1. Discuss the deeds of the patriots for the independent of Ethiopia?

The struggle for independence in Ethiopia was marked by the courageous deeds of numerous patriots
who fought against foreign occupation and colonialism. Here are some key figures and their
contributions:

Emperor Menelik II: Menelik II was not only a unifier of Ethiopia but also a visionary leader who
modernized the country and resisted European colonization. He successfully navigated the complex
political landscape of the late 19th century, balancing diplomatic relations with European powers while
strengthening Ethiopia's military capabilities. His decisive victory at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 shattered
the myth of European invincibility in Africa and solidified Ethiopia's status as an independent nation.
Menelik's leadership and strategic prowess remain legendary in Ethiopian history.

Empress Taytu Betul: Empress Taytu Betul was a formidable figure in Ethiopian politics and played a
crucial role during the First Italo-Ethiopian War. She was known for her intellect, political acumen, and
fierce determination. Taytu Betul actively participated in decision-making alongside her husband,
Emperor Menelik II, and contributed to the planning and execution of Ethiopia's defense strategies. Her
diplomatic efforts and support bolstered Ethiopian morale and unity during the conflict.

Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael: Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, a prominent noble and military leader,
played a vital role in safeguarding Ethiopia's sovereignty against Italian aggression. He commanded
Ethiopian forces in several battles and was instrumental in repelling Italian advances during the First
Italo-Ethiopian War. Ras Makonnen's military expertise and leadership contributed significantly to
Ethiopia's victory at Adwa, ensuring that the country remained independent and free from foreign
domination.

Empress Zewditu I: Empress Zewditu I inherited the throne during a tumultuous period in Ethiopian
history and faced numerous challenges to her authority. Despite internal power struggles and external
threats, she steadfastly defended Ethiopia's independence and sovereignty. Empress Zewditu's reign
was characterized by efforts to maintain stability and unity within the country while navigating the
complexities of international relations. Her leadership provided a crucial anchor during a time of
uncertainty and laid the foundation for future generations to continue the fight for Ethiopian
independence.

Emperor Haile Selassie I (Ras Tafari Makonnen): Haile Selassie I emerged as one of Ethiopia's most
influential leaders in the 20th century, guiding the country through periods of immense change and
upheaval. As regent and later emperor, Haile Selassie implemented sweeping reforms aimed at
modernizing Ethiopia and strengthening its institutions. He tirelessly advocated for Ethiopian
independence on the global stage, championing the cause of African unity and decolonization. Despite
facing setbacks such as the Italian occupation during World War II, Haile Selassie remained a symbol of
resilience and resistance, ultimately leading Ethiopia to reclaim its independence in 1941.
These patriots, through their leadership, courage, and resilience, left an indelible mark on Ethiopian
history, ensuring that the country remained sovereign and free from foreign domination. Their legacies
continue to inspire generations of Ethiopians to uphold the values of independence, unity, and self-
determination.

Ethiopian patriots who played a crucial role in the struggle for independence during the Italian
occupation.

Lej Hayla Maryam Mammo: Lej Hayla Maryam Mammo, hailing from Dabra Berhan (130 kilometers
north of Addis Ababa), was the first arbagna (patriot) of Shawa. On May 4, 1936, he bravely attacked a
group of invading forces on their way to the capital. His actions set the tone for continued resistance
against the occupation. Dajazmach Abarra Kasa: In 1936, during the rainy season,

Dajazmach Abarra Kasa, one of the principal young Shawan chiefs and the son of Ras Kasa Haylu,
conceived an ambitious plan to recapture Addis Ababa. Unfortunately, his northwest assault was
repulsed due to Italian machine-gunning from the air.

Dajazmach Balcha: Almost a month later, on August 26, 1936, Emperor Menilek’s former commander,
Dajazmach Balcha, launched another assault from the southwest. However, Italian control of the air
thwarted his efforts.

Abraha Deboch and Moges Asgadom: In 1937, an attempt on the life of Italian viceroy Graziani by two
Eritreans, Abraha Deboch and Moges Asgadom, marked a new phase of the struggle. Their actions
intensified the conflict.

The Graziani Massacre: Reacting violently to the attempted assassination of their leader, the fascists
carried out a three-day massacre in Addis Ababa between February 19 and 21, 1937. Thousands of
innocent Ethiopians lost their lives during this brutal event.

Dabra Libanos Monastery: On May 20, 1937, Graziani ordered the execution of the monks at the historic
Shawan monastery of Dabra Libanos. A total of 297 monks were shot, and 129 deacons were killed.
Graziani proudly reported to Mussolini that “of the monastery, there remains no more trace.”

Patriot Forces During the 1937 Rains: Strengthened by survivors who fled the capital, patriot forces
resumed the offensive during the 1937 rainy season. Dajazmach Haylu Kabada led the charge in Lasta,
while Dajazmach Mangasha and Belay Zalaka fought in Gojjam.

