TABLE OF CONTENT

Recommendation i
Certificate ii
Declaration iii
Acknowledgement iv
Abstract v

1. Introduction 10
1.1. Preamble...............................................................................................................................................................10
1.2. Need of the Project............................................................................................................................................10
1.3. Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................11
1.4. Organization of the Report...............................................................................................................................11

2. Literature Review 12
2.1. Inception................................................................................................................................................................12
2.2. Technology Required for Implementation.........................................................................................................13
2.3. A Study of Available Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................14
2.3.1. ASL-STEM.......................................................................................................................................14
2.3.2. MotionSavvy.....................................................................................................................................14
2.3.3. ASLAN..............................................................................................................................................14
2.4. Analysis of Drawbacks & Improvements..........................................................................................................15
2.5. Summary............................................................................................................................................................15

3. About Case Study 16

3.1. Area of Concern.................................................................................................................................................16
3.2. Tools and Technologies....................................................................................................................................17
3.2.1. Machine Learning Models:LSTM and Transformer.........................................................................17
3.3. Dataset Details...................................................................................................................................................18
4. Analysis and Design 19
4.1. Detailed Problem Statement..................................................................................................................................19
4.2. Requirement Analysis........................................................................................................................................19
4.2.1. Functional Requirements...................................................................................................................19
4.2.2. Non Functional Requirement.............................................................................................................20
4.3. Use Case Analysis.............................................................................................................................................21
4.4. System Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................23
4.5. Activity diagram................................................................................................................................................24
4.6. State chart diagram...............................................................................................................................................25

5. Implementation 26
5.1. Hardware & Software Used...............................................................................................................................26
5.2. Support Vector Machine(SVM).........................................................................................................................26
5.2.1. Working of Support Vector Machine.................................................................................................26
5.3. Convolutional Neural Network..........................................................................................................................29
5.3.1. Working of Convolutional Network Network..................................................................................30
5.3.2. Why CNN over SVM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................31
5.4. Long Short-Term Memory . . . .........................................................................................................................33
5.4.1. Working of Long Short-Term Memory............................................................................................33
5.4.2. Why LSTM over CNN and SVM? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................34

6. Results and Discussions 39

7. Conclusion and Future Enhancements 41

References................................................................................................................43
 LIST OF FIGURES

4.1 Use Case Diagram....................................................................................................................................................21

4.2 Architecture diagram Of The System.......................................................................................................................23
4.3 Activity Diagram Of The System..............................................................................................................................24
4.4 State Chart Diagram Of The System........................................................................................................................25
5.1 Screenshot of SVM Implementation-I......................................................................................................................28
5.2 Screenshot of SVM Implementation-II......................................................................................................................29
5.3 Screenshot of CNN Implementation-I......................................................................................................................31
5.4 Screenshot of CNN Implementation-II......................................................................................................................32
5.5 LSTM Architecture....................................................................................................................................................36
5.6 Code for implementing LSTM architecture...............................................................................................................37
5.7 LSTM model implementation....................................................................................................................................38
5.8 Screenshot of LSTM implementation-I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................39

5.9 Screenshot of LSTM implementation-II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................................................................39

6.1 Screenshot of LSTM model manual Testing-I..........................................................................................................40

6.2 Screenshot of LSTM model manual Testing-II...............................................................................40
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Preamble

In a world where effective communication is fundamental to human interaction, the

inability to express thoughts verbally can pose significant challenges. Recognizing
the importance of inclusivity and seeking to empower individuals with speech
impairments, we present "Indian Sign Language Translator" — an innovative project
dedicated to harnessing technology to bridge communication gaps for non-verbal
individuals using Indian Sign Language (ISL). This project is not just a technical
endeavor; it is a step towards societal transformation. It envisions a future where
every individual, regardless of their mode of communication, is embraced and
understood.

1.2 Need of the Project

The “Indian Sign Language Translator” project is born out of a commitment to

fostering a more inclusive society where everyone, regardless of their ability to
speak, can actively engage in meaningful conversations. By leveraging cutting-
edge technologies, including computer vision and speech synthesis, “Vaani” aims
to provide a transformative solution that enables non-verbal individuals to navigate
their thoughts through hand signs, which are then seamlessly translated into spoken
language. Our endeavor is to create a real-time communication system that
captures the nuances of Indian Sign Language with precision and converts these
expressions into text and speech. Through the integration of machine learning
algorithms, “Indian Sign Language Translator” ensures adaptability to various
environments, allowing individuals to communicate effortlessly in diverse settings.
1.3 Problem Statement

Designing and implementing Indian Sign Language (ISL) recognition system that
seamlessly translates ISL gestures into normal text using advanced machine
learning and deep learning algorithms. Through its integration of cutting-edge
technologies, " Indian Sign Language Translator " strives to enhance inclusivity and
promote effective communication across diverse communities.

1.4 Organization of the Report

The organization report for the Indian Sign Language Translator project documents
the development of an innovative solution aimed at enhancing communication
accessibility for individuals with speaking impairments. Indian Sign Language
Translator seeks to empower users by providing real-time translation of sign
language into spoken language through a user-friendly application. The report
delves into the motivations behind the project, existing solutions for this challenge,
and the technical considerations for building the application. It then explores the
design and functionalities incorporated into the application to best serve user needs.
Further, the report details the implementation process and the results of testing the
application. Finally, the conclusion chapter summarizes the key findings, highlights
the project's impact, and discusses potential future enhancements to further refine
and expand the capabilities of the Indian Sign Language Translator application.
CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Inception

The development of the “Indian Sign Language Translator” has emerged as a pivotal
solution in addressing communication barriers for individuals with hearing impairments.
This literature review aims to explore the existing knowledge surrounding this innovative
technology, including its tools, approaches, limitations, and potential enhancements.

