EXPERIMENT NO-1

Part A
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT:
Familiarization with different electronic components.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
The components required for this experiment are:
Passive components: Resistors,
capacitors, Inductors and
Transformers.
Active components: Diodes, Transistors and ICs.
THEORY:
An electronic component is any basic discrete
device or physical
entity in an electronic system used to affect electrons or their
associated fields. Electronic components are mostly
products, available in asingular form. Electronic componentsindustrial
number of electrical terminals or leads. These leads connect tohave a
other
electrical components, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit
with a particular function (for example a rectifier,
voltage regulator,
an amplifier, radio receiver, filter Or oscillator).Basic
electronic
components may be packaged discretely, as arrays or networks of
like Components, integrated inside of packages Such as
Or

semiconductor
film devices.
integrated circuits, hybrid integrated circuits, or thick

Passive components: In circuit design, passive

components are the
ones that can't introduce net energy into the circuit. In other words, a
passive component is a component that is incapable of power gain;
this means they cannot amplify signals (increase the
power of a
signal). Under this definition, passive components include
inductors, resistors, transformers. capacitors,
Active components: An electronic device or component that is made
up primarly of solid materials, usually semiconductors, which
operates by the movement of charge carriers electrons or holes
which undergo energy level changes within the material and can
modify an input voltage to achieve rectification, amplification, or
switching action. These components rely on a source of energy
(usually from the DC circuit) and usually can inject power into a
circuit.

Passive Components: List :

Resistor: The property of a substance to oppose the flow of current
through it is called resistance. The unit of resistance is ohm (2).
These are of two types.
 I. Fixed Resistor
II. Variable Resistor composition resistor,
Carbon film carbon
a r e resistor, Wire
metal filmn resistors, suriace
Examples of fixed resistor
wOund resistor.
mount resistors etc.

insulating material
Capacitor:
plates
The two conducting purpose
separated by
field.
forms
of a capacitor is to store charge. Ina
capacitor. The basic energy in an electric Its unit is
farad, uF andit pF. It
stores is used
electricalfor coupling, bypassing and fltering
other words,
according to the dielectric
are named capacitor and
purpose. Capacities divided into two types (1) fixed
material. Again it is capacitor
variable
Capacitor having fixed value by the
Fired capacitor:
manufacturer.
capacitor, ceramic capacitor and electrolytic
Ex: mica
capacitor. Variablecapacitor: Ex: Gang capacitor,
Trimmer.
on two sides with
Ceramic capacitor: A ceramic disc is coated
plated
metal such as Cu or Ag. The coating acts as the two
Tinned wire leads are also attached to each plate. The entire unit
is coated with plastic and marked with its capacitance value
either using numerical color code, range of these capacitor are 3
pF to about 2 uF.
Electrolytic capacitor: This is a polar capacitor. The range is 1
uF several 470 HF. These capacitors are commonly used where a
large unit capacitance is required.
Variable capacitor: Ex: gang capacitor and trimmer and padder.
The electric circuit in which frequency is to be changed as
per
requirement such tuning, variable capacitor are used. Gang
capacitor is the most commonly used variable capacitor. These
capacitors are generally available in range from 10 pF to 365 pF. It
is used in tuning circuit of radio
receiver.
Trimmer: Another type of variable capacitor is called
electric circuit, when the trimmer.
capacitors are used in Tne
capacitance in not frequent. The capacitor variation o
metal sheets separated by sheets of consists of two or more
of Trimmer is called mica ceramic. The combinatiot
padder.
Inductor: The electronic component which
Current 1n circuit opposes the
inductor due to which it called an inductor. The ability change
is
of col O
opposes the change of current flowib
 I. Fixed Resistor
II. Variable Resistor
Examples of fixed resistor are carbon composition resistor,
resistor, Carbon film resistor, metal film
resistors, wire
wound
mount resistors etC.

