QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Each
question has only ONE correct answer. Write only the letter (A–D) next to the question
number (2.1–2.10) in the ANSWER BOOK.

1.1 Which ONE of the following chlorides will most likely have the most ionic
character?

A LiCℓ

B CsCℓ

C BeCℓ 2

D CaCℓ 2 (2)

1.2 The molecular shape of a molecule with the formula AB 2 is …

A linear or bent.

B linear or trigonal planar.

C linear or tetrahedral.

D linear or trigonal bipyramidal. (2)

1.3 The boiling point of CH 4 is much lower than that of HF. Which ONE of the
following best explains this difference in boiling points?

A HF molecules are more polar than CH 4 molecules.

B CH 4 molecules are more polar than HF molecules.

C There are hydrogen bonds between HF molecules.

D There are dipole-dipole forces between CH 4 molecules. (2)

1.4 The number of valence electrons in a silicon atom is …

A 4

B 6

C 14

D 28 (2)
1.5 In a polar covalent bond …

A the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is zero.

B electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.

C electrons are transferred from the less electronegative atom to the more
electronegative atom.

D delocalised electrons are shared between atoms. (2)

1.6 The type of intermolecular forces present between N2 molecules are …

A triple bonds.

B dipole-dipole forces.

C hydrogen bonds.

D London forces. (2)

1.7 Which ONE of the following contains ionic bonds?

A OF2

B H2O

C CH3Cℓ

D NaCℓ (2)

1.8 The number of neutrons in an atom of 15

7 N is ...

A 5

B 7

C 8

D 15 (2)

1.9 Which ONE of the following has the strongest forces between its molecules?

A F2

B Cℓ 2

C Br 2

D I2 (2)
 1.10 Which ONE of the following has a tetrahedral shape?

A H3 O +

B NH +4

C CO 2

D AℓCℓ 3 (2)

1.11 The type of bond formed between a H+ ion and H 2 O is called a/an …

A hydrogen bond.

B dative covalent bond.

C ionic bond.

D covalent bond. (2)

1.12 The shape of the molecule in which the central atom is surrounded by two
lone pairs and two bonding pairs is …

A linear.

B trigonal planar.

C tetrahedral.

D bent. (2)

1.13 The intermolecular forces in dry ice (CO 2 ) are …

A ion-induced dipole forces.

B hydrogen bonding.

C ion-dipole forces.

D London forces. (2)

1.14 Which ONE of the bonds between the atoms below has the highest polarity?

A H-C

B H - Cℓ

C H-O

D H-N (2)
1.15 Solid iodine sublimes easily. The intermolecular forces present in iodine
are …

A London forces.

B hydrogen bonding.

C ion-dipole forces.

D dipole-dipole forces. (2)

1.16 The tendency of an atom to attract the bonding pair of electrons is known
as …

A electron affinity.

B electronegativity.

C polarity.

D activation energy. (2)

1.17 Hydrogen bonds and London forces (induced dipole forces) have a common
characteristic in that they …

A are both stronger than chemical bonds.

B both occur between non-polar molecules.

C both occur between polar molecules.

D are both intermolecular forces. (2)

QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 1)

Ammonia (NH 3 ) is an important gas used in the preparation of fertilisers. An ammonia

molecule is formed when electrons are shared between three hydrogen atoms and a
nitrogen atom.

2.1 Name the type of chemical bond formed between a hydrogen and a nitrogen
atom. (1)

2.2 How many valence electrons does a nitrogen atom have? (1)

2.3 Write down a Lewis structure for the ammonia molecule. (2)

2.4 For the ammonia molecule, write down the:

2.4.1 Number of electron pairs surrounding the central atom (1)

2.4.2 Number of atoms surrounding the central atom (1)

2.4.3 Name used to describe the molecular shape (1)

Ammonia dissolves readily in water to form ammonium ions, NH+4 (aq). An ammonium
ion is formed when an ammonia molecule shares a lone pair of electrons with a
hydrogen ion.

2.5 Name the type of bond formed between an ammonia molecule and a
hydrogen ion. (1)

2.6 Represent the formation of an ammonium ion with the aid of Lewis structures. (4)

2.7 For the ammonium ion, write down the:

2.7.1 Number of atoms surrounding the central atom (1)

2.7.2 Name used to describe the molecular shape (1)

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The table below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group IV (compounds in
which hydrogen is bonded to elements from group IV in the periodic table).

BOILING POINTS OF HYDRIDES FROM GROUP IV

RELATIVE
HYDRIDES OF BOILING POINT
MOLECULAR
GROUP IV (°C)
MASS
CH 4 16 –164
SiH 4 32 –112
GeH 4 77 –89
SnH 4 123 –52

3.1 What is the phase (solid, liquid or gas) of the hydrides above at 25 °C? (1)
3.2 Name the type of Van der Waals forces between molecules of the hydrides in
the table above. (1)
3.3 Explain the trend in boiling points observed for the hydrides in the above
table. In your explanation, refer to molecular size, intermolecular forces and
the energy needed. (3)
The graph below shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group VI in the periodic
table versus their relative molecular masses.