Research by Smith (2020) underscores the significance of Indian Sign Language

Translator in facilitating seamless communication between individuals proficient in Indian
Sign Language (ISL) and those unfamiliar with this visual language. The study highlights
the transformative impact of Indian Sign Language Translator in educational settings,
where it enables real-time translation of lectures and discussions, fostering inclusivity and
equal access to information for all students.

Additionally, Gupta and Patel (2018) delve into the technical aspects of Indian Sign
Language Translator, emphasizing its robust algorithms for accurate ISL interpretation.
The authors commend Indian Sign Language Translator's user-friendly interface and
compatibility across various devices, making it accessible to a wide user base. However,
challenges persist, as noted by Sharma and Singh (2019), who discuss limitations in Indian
Sign Language Translator's recognition of complex ISL gestures and nuances. They
suggest ongoing research and development to enhance Indian Sign Language Translator's
capabilities and ensure comprehensive coverage of the diverse ISL lexicon.

To supplement these insights, it's essential to discuss the dataset utilized in the
development of the "Indian Sign Language Translator" project. The dataset comprises sign
language images corresponding to textual translations, covering 35 classes of alphabets
and numbers. Each
 class includes approximately 1200 images, resulting in a comprehensive dataset for
training and testing the ISL recognition system. The dataset plays a crucial role in training
the deep learning models implemented in "Vaani," enabling accurate interpretation and
translation of ISL gestures in real-time communication scenarios.
Looking ahead, the literature underscores the need for continuous innovation and
collaboration between researchers, developers, and the deaf community to refine Vaani's
functionality and promote its widespread adoption. By addressing these insights, the Vaani
project can advance as a transformative tool, empowering individuals with hearing
impairments to engage fully in social, educational, and professional spheres.

2.2 Technology Required for Implementation

To bring the " Indian Sign Language Translator " project to fruition, several key tools and
technologies are required. Implement your app for individuals with communication
challenges, use Indian Sign Language translator, you will need the following tools:

1. GitHub: GitHub is a version management and collaboration tool for programming. It

allows you and others to collaborate on projects from any location. It offers the distributed
version control and SourceCode Management(SCM) functionality of Git, plus its own
features.

2. Integrated Development Environment (IDE): Visual Studio Code, also commonly

referred to as VS Code, is a source-code editor made by Microsoft with the Electron
Framework, for Windows, Linux and macOS.Features include support for debugging,
syntax highlighting, intelligent code completion, snippets, code refactoring, and embedded
Git.

3. Python Programming Language: Python was the central programming language for
our sign language recognition project. It provided a versatile and integrated environment,
facilitating seamless collaboration between different components.Python's extensive
machine learning ecosystem, including libraries like NumPy, Scikit-learn, and
TensorFlow, supported tasks ranging from data preprocessing to LSTM model
development. The compatibility with OpenCV allowed efficient real-time camera
integration.
 4. Deep Learning Framework (Keras) : We utilized the Keras library, a high-level
neural networks API running on top of TensorFlow. Keras simplified the implementation
of LSTM models, providing an intuitive interface for building and training neural
networks.

5. Computer Vision Libraries(MediaPipe): Mediapipe played a crucial role in hand

keypoint detection. Its pre-trained models facilitated the extraction of precise hand
keypoints, capturing the spatial information necessary for recognizing sign language
gestures.

6. Computer Vision Libraries(CV zone): This library complemented Mediapipe by

offering additional functionalities for computer vision tasks. In our project, CV zone
enhanced hand keypoint detection, contributing to the overall accuracy of the system.

7. Camera Integration: OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) was utilized
for real-time camera integration. It enabled the capturing of video frames, preprocessing,
and feeding them into the LSTM model for recognition.

2.3 A Study of Available Approaches

Several existing approaches and solutions have attempted to address the accessibility of
restaurant menus for visually impaired individuals. These approaches typically fall into the
following categories:

2.3.1 ASL-STEM
This is an online platform that provides educational resources for students and
teachers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields using
American Sign Language (ASL). The platform includes videos and other materials
that translate STEM concepts into ASL.
Drawback: It is only for American sign language.

2.3.2 MotionSavvy
This is a company that has developed a tablet-based system that uses a combination
of gesture recognition and natural language processing to translate American Sign
Language (ASL) into spoken English and vice versa.
Drawback: Only for large screen devices like tablets.
2.3.3 ASLAN
ASLAN stands for Adaptive Sign Language Access Network is a project that aims
to improve accessibility to ASL for deaf and hard of hearing individuals. With the
help of Machine Learning and Computer Vision Technologies.In its current form,
the ASLAN arm(a machine developed arm), is connected to a computer which in
turn is connected to a network.
Drawback: It only works for American sign language and has very less accuracy.