Capacitor:
surlace
The two conducting plates separated by
insulatingmaterial
capacitor. The basic purpose of a
capacitor is to store
other vords, it stores electrical energy in an electric forms
charge.unit Inis
a
farad, uF and pF. It is used for field. Its
coupling, bypassing and
purpose. Capacities are named according to
material. Again it is divided into two types (1) fixed
variable
the filtering
dielectric
capacitor and
Fixed capacitor: Capacitor having fixed
value by the
capacitor.
manufacturer.
Ex: mica capacitor, ceramic capacitor and electrolytic
capacitor. Variable capacitor: Ex: Gang capacitor,
Trimmer.
Ceramic capacitor: A ceranmic disc is
metal such as Cu or Ag. coated on two sides with a
Tinned wire leads are also The coating acts as the twO plated.
is coated with attached to
plastic and marked witheach plate. The entire unit
either using its
pF to about 2numerical
capacitance value
color code, range of these
uF. capacitor are 3
Electrolytic
HF several 470capacitor: This is a polar capacitor. The
uF. These capacitors
large unit capacitance is are commonly usedrange is 1
where a
Variable required.
capacitor: Ex: gang capacitor and trimmer and
The electric circuit in which frequency is to be padder.
requirement such tuning, variable changed as per
capacitor is the most commonly used capacitor
variable
are used. Gang
capacitors are generally available in
range
capacitor. These
is used in tuning circuit of radio receiver. from 10 pF to 365 pF. It
Trimmer: Another type of variable capacitor is
called
capacitors are used in
electric circuit, when the trimmer.
variation
The
capacitance in not frequent. The
capacitor consists of two
of
metal sheets separated by sheets of mica or more
ofTrimnmer called padder.
is ceramic. The combination
Inductor: The electronic component which
Currernt in circuit is called an inductor.opposes
The
the change of
inductor due to which it opposes the change of ability of coil or
current flowing
 known as
through it is
Henry. It offers
high inductance.
impedance The unit of
impedance matching.circuit but very inductance
to AC is
used for
is low
to DC. It impedance
Types of inductor:
Fixed Inductor
1.
Variable Inductor
II.
()Fixed Inductor: Filter choke or choke coil is an
filter section DC supply. It blocks the AC signal and Inductor in the
allows the DC
signal. Filter choke have many turns of wire wound on an iron
COre.
n oriable InductoT: Varlable Inductor is used in tuning circuit for
( ) nge the inductance ferrite core is employed. By changing the
itive screwed ferrite core, the inductance can be varied. Ex:
Oscillator coil.

Transformer: It is the static device which transfers electrical energy

from circuit to another circuit without changing its frequency.
Basically, it consists two winding having the same core. The coil to
which supply voltage is connected is called primary winding and the
coil where load is connected is called secondary winding. It works on
the principle of mutual inductance.
Active components: List :
Diode: A suitably biased P-N junction is called semiconductor diode.
in one direction, when
The property of a diode is to conduct current
anode and
forward biased. Crystal diodes have two terminals, namely
in switching circuits.
cathode. Diode used as rectifiers, detectors and
1N4148.
General purpose signal diodes are 1N4007,
called as Light emitting diode. It radiated light when it is
LED: LED is depends upon the type of
forward biased. The color of radiation in instrument display, digital
photosensitive material used. It is used
watches and calculators.
properly doped crystal diode which has a sharp
Zener Diode: A zener diode. It is always connected in
voltage is called
breakdown
Break down voltage is the reverse voltage at
reverse biased condition. and sudden rise in reverse current
breaks
which the P-N junction voltage regulator or voltage stabilizer.
Occurs. Zener diode is used as
Transistor: consists of two P-N
junction transistor
BJT: A bipolar sandwiching either p-type or n-type
junctions formed by opposite types. There are there
semiconductor between a pair of are of
namely emitter, base and collector. Transistors
terminals
two types.
 2) P-N-PTransistor various active and
in which
1) N-P-N Transistor circuit capacitors, resistors
IC (Integrated circuits): The diodes, called integrated
transistors,
conponents such as semiconductor chip is
passive
mounted in a single
etc are
circuit.
 NAME OF THE

SL
COMPONENT PHYSICAL APPREANCE SYMBOL
NO
Carbon resistor(Fixed
resistor)
R
W

Wire woundresistor 2484%3

(Fixed Resistor)
R

Potentiometer
(Variableresistor)

Electrolyte capacitor
(Fixed Capacitor)

104
Ceramic capacitor
(Fixed Capacitor)

Gang Capacitor
(Variable Capacitor)

Trimmer
(Variable Capacitor)
 Inductor
8. Iron core Inductor
(Fixed Inductor)

