BIOLOGY (863)

CLASS XII

There will be two papers in the subject: Paper II: Practical: 3 hours ... 15 marks
Paper I: Theory: 3 hours ... 70 marks Project Work … 10 marks
. Practical File … 5 marks

PAPER I- THEORY: 70 Marks

S. No. UNIT
TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

1. Reproduction 16 Marks
2. Genetics and Evolution 15 Marks
3. Biology and Human Welfare 14 Marks
4. Biotechnology and its Applications 10 Marks
5. Ecology and Environment 15 Marks
TOTAL 70 Marks

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 1

 PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation
(monocot and dicot); types of endosperm
All structures (internal and external) are required
(cellular, nuclear and helobial); definition
to be taught along with diagrams.
of perisperm.
1. Reproduction
(ii) Human Reproduction
(i) Sexual reproduction in flowering plants
Male and female reproductive systems;
Flower structure; development of male and microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
female gametophytes; pollination - types, gametogenesis - spermatogenesis and
agencies and examples; outbreeding oogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation,
devices; pollen-pistil interaction; double embryo development upto blastocyst
fertilization; post fertilization events - formation, implantation; pregnancy and
development of endosperm and embryo, placenta formation (elementary idea);
development of seed and formation of fruit; parturition (elementary idea); lactation
special modes - apomixis, parthenocarpy, (elementary idea).
polyembryony; Significance of seed
Organs of male and female reproductive
dispersal and fruit formation.
system and their functions; internal structure
Pre-fertilisation structures and events. of testis and ovary to be taught with the help
Structure of microsporangium, T.S. of of diagrams; gametogenesis-
anther, microsporogenesis, structure and spermatogenesis (including spermiogenesis
development of pollen grain, viability of and spermiation) oogenesis; hormonal
pollen grain, economic importance of control of gametogenesis, structure of sperm
pollen grain. Pistil – structure of and mature ovum, menstrual cycle - different
megasporangium (L.S. of anatropous phases and hormone action, differences
ovule), megasporogenesis, structure and between oestrous and menstrual cycle,
development of female gametophyte. menarche and menopause, physico-chemical
events during fertilisation, implantation,
Types of pollination (autogamy, embryonic development up to blastocyst
chasmogamy, cleistogamy, geitonogamy, formation, important features of human
xenogamy), adaptations in flowers embryonic development (formation of heart,
pollinated by wind, water and insects. limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head,
Advantages of self and cross-pollination. eyelashes, separation of eye lids, external
Contrivances for prevention of self- genital organs and first movement of foetus
pollination. Pollen-pistil interaction in with reference to time period) placenta and
terms of incompatibility/compatibility, its functions. Parturition; lactation –
events leading to fertilisation, definition of hormonal control and importance.
triple fusion and double fertilization,
changes in the ovary and ovule for seed and (iii) Reproductive Health
fruit formation. Significance of double Need for reproductive health and prevention
fertilization. Apomixis, polyembryony, of Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs);
parthenocarpy to be explained briefly. birth control - need and methods,
Fruits to be classified into true and false, contraception and medical termination of
structure (L.S) of a typical fruit (mango and pregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertility
coconut); Internal structure of dicot (bean) and assisted reproductive technologies.
and monocot (maize) seeds; definition,
Definition of reproductive health, programs
differences and examples of albuminous and
of reproductive health (family planning,
non-albuminous seeds. Significance of seed
RCH), population explosion - role of
and fruit formation. Significance of
government in controlling the population,
dispersal of seeds.
contraceptives methods and their methods of
action (natural-periodic abstinence,