These patriots, through their unwavering courage and sacrifice, contributed significantly to Ethiopia’s
eventual victory and the restoration of independence. Their legacy continues to inspire generations.
 2. Explain the contribution of different provincial lords together with their army for the victory of
Ethiopia at the Battle of Adawa in 1896. ? (2 points)

The victory of Ethiopia at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 was not solely attributed to the efforts of Emperor
Menelik II and his immediate circle, but also owed much to the contributions of various provincial lords,
their armies, and the collective mobilization of Ethiopian forces. Ras Alula Aba Nega:

Ras Alula Aba Nega, the governor of Tigray, was one of the most prominent regional leaders who played
a crucial role in the Battle of Adwa. He commanded a sizable force from Tigray and was known for his
military expertise and strategic prowess. Ras Alula's troops played a significant part in the Ethiopian
victory, effectively engaging Italian forces and contributing to their defeat.

Ras Mikael of Wollo: Ras Mikael of Wollo was another influential regional leader who contributed troops
and resources to the Ethiopian army at Adwa. His forces, drawn from the Wollo region, fought alongside
other Ethiopian units, forming a formidable frontline against the Italian invaders. Ras Mikael's leadership
and coordination were instrumental in ensuring the effective deployment of Wollo troops during the
battle. Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam:

Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam was a key ally of Emperor Menelik II and contributed significantly to
the Ethiopian war effort at Adwa. His forces, drawn from the Gojjam region, joined the larger Ethiopian
army and played a crucial role in the decisive engagement against the Italians. Negus Tekle Haymanot's
military support and coordination strengthened the Ethiopian defense and contributed to the overall
victory.

Ras Mengesha Yohannes of Tigray: Ras Mengesha Yohannes, the son of Emperor Yohannes IV, led forces
from Tigray to bolster the Ethiopian army at Adwa. His military experience and leadership skills were
instrumental in rallying troops and coordinating with other regional commanders to confront the Italian
invasion. Ras Mengesha's contingent made significant contributions to the Ethiopian victory, particularly
in the crucial phases of the battle.

Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael:

 Ras Makonnen, Menilek’s cousin and governor of Harar, led the eastern Ethiopian forces.
 His troops played a vital role in securing the eastern front and preventing Italian reinforcements.

Other Regional Lords and Their Armies: In addition to the aforementioned leaders, numerous other
provincial lords and their armies from regions such as Shewa, Gojjam, Begemder, and others contributed
troops, resources, and logistical support to the Ethiopian war effort at Adwa. Their collective
mobilization and coordinated action ensured a united front against the Italian forces and played a crucial
role in securing victory for Ethiopia.

Peasants and Volunteers:

The Battle of Adwa was not just fought by nobles and professional soldiers. Ethiopian peasants, artisans,
and volunteers from all walks of life joined the fight.

Their unwavering commitment and sheer numbers played a crucial role in overwhelming the Italian
forces.
Unity and National Pride:

The unity of various ethnic and regional groups under Menilek’s leadership was a key factor. Ethiopians
fought with a strong sense of national pride, defending their independence and sovereignty.

Overall, the victory at the Battle of Adwa was a testament to the unity, resilience, and strategic
coordination of various regional leaders and their armies, who came together under the leadership of
Emperor Menelik II to defend Ethiopia's sovereignty and independence against colonial aggression.
 3. Discuss major features of Gada system? (2, points)

The Gada system is a traditional socio-political institution that has been practiced for centuries by the
Oromo people of Ethiopia. It is characterized by its unique democratic principles, social organization,
and rotational leadership. Here are the major features of the Gada system:

Cyclical Leadership and Age Sets:

The Gada system divides the lifespan of men into eight-year cycles or "grades." Each grade progresses
through specific stages: from youth to adulthood, to elderhood, and finally to retirement.

At the core of the Gada system is the rotational leadership position known as Abba Gada, who serves as
the political, judicial, and religious leader of the community for an eight-year term.

The Abba Gada is elected from a specific age set or grade, and leadership rotates sequentially through
all the age sets. This ensures that every individual has the opportunity to lead and govern during their
lifetime.

The transition of leadership from one Abba Gada to another is marked by elaborate ceremonies and
rituals, signifying continuity and legitimacy in governance.

Democratic Decision-Making:

Decision-making within the Gada system is highly democratic and participatory. Important matters
affecting the community are discussed and resolved through consensus among the council of elders,
representatives from different age sets, and the Abba Gada.

The council of elders, known as the "Gada assembly," serves as the legislative body, deliberating on
issues such as laws, disputes, and resource management.

All decisions are made with the broader interest of the community in mind, and the Abba Gada governs
in consultation with the council, ensuring that power is decentralized and shared among various
stakeholders.

Social Cohesion and Solidarity:

The Gada system promotes social cohesion and solidarity by fostering strong bonds among community
members. Collective rituals, ceremonies, and communal activities are integral to maintaining social
harmony and unity.

