,

l
~

,
J
.

California Standards
History-Social Science
8.12 Students analyze the transformation ofthe American
economy and the changing social and political conditions in
the United States in response to the Industrial Revolution.

Analysis Skills
Hl6 Students interpret basic indications of economic
performance.
English-Language Arts
Writing 8.2.0 Write documents related to career development.
Reading 8.2.0 Students read and understand grade-level
appropriate materials.

A Memo You are a writer at a television network, and you

have an idea for a TV drama series set in the late 1800s.
Draft a memo to your boss telling her about your story idea.
As you read this chapter, gather information about the
people, places, and events of this time period. Then write
your memo. Tell about the basic plot, the cast of characters,
and the setting of your series. 1879
UNITED
Thomas Edison
STATES
invents the first
lightbulb.

German engineer
Nikolaus A. Otto perfects a
WoRLD gasoline-powered engine.
 1890
Congress passes the Sherman Antitrust Act.
The American
Federation of 1892
Labor is formed On June 29 the Homestead strike begins. Carnegie
on December 8. Steel Company refuses to negotiate with the union.

1883 The island volcano of 1889

Krakatau in the Pacific Ocean The Eiffel Tower scientists Pierre
erupts in one of the world's is built in Paris. and Marie Curie
greatest natural disasters. discover radium.

571
Focus on Themes In this chapter, you will read the immigrants who arrived in the late 1800s and
about the advancements in transportation and com- will see what happened to the cities as these immi-
munication made during what is called the Second grants moved in record numbers into urban areas.
Industrial Revolution. You will learn about the rise Throughout the chapter, you will see how society
of powerful corporations. You will also read about was affected by the changing economy.

Organization of Facts and Information

Focus on Reading How are clothes organized in a department
Additional reading : 111te!',j'~ctive
store? How are files arranged in a file cabinet? Clear organization
support can be : ~
helps us find the product we need, and it also helps us find facts and found in the : ~
information .

Understanding Structural Patterns Writers use structural patterns

to organize information in sentences or paragraphs. What's a structural
pattern? It's simply a way of organizing information. Learning to recog-
nize those patterns will make it easier for you to read and understand
social studies texts.

Patterns of Organization [I To use text structure to improve

Clue Words your understanding, follow
Pattern Graphic Organizer
these steps:
Cause-effect as a result,
therefore, 1. Look for the main idea of the
shows how one
passage you are reading.
thing leads to because,
another therefore, 2. Then look for clues that signal
this led to a specific pattern.
3. Look for other important
Chronological after, before, ideas and think about how
Order shows
the sequence of
events or actions.
first, then, not
long after,
finally
lr. , the ideas connect. Is there
any obvious pattern?
4. Use a graphic organizer to
Comparison- although, but, Differences I. .. map the relationships among
!-~~ the facts and details.
~milarities
contrast points however, on
our similarities the other hand, I
and/or differences. similarly, also ·
listing presents also, most Category
information in important, • Fact
categories such as for example, • Fact
size, location or in fact
• Fact
importance.

572 CHAPTER 18
,
1
 Chapter 18
You Try It! Section 1
The following passages are from the chapter you are about to read. Second Industrial Revolution (p. 575)
Bessemer process (p. 575)
As you read each set of sentences, ask yourself what structural pattern Thomas Alva Edison (p. 576)
the writer used to organize the information. patents (p. 576)
Alexander Graham Bell (p. 577)
Henry Ford (p. 577)
Wilbur and Orville Wright (p. 578)
Recognizing Structural Patterns
(A) "Great advances in communications technologies
Section 2
corporations (p. 579)
took place in the late 1800s. By 1861, telegraph wires Andrew Carnegie (p. 580)
connected the East and West coasts. Five years later, a vertical integration (p. 580)
telegraph cable on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean con- John D. Rockefeller (p. 580)
horizontal integration (p. 581)
nected the United States and Great Britain." (p. 577) trust (p. 581)
(B) "Many business leaders justified their business meth- Leland Stanford (p. 581)
social Darwinism (p. 581)
ods through their belief in social Darwinism ... Other monopoly (p. 582)
business leaders, however, believed that the rich had Sherman Antitrust Act (p. 582)
a duty to aid the poor." (p. 581)
Section 3
(C) "During the late 1800s, several factors led to a decline Frederick W. Taylor (p. 584)
Knights of Labor (p. 585)
in the quality of working conditions. Machines run by Terence W. Powderly (p. 585)
unskilled workers were eliminating the jobs of many Samuel Gompers (p. 585)
skilled craftspeople. These low-paid workers could be American Federation of Labor (p. 585)
replaced easily." (p. 584) collective bargaining (p. 586)
Mary Harris Jones (p. 586)
Haymarket Riot (p. 586)
Homestead Strike (p. 587)
After you read the passages, answer the questions below: Pullman Strike (p. 587)