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 2

 withdrawal or coitus interruptus, lactational Phenylketonuria (PKU) in human beings and
amenorrhea; artificial – barriers, starch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomal
spermicidal agents, IUDs, oral pills, theory of inheritance; sex determination in
implants and surgical methods, definition of humans, birds, honey bees and grasshopper,
medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) and sex-linked inheritance - with reference to
reasons for it; causes of infertility. Drosophila (colour of body-yellow and
Amniocentesis and its role in detecting brown; and colour of eyes-red and white),
genetic defects. Assisted reproductive and man (haemophilia and colour blindness),
technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT, ICSI, GIFT, definition and significance of linkage and
AI, IUI. - definition and application only for crossing over. Chromosomal aberration:
general awareness. Causes, symptoms and euploidy and aneuploidy; human genetic
methods of prevention of sexually transmitted disorders: phenylketonuria, thalassaemia,
diseases (genital herpes, genital warts, sickle cell anaemia; chromosomal disorders:
hepatitis- B, AIDS, gonorrhoea, syphilis, Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome,
chlamydiasis, trichomoniasis). Turner’s syndrome.
2. Genetics and Evolution (ii) Molecular basis of Inheritance
(i) Principles of inheritance and variation Chromosomes and genes; Search for genetic
material; structure of DNA and RNA; DNA
Heredity and variation: Mendelian
packaging: central dogma; DNA
inheritance; deviations from Mendelism -
replication; transcription, genetic code,
incomplete dominance, co-dominance,
translation; gene expression and regulation
multiple alleles and inheritance of blood
- lac operon; human and rice genome
groups, pleiotropy; elementary idea of
projects; DNA fingerprinting.
polygenic inheritance; chromosomal theory
of inheritance; sex determination, linkage Structure of eukaryotic chromosomes with
and crossing over; sex l i n k e d inheritance; reference to nucleosome; properties of genes
Mendelian disorders in humans; such as ability to replicate, chemical
chromosomal disorders in humans. stability, mutability and inheritability. Search
for DNA as genetic material - Griffith’s
Explanation of the terms heredity and
experiment, Hershey and Chase’s
variation; Mendel's Principles of
experiment, Avery, McLeod and McCarty’s
inheritance; reasons for Mendel's success;
experiment; double helical model of DNA
definition of homologous chromosomes,
(contributions of Miescher, Watson and
autosomes and sex chromosomes; alleles –
Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and Chargaff);
dominant and recessive; phenotype;
Differences between DNA and RNA; types of
genotype; homozygous; heterozygous,
RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, snRNA, and
monohybrid and dihybrid crosses; back cross
hnRNA); central dogma – concept only;
and test cross, definitions to be taught with
reverse transcription (basic idea only),
simple examples using Punnett square.
Meselson and Stahl’s experiment, replication
Incomplete dominance with examples from
of DNA (role of enzymes, namely DNA
plants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum) and
polymerase and ligase), transcription, post-
co-dominance in human blood group,
transcriptional processing in eukaryotes
multiple alleles – e.g. blood groups,
(splicing, capping and tailing). Intron, exon,
polygenic inheritance with one example of
cistron, recon, muton (definitions only).
inheritance of skin colour in humans
Discovery and essential features of genetic
(students should be taught examples from
code. Definition of codon. Protein synthesis -
human genetics through pedigree charts.
translation in prokaryotes. Gene
They should be able to interpret the patterns
expression in prokaryotes; lac operon in E.
of inheritance by analysis of pedigree chart).
coli.
Biological importance of Mendelism.
Pleiotropy with reference to the example of

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 3

 Human Genome Project: goal; resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and
methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags resistance of bacteria to antibiotics,
(EST), Sequence Annotation (only the Lederberg’s replica plating experiment, types
definitions of the methodologies)], salient of natural selection (directional, disruptive,
features and applications. Rice Genome and stabilizing). Neo-Darwinism (Modern
Project (salient features and applications). Synthetic Theory); Variation - causes of
DNA finger printing – technique, application variation, Hugo de Vries theory of mutation -
and ethical issues to be discussed briefly. role of mutation in evolution; Mutation:
spontaneous, induced, gene (point –
(iii) Evolution
transition, transversion and frame-shift);
Origin of life; biological evolution and Hardy Weinberg’s principle (numericals on
evidences for biological evolution Hardy Weinberg’s equilibrium) , factors
(palaeontology, comparative anatomy, affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: gene
embryology and molecular evidences); migration or gene flow, genetic drift
Darwin's contribution, modern synthetic (Founder’s effect, bottle-neck effect),
theory of evolution; mechanism of mutation, genetic recombination and natural
evolution - variation (mutation and selection. Evolution of man - three features
recombination) and natural selection with of each of the ancestors: Dryopithecus,
examples, types of natural selection; gene Ramapithecus, Australopithecus, Homo
flow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg's habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens
principle; adaptive radiation; human neanderthalensis and Cro-
evolution. magnon man leading to man of today (Homo
Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis, sapiens sapiens).
effect of oxygen on origin of life to show that 3. Biology and Human Welfare
reducing atmosphere is essential for abiotic
(i) Human Health and Diseases
synthesis. Important views on the origin of
life (panspermia, spontaneous generation), Pathogens; parasites causing human
modern concept of origin of life, Oparin diseases (viruses, bacteria, protozoans,
Haldane theory (definition of protobionts, helminths, and fungi) Basic concepts of
coacervates), Miller and Urey experiment. immunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV and
Evidences of evolution: morphological AIDS; Adolescence - drug and alcohol
evidences, definition and differences between abuse.
homologous and analogous organs (two
Communicable and non-communicable
examples each from plants and animals),
diseases; modes of transmission, causative
vestigial organs. Embryological evidences –
agents, symptoms and prevention; viral
theory of recapitulation, definition and
diseases (common cold, chikungunya and
differences between ontogeny and phylogeny.
dengue), bacterial diseases (typhoid,
Palaeontological evidence – definition of
pneumonia, diphtheria and plague),
fossils and radioactive carbon-dating..
protozoal diseases (amoebiasis, and
Geological time scale (with reference to
malaria, graphic outline of life cycle of
dominant flora and fauna) Biogeographical
Plasmodium), helmintic diseases
evidence – definition of biogeography,
(ascariasis, and filariasis); fungal
molecular (genetic) evidences -for example
(ringworm); cancer - types of tumour
genome similarity, universal genetic code;
(benign, malignant), causes, diagnosis and
adaptive radiation (Darwin's finches and
treatment, characteristics of cancer cells
marsupials).
(loss of contact inhibition and metastasis).
Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism,
Immunity (definition and types – innate and
contribution of Malthus, criticism of
acquired, active and passive, humoral and
Darwinism. Examples of natural selection –
cell-mediated), Interferons – definition,
Long neck of giraffe, industrial melanism,
source and function; structure of a typical

