RELATION & FUNCTION

Ordered pairs
(a,b) is called ordered pair

  a, b    b, a 
  a, b    c, d   a  c & b  d
Cartesian product of sets (cross product)
If A and B are two sets then the cartesian product is given

A  B   x, y  : x  A, y  B

B  A   x, y  : x  B, y  A

eg: A  1, 23 , B  3, 4

A  B  1,3 , 1, 4  ,  2,3 ,  2, 4  ,  3,3  ,  3, 4 

B  A   3,1 ,  3, 2  ,  3,3 ,  4,1 ,  4, 2  ,  4,3

Thus A  B  B  A

1
 Arrow Diagram representation

Now A  A   x, y  x  A, y  A


Here A  A  1,1 , 1, 2  , 1,3 ,  2,1 ,  2, 2  ,  2,3 ,  3,1 ,  3, 2  ,  3,3 
Important Results

If n  A   m & n  B   n

Then n  A  B   n  B  A   mn

& n  A  A   m2

NCERT Ex.1: If  x  1, y  2    3,1 find x & y

x  1  3, y  2  1

x  2, y  3

NCERT Ex.4: If A  1, 2 find A  A  A

A  A  A  1,1,1 , 1,1, 2  , 1, 2,1 , 1, 2, 2  ,  2,1,1 ,  2,1, 2  ,  2, 2,1 ,  2, 2, 2 

NCERT Ex.6:If A  B   p,q  ,  p, r  ,  m, q  ,  m, r 

Then find sets A & B

A  p, m ; Bq, r

2
NCERT Ex.2.1 Qn.7. If A  1, 2 , B  1, 2,3, 4 , C  4, 5

Then find  i  A   B  C 

(ii)  A  B   A  C 

 iii  A   B  C 
 iv  A  B   A  C 
Important Results

(1) A   B  C    A  B    A  C 

(2) A   B  C    A  B    A  C 

(3) A  B   then either A or B is 

2
(4) n  A  B    B  A     n  A  B  

Relations: A Relation R from a non empty set A to a non empty set B is a subset of A×B or Any subset
of A×B is a relation from set A to set B. If R is a relation from set A to set B we denote it
as R : A  B . Any subset of A×A is called a relation from A  A or relation on A.
Domain , Range & codomain of a relation.
Let R : A  B be a relation from A  B . Then set of all first elements of ordered pairs of
R is called
Domain of R
The set of all second elements of ordered pairs of R is called
Range of R
Set B is called co-domain of ordered pairs of R is called

ex: Let A  1, 2,3, 4,5 B  3,5, 7,9

Let R : A  B be a relation by R   x, y  : x  A, y  B, y  x  2
Now R in Roster form is given by

R  1,3 ,  3,5  ,  5, 7 

Domain = 1, 3,5

3
 Range = 3, 5, 7

Codomain = 3,5, 7, 9

Result (1) If R : A  B is a relation then Domain  A and Range  B

mn
(2) n  A   m & n  B   n then total no.of Re lations from A  B  2

(3) If n  A   n then total number of relations from A  A  or total relations on A  is 2

n 
2

Types of Relations

(1) Inverse Relation: If R : A  B is a relation defined by R   x, y  : x  A & y  B then inverse relation

of R is given by R 1 : B  A by R
1
  y, x  : x  A, y  B

Let A  1, 2,3, 4, 5 , B  3,5, 7,9

 
Let R : A  B given by R  1,3  ,  3,5  ,  5, 7  Then R
1
  3,1 ,  5,3 ,  7,5 

We can see that Domain of R 1  Range of R & Range of R 1  Domain of R

(2) Identity relation

A relation R : A  A given by

R   x, y  : x, y  A, y  x is called identity relation

Ex.Let A  1, 2,3, 4

Then relation R on A by

R  1,1 ,  2, 2  ,  3,3  ,  4, 4  is called identity relation

(3) Void Relation (Null relation or empty relation)

We know a relation on A is a subset of A×A and  is a subset of A×A  is also a relation from
A  A . This is known as void relation
(4) Universal Relation

A  A itself is a subset of A×A and hence A×A is a relaiton on A. This is called universal Relation

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Exercise 2.2 NCERT

1. A  1, 2,3.....14 . Define a relation R on A by R   x, y  : x, y  A, y  3x . Write this on Roster

form. Also write its domain and Range.

R  1,3 ,  2, 6  ,  3,9  ,  4,12 

Domain  1, 2,3, 4

Range  3,6,9,12

Functions: A relation from set A to set B is said to be function from A  B , if every element of set A has
one and only one image in set B.
Examples:

(1) (2)

Function from A  B Not a function from A  B

(3) (4)

Not a function Function from A  B

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 f : A  B is a function and if  x, y   f , then y is called the image of x with respect to the
function f. We write it as y  f  x  . And x is called the pre image of y under f.