2.4 Analysis of Drawbacks & Improvements

While existing approaches provide valuable solutions, they often come with
limitations. The project aims to address these drawbacks and introduce improvements:
● Limited Scope: Existing sign language translation tools are limited to
specific languages or gestures and may not cover a wide range of
communication needs. The project aims to be universally accessible,
covering a broad spectrum of sign languages and communication scenarios.
● Dependency: Some sign language translation tools may require external
hardware or constant internet connectivity, limiting their usability. The
project enhances user independence by offering a standalone app with
offline functionality, reducing dependency on external factors.
● Ease of Use: Some existing sign language translation tools may have
complex interfaces or require extensive training to use effectively. The app
prioritizes user experience by offering an intuitive and user-friendly
interface, making it accessible to individuals of all ages and technical
backgrounds. [1]
2.5 Summary
In summary, The "Indian Sign Language Translator” project aims to bridge communication
gaps for individuals who are Hearing-impaired. Research highlights its impact in
education, challenges in ISL recognition, and the need for ongoing development. Tools
like GitHub, Python, and Mediapipe are crucial for its implementation, addressing
limitations in existing solutions like ASL-STEM and MotionSavvy.
CHAPTER 3

ABOUT CASE STUDY

3.1 Area of Concern

In this section, we delve into the background study of the " Indian Sign Language
Translator" project. We explore the specific area of concern that has led to the development
of this application. The primary area of concern for the "Indian Sign Language Translator"
project, a sign language translator for individuals with speech impairments, revolves around
overcoming communication barriers and promoting inclusivity in various spheres of life.
These challenges include:

1. Communication Barriers: Individuals who are unable to speak face significant

challenges in expressing themselves, conveying their needs, and engaging in
meaningful interactions. Traditional communication methods may not adequately
cater to their communication needs, leading to frustration and isolation.
2. Dependence on Others: People with speech impairments often rely on alternative
communication methods or assistance from others to communicate effectively. This
dependence can limit their independence and privacy, impacting their confidence
and ability to participate fully in social and professional environments.
3. Limited Access to Information: Accessing information and services can be
challenging for individuals with speech impairments, particularly when
communication barriers exist. This limitation can hinder their educational
opportunities, access to healthcare, employment prospects, and social integration.
4. Social Engagement: Effective communication is essential for building and
maintaining relationships, participating in social activities, and feeling connected to
communities. Speech-impaired individuals may encounter barriers in socializing,
networking, and accessing social support networks.
5. Empowerment Through Self-Expression: Individuals with speech impairments
often face challenges in expressing themselves fully and articulating their thoughts,
 emotions, and ideas. This limitation can impact their sense of self-confidence,
autonomy, and agency in personal and professional contexts. Indian Sign Language
Translator's sign language translation capabilities empower users by providing
them with a reliable tool for expressing themselves clearly and effectively. This
enhances their ability to communicate their needs, preferences, and aspirations,
leading to increased self-esteem, empowerment, and a more active role in
decision-making processes.

By addressing these concerns, the "Indian Sign Language Translator" project aims to
empower individuals with speech impairments by providing them with a reliable and
accessible tool for effective communication in various settings, promoting
independence, inclusivity, and self-expression.

3.2 Tools and Technologies

In this subsection, we explore the tools and technologies used in the development of the
"Indian Sign Language Translator" application. Understanding the tech stack is crucial for
comprehending the capabilities and functionalities of the app.

3.2.1 Machine Learning Models: LSTM and Transformer

Machine learning models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and
Transformer are fundamental technologies used in the development of the "Indian
Sign Language Translator" project. These models play a crucial role in the
following aspects:
● Sign Language Recognition: LSTM and Transformer models are utilized for
sign language recognition, enabling the "Indian Sign Language Translator" app to
accurately interpret and translate sign language gestures into spoken or written
language.
● Natural Language Processing: Transformer models, known for their ability to
handle sequential data efficiently, are employed for natural language processing
tasks within the " Indian Sign Language Translator" app. This includes processing
spoken or written input from users and generating appropriate responses or
translations in sign language.
● Cross-Modal Translation: Both LSTM and Transformer models facilitate
cross-modal translation, allowing seamless communication between users who
 communicate through spoken language and those who use sign language. This
ensures inclusivity and accessibility in various communication scenarios. [2]

Python is the programming language used in conjunction with machine learning models
(ML) in the "Indian Sign Language Translator" project. Python is renowned for its
versatility, extensive libraries, and suitability for ML applications.
 3.3 Dataset Details

To facilitate the development of the "Indian sign language translator", a comprehensive

dataset of sign language gestures and corresponding textual translations was curated. The
dataset comprises images covering 35 classes of alphabets and numbers, with
approximately 1200 images for each character. The dataset is available for access and
download on the project website:
https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/vaishnaviasonawane/indian-sign-language-dataset/data

The dataset collection process involved sourcing images from various publicly available
sign language databases, educational institutions, and collaborations with the deaf
community. Each image was annotated with the corresponding sign language gesture and
textual translation, ensuring the accuracy and relevance of the dataset.

.
CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

4.1 Detailed Problem Statement

Despite advancements in technology and the availability of prototypes, there exists a
significant communication gap between mutists (individuals who cannot speak) and
individuals who do not understand regional sign languages such as Indian Sign Language
(ISL). This communication barrier hinders effective conversation and interaction between
these two groups. The lack of real-time translation capabilities for ISL to text/speech using
AI models and computer vision further exacerbates this issue. As a result, there is a
pressing need to develop a solution that can bridge this communication gap by providing
accurate and instantaneous translation of ISL gestures into text or speech, leveraging
cutting-edge AI models and computer vision technologies. Such a solution would greatly
enhance communication and facilitate seamless interaction between mutists and non-sign
language speakers, ultimately improving their overall quality of life and inclusivity in
various social and professional settings.