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 4

 antibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG, 4. Biotechnology and its Applications
IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function and
(i) Biotechnology - Principles and processes
occurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum);
vaccination and immunisation, allergies and Genetic Engineering (recombinant DNA
allergens – definition and general symptoms technology).
of allergies; autoimmunity, primary and Definition and principles of biotechnology;
secondary lymphoid organs and tissues, brief isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA
idea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modes (from bacteria/plant cell/animal cell, by cell
of transmission, diagnosis (ELISA), lysis), isolation of gene of interest (by
symptoms, replication of retrovirus in the electrophoresis), steps of formation of
infected human cell (including diagram) and recombinant DNA, discovery, nomenclature,
prevention. features and role of restriction enzymes
Alcoholism and smoking - effects on health. (EcoRI, HindII) and role of ligase; cloning
vectors (features of a good cloning vector,
Drugs: effects and sources of opioids,
examples of cloning vectors like pBR322,
cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates.
Agrobacterium, retroviruses, bacterial
Reasons for addiction; prevention and artificial chromosome (BAC), yeast artificial
control of alcohol and drug abuse. chromosome (YAC)), methods of transfer of
rDNA into a competent host, e.g. by direct-
(ii) Microbes in Human Welfare
method (temperature shock), microinjection,
In household food processing, industrial gene gun, methods of selection of
production, sewage treatment, energy recombinants (antibiotic resistance,
generation and microbes as biocontrol insertional inactivation, blue-white
agents and biofertilisers. Antibiotics. selection), cloning of recombinants, i.e., gene
Use of microbes in: (i) Household amplification (by in vivo or in vitro method -
products: Lactobacillus (curd), using PCR technique), bioreactor (basic
Saccharomyces (bread), Propionibacterium features and uses of stirred tank and sparged
(Swiss cheese); (ii) Industrial products: tank bioreactors), downstream processing.
beverages (with and without distillation), (ii) Biotechnology and its applications
antibiotics (Penicillin – discovery and use);
Applications of biotechnology in health and
sources (microbes) and uses of organic
agriculture: human insulin and vaccine
acids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase,
production, stem cell technology, gene
pectinase, protease, streptokinase) in
therapy; genetically modified organisms -
industry, source (microbes) and
Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues,
applications of Cyclosporin-A,
biopiracy and biopatents.
Statins. (iii) Sewage treatment – primary
and secondary treatment; (iv) Production of In agriculture: for production of crops
biogas (methanogens, biogas plant, tolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought,
composition of biogas and process of salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops,
production); (v) Biocontrol agents RNAi with reference to Meloidogyne
[Microbes- Bacillus thuringiensis incognita); crops with enhanced nutritional
Trichoderma, Nucleopolyhedrovirus value (golden rice).
(Baculovirus),and ladybird,
In medicine: insulin and vaccine production,
dragonfly]harmful effects of chemical
definition of stem cells and application of
pesticides, IPM (vi) Microbes as
stem cell technology, gene therapy - with
biofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum,
reference to treatment of SCID, molecular
Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria).
diagnosis by PCR, ELISA (the details of
technique of ELISA are not required) and use
of DNA/RNA probe.
Transgenic animals for bioactive products