GRAPH OF BOILING POINT VERSUS RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS

120 H2O
Boiling point (°C)

100
80
60
40
20 H2Te
0
50 100 150
- 20
- 40 H2Se
- 60 H2S
- 80
Relative molecular mass

3.4 From the graph above, deduce and then write down the NAME of the hydride:

3.4.1 With the weakest intermolecular forces (1)

3.4.2 With hydrogen bonds between molecules (1)

3.4.3 That requires the most energy to undergo a phase change (1)

3.5 Refer to intermolecular forces and energy and give a reason why one of
the hydrides of group VI deviates from the trend in boiling point observed for
the others. (2)
[10]
QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 2)

2.1 Ammonia NH3(g) and hypochlorous acid HOCℓ(ℓ) are both examples of
covalent compounds.

2.1.1 Define the term bonding pair. (2)

2.1.2 Draw Lewis structures for the following molecules:

(a) NH3 (2)

(b) HOCℓ (2)

2.1.3 Write down the:

(a) Number of bonding pairs in NH3 (1)

(b) Number of lone pairs on the oxygen atom in HOCℓ (1)

(c) Shape of an ammonia molecule (1)

2.1.4 Which bond, N-H or O-H, is more polar? Give a reason for the
answer. (2)

2.1.5 Write down the type of intermolecular forces present in BOTH

ammonia and hypochlorous acid. (1)

2.1.6 When ammonia dissolves in water, the ammonium ion ( NH4 ) is

formed.

What type of bond forms between the ammonia molecule and the
hydrogen ion? (1)
QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The melting points and boiling points of four substances (A, B, C and D) are shown in
the table below.

MELTING POINT BOILING POINT

SUBSTANCES
(°C) (°C)
A HF - 83,11 19,54
B HCℓ - 114,2 - 81,7
C CS2 - 111 46,0
D CO2 - 56,6 - 78,5

3.1 Define the term melting point. (2)

3.2 Explain the difference in melting points of HF and HCℓ by referring to the
TYPE of intermolecular forces. (4)

3.3 Which ONE of the substances (A, B, C or D) above is a liquid at 25 °C? (1)

3.4 Explain why CS2 has a higher boiling point than CO2. (3)

3.5 Which ONE of the substances (A, B, C or D) above has the highest vapour
pressure? Give a reason for the answer by referring to the data in the table. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 3)

Molecules such as CO 2 and H 2 O are formed through covalent bonding.

2.1 Define the term covalent bonding. (2)

2.2 ONE of the above molecules has lone pairs of electrons on the central atom.
Draw the Lewis diagram for this molecule. (2)

2.3 H 3 O+ is formed when H 2 O forms a dative covalent bond with an H+ ion.

2.3.1 Draw the Lewis diagram for H 3 O+. (1)

2.3.2 State TWO conditions for the formation of such a bond. (2)

2.4 The polarity of molecules depends on the DIFFERENCE IN

ELECTRONEGATIVITY and the MOLECULAR SHAPE.

2.4.1 Define the term electronegativity. (2)

2.4.2 Calculate the difference in electronegativity between:

(a) C and O in CO 2 (1)

(b) H and O in H 2 O (1)

2.4.3 Explain the difference in polarity between CO 2 and H 2 O by

referring to the polarity of the bonds and the shape of the
molecules. (6)
[17]
QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

3.1 The boiling point of compounds A to E are given in the table below.

COMPOUND FORMULA BOILING POINT (°C)

A CH 4 –164
B C2H6 –89
C C 5 H 12 36
D C 6 H 14 69
E C 20 H 42 343

3.1.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.1.2 Calculate the molecular mass of compound D. (1)

3.1.3 In what phase is compound B at 25 °C? (1)

3.1.4 Name the type of intermolecular force present in compound A. (1)

3.1.5 Explain why the boiling point increases from compound A to E. (3)

3.1.6 How does the vapour pressure of compound B compare to the

vapour pressure of compound C? Write down only HIGHER THAN,
LOWER THAN or EQUAL TO. (1)

3.2 Consider the boiling points of the compounds in the table below.

SUBSTANCE BOILING POINT (°C)

H2S –60
NH 3 –33
H2O 100

3.2.1 Which ONE of the substances in the table above has the weakest
forces between its molecules? (1)

3.2.2 Name the type of intermolecular force found between NH 3

molecules. (1)

3.2.3 Explain the following statement:

Although the shape of the molecules of H 2 S and H 2 O is similar,

there is a remarkable difference in their boiling points. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 4)

Electronegativity of atoms may be used to explain the polarity of bonds.