9. Choke coil
(Variable
Inductor)

Primary
0. Transformer Winding

Step doa Trarstme

11. P-N junction diode

Zener diode

Light Emitting Diode

(LED)

Transistor (BJT)

(PNP)
 (NPN)
C
Power transistor

(NPN)

Integrated circuit
 resistCODING: The color coding scheme for calculation of the
resistance value is shown below.
Name of Significant Multiplier Tolerance
the colour band band
bands
Black 10°
Brown 10'
Red 2 102
Orange
Yellow 4
3 10
104
Green 5 10
Blåe 6 10
Violet 7 10
Gray 8 l08
White 109
Golden
Silver
X
10-1(0.1) ±5%

No color
10-2(0.01) ±10%
X +20%

1st band
2nd band 3rd band 4th band
(brown = "1")
(black = "0") (multiplier band) (tolerance band)
(red = "x 1002") (gold = "5%")
Fig. 1( Resistor color codes: an examplc (a I-kilohm 5o
tolerance resistor)
If a resistor color bands translate to three
digits ABC according to the above table, Multipler
then the resistance value would be ABx10 Fiqure 1 104K
2. If ABC is 104 (Brown, Black, Yellow) then Figure 2 Tolerance
resistance will be 1Ox104 Q = 100000 Q
100 kS2. The first two color bands give the
first two digits of resistance value and the
third colour band gives the third digit i.e.
number of zeroes to be added so as to
resistance value in
get
ohm, Fourth band
determines the tolerance in the value.
10 0000pF100000pF100
 5.
COLOR value
resistance CODING: - The color coding scheme for
calculation of the
isshown below.
theName of
colour Significant Multiplier Tolerance
Black bands band
10°
band
Brown
Red lo!

Orange
Yellow
3
4
10
l03

Green 5
10

10
Blue 6
Violet 105
10
Gray 108
White
10
Golden
Silver 10-(0.1) +5%
No color
X
10-2(0.01) +10%
+20%

1st band
(brown = "1") 2nd band 3rd band 4th band
(black = "o") (multiplier band) (tolerance band)
(red = "x 100N") (gold = "5%")
Fig. 1{ Resistor color codes: an
exammplc(a |-kilohm 5% tolerancc resistoi)
If a resistor color bands translate to three
digits ABC according to the above table, Multiplier
then the resistance value would be
ABx10C
2. If ABC is 104 (Brown, Black, Yellow) Fiqure 1 104K
then Figure 2 Lt Tolerance
resistance will be 10x104 = 100000 Q
100 kQ. The first two color bands give
the
first two digits of resistance value and the
third colour band gives the third digit i.e.
number of zeroes to be added so as to get
resistance value in
ohm. Fourth band
determines the tolerance in the value. ter K t %
10 000opF=100000pF=100onF
A similar coding scheme is also applicable to ceramic capacitors
written on their face (as shown in the figure). If a ceramic
with3 digits
has three digits - ABC, then the value would be ABx 10C Pico
capacitor
If
ABC is 104 then the digit 104 means 10x 104 pF
Farad. pF = 100 nF = 0.1 uF. The first two digits of printed Code are
100000
first two digits of capacitor value and the third digit gives the
the
numberof zeroes to be added so as to get capacitor value in Pico
Farad.
 Part B
AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT: instruments.
Familiarization with different measuring
VENTS AND coMPONENTS REOUIRED: The equipment and
COmponents reguired forthis experiment are:
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, Function
Digital Multi-meter,
generator.
lecrOnic components such as Resistor, diode etc.

THEORY: _The basic theory needed to understand this experiment s

given below.

A) DIGITAL MULTIMETER:
A digital Multi-meter displays the A.C. Or D.C. voltage being
measured directly as discretenumerical in the decimal system.