1. Reread passage A. What structural pattern did the writer use to Section 4
old immigrants (p. 588)
organize this information? How can you tell?
new immigrants (p. 588)
steerage (p. 589)
2. Reread passage B. What structural pattern did the writer use to
benevolent societies (p. 591)
organize this information? How can you tell? Why do you think Chinese Exclusion Act (p. 593)
the writer chose this pattern? Immigration Restriction League (p. 593)

3. Reread passage C. What structural pattern did the writer use to Section 5
organize this information? How can you tell? Why do you think mass transit (p. 595)
suburbs (p. 595)
the writer chose this pattern? mass culture (p. 595)
department stores (p. 596)
settlement houses (p. 597)
Hull House (p. 597)
As you read Chapter 18, think about the Jane Addams (p. 597)
organization of the ideas. Ask yourself
why the writer chose to organize the Academic Vocabulary
information in this way. In this chapter, you will learn the
following academic words:
implement (p. 577); acquire (p. 580)
policy (p. 593)
AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 573
 Main Ideas
1. Breakthroughs in steel
processing led to a boom
If YOU were there ...
in railroad construction. You live in a small town but are visiting an aunt in the city in the
2. Advances in the use of oil and
electricity improved commu-
1890s. You are amazed when your aunt pushes a button on the
nications and transportation. wall to turn on electric lights. At home you still use kerosene lamps.
3. A rush of inventions changed
the lives of Americans.
You hear a clatter outside and see an electric streetcar traveling
down the street. You are shocked when a telephone rings, and
•
~-=~-"' :::;:; "',-

The Big Idea your aunt speaks to someone miles away!

The Second Industrial Revolution
11 led to new sources of power Which of these inventions would you
and advances in transportation find most amazing?
and communication.

Key Terms and People ';,i. -~•v'~ "C'-J<''~X"'<;.- ;.;,·· ·· ' ' " '

Second Industrial Revolution, BUILDING BACKGROUND The first Industrial Revolution in

p.575
America began in the early 1800s. It changed the way products were
Bessemer process, p. 575
Thomas Edison, p. 576
made, from handwork to machines. It moved the workplace from
j
patents, p. 576 cottages to factories. Later, it brought advances in transportation
Alexander Graham Bell, p. 577 and communication. The Second Industrial Revolution built on these
Henry Ford, p. 577 changes, introducing new technology and new sources of power.
Wilbur and Orville Wright, p. 578

