
6. Candle : Wick
(A) Hammer : Nail (B) Light : Bulb (C) Oven : Fire (D) Bicycle : Wheel
7. Sound : Muffled
(A) Moisture : Humid (B) Colour : Faded
(C) Despair : Anger (D) Odour : Pungent
8. Platform : Train
(A) Aeroplane : Aerodrome (B) Hotel : Tourist
(C) Quay : Ship (D) Footpath : Traveller
9. Train : Track
(A) Water : Boat (B) Bullet : Barrel (C) Idea : Brain (D) Fame : Television
10. Chalk : Blackboard
(A) Type : Point (B) Table : Chair (C) Door : Handle (D) Ink : Paper
11. Rectangle : Pentagon
(A) Side : Angle (B) Diagonal : Perimeter
(C) Triangle : Rectangle (D) Circle : Square
12. Thermometer : Temperature
(A) Millimeter : Scale (B) Length : Breadth
(C) Solar Energy : Sun (D) Cardiograph : Heart rate
13. Border : Country
(A) Pen : Cap (B) Book : Cover (C) Handle : Shade (D) Frame : Picture
14. River : Ocean
(A) Child : School (B) Book : Library (C) Lane : Road (D) Cloth : Body
15. Arc : Circle
(A) Number : Count (B) Fraction : Percentage
(C) Pie : Slice (D) Segment : Line

Course for NTSE 23 Module - 1

Analogy

ANSWER TO PRACTICE EXERCISES

EXERCISE - 1
1.(D) Cup is used to drink something with the help of lips. 7.(D) As ‘Architect’ makes ‘Building’ similarly ‘Sculptor’
Similarly birds collects grass with the help of beak makes ‘Statue’.
to make her nest.
8.(A) As Myopia is disease of eye similarly pyorrhoea is
2.(C) As Water of a River flows similarly water of Pool is a disease of teeth. In each of the following question
Stagnant. find out the alternative which will replace the
question mark.
3.(D) As cat has Paw similarly Horse has Hoof.
9.(D) As Chairman is the highest authority in a conference
In each of the following questions find out the
similarly Editor is in Newspaper.
alternative which will replace the question mark.
4.(B) 10.(C) As safe ans secure have same meaning in the same
way protect and guard have same meaning.

11.(A)

5.(B) As Diamond is made of Carbon similarly Ruby is

made of Corundum. 12.(C) As Microphone makes sound louder similarly
6.(B) Microscope makes the object magnified.

13.(C) As on melting, liquid is formed similarly on freezing

solid is formed.

In each of the following questions find out the

alternative which will replace the question mark.

14.(D) As Students read in College similarly Patients are

. treated in Hospital.

15.(A) As Tree is found in Forest similarly Grass is found

in Lawn.

Course for NTSE 24 Module - 1

 Analogy

16.(C) As North-West is 135 o clockwise from South in the 6.(C)

same were North-East is 135 oclockwise from the
West.

17.(D) As Cloth is made in a Mill, similarly Newspaper is

printed in press.
18.(A) As President is the nominal head of a country,
similarly Governer is the nominal head of a State.
19.(C) As the result of Race is Fatigue similarly the result
of Fast is Hunger.
20.(C) As opposite meaning of peace is chaos similarly 7.(C)
opposite meaning of creation is destruction.

EXERCISE - 2
1.(D) As Tiger is found in Forest similarly Otter is found
in the water.
2.(C) As magnet has poles similarly battery has terminals.
3.(D) A Priest wears cassock while Graduate wears gown.
4.(B)
8.(C)

9.(B) First and fouth letters are interchanged while second

5.(A)
and third letters are interchanged.

Course for NTSE 25 Module - 1

Analogy

10.(B) 13.(A)

11.(D)
14.(B)

12.(C)
15.(D)

16.(A) CEDH — Reverse it —> HDEC.

VRNP — Reverse it —> PNRV.
Therefore VRNP is the answer.