Main parts of digital Multi-meter are:

) Digital display unit :It displays the measured quality in digits
ii) Input Terminal: There are 3 sockets, one of them (COM) is
Common to which black lead or probe is inserted. The other two
sockets to which red lead is connected are :
a) V/2/uA/mA/ Hz: It is used for measurement of d.c. and a.c.
voltage, resistance and measurement of current in mA, pA
range.
b) 10 A' is used for measurement of a.c. & d.c. current in
ampere range.
i) Mode switch: This switch is used to select the mode.
iv) Range switch: This push button switch is used to select the
v) range of quantity to be measured.
 METRAVI 901-I
ALITO
DC

Rant Da d My Hod

CAT I G00v

mA

OFF OFF

Auto Power Oft

10A TEMP
For 30 see.
COM DAmA
COOV MA
16 min.
FUED CFUSED

Digital Multimeter

components
pp0CEDURE:_The procedure to analyze the equipment and
is given below:
multi-Meter first to check whether the
1. While measuring by analog
pointer is on zero position or not.
2. If not, it must be kept in zero position, by adjusting adjustment
knob (short the two leads). Always the black probe is treated as (-)
semiconductor, black is (+) ve
ve and red as (+) ve. But in case of
and red is (-) ve.

electronic instrument
B) CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope): - It is an different wave,
which gives/ displays the visual representation of
forms. The different front panel controls of CRO are:
1) Power ON/OFF: When push button switch pressed, the
Instrument is switched ON.
2) INTENS : Controls the brightness of trace
3) TR: Controls the adjustment of the trace (Screw driver adjust)
4) FOCUS: Controls the sharpness of the trace
5) Y INPUT : BNC connector for I/P connection
 6) Y AMPL: Switch selects the
V/div.
sensitivity position in mV/diy 8.
7) Y POS: Control provided for vertical positioning of
: for AC or DC measurement trace AC/DC
8) GND: When pressed oscilloscope input is
grounded.
9) CT: Terminal provided for component testing
10) Time base: Switch selects the speed of
time base in us/div or
ms/div.
11) TB VAR: Time base variation, it
controls the
steps of time/ div for calibration put this fully speed between twe
anticlockwise.
12)X-POS: Control provided for horizontal positioning of trace
13) + / -: Push button switch selects the slope of
triggering whether
(t)ve or ()ve
14) HOR EXT : Push button switch when pressed disconnects
the time internally and allows external horizontal signal to be
displayed
15) LEVEL : Controls the triggered level from peak to peak signal,
when no input is given to Y, the trace will be seen only at 'AT'
position
16) X-input: BNC terminal provided to connect external horizontal
signal.
FUNCTION GENERATOR: - It is an instrument which generates
C) amplitude.
different wave forms of different frequencies and
Generator:
Front Panel Controls of Function
supplying power to instrument.
Power: Push button switch for
digit frequency meters, LED indications for Hz
Digital Display: 4 3 MHz
Range: Frequency range selection from 0.3 Hz to
and KHZ. fine adjustment OFFSET:
Frequency:Continuous & linear frequency
offset voltage
Adjustment of the (+)ve or (-)ve amplitude from 0
Continuous adjustment of the 0/P
AMPLITUDE:
dB to 20 dB.
Square - DC) 50
selection switch (Triangle Sine - BNC.
Function: Mode O/P impedance at the O/P
2/6002- selects the buttons is pushed, the O/P
push (displayed signal
dB:When any of the two20 dB fixed attenuator original input
20 attenuated by
signal gets becomes (1/10 )th of the
introduces 40 dB
button push buttons
after one
voltage). Pushing both push
signalin
of attenuation.
oUTPUT:IBNC Connector):- O/P of the function generator. The O/P
impedanceis 50 2/600 Q& naximum 0/P amplitude is 20 V
(P-P).

Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

Function Generator
 components
and
equipment
PROCEDURE:
is given below: The procedure to analyze the

1. Voltage
measure ment :
Voltage measured by cathode ray oscilloscope
= (Noof diversion covered in Y- axis)
x (volt per division switch position)
2. Frequency Measurement:
oscilloscope
Frequency of the periodic signal displayed on cathode ray
1
divisionswitchposition)
(No of division covered in x axis for one cycle) x (time per
measurm5
OBSERVATION TABLE: Theobservation table for
irequency and amplitude is shown below:

MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY:
No of div. covered in Frequency
Sl.No. T/D switch X-axis in one cycle
Total time(T)
f =I/T
position (Big / small)
/o.32
1
2

MEASUREMENT OF AMPLITUDE:
frompeak to Total Peak to Amplitude
No of div, covered
V/D switch peak in Peak voltage
S1.No position y-axis (Big/small) (Vp-p) Vm =(Vp-p/2)

2
3

students
CONCLUSION:To be written by the