4.2 Requirement Analysis

This section covers various functions that are the main promises of the system. These
functionalities constitute the minimum offerings of a complete system. There are two types
of requirements for any system: functional and non-functional requirements.

4.2.1 Functional Requirements

A functional requirement specifies the functionality of a system or one of its
subsystems. It also depends upon the type of software, expected users, and the type
of system where the software is used. Functional user requirements may be
 high-level statements of what the system should do but functional system
requirements should also describe clearly the system services in detail.Functional
requirements for the "Indian Sign Language Translator" project include:
(i) Gesture Recognition: The system must accurately recognize and interpret a
variety of Indian Sign Language (ISL) gestures.It should distinguish between
different hand signs and gestures representing distinct meanings.
(ii) Real-Time Processing: The system must process and translate ISL gestures
into text in real-time. The translation process should have minimal latency to
facilitate instant communication.
(iii) Adaptability: The system should adapt to different lighting conditions,
environments, and user scenarios.It must perform reliably in various situations to
accommodate the diverse needs of users.
(iv) User Interface: Design an intuitive and user-friendly interface that facilitates
easy interaction for users. Include features that enhance the user experience and
accommodate varying levels of proficiency in ISL.

4.2.2 Non Functional Requirements

Non-functional requirements include:
● Performance: The system must handle a variety of ISL gestures efficiently
and accurately.
● Reliability: The system should be reliable and available for use in different
contexts. Implement mechanisms to handle system failures gracefully and
minimize downtime.
● Usability: The user interface must be designed with usability in mind,
catering to users with varying levels of technical proficiency and familiarity
with ISL.
● Scalability: Design the system to accommodate potential scalability
requirements. Ensure that the solution can handle an increasing number of
users and gestures without a significant drop in performance.
4.3 Use Case Analysis
Use case analysis involves identifying the various interactions and scenarios that users may
encounter when using the "Indian Sign Language Translator" app. This analysis helps in
defining the system's behavior and functionality from a user's perspective.
Use cases for the "Indian Sign Language Translator" app may include:
● Inclusivity: The project aims to foster inclusivity by enabling non-verbal
individuals to actively engage in conversations.
● Image Recognition: The app recognizes Image from menu images.
● Accessibility Features: The app provides accessibility features for users with visual
impairments.

Figure 4.1: Use Case Diagram

 (I) Actors
• User
• Optical Device

(II) Roles and Responsibilities

Role: Device
Responsibility:
● Catch frames for Video
● Give a response according to the user hand sign.

Role: User
Responsibility:
● Make hand signs correctly.

(III) Use Case Scenario

Primary Actor: Non-verbal User (using hand signs)

Secondary Actor: Mobile or other device (with the app)

Precondition: The system is installed and operational on the optical device.

The non-verbal user wants to communicate using hand signs.

Postcondition: The non-verbal user successfully conveys a message through

hand signs, and the system processes the signs for text or speech conversion.

Flow of Events:
1. The non-verbal user activates the system on the optical device.
2. The user performs hand signs to convey a message.
3. The optical device captures the hand signs using its camera and processes
them using the system.
 4. The system translates the hand signs into text and speech in real-
time.
5. The optical device displays the translated text and speaks out the
message.
6. The non-verbal user's message is successfully communicated to others in
spoken language.
(Alternate Flow): In case the optical device encounters difficulty in
capturing or interpreting the hand signs, it prompts the user to reposition
their hands for clearer capture or offers alternative input methods such as
manual entry of signs for accurate translation and communication.

4.4 System Architecture

System architecture is the conceptual model that defines the structure, behavior, and more
views of a system. An architecture description is a formal description and representation of
a system, organized in a way that supports reasoning about the structures and behaviors of
the system. Architecture Diagram of the System, the major components are camera,
processor, display/audio. Architecture diagram illustrates the process. Initially an image or
video is captured using a camera. Each frame is then processed through a machine learning
algorithm. If a hand sign is detected within a frame, it is displayed as an output from the
system.

Figure 4.2: Architecture diagram of the System

4.5 Activity Diagram
An activity diagram is a visual representation used in software engineering to model the
flow of activities within a system or process. It illustrates the sequential and parallel
activities, decision points, and the flow of control between them. Nodes represent actions
or events, while arrows depict the transitions between activities. It helps stakeholders
understand the order of execution and dependencies in a system, aiding in the analysis,
design, and documentation of complex processes.

Figure 4.3: Activity Diagram of System

4.6 State Chart Diagram
A state diagram is a type of diagram used to describe the behavior of systems. State
diagrams require that the system described is composed of a finite number of states,
sometimes, this is indeed the case, while at other times this is a reasonable abstraction.
There are four states of this system.
1) Capturing images through camera.
2) Processing individual frames over a neural network.
3) Comparing the processed image with the dataset.
4) Output is shown to the user

Figure 4.4: State Chart Diagram of System

 CHAPTER 5

IMPLEMENTATION

5.1 Hardware & Software Used

The various hardware and software used to train and deploy our project are:
1. OS: Windows, Linux (Ubuntu).
2. Processor: Intel Core i5.
3. RAM: 8 GB.
4. Software: Visual Studio Code, Github, Python.