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 5

 like alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema, secondary productivity (ii) Decomposition
alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing, (fragmentation, leaching, catabolism,
chemical safety testing; study of diseases. humification and mineralization), factors
affecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energy
Role of GEAC, definition and two examples flow. Various types of food chains – grazing
of biopiracy (Basmati rice and turmeric), and detritus, food webs, trophic levels,
biopatent; ethical issues. ecological pyramids – energy, number and
5. Ecology and Environment biomass.

(i) Organisms and Populations Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing crop
and standing state.
Population, population interactions -
mutualism, competition, predation, (iii) Biodiversity and its Conservation
parasitism; population attributes - growth, Concept of biodiversity; patterns of
birth rate and death rate, age distribution. biodiversity; importance of biodiversity; loss
Definition of population; population of biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;
attributes: sex ratio, types of age hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction,
distribution pyramids for human Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, national
population; definition of population density, parks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sites
natality, mortality, emigration, Definition of biodiversity, few examples of
immigration, carrying capacity. Ways to each type of biodiversity - species, ecosystem
measure population density. Calculation of
and genetic. Global biodiversity and
natality and mortality.
proportionate number of species of major
Population growth: factors affecting taxa of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates;
population growth and population growth patterns of biodiversity (latitudinal gradients,
equation; growth models: exponential species-area relationship – graph, equation
growth and logistic growth along with and numericals), “rivet popper hypothesis”,
equations, graph and examples of the same; importance of species diversity to the
life history variations: definition of ecosystem (narrowly utilitarian, broadly
reproductive fitness and examples. utilitarian, ethical terms).
Population interactions – definition of Examples of some recently extinct organisms
mutualism, competition (interspecific, (dodo, quagga, Steller’s Sea cow, thylacine,
interference, competitive release and and the three subspecies of tiger- Bali,
Gause’s Principle of Competitive Caspian and Javan); causes of loss of
Exclusion), predation (adaptations in biodiversity (habitat loss and fragmentation,
organisms to avoid predation), parasitism over-exploitation, alien species invasion, co-
(ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites), extinction).
commensalism, amensalism.
Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods -
(ii) Ecosystem protected areas: biosphere reserves, national
Ecosystems: patterns, components; parks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves;
productivity and decomposition; energy ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo,
flow; pyramids of number, biomass, botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wild
energy. life safari, seed banks, tissue culture.
Definitions and examples of each of the
Definition and types of ecosystems;
above. Hotspots, Ramsar sites and Red Data
structure of ecosystem (brief idea
Book.
about biotic and abiotic components).
The place, year and main agenda of historic
Structure and function of pond ecosystem;
conventions on biological diversity (the
ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity –
gross primary productivity (GPP), net Earth Summit and the World Summit).
primary productivity (NPP) and