Then for x  A, y  f  x   B

ex. We have f(1)=7, f(2) = 9, f(3) =10

Re sult : If n  A   m & n  B   n then total no.of functions from A  B  n m

Domain & Range of a Function

Let f : A  B be a function . Then A is called Domain of f. Or in other words if f : A  B is a
function. Then the set of all values of x in which f is defined is called Domain of f.
The set of all images of elements of A in set B is called. Range of f. ie. The set of values of f(x) in
B is the Range of f. The whole set B is called codomain of f.
Some Important Functions
(1) Real function
A function f : A  B such that A and B are either R or subsets of R is called real function

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(2) Constant function

A function f : R  R defined by f  x   k for any x  Domain R is called constant function

Here Domain = R, Range = k

(2) Identity function

A real function f : R  R by f(x) = x for all x  R is called identity function. Here Domain =Range
=R

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Modulus function (Absolute value function)

A function f : R  R by f  x   x is called modulus function

Range= R   0  or  0,  

Here Domain = R

 x if x0
Thus we have x  
 x if x0
Greatest Integer value funciton (GIV function)
If x is any real number then the greatest integer less than or equal to x is called GIV of x denote as
[x]

 4  4
ex:  7  7  2.1  3
3.72  3
 5.92  6
0.214  0  3  1
   10.001  11
   3
Note: [x] is always an integer for any x  R

A real function f : R  R by f  x    x  for every x  R is called GIV function

8
 Here Domain = R, Range = Z

Fractional Part function

A real function f : R  R by f  x   x  x   x  is called fractional part of x

Domain = R, Range =  0,1

Signum function

x
 if x  0
For any x  R signum of x is defined as sig  x    x
0 if x  0


9
  1 if x0

sig  x    0 if x0
OR
1 if x0


Sig 100   1 Sig  0   0

Sig  2.3 Sig  7   1
Sig  3  1 Sig     1

The function f : R  R by f  x   Sig  x  is called signum function

Domain = R, Range = 1, 0,1

Reciprocal function

1
A function f : R  0  R by f  x   , x  0 is called reciprocal function
x

Domain  R  0 , Range  R  0

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Rational function

px
A function f : R  R by f  x  
q  x  where P(x) and q(x) are polynomials in x is called rational
function
Domain of a function & Finding domain
It is the set of all values of x in which f(x) is defined
Important steps to find domain

Nr 1
 If a function is in the form then to be defined, Dr  0 eg: f  x   ; Domain R  0
Dr x

 If the function is in the form Expression the expression  0

1
If the function is in the form
 Expression then expression >0
Examples
3
Find domain of (i) f  x   x  7; Domain  R

1
(2) f x 
x2

f  x  is defined only when x  2  0, x  2

Domain  R  2

x2  x 1
(3) f x 
x 2  5x  6
f(x) is defined only when x 2  5x  6  0

 x  2 x  3  0
x  2, x  3

 Domain  R  2,3

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(4) f x  2  x

f  x  is defined only when 2  x  0

2  x; x  2
Domain   , 2

1
(5) f x 
x 5
f(x) is defined only when x  5  0; x  5

Domain =  5,  

x 1
6) f x 
3 x
f  x  is defined only when 3  x  0 & x  3
x 1
0
3 x
Real line method (Wavi curve method)

x   1,3

Do main =  1,3

7) f x   x  1 2  x 
f(x) is defined only when  x  1 2  x   0

x   , 2  1,  

Domain =  , 2  1,  

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8) f  x   9  x2

f(x) to be defined 9  x 2  0; x 2  9  0

 x  3 x  3  0

Domain =  3,3

1
9) f x 
x2  4

f  x  to be defined x 2  4  0

 x  2  x  2   0

Domain =  , 2    2,  

Range of a function and method of finding Range

If y  f  x  is a function then the set of all values of f(x) or set of all values of y is called Range.

Methods for find the Range of a function

1) Put y  f  x 
2) Express x as a function of y
3) Find possible values of y(just like domain)
4) Eliminate the values of y by looking at the definition to write the exact range
Example