5.2 Approach 1: Support Vector Machine(SVM)

A support vector machine (SVM) is a type of supervised learning algorithm used in

machine learning to solve classification and regression tasks; SVMs are particularly good
at solving binary classification problems, which require classifying the elements of a data
set into two groups a support vector machine algorithm aims to find the best possible line,
or decision boundary, that separates the datapoints of different data classes. This boundary
is called a hyperplane when working in high-dimensional feature spaces. The idea is to
maximize the margin, which is the distance between the hyperplane and the closest data
points of each category, thus making it easy to distinguish data classes. SVMs are useful
for analyzing complex data that can't be separated by a simple straight line. Called
nonlinear SMVs, they do this by using a mathematical trick that transforms data into
higher-dimensional space, where it is easier to find a boundary.

5.2.1 Working of Support Vector Machine

The key idea behind SVMs is to transform the input data into a
higher-dimensional feature space. This transformation makes it easier to find a
linear separation or to more effectively classify the dataset. To do this, SVMs use a
kernel function. Instead of explicitly calculating the coordinates of the transformed
space, the kernel function enables the SVM to implicitly compute the dot products
between the transformed feature vectors and avoid handling expensive, unnecessary
computations for extreme cases.
For using SVM to create a sign language translator, we followed the following
steps:
Data Collection:
● Gather a dataset of sign language images or videos along with
corresponding textual translations. For this, we took a dataset containing
images of all the alphabets and numbers across 35 classes and about 1200
images.
Preprocessing:
● We reprocessed the sign language images to standardize them. This
involved resizing, normalization, and other image processing techniques.
Feature Extraction:
● Extract meaningful features from the preprocessed data. This could involve
techniques like the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) or deep
learning-based feature extraction methods. The goal is to represent each
sign gesture in a way that captures its unique characteristics.
Labeling:
● We assigned labels to the data based on the corresponding textual
translations. Each sign gesture should be associated with a specific label.
Data Splitting:
● Split the dataset into training and testing sets. The training set is used to
train the SVM model, while the testing set is used to evaluate its
performance.
Model Training:
● Train an SVM model using the labeled and feature-extracted training data.
SVM is a supervised learning algorithm that aims to find a hyperplane that
separates different classes in the feature space.
Optimization:
 ● Fine-tune the model parameters, such as the choice of kernel function and
regularization parameter, to optimize its performance.
Testing and Evaluation:
● Use the testing set to evaluate the performance of the trained SVM model.
Metrics like accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score can be used to assess
how well the model generalizes to new, unseen data.
Integration into Translation System:
● Once the SVM model is trained and performs well on the testing set,
integrate it into a larger sign language translation system. This system may
involve additional components such as real-time video processing, gesture
recognition, and translation of recognized gestures into text.

Figure 5.1: Screenshot of SVM Implementation - I

 Figure 5.2: Screenshot of SVM Implementation - II

5.3 Approach 2: Convolutional Neural Network

A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is employed for image classification, addressing
the challenge of computers interpreting images as numerical arrays. Comprising
convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers, CNNs progressively extract features.
The pooling layer, through max-pooling in this instance, reduces matrix size, emphasizing
crucial features like edges. The resulting compact matrix retains higher-level details.
Transitioning to the fully connected layer, the matrix transforms into a vector, traversing a
neural network akin to an Artificial Neural Network. This network applies weights and
biases, culminating in classification. CNNs utilize a softmax activation function for
classification, providing probabilities for input belonging to specific classes. The process
optimizes training efficiency by handling fewer weights. In essence, CNNs excel at
discerning intricate image details through hierarchical layer processing, enabling robust
image classification.
5.3.1 Working of Convolutional Neural Network
Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) transform input data to a richer space,
helping spot patterns for better classification. CNN layers like convolutional and
pooling do this by extracting features in a step-by-step manner and grasping spatial
details. Instead of directly figuring out new coordinates, CNNs cleverly figure out
essential features through shared weights and local fields, reducing computational
load. This automatic feature learning lets CNNs excel at recognizing important
patterns in input data, making them effective in tasks like image classification.
Creating a sign language translator using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
involves the following steps:
Data Collection:
● Assemble a dataset comprising sign language images or videos and
corresponding textual translations. Our dataset includes images covering 35
classes of alphabets and numbers, totaling around 1200 images.
Preprocessing:
● Standardize sign language images through resizing, normalization, and
other image processing techniques to ensure consistency.
Feature Extraction:
● Extract meaningful features from preprocessed data using techniques like
HistogramofOrientedGradients (HOG) or deep learning-based methods. The
goal is to represent each sign gesture uniquely.
Labeling:
● Assign labels based on corresponding textual translations, associating each
sign gesture with a specific label.
Data Splitting:
● Divide the dataset into training and testing sets. Train the CNN model on
the training set, reserving the testing set for performance evaluation.
Model Training:
● Train the CNN model using labeled and feature-extracted training data.
CNNs excel at hierarchical feature learning, capturing intricate details in
sign gestures.
Optimization:
 ● Fine-tune model parameters, including kernel function and regularization, to
optimize performance.
Testing and Evaluation:
● Evaluate the CNN model's performance using the testing set. Metrics like
accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score gauge how well the model
generalizes to new, unseen data.
Integration into Translation System:
● Once the CNN model proves effective, integrate it into a broader sign
language translation system. This system may involve real-time video
processing, gesture recognition, and translation of recognized gestures into
text.

