The document discusses sine waves, which are commonly used to model alternating current and simple harmonic motion. It defines key properties like amplitude, periodic time, frequency, and phase angle. Several examples of sine wave functions are given and their amplitudes, periods, and frequencies are calculated.
The document discusses sine waves, which are commonly used to model alternating current and simple harmonic motion. It defines key properties like amplitude, periodic time, frequency, and phase angle. Several examples of sine wave functions are given and their amplitudes, periods, and frequencies are calculated.
The document discusses sine waves, which are commonly used to model alternating current and simple harmonic motion. It defines key properties like amplitude, periodic time, frequency, and phase angle. Several examples of sine wave functions are given and their amplitudes, periods, and frequencies are calculated.
The document discusses sine waves, which are commonly used to model alternating current and simple harmonic motion. It defines key properties like amplitude, periodic time, frequency, and phase angle. Several examples of sine wave functions are given and their amplitudes, periods, and frequencies are calculated.
science is the function which, when plotted on a graph, traces out a sine wave.
• Sine waves are used to model alternating
current in electrical engineering, and simple harmonic motion in mechanical engineering, to name just two common examples. PROPERTIES OF THE SINE WAVE
• It is a continuous function-there are no
breaks
• It is a periodic function-it repeats itself
over and over again. EQUATION OF A SINE WAVE
• y = A sin bθ
where A is the Amplitude (or Peak value) and b is the
number of waves completed in 360º
• The graph of y = sinθ ( in effect y = 1sin1θ) is shown
below.
• The amplitude is given by the maximum height of the
wave (A= 1)
• There is one completed wave in 360º (b = 1)
Graph of y=sinx
1.5
0.5 y
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-0.5
-1
-1.5 x • The graph of y=2sinθ is shown below. This is actually 2sin1θ. Compare with the standard equation: Asin b θ • • The amplitude (or peak value) is 2. There is one completed wave in 360º. 4
0 0 90 180 270 360
-1
-2
-3 Y=2SINX
-4 4 Consider y=2sin3θ 3
0 0 90 180 270 360
-1
-2
-3 y=2sin3x
-4 PHASE ANGLE Not all sine waves start from 0. Consider the wave shown below: 4
0 -90 0 90 180 270 360
-1
-2
-3 y=2sin(x+ 30)
-4 • This wave has amplitude of 2, it completes one complete wave in a period of 360º. However, its starting point is not 0. It has started 30º before zero.
• The 30º is called the phase angle and is
denoted by the symbol, α. It has a leading phase angle and its equation is: • y = 2 sin ( 1 θ + 30)º
• Thus the standard equation for a sine wave is
modified to include the phase angle α. Is: • y = A sin ( bθ + α. )º TIME BASE, t • As most sine waves in practical situations involve time. θ is replaced by ωt.
In studies of angular motion:
Angular Distance = Angular velocity x time θ = ω x t.
so the standard equation for the sine function is
now modified to: y = A sin (b ωt. + α. )º DEFINITIONS
• Cycle: The portion of the waveform which
shows its complete shape without any repetition. • Period: The distance (in degrees or radians) covered by one complete sine wave. • Periodic Time: The time taken to complete one period • Frequency: The number of cycles per second. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz) • EXAMPLE: Sketch the graph of the function, y = 3sin2θ. And use the graph to explain the meaning of amplitude,
6 periodic time and frequency . 4
0 0 0 90 180 270 360
-2
-4
• The curve -6 completes two waves in 360º. • It has a maximum height (amplitude) of 3. • The period is 360/2 = 180º PERIODIC TIME • In the case of many sine waves, particularly those dealing with alternating current and mechanical vibration, the horizontal ‘x’ axis is replaced by time, t.
• The angle is often measured in radians, so 360º
becomes 2π radians.
• The time taken for the sine wave, 3sin2t to complete
one period is therefore 2π/2 = 3.14 seconds.
• This is the Periodic time of the wave and is denoted by
the Greek symbol T (pronounced ‘tau’ EXAMPLES: For each of the following sine waves, sketch the graph of the trigonometric function and use it to calculate, explain and describe amplitude, periodic time and frequency.
• (Q1) 4sin3t
• (Q2) 5sin 0.5t
• (Q3) 3sin 50t
• (Q4) 2sin 4t
• (Q5) 3.5sin 2t ANSWERS In all cases it should be stated that
• Amplitude is the maximum and minimum value
of the wave;
• Periodic Time is the time taken for one full
waveform to be completed,
• Frequency is the number of complete cycles of
the wave in unit time. (Q1) 4sin3t Amplitude = 4 Period = 2.094s Frequency = 0.477Hz
• Amplitude is 4 • 2pie/3 = t , 2.094 = t • 1/t = f, 1 / 2.094 = f, 0.477Hz = f (Q2) 5sin 0.5t • Amplitude = 5:
