University of Energy and Natural

Resources

Program: Computer Engineering

Index Number: UEB1107020

Name: Kuwuamenu Kofi Gabriel

TITLE: EXPERIMENT PERFORMED ON COMMON EMITTER

NPN TRANSISTOR AMPLIFICATION

LABORATORY SUPERVISOR

MR. OFORI FRANK

University of Energy and Natural Resources

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................................................1
OBJECTIVE ..................................................................................................................................................2
AIM ................................................................................................................................................................2
APPARATUS NEEDED ...............................................................................................................................2
COMPONENTS FOR DESIGN ....................................................................................................................2
CIRCUIT CONNECTION .............................................................................................................................3
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING POINT PARAMETERS .........................................4
PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE ...........................................................5
RESULTS ......................................................................................................................................................9
OBSERVATION ...........................................................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................10
ABSTRACT

In this report is an experiment on common emitter transistor amplifier. Amplifiers are classified as small

signal amplifiers and large signal amplifiers depending on the shift in operating point, from the quiescent

condition caused by the input signal. If the shift is small, amplifiers are referred to as small signal amplifiers

and if the shift is large, they are known as large signal amplifiers. In small signal amplifiers, voltage swing

and current swing are small. Large signal amplifiers have large voltage swing and current swing and the

signal power handled by such amplifiers remain large. Voltage amplifiers come under small signal

amplifiers. Power amplifiers are one in which the output power of the signal is increased. They are called

large signal amplifiers.

INTRODUCTION

The Amplifier is an electronic circuit that is used to increase the strength of a weak input signal in terms of

voltage, current, or power. The process of increasing the strength of a weak signal is known as amplification.

There are different types of transistor amplifiers operated by using an alternating current (a. c) signal input.

The common emitter amplifier is a three-basic single-stage bipolar junction transistor and is used as a

voltage amplifier. The input of this amplifier is taken from the base terminal, the output is collected from

the collector terminal and the emitter terminal is common for both the terminals.
OBJECTIVE

The objective of this experiment is to determine the amplified output voltages, voltage and current gain as

the input voltage is varied.

AIM

i. To determine the operating point parameters.

ii. To study and plot the frequency response curve of CE amplifier.

iii. To determine the bandwidth and voltage gain of the amplifier in mid frequency range.

APPARATUS NEEDED

i. Regulated DC power supply (12V)

ii. Function generator

iii. Dual trace oscilloscope

iv. Digital multimeter (DMM)

COMPONENTS FOR DESIGN

i. Transistor BC 107 (N-P-N)

ii. Resistor: R1= 56k Ω, R2= 10K Ω, RC= 2.2K Ω, RE= 500 Ω, RL= 820 Ω - 1 each.

iii. Capacitors C1 and C2 = 10F each

iv. Capacitor, CE = 100F

v. Bread Board & Connecting Wires

CIRCUIT CONNECTION

• Individual components; resistors, capacitors, NPN bipolar transistor, VCC, Ground (GND), AC

voltage source and oscilloscope were picked from the “place source” symbol in the multisim

software and were placed besides each other.

• Wiring connections were done by clicking on the terminals of each component and dragging them

to the terminals of the other components.

• Connections were made as shown in Figure 1.0 using Multisim

Figure 1.0 Circuit Diagram of a Common Emitter Amplifier

PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE OPERATING POINT PARAMETERS

i. Disconnect the input voltage source and apply VCC = 12V.

ii. Connect the positive terminal of a multimeter to the collector of the transistor and the COM
terminal to the emitter of the transistor to measure VCE.

iii. Connect another multimeter in series with resister RC in the circuit to measure the collector current
(IC).

iv. Ensure that the transistor is operating in the active region by noting that VCE is about half of
VCC.
v. Find the circuit connection in Figure 1.1

Figure 1.1 Determining operational point parameters

PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

• From Figure 1.0, Resistor: R1= 56k Ω, R2= 10K Ω, RC= 2.2K Ω, RE= 500 Ω, RL= 820 Ω and

Capacitors: C1= 10F, C2 = 10F each and CE = 100F were set as seen in Figure 2.0

• Vin was set using function generator (signal generator). Input voltage, Vs is set at 50mV pk-pk

(25mVp), 1KHz. It is then varied until the output wave form starts to distort. Find setting up of the

signal generator in Figure 3.0 and output wave form in Figure 4.0.

• Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 20Hz in steps as seen in Figure 5.0

• NB: Readings are to be taken till Vo decreases appreciably at high frequencies

Figure 2.0 Setting up component parameters of Common Emitter Amplifier

Figure 3.0 Setting up of input voltage
 Figure 4.0 Output wave form

Figure 5.0 Varying the Frequency of the input signal

Figure 6.0 A Plot of Gain against Frequency using Multisim Grapher View

Figure 7.0 Setting the lower and upper cutoff frequency

TABLE OF RESULTS

Table 1.0
Frequency(Hz) Vo(p-p)(mV) Vo/Vs Gain(Vo/Vs)

20 340.435 6.8087 16.66128398

30 509.527 10.19054 20.16394396
40 668.693 13.37386 22.52513545
50 817.268 16.34536 24.2678898
100 1374 27.48 28.78033457
200 1863 37.26 31.42485701
500 2115 42.3 32.52680735
700 2137 42.74 32.61669036
1k 2166 43.32 32.73376896
20k 2190 43.8 32.82948221
30k 2188 43.76 32.82154627
40k 2189 43.78 32.82551514
50k 2183 43.66 32.80167463
70k 2182 43.64 32.79769484
100k 2185 43.7 32.80962874
200k 2178 43.56 32.78175742
500k 2188 43.76 32.82154627
1M 2345 46.9 33.42345685
10M 2216 44.32 32.93199503
50M 2067 41.34 32.32740945
200M 1253 25.06 27.97962133
500M 580.647 11.61294 21.29884364
1G 282.941 5.65882 15.0545176

CALCULATIONS OF CE PARAMETERS

𝑖. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 50𝑚𝑉(𝑝𝑘)

= 100(𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)

𝑖𝑖. 𝐹𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 6.0 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑓𝐿 = 𝑥1 = 132.048𝐻𝑧

𝑖𝑣. 𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝑓𝐻 = 𝑥2 = 140.984𝐻𝑧

𝑉𝑜
𝑣. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑑 − 𝑓𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, = 42.74 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1.0
𝑉𝑠

𝑣𝑖. 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝑓𝐻 – 𝑓𝐿 = 8.396𝐻𝑧

OBSERVATION

From Figure 7.0, it can observe that the gain of this amplifier can be decreased at very high and low

frequencies, however, it stays stable over an extensive range of mid-frequency area.

CONCLUSION

The voltage gain of a common emitter amplifier varies with signal frequency. It is because the reactance of

the capacitors in the circuit changes with signal frequency and hence affects the output voltage. The Lower

cutoff frequency, Upper cutoff frequency and the Bandwidth of the common emitter amplifier are

140.984𝐻𝑧, 132.048𝐻𝑧 and 8.396𝐻𝑧 respectively. The maximum signal that the amplifier can amplify

without distortion is 50mV(pk). At this voltage, the output wave continues without any change in shape.

The gain of the amplifier is approximately constant at mid-frequencies.