Figure 5.3: Screenshot of CNN Implementation - I

 Figure 5.4: Screenshot of CNN Implementation - II

5.3.2 Why CNN Over SVM?

CNNs are preferred over SVMs for real-time image classification primarily because
of their capacity for automated and hierarchical feature learning. In real-time
scenarios, especially in image classification, the ability of CNNs to automatically
extract and comprehend intricate features from raw data is crucial. CNNs utilize
convolutional layers to hierarchically capture spatial information, enabling them to
discern complex patterns swiftly. Unlike SVMs, which rely on manually crafted
features, CNNs adapt and learn representations directly from the data, making them
highly efficient for real-time tasks where quick and adaptive decision-making is
essential. The automated and data-driven nature of CNNs, especially in handling
visual information, makes them well-suited for dynamic environments, such as
real-time image classification, where responsiveness and adaptability are key
factors.
5.4 Approach 3: Long Short-Term Memory
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks revolutionize sequence data analysis,
particularly in tasks involving time-series or sequential information. LSTMs operate by
capturing and retaining relevant information over extended sequences, overcoming the
limitations of traditional recurrent neural networks(RNNs) in handling long-range
dependencies. Unlike standard RNNs, LSTMs have a more sophisticated architecture with
memory cells, input, output, and forget gates, allowing them to selectively store or discard
information at various time steps. This capability enables LSTMs to excel in tasks where
understanding context and capturing dependencies over extended sequences is crucial, such
as natural language processing, speech recognition, and time-series prediction. The adaptive
memory mechanisms in LSTMs make them powerful tools for modeling and analyzing
sequential patterns, contributing to their effectiveness in diverse applications.

5.4.1 Working of Long Short-Term Memory

RNNs, designed to handle sequential data, presented a natural fit for sign language
recognition. In hand gesture recognition, LSTM processes time-series data
representing hand movements. It maintains a memory cell to retain information
over time, enabling the model to learn and recognize sequential patterns in gestures.
This makes it effective for capturing the nuanced dynamics of hand movements in
complex gestures.
Creating a sign language translator using Long short-term memory (LSTM)
involves the following steps:

● Dataset Preprocessing:
Convert images to arrays in the .npy format: This step involves
transforming the dataset of sign language images into a format suitable for
efficient storage and retrieval. By converting the images into NumPy arrays
and saving them in the .npy format, we optimize data handling during the
training process.
● Hand Keypoint Detection:
Integration of Mediapipe and CV zone libraries: Utilize the Mediapipe and
 cvzone libraries to perform hand keypoint detection in each frame of the
sign language video. These libraries provide pre-trained models for accurate
and real-time hand pose estimation. Hand key points are essential as they
represent the positions of various parts of the hand, capturing the dynamic
nature of sign language gestures.
● Feature Extraction:
Extract relevant features from the detected hand key points: Identify and
extract meaningful features from the hand key points obtained in the
previous step. These features serve as input for training the LSTM model.
Examples of features may include the relative positions of fingers, palm
orientation, or the sequence of key point movements over time.
● LSTM Model Training (Keras):
Implementation of an LSTM model using Keras: Build and train the LSTM
model using the Keras deep learning library. Configure the LSTM layers to
effectively learn the temporal dependencies within the extracted features.
Define the model architecture, including the number of layers, units, and
activation functions. Train the model using the preprocessed dataset,
adjusting parameters to optimize performance.
● Real-time Sign Language Recognition:
Application of the trained LSTM model in real-time: Utilize the trained
LSTM model to predict language gestures in real-time. Continuously
capture frames from a camera feed, perform hand keypoint detection,
extract features, and feed them into the LSTM model for prediction.

5.4.2 Why LSTM Over CNN and SVM?

RNNs, tailored for sequential data, were initially considered ideal for sign language
recognition. Nevertheless, standard RNNs grappled with challenges such as
vanishing or exploding gradient problems, constraining their effectiveness in
capturing long-range dependencies inherent in sign language gestures. In addressing
these limitations, the team unanimously recognized Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM) networks as transformative. The inherent capacity of LSTMs to overcome
vanishing gradient issues and effectively capture long-term dependencies emerged
 as a pivotal aspect of our methodology. This became particularly crucial for
real-time sign language recognition, where nuanced sequential understanding is
paramount. Furthermore, in the realm of image classification, LSTMs exhibit
unique strengths over CNNs and SVMs. Unlike CNNs, which excel in spatial
feature extraction from images, LSTMs are adept at learning temporal
dependencies, making them highly suitable for tasks involving sequential data like
video frames. The ability of LSTMs to capture context and long-range
dependencies positions them as a powerful choice for image classification,
outshining CNNs and SVMs in scenarios where sequential understanding is
paramount.
● The proposed LSTM-RNN model was tested in real time and achieved a
comparable accuracy score with other state-of-the-art RNN models. The RNN
structure with LSTM configuration has been found to be a better architecture for
the identification of temporal patterns in time series. [3]
● It has been shown that the LSTM is good at processing sequence data and can mine
timing information in the data (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997), as well as
advantages in training longer sequence data, making it a suitable choice for
dynamic gesture recognition. [4]
 Figure 5.5: LSTM Architecture

Equations (1)-(6) show the vectorized implementation of each one of the items that make up the LSTM structure.
`(𝑡)
(𝑡−1) (𝑡)
𝑐 = tanh(𝑊 [𝑎 , ]+𝑏 ) (1)
𝑐 𝑐
𝑋