2.1 Define the term electronegativity. (2)

2.2 Draw the Lewis diagram of an oxygen difluoride molecule. (2)

2.3 Calculate the electronegativity difference between O and F in oxygen

difluoride and predict the polarity of the bond. (2)

2.4 A polar bond does not always lead to a polar molecule.

Explain the statement by referring to OF 2 and CO 2 molecules. In your

explanation, include the polarity of the bonds and the shape of the molecules. (4)
QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Learners conduct an experiment to investigate the effects of intermolecular forces on

boiling points. They use 20 mℓ of each of the following compounds in their
investigation: water, sunflower oil, nail polish remover, glycerine and methylated spirits.
The results are shown in the table below:

NAME OF BOILING
COMPOUND POINT (°C)
water 93
sunflower oil 230
nail polish remover 56
glycerine 290
methylated spirits 62

3.1 Define the term boiling point. (2)

3.2 Formulate an investigative question for this experiment. (2)

3.3 In which compound in the table above will the strongest intermolecular forces
occur? Give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.4 The learners now use 40 mℓ of each of the compounds above in the
experiment. Will it affect the boiling points? Choose YES or NO. Give a
reason for the answer. (2)

3.5 Methylated spirits is highly flammable. State TWO safety precautions that
should be taken when using methylated spirits in the laboratory. (2)

3.6 Which compound in the table above will have the highest rate of evaporation?
Give a reason for the answer. (2)

3.7 Sunflower oil is a non-polar compound with induced dipole forces between the
molecules, while water is a polar molecule with hydrogen bonds between
its molecules. Explain why the boiling point of sunflower oil is higher than the
boiling point of water. (2)
[14]
QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 5)

Consider the following two reactions of methane (CH 4 ):

Reaction 1: CH 4 (g) + HCℓ (g) → CH 3 Cℓ (g) + H 2 (g)
Reaction 2: CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) → CO 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (g)

2.1 Define the term covalent bond. (2)

2.2 Draw Lewis structures for:

2.2.1 CH 3 Cℓ (2)

2.2.2 CO 2 (2)

2.3 How many lone-pair electrons are on the central atom in the CO 2 molecule? (1)

2.4 Identify ONE of the substances in Reaction 2 that can form a dative covalent
bond when reacting with an acid. (1)

2.5 Write down the shape of the:

2.5.1 H 2 O molecule (1)

2.5.2 CO 2 molecule (1)

2.6 Although the molecules of CH 4 and CH 3 Cℓ have the same shape, CH 4 is

non-polar, while CH 3 Cℓ is polar. Give a reason for the difference in molecular
polarity. (1)
[11]

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

Consider the list of six substances with their formulae and boiling points in the table
below.

NAME OF SUBSTANCE FORMULA BOILING POINT (°C)

Water H2O 100
Ethanol CH 3 CH 2 OH 78
Bromine Br 2 58,8
Iodine I2 184,3
Ammonia NH 3 -33,3
Phosphine PH 3 -87,7

3.1 Explain why ethanol is soluble in water. Refer to the relative strength of the
intermolecular forces in ethanol and water. (3)

3.2 Explain why the boiling point of iodine is higher than that of bromine. Refer to
the intermolecular forces present in EACH substance in the explanation. (3)
3.3 Explain why phosphine will evaporate faster than ammonia by referring to the
types of intermolecular forces present in EACH substance. (4)

3.4 Water, ethanol and bromine are all liquids at room temperature.

Which ONE will have the highest vapour pressure? (1)

3.5 Give a reason for the answer to QUESTION 3.4 by referring to the relative
strength of the intermolecular forces and boiling points. (2)
[13]

QUESTION 2 (ACTIVITY 6)

Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a very poisonous compound used in the manufacturing of

plastics, mining of gold and as a poison.

2.1 Define the term chemical bond. (2)

2.2 Draw Lewis structures for:

2.2.1 HCN (2)

2.2.2 H2O (2)

2.3 What is the shape of the HCN molecule? (1)

2.4 Calculate the electronegativity difference for the CN bond. (1)

2.5 What is polarity of the HCN molecule? Write only POLAR or NON-POLAR. (1)

QUESTION 3 (Start on a new page.)

The reaction below is used in the Haber process to manufacture ammonia.

N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) → 2NH 3 (g)

The boiling points of the substances in the reaction are as follows:

SUBSTANCE BOILING POINT (ºC)

H2 -252,9
N2 -195,8
NH 3 -33,3

3.1 Refer to the intermolecular forces and explain the difference in boiling point
between NH 3 and N 2 . (3)

3.2 Write down the FORMULA of the substance in the table that will have the
lowest melting point. (1)

3.3 Explain why H 2 will evaporate faster than N 2 . Refer to the type and relative
strength of the intermolecular forces. (3)

3.4 Write down the FORMULA of the substance in the table that will have the
highest vapour pressure. Explain your answer. (3)
[10]