1) f  x   x 1

Put y  x  1

x  y  1; y  R
Range = R

13
 x2
2) f x  Domain = R  3
3 x

x2
y
3 x
3y  xy  x  2 ; x  xy  3y  2

3y  2
x 1  y   3y  2; x 
1 y

x is defined only when 1  y  0

y  1; y  R  1

Range = R  1

1 1
3) f x  ; y
x 5 x 5

1
 y 2  1  xy 2  5y2
x 5

1  5y 2
xy 2  1  5y 2  x 
y2

y0

Result
2
x  25  x  5
y  R  0
But
x  25  5

 f  x  should be +ve

Range =  0,  

4) f  x   9  x2

2 2
y  9  x2 ; y  9  x

14
 x 2  9  y2 ; x  9  y2 ; 9  y2  0

 3  y  3  y   0

 y   3,3

But y  f  x   0 ;  Range   0,3

5) y  x2  9

y2  x 2  9 ; x 2  y2  9

x  y2  9 ;  y2  9  0

yR

But y > 0 Range =  0,  

1 1
6) f x   y2 
9x 2
9  x2

1 1
y 9  x2 
9 x 2
y2

1 9y 2  1
x2  9  
y2 y2

9y 2  1
x ;y  0
y2

9y 2  1
 0 ;  9y 2  1  0  y 2  0 
y2  

 3y  1 3y  1  0

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  1   1 
y   ,    ,  
 3  3 

1 
But y  0  Range   ,  
3 

3 3
7) f x  2
y
2x 2  x2

3 3 2y  3
2  x2   x2  2  
y y y

2y  3
y  0, 0
y

3 
 y   , 0    ,  
2 

x2  x  2
f x  ,
x2  x 1 x  R

x2  x  2
y
x2  x 1

yx 2  yx  y  x 2  x  2

 y  1 x 2   y  1 x   y  2   0, x  R
 b 2  4ac  0  a  y  1, b  y  1, c  y  2

2
 y  1  4  y  1 y  2   0

16
 y 2  2y  1  4y 2  12y  8  0

3y 2  10y  7  0

3y 2  3y  7y  7  0

3y  y  1  7  y  1  0   y  1 3y  7   0

 7
y  1, 
 3

x2  x  2
when y  1  1  2
 x2  x 1  x2  x  2
x  x 1
1  2,impossible ;  y  1

 7
 Range  1, 
 3
Algebra of functions

1) Addition If f : R  R & g : R  R be two function

Then  f  g  x   f  x   g  x 

2) Subtraction:  f  g  x   f  x   g  x 

3) Multiplication by scalar:  kf  x   k.f  x 

4) Multiplication of two functions:  f .g  x   f  x  .g  x 

f  f x
5) Division :    x   ,g x  0
g gx

example of f(x) = x2, g  x   2x  1 , find (i)

f 
(2)  f  g  x  ,  3 f .g  x  4     x 
g

17
H.W. NCERT EXERCISE 2.3 Solve miscellaneous
Graph & Graph Transformations

2
Let y  f  x   x

2
y  f  x    x   x 2 Draw reflection about Y-axis

y  f  x    x 2 Draw reflection about X-axis

2
y  f x  a   x  a Shifting on +ve X-axis at a distance ‘a’

2
y  f x  a   x  a  Shifting on –ve X-axis at a distance ‘a’

18
y  f  x   a  x2  a Shifting on Y-axis above at a distance ‘a’

y  f  x   a  x2  a Shifting on Y-axis below at a distance ‘a’

19
Solution of Questions from study Material
Level I
1. D

2. B R   2, 4  ,  4,3 ,  6, 2  , 8,1

 R 1   4, 2  ,  3, 4  ,  2, 6  , 1,8 

3. D  2,8 ,  3, 27  ,  5,12,5 ,  7,343

Range = 8, 27,125,343

4. C n 
2

2  29

5. D R   2, 2  ,  3,5  ,  4,10  ,  5,17  ,  6, 26 

Domain = 2,3, 4,5, 6

Range = 2,5,10,17, 26

6. C n  A  B  n  A  .n  B 

2
7. D n  A  B    B  A     n  A  B    32  9

8. A A  B  a ,  B  C   c, d

 A  B   B  C    a, c  ,  a, d 
Level II
9. C
10. A

11. A 11,10 , 13,12 

12. D A  2, 1, 0,1, 2

R   2, 2  ,  1,1 ,  0, 0  , 1,1 ,  2, 2 

20
13. C f x  1 x4

f  3  1  3n

n n
Given f  3   28  1  3  28;3  27  n  3

f  x   1  x3

f  4   1  43  65

14. B  f  x   2  x  2    x  1  x

 2x  4  x  1  x
 2x  5

x  2; x  2  x  2; x  1  x  1

15. B g 1  1  g 1    

g  2   3 g  2   2  

    1  1

2    3  (2)

 2   1    1
1  2    1;   1
16. D
Level III

17. D A  B   A  B

No of relations on A  B  2n  AB.n  AB  2

21
18. D n  A   P, n  B  q

n  A  B  12, p, q  W

pq  12

 p  12, q  1 or p  1, q  12  p 2  q 2  145

p  2, q  6 or p  6, q  2  p 2  q 2  40

p  3, q  4 or p  6, q  3  p 2  q 2  25

19. D F  0   2, F 1  3

F  x  2   2F  x   F  x  1 , x  0

x  0  F  2   2F  0   F 1  4  3  1

x  1  F  3  2F 1  F  2   6  1  5

x  2  F  4   2F  2   F  3  2  5  3

x  3  F  5   2F  3  F  4   10  3  13

n A 
20. D  n  B  34  81

2
21. B n  A  B    B  A     n  A  B    992

22. C Universal relation = A×A

 n  A  A   102

23. B 2100  1010

24. B 1010
Level IV
25. B Put n=1,2,3....

Generalising f  n   n f 1

26. A x 2  8x  12  0

 x  2  x  6  0
x  2, 6

22
27. D y  x 2  2x  2

x 2  2x   2  y   0

x  R  b 2  4ac  0

4  4  2  y  0

4  8  4y  0

4y  4; y  1  y  1,  

y  1  y  1,  

Range  1,  

28. D Solved in theory

29. B Graph transformation f  x   x  2

30. Both I & II are true

31. C R   ,  

2
32. C f  x   a nx f  2   a 2n  9   a n   32  a n  3

n
 f  x    a x   3x , f  5   35  243

23
33. A

34. D

35. 4

24
36. 66

25