(𝑡) (2)
𝑟 = ta nh(𝑊 (𝑡−1)
,𝑋 ]
(𝑡) +𝑏 )
𝑡 [𝑎 𝑡
𝑡 (3)
(𝑡)
𝑟 = ta nh(𝑊 [𝑎(𝑡−1), 𝑋(𝑡)] +𝑏 )
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
(4)
(𝑡)
𝑟 = ta nh(𝑊 [𝑎 (𝑡−1)
,𝑋 ]
(𝑡) +𝑏 )
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
(5)
(𝑡) (𝑡) `(𝑡) (𝑡) (𝑡−1)
𝑐 =𝑟 *𝑐 +𝑟 *𝑐
𝑎 =𝑟 𝑡* tanh(𝑐 ) 𝑓 (6)
(𝑡) 𝑜(𝑡) (𝑡)
where:
(𝑡)
is an input vector containing the value of each EMG channel or the activation values of the previous
dense layer in time t.
(𝑡−1)
represent the activations of the LSTM units in the previous time t-1.
(𝑡−1) (𝑡)
represents the memory values in the previous time t-1; are the activations in the current time t.
(𝑡)
are the new memory values for time t.
𝑊 represent the LSTM unit weight for each gate and 𝑏 represent the LSTM unit bias for each gate.
𝑥 𝑥
Figure 5.6: Code for implementing LSTM architecture

Figure 5.7: LSTM model implementation

Figure 5.8: Screenshot of Epoch Accuracy

Figure 5.9: Screenshot of Epoch Loss

CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The experimental evaluation of the Vaani system yielded promising results that highlight the
efficacy of the LSTM approach for real-time Indian Sign Language (ISL) gesture recognition.
Across a comprehensive dataset comprising 1200 images spanning 35 classes of ISL alphabets and
numbers, the LSTM model achieved an impressive accuracy of 80%, outperforming the SVM
(36% accuracy) and CNN (46% accuracy) baselines. The superiority of LSTMs can be attributed
to their ability to effectively capture long-range temporal dependencies and nuanced sequential
patterns inherent in sign language gestures. [4]
Qualitative analysis of the results revealed that the LSTM model excelled in recognizing complex,
multi-part gestures that involved intricate hand movements over an extended duration.
Furthermore, the real-time translation capabilities of the LSTM-powered system were evaluated
through user studies, where most of the participants reported a high degree of satisfaction with the
translation accuracy and responsiveness.
The promising results substantiate the hypothesis that LSTM networks are well-suited for sign
language recognition tasks, offering a powerful solution to bridge communication gaps for the
deaf and non-verbal communities. However, the study also identified areas for improvement, such
as handling occluded or partially visible gestures, which could be addressed through ensemble
techniques or incorporating additional modalities like depth sensors.
Figure 6.1: Screenshot of LSTM model Manual Testing - I

Figure 6.2: Screenshot of LSTM model Manual Testing - II

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, developing an Indian Sign Language (ISL) translator involves a meticulous

process of data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, and model training. In this
endeavor, various approaches, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Convolutional
Neural Networks (CNN), and long-short-term Memory (LSTM) networks, were explored.
SVMs, with their capacity for handling complex data and optimizing hyperplanes,
showcased effectiveness. CNNs, tailored for image-related tasks, demonstrated prowess in
discerning intricate spatial hierarchies.

However, the LSTM network emerged as a standout performer, particularly in the context
of sequential data inherent in sign language gestures. Its ability to capture long-range
dependencies and contextual information made it well-suited to the dynamic nature of sign
language interpretation. The LSTM's adaptive memory mechanisms outshined others,
resulting in superior accuracy. This reinforces the notion that for tasks involving sequential
patterns, such as sign language translation, LSTM networks prove to be a powerful and
promising choice, offering nuanced insights and achieving commendable accuracy.

Future Enhancement:
Concerning future work, efficient ways for integrating depth information that will guide
the feature extraction training phase, can be devised. Moreover, another promising
direction is to investigate the incorporation of more sequence learning modules, like
attention-based approaches, to adequately model inter-gloss dependencies. Future SLR
architectures may be enhanced by fusing highly semantic representations that correspond
to the manual and non-manual features of SL, similar to humans.
1. Text To Speech
2. Making our own dataset.
3. Implement this on a bigger dataset of Indian sign words
 REFERENCES