Course for NTSE 26 Module - 1

 Analogy

17.(C) 20.(D)

21.(D)

18.(C)

22.(A)

19.(B)

Course for NTSE 27 Module - 1

Analogy

23.(D) EXERCISE - 3
1.(A)

2.(D) 14 = (2 x 9 - 4)
26 = (2 x 15 - 4)
? = 15

3.(B) MO : 1311 : : H J : ?
Position of M in Alphabet + 13 = Total Number of
Alphabet = 26
Position of O in Alphabet + 11 = 26
i.e. 15 + 11 = 26
24.(A)
Hence For H
8 + 18 = 26
For J 10 + 16 = 26 So, 1816 is answer
4.(C) As, 123  132
As, 235  253
The middle digit of first term becomes power to the
next term.
5.(D) First number = 8 and the sum of the digits of the
second number is 2 + 8 = 10.
Thus the difference of the first number and the sum
of the digits of second number is 10 - 8 = 2.
Similarly, the sum of the digits of third number is 2 +
7 = 9.
Hence the sum of digits of fourth number should be
25.(A) 2 more than 9 i.e. 11
Hence, fourth number is 65.

(3)2  3 (5)2  5
6.(C) 3 
 12 5 
 30
7.(C) As position of M and N in Eq. alphabets are 13 and
14 respectively.
8.(B) As, 16:56 = (2/7) Similarly, 32:112:(2/7)
9.(A) As, (4)2 + 3 = 19 Similarly, (7)2 + 3 = 52
10.(C) As 24:60 = (2/5) Similarly, (120/300) = (2/5)

Course for NTSE 28 Module - 1

 Analogy

11.(A) As 335 - 216 = 119 Similarly, 987 - X = 119 24.(A) As Word is a group of letters similarly Book is a
Therefore, X = 987 - 119 = 868. group of papers.
12.(B) 25.(A) First word is opposite to the second word.

EXERCISE - 4
1.(B) As Silence is opposite to noise, similarly Baldness
13.(B) 24  2 x 4 = 8 is opposite to Hair.
32  3 x 2 = 6 In each word of the following questions consists of
pair of words bearing a relationship among these,
14.(B)
from amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that
best illustrate a similar relationship.
2.(D) As Kick is in the game of Football, similarly Throw
15.(A) 9 = (3)2 is used in the game of Ring.
8 = (3 - 1)3 and 16 = (4)2 3.(C) As scales from an outer layer of fish similarly skin
? = (4 - 1)3 = 27 form an outer layer of man.
2 3 4
4.(C) As Numismatist collects coins similarly Philatelist
9 8 7 6 5
collects stamps.
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
5.(C) At sunrise morning begins, similarly at sunset night
16.(B)
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 begins.

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 6.(D) As Wick is a part of Candle similarly Wheel is a part

of Bicycle.
17.(B) As 25 = (5)2  (5 + 1)2 + 1 = 37.
In each word of the following questions consists of
As 49 = (7)2  (7 + 1)2 + 1 = 65.
pair of words bearing a relationship among these,
As 49 = (7)2  (7 + 1)2 + 1 = 65.
from amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that
18.(A) In Eq. alphabets positions of K and T are 11 and 20 best illustrate a similar relationship.
respectively.
7.(B) Second is the process of gradual disappearances of
Similarly positions of J and R are 10 and 18.
the first.
19.(C) As, 68 = (4)3 + 4
8.(C) Second is the place where first stops.
130 = (5)3 + 5 and 350 = (7)3 + 7
9.(B) As Train is guided by the track similarly Bullet is
Therefore, ? = (6)3 + 6 = 222
guided by the barrel.
20.(A) As, 61 = (4)3 - 3
10.(D) As chalk is used to write on the blackboard similarly
121 = (5)3 - 4 and 337 = (7) 3 - 6
the Ink is used to write on the paper.
Therefore, ? = (6)3 - 5 = 211
11.(C) Second one had one more side than the first.
21.(B) 27  33; 125  53; 64  43
In each word of the following questions consists of
Therefore ? = 63 = 216.
pair of words bearing a relationship among these,
22.(C) As Glove is worn in Hands similarly Socks are worn
from amongst the alternatives, pick up the pair that
on feet.
best illustrate a similar relationship.
23.(A) As the working field of lawyer is Court, similarly the
working field of chemist is laboratory.

Course for NTSE 29 Module - 1

Analogy

12.(D) As temperature is measured from a thermometer in 14.(C) As River joints to Ocean similarly Lane joints to
t h e sa m e wa y h ea r t r a te i s m ea sur ed wi t h Road.
cardiograph. 15.(D) As Arc is a part of Circle similarly segment is a part
13.(D) First is the boundary of the second. of line.

Course for NTSE 30 Module - 1