Through shared responsibilities, such as defense, agriculture, and resource management, the Gada
system reinforces a sense of mutual interdependence and cooperation among its members.

Disputes and conflicts are resolved through mediation and consensus-building, with an emphasis on
reconciliation and maintaining peace within the community.
Economic Redistribution and Social Justice:

Economic principles within the Gada system emphasize equitable distribution and sharing of resources.
Wealth accumulation is discouraged, and individuals are expected to contribute to the welfare of the
community through acts of generosity and support.

Practices such as "guma," a form of communal labor, and "sinqayoo," a system of reciprocal exchange,
facilitate economic cooperation and ensure that everyone has access to essential resources.

The Gada system promotes social justice by providing mechanisms for addressing inequality and
ensuring that the basic needs of all members of society are met.

Cultural Preservation and Identity:

The Gada system is deeply rooted in Oromo culture and traditions, serving as a repository of collective
memory and historical consciousness.

Oral literature, songs, rituals, and symbols associated with the Gada system play a crucial role in
preserving Oromo identity and heritage.

Despite external pressures and influences, the Gada system has remained resilient, adapting to changing
circumstances while retaining its core values and principles.

In essence, the Gada system represents a sophisticated indigenous governance structure that embodies
principles of democracy, social justice, cultural preservation, and community solidarity within Oromo
society. Its enduring relevance underscores its importance as a model for inclusive and participatory
governance systems worldwide.
 4. Discuss major socio-economic and political developments in post-1974 Ethiopia?

Post-1974 Ethiopia witnessed significant socio-economic and political developments, characterized by

The Ethiopian Revolution (1974):

The Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 marked a watershed moment in the country's history, leading to the
overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie and the establishment of a MarxistLeninist military government
known as the Derg. The revolution was driven by widespread discontent with socioeconomic
inequalities, land tenure systems, and authoritarian rule under Haile Selassie's regime. The Derg
promised radical reforms, including land redistribution, nationalization of industries, and the
empowerment of peasants and workers.

Land Reform and Agrarian Changes:

One of the key policies of the Derg regime was land reform, which aimed to address landlessness and
inequality in rural areas. The government implemented a program of land redistribution, redistributing
land from large landowners, including the nobility and the church, to landless peasants and small-scale
farmers.

While the land reform initially led to improvements in land tenure security for many peasants, it also
faced challenges such as inadequate support for agricultural development and issues of land
fragmentation.

Ethiopian Civil War (1974-1991):

Following the overthrow of Haile Selassie, Ethiopia descended into a protracted and devastating civil
war, primarily between the Marxist-Leninist Derg regime and various rebel groups representing different
ethnic and political interests. The conflict was fueled by ethnic tensions, political repression, and
socioeconomic grievances, resulting in widespread human rights abuses, displacement, and famine. The
most significant rebel group was the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), led by
the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which eventually overthrew the Derg regime in 1991.

Famine and Humanitarian Crises:

Ethiopia experienced several severe famines during the post-1974 period, exacerbated by drought,
conflict, and government policies. The most notorious famine occurred in the mid-1980s, particularly in
the northern regions of Tigray and Wollo, leading to widespread starvation and loss of life. International
humanitarian efforts, including Live Aid concerts and relief operations, brought attention to the crisis
but also raised questions about the effectiveness of aid delivery and government accountability.

Transition to Federalism and Ethnic-based Politics:

The overthrow of the Derg regime in 1991 ushered in a new era of governance in Ethiopia, characterized
by the adoption of a federal system and the recognition of ethnic diversity.

The EPRDF-led government implemented a system of ethnic federalism, dividing Ethiopia into ethnically
based regions with the aim of promoting self-determination and decentralization.
While federalism was intended to address historical grievances and empower marginalized ethnic
groups, it also led to challenges such as ethnic tensions, competition for resources, and questions of
minority rights.

Economic Reforms and Development Efforts:

In the post-Derg period, Ethiopia pursued economic liberalization and development policies aimed at
stimulating growth, reducing poverty, and attracting foreign investment. The government implemented
ambitious development programs, including the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP), focusing on
infrastructure development, agriculture modernization, and industrialization.

Despite notable progress in economic indicators such as GDP growth and poverty reduction, Ethiopia
continued to face challenges such as high unemployment, income inequality, and vulnerability to
external shocks.

Political Reforms and Transition (2018-present):

In 2018, Ethiopia underwent significant political changes with the appointment of Prime Minister Abiy
Ahmed, who initiated a series of reforms aimed at democratization, reconciliation, and opening political
space.

The government embarked on a process of political liberalization, releasing political prisoners, lifting
restrictions on the media and civil society, and engaging in dialogue with opposition groups.

However, the reform process has also been accompanied by challenges, including ethnic unrest,
intercommunal violence, and tensions between the central government and regional authorities.

Overall, the post-1974 period in Ethiopia has been marked by a complex interplay of socioeconomic
transformations, political upheavals, and efforts to address longstanding challenges of governance,
development, and social cohesion.