[1] Nikolas Adaloglou, Theocharis Chatzis, Ilias Papastratis, Andreas Stergioulas and Petros Daras ,
“Comprehensive Study on Sign Language Recognition Methods”, Senior Member, IEE, University of Patras,
Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, 2020.
[2] Toro-Ossaba, A.; Jaramillo-Tigreros, J.; Tejada, J.C.; Peña, A.; López-González, A.; Castanho, R.A.,
“LSTM Recurrent Neural Network for Hand Gesture Recognition Using EMG Signals”. Appl. Sci. 12, 9700.
https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199700, 2022.
[3] Papatsimouli, M.; Sarigiannidis, P.; Fragulis, G.F., “A Survey of Advancements in Real-Time Sign
Language Translators: Integration with IoT Technology”. Technologies 11, 83.
https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies11040083, 2023.
[4] Zhang Y, Peng L, Ma G, Man M and Liu S, “Dynamic Gesture Recognition Model Based on
Millimeter-Wave Radar With ResNet-18 and LSTM". Front. Neuro Robot. 16:903197, doi:
10.3389/fnbot.2022.9 , 2022.
[5] Wu, Y.; Huang, T. “Vision-Based Gesture Recognition: A Review. In Gesture-Based Communication in
Human-Computer Interaction”, Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 103–115, 1999.
[6] Johnston, T.; Schembri, A. “Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An Introduction to Sign Language
Linguistics”, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
[7] Emmorey, K. “Language, Cognition, and the Brain: Insights from Sign Language Research”, Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates Publishers: Mahwah, NJ, USA, 2002.
[8] Wijayawickrama, R.; Premachandra, R.; Punsara, T.; Chanaka, A. “Iot based sign language recognition
system”. Glob. J. Comput. Sci. Technol, 20, 39–44, 2020.
[9] Sutton-Spence, R.; Woll, B. “Linguistics and Sign Linguistics. In The Linguistics of British Sign
Language: An Introduction”, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 19 pp. 1–21, 1999.
[10] Maalej , Z. “Book Review: Language, Cognition, and the Brain: Insights from Sign Language
Research”. Linguist List. http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/13/13-1631.html, 2002.
[11] Tervoort, B.T. “Sign language: The study of deaf people and their language”: J.G. Kyle and B. Woll,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,. ISBN 521 26075. ix+318 pp. Lingua 1986, 70, 205–212, 1985.
[12] Stokoe, W.C. “Jr. Sign language structure: An outline of the visual communication systems of the
American deaf ” J. Deaf. Stud. Deaf. Educ. , 10, 3–37, 2005.
[13] Papatsimouli, M.; Lazaridis, L.; Kollias, K.F.; Skordas, I.; Fragulis, G.F. “Speak with Signs: Active
Learning Platform for Greek Sign Language, English Sign Language, and Their Translation”. In SHS Web of
Conferences; EDP Sciences: Les Ulis, France; Volume 102, p. 01008, 2020.
[14] Papatsimouli, M.; Kollias, K.F.; Lazaridis, L.; Maraslidis, G.; Michailidis, H.; Sarigiannidis, P.; Fragulis,
G.F. “Real Time Sign Language Translation Systems: A review study”, In Proceedings of the 2022 11th
International Conference on Modern Circuits and Systems Technologies (MOCAST), Bremen, Germany, 8–
10 June 2022; pp. , 2022.
[15] Shubhankar, B.; Chowdhary, M.; Priyadharshini, M. “IoT Device for Disabled People”, Procedia
Comput. Sci. , 165, 189–195, 2019.
[16] Shukor, A.Z.; Miskon, M.F.; Jamaluddin, M.H.; bin Ali, F.; Asyraf, M.F.; bin Bahar, M.B. “A new data
glove approach for Malaysian sign language detection”. Procedia Comput. Sci. , 76, 60–67. 2015.
[17] Akmeliawati, R.; Ooi, M.P.L.; Kuang, Y.C. “Real-Time Malaysian Sign Language Translation Using
Colour Segmentation and Neural Network”. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Instrumentation &
Measurement Technology Conference IMTC , Warsaw, Poland, 1–3 May 2007; pp. 1–6. 2007.
[18] Zhao, S.; Chen, Z.h.; Kim, J.T.; Liang, J.; Zhang, J.; Yuan, Y.B. “Real-Time Hand Gesture Recognition
Using Finger Segmentation”. Sci. World J., 267872, 2014.
[19] Sumita, E.; Akiba, Y.; Doi, T.; Finch, A.; Imamura, K.; Paul, M.; Watanabe, T. “A Corpus-Centered
Approach to Spoken Language Translation”. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference of the European Chapter
of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Budapest, Hungary, 12–17; pp. 171–174, 2003.
[20] Aarssen, A.; Genis, R.; van der Veeken, E. " (Eds.) A Bibliography of Sign Languages”, 2008–2017:
With an Introduction by Myriam Vermeerbergen and Anna-Lena Nilsson; Brill: Aylesbury, UK, 2018.
[21] Md. Manik Ahmed, Md. Anwar Hossain, A F M Zainul Abadin, & A F M Zainul Abadin:
“Implementation and Performance Analysis of Different Hand Gesture Recognition Methods”. Global
Journal of Computer Science and Technology, 19(D3), 13–20, .
https://gjcst.com/index.php/gjcst/article/view/510, 2019.
[22] T. G. Zimmerman, "A Hand Gesture Interface Device", Proc. Human Factors in Computing Systems
and Graphics Interface, pp. 189-192, 1987-April.
[23] J. Kramer and L. Leifer, “The Talking Glove: An Expressive and Receptive Verbal Communication Aid
for the Deaf Deaf-Blind and Non-vocal”, 1989.
[24] Salim, S.; Jamil, M.M.A.; Ambar, R.; Wahab, M.H.A., “A Review on Hand Gesture and Sign Language
Techniques for Hearing Impaired Person”. In Machine Learning Techniques for Smart City Applications:
Trends and Solutions; Hemanth, D.J., Ed.; Springer: Cham, Switzerland; pp. 35–44, 2022.
[25] Johnson, C.J.; Beitchman, J.H.; Brownlie E,: “Twenty-Year Follow-up of Children with and without
Speech-Language Impairments”: Family, Educational, Occupational, and Quality of Life Outcomes. Am. J.
Speech-Lang. Pathol. 19, 51–65, 2010.
[26] Webb, S.J.; Jones, E.J.; Kelly, J.; Dawson, G., “The Motivation for Very Early Intervention for Infants
at High Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorders”. Int. J. Speech-Lang. Pathol. 16, 36–42, 2014.
[27] Abedin, T.; Prottoy, K.S.; Moshruba, A.; Hakim, S.B., “Bangla Sign Language Recognition Using
Concatenated BdSL Network”. arXiv 2021, arXiv:2107.11818, 2021.