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 6

 PAPER II • Moisture content – Soil samples are to be
PRACTICAL WORK – 15 Marks collected from a dry place and a wet
place. Alternatively, samples of soil can
1) Taxonomy: Study floral characteristics through be dried to different degrees in oven/by
dissection of flowers, drawing floral formula and keeping in sun.
diagrams of following families:
• Humus Content – Collect one sample from
(i) Malvaceae: type – China rose / Hollyhock. roadside/barren land and one sample
from garden/cultivated field.
(ii) Leguminosae: subfamily – Papilionaceae –
type – Sweet pea/ Pea/ Bean/ Sesbania/ • Water holding capacity – Pour given
Clitoria (single flower). amount of water in known weight of soil
sample and record the volume of water
(iii) Solanaceae: type – Petunia / Datura / Brinjal
retained by the soil sample.
Flower / Solanum nigrum.
• pH – Add water to the soil sample and test
(iv) Liliaceae: type – Onion or Amaryllidaceae – with pH paper.
type – Lily/Spider lily/ Tiger lily/ Tube rose/
Gladiolus. Students should be taught to set up and
demonstrate the experiments with correct
Floral characteristics should be explained by diagram of the setup, record their
dissection of flowers. Students should be observations methodically and give
taught how to cut vertical section of the flower conclusions. This will give a clear idea of the
and draw accurately labelled diagrams. The physiological processes. Questions can be
technique of drawing floral diagrams with the asked based on the above physiological
mother axis in the right position is necessary. processes studied.
Floral formula should be correctly written.
(iii) To study the effect of enzyme action at three
Identification of the correct family giving
different temperatures and pH on starch
reasons, technique of cutting T.S. and L.S of
solution.
ovary should be explained and accordingly
correct labelled-diagram should be drawn. Effect of enzyme (amylase/ diastase) action
at three different temperatures (low- below
Students should know the examples of plants 10oC, optimum - 37oC and high – above
(belonging to each family) which are of 70oC) and pH (acidic, neutral and basic) on
economic importance. The examples of starch solution.
common names of plants must be supported
with correct scientific names as well. (iv) To isolate DNA from available plant
material.
NOTE: In the examination, candidates will
Isolation of DNA from spinach leaves, green
be tested on any one of the above-mentioned
pea seeds, pulp of banana and papaya.
families.
Take about 5 gm of pulp of banana into a
2) Simple biochemical and physiological
beaker and add 50 ml of extraction fluid
experiments
(1.5gm table salt +10 ml liquid detergent
(i) Study of arrangement/distribution of stomata +90 ml distilled water). Place the beaker in a
in dicot and monocot leaves. water bath set at 60 °C for 15 minutes. Stir
(ii) Study of soils from two different sites. gently with a glass rod. Filter 5ml of cooled
content into a clean test tube and add 5ml of
Collect soil samples from two different areas
cold 90% ethanol. DNA molecules separate
and make a comparative study of their
texture, moisture content, humus content, out and appear as white fibres.
water holding capacity and pH. 3) Slide preparation
Guidelines for collection of soil samples: (i) Germination of pollen grain in a nutrient
• Texture - loamy, sandy and clayey soil. medium.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 7

 (ii) T.S. of ovary of any locally available flower, agencies – insect and wind.
to show marginal / axile placentation. Students should be able to identify the type of
(iii) T.S. of a hydrophyte stem. pollination of the given flower, draw the
(iv) T.S. of a xerophytic leaf (Nerium). diagram of the flower and give two reasons
for the type of pollination. Example: Hibiscus
(v) L.S. of monocot and dicot seed (soaked seeds and grass.
of maize/wheat, pea/ bean.)
Students should be taught how to identify,
The technique of staining and mounting draw, label and give significantly visible
neatly should be explained. Students should characteristics as observed, of each spot, in a
also know how to make labelled outline given time of three minutes. ‘T.S.’, ‘model’,
diagrams. They should also be taught to ‘whole mount’, ‘chart’, ‘image’ of the
identify the mount under low/ high power of specimen should be mentioned as a part of
microscope. Two identifying features of the identification.
above need to be mentioned.
4) Spotting: (three minutes to be given for each PROJECT WORK AND PRACTICAL FILE –
spot which includes identification, drawing a 15 Marks
labelled diagram and writing at least two Project Work – 10 Marks
identifying characteristics).
The project work is to be assessed by a Visiting
NOTE: Spotting must be done on a separate
Examiner appointed locally and approved by the
answer sheet during examination, which
Council.
should be handed over to the Examiner
immediately after spotting. The candidate is to creatively execute one
(i) Identify and comment on the following: project/assignment on an aspect of biology.
Preference is to be given to handwritten investigatory
(a) T.S. of ovary of mammal (Permanent projects. Teachers may assign or students may
slide). choose any one project of their choice. Students can
(b) T.S. of testis of mammal (Permanent choose any other project besides the ones indicated in
slide). the list. Following is only a suggestive list of topics:
(c) Germinating pollen grain (slide/chart). (i) Genetic disorders
(d) T.S. of ovary to show the type of (ii) Gene therapy
placentation (marginal, axile, basal (LS), (iii) Human Genome Project
parietal).
(iv) DNA fingerprinting
(e) T.S. of blastula / blastocyst of a mammal
(chart/ slide). (v) Bio-piracy
(f) Whole mount of Plasmodium sporozoite (vi) Cancer.
(slide /chart). (vii) AIDS/Hepatitis.
(g) Whole mount of Entamoeba histolytica (viii) Drug addiction and community.
trophozoite (slide/chart). (ix) Role of micro-organisms in industry.
(h) Preserved specimen/ chart/ model of (x) Human population.
Ascaris.
(xi) Mendelian Inheritance
(ii) Comment upon ecological adaptations of
plants and animals. (xii) Environmental resistance.
Models/ virtual images/ charts of one (xiii) Traditional and modern methods: Study of a
plant and one animal found in xeric and few traditional methods of pest deterrence
aquatic habitats. Examples: Hydrilla, vis-a-vis modern methods of pest
cactus, fish and camel. control - viability of traditional methods in
today's scenario and limitations and dangers of
. (iii) Flowers adapted to pollination by different modern methods.

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 8

(xiv) Role of agrochemicals in increasing food 15. Hugo de Vries, Correns and Tschermack:
production. Rediscovered Mendelism
16. T H Morgan: Linkage
17. P Maheshwari: Plant tissue culture
Suggested Evaluation Criteria for Project Work:
18. Henking: Discovered X-chromosome
Format of the Project:
19. F. Miescher: Isolated nucleic acid from pus cells,
(i) Content called Nuclein
20. Chargaff: Rule of equivalence in DNA structure
(ii) Introduction
21. F. Griffith: Transformation in bacteria
(iii) Presentation (graphs, tables, charts, 22. Avery, MacLeod and McCarty: DNA is the
newspaper cuttings, diagrams, photographs, genetic material
statistical analysis if relevant)
23. Hershey and Chase: DNA is the genetic material
(iv) Conclusion/ Summary
24. Meselson and Stahl: Semi-conservative
(v) Bibliography replication of DNA
25. G. Gamow: Triplet nature of codons
Practical File – 5 Marks 26. S Ochoa: discovered polynucleotide
The Visiting Examiner is required to assess students phosphorylase
on the basis of the Biology Practical file maintained 27. Wallace: divided the Earth into biogeographical
by them during the academic year. regions
Each practical done during the year, needs to be 28. M S Swaminathan: Green revolution in India
recorded by the student in the Practical file and the 29. H Boyer: discovered Restriction Enzyme
same must be checked, signed and dated by the 30. S Cohen: method to transfer plasmid DNA in
teacher. host cells
SCIENTISTS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS: 31. R. Mishra: Father of Indian Ecology
32. E. Wilson: coined the term Biodiversity
1. Oparin: Author of the book ‘The Origin of Life’.
33. P Ehrlich: Rivet Popper Hypothesis
2. Stanley Miller & Harold Urey: Recreated
probable conditions on primitive earth to support 34. Sanger: DNA/Protein sequencing
Oparin’s theory
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS TO BE STUDIED
3. Ernst Haeckel: Proposed the recapitulation theory
1. ADA- Adenosine Deaminase
4. Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
2. CMI- Cell Mediated Immunity
5. Hugo de Vries: Mutation
3. DFC- Detritus Food Chain
6. T. R. Malthus: Theory of Human Population
4. EFB- European Federation of Biotechnology
Growth/ Essays on population
5. EST- Expressed Sequence Tags
7. Alec Jeffreys: DNA finger printing
6. ET- Embryo Transfer
8. Temin and Baltimore: Reverse transcription.
9. Jacob, Monod and Lwoff: proposed Lac operon. 7. GFC- Grazing Food Chain
10. Watson and Crick: Structure of DNA 8. GMO- Genetically Modified Organism
11. Nirenberg and Khorana: Genetic code 9. GPP- Gross Primary Productivity
12. Benzer: Coined the terms Cistron, recon, muton 10. hnRNA - Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribo Nucleic
13. Gregor Mendel: Father of genetics Acid
14. Sutton and Boveri: Chromosomal theory of 11. IMR- Infant Mortality Rate
inheritance 12. ICSI - Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 9

13. IUCD/IUD – Intra uterine contraceptive device
14. IUCN- International Union for Conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources
15. IUI- Intra Uterine Insemination
16. IUT- Intra Uterine Transfer
17. LAB- Lactic Acid Bacteria
18. MALT- Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
19. MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate
20. NACO- National AIDS Control Organisation
21. NPP- Net Primary Productivity
22. PID- Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases
23. PKU- Phenyl ketonuria
24. RCH- Reproductive and Child Health Care
Programmes
25. SCID – Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency
26. SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
27. snRNA- Small Nuclear Ribo Nucleic Acid
28. sRNA - Soluble Ribo Nucleic Acid
29. SSBP – Single Strand Binding Protein
30. UTR - Untranslated Region
31. VNTRs - Variable Number of Tandem Repeats

(ISC Revised Syllabus 2025) 10