~
lim 8.12.1 Trace patterns of agri-
cultural and industrial development as
they relate to climate, use of natural
resources, markets, and trade and
locate such development on a map.
8.12.9 Name the significant inventors
and their inventions and identify how
they improved the quality of life (e.g.,
Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham
Bell, Orville and Wilbur Wright). l
574 CHAPTER 18
~
1
~
Breakthroughs in Steel iding the Rails
Fadors Affeding
Processing As steel dropped in price,
Industrial Growth
so did the cost of building • Greater ability to use natural
Technological advances were important to
railroads. Companies built resources
the Second Industrial Revolution , a period
thousands of miles of new • A growing population
of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in
steel track. The design • Transportation advances
the late 1800s. By the mid-1890s, the United
of elegant passenger and • Rising immigration
States had become the world's industrial
sleeping cars improved • Inventions and innovations
leader.
passenger service. Manu- • Increasing business
facturers and farmers sent investment
The Steel Industry • Government policies assisting
products to market faster
Some of the most important advances in business, such as protective
than ever by rail. Cities tariffs
technology happened in the steel industry.
where major rail liries
Steel is iron that has been made stronger by
crossed, such as Chicago,
heat and the addition of other metals. In
grew rapidly. Railroads also increased west-
the mid-1850s Henry Bessemer invented the
ern growth by offering free tickets to settlers.
Bessemer process , a way to manufacture
Rail travel made the journey west faster and
steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot
safer. Finally, as rail travel and shipping
air through melted iron to quickly remove
increased, railroads and related industries
impurities. Before, turning several tons of iron
began employing more people.
ore into steel took a day or more. The Besse-
mer process took only 10 to 20 minutes. Identifying Cause and
The Bessemer process helped increase Effect How did steel processing change in the
steel production. U.S. mills had produced 1850s, and how did this affect the United States?
77,000 tons of steel in 1870. By 1879 produc-
tion had risen to more than 1 million tons in
one year.
 lbe Spirit of Innovation __....,.. I

1854 Henry Bessemer patents

a method for making cast steel.
I

1852 Elisha Otis

invents the elevator
safety brake, making
elevators safe for
people.

Use of Oil and Electricity Electricity Spreads

The Second Industrial Revolution was char- In addition to kerosene, electricity became
acterized by dramatic developments in the a critical source of light and power during
use and distribution of oil and electricity. the Second Industrial Revolution. The pos-
These power sources fueled other changes. sible uses of electricity interested inventors

Oil as a Power Source

An important technological breakthrough
in the late 1800s was the use of petroleum,
like Thomas Edison. His research center in
Menlo Park, New Jersey, was called an inven-
tion factory. Edison explained his practical
approach to science.
,
or oil, as a power source. People had known 11 I do not regard myself as a pure scientist, as so
about oil for many years but had discovered many persons have insisted that I am. I do not
few ways to use it. However, in the 1850s, search for the laws of nature ... for the purpose
chemists invented a way to convert crude, or of learning truth.l am only a professional inven-
unprocessed, oil into a fuel called kerosene. tor ... with the object [goal] of inventing that
Kerosene could be used for cooking, heating, which will have commercial utility [use]. 11
-Thomas Edison, quoted in American Made,
and lighting. Suddenly there was a demand by Harold C. Livesay
for oil.
fOCUS ON Edison eventually held more than 1,000
READING As demand grew, people began search-
patents , exclusive rights to make or sell
How does this ing for a reliable source for oil. In 1859
paragraph show inventions. Patents allowed inventors to
Edwin L. Drake proved·that it was possible
the cause and protect their inventions from being manu-
effect structure?
to pump crude oil from the ground. Soon,
factured by others.
wildcatters, or oil prospectors, drilled for oil
In 1878 Edison announced that he would
in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia.
soon invent a practical electric light. By the
Oil became a big business as these states
end of 1879 Edison and his team of inventors
began producing millions of barrels per
had created the electric lightbulb. The pub-
year. Oil companies built refineries to turn
lic was excited. However, Edison had a prob-
the crude oil into finished products like
lem. At the time, few homes or businesses
kerosene. One oil company supervisor
could get electricity. Edison therefore built a
referred to oil workers as "men who are
power plant that began supplying electricity
supplying light for the world."
to dozens of New York City buildings in

576 CHAPTER 18
 1872 Elijah McCoy 1887 Harriet Strong receives
receives the patent a patent for her advances in
his device that oiled dam and rocorunir
machine engines.
I

Edison creates a
durable electric
lightbulb.

September 1882. The New York Times reported the floor of the Atlantic Ocean connected
that with electric lighting in the newspaper the United States and Great Britain.
offices, "it seemed almost like writing by day- However, the telegraph carried only writ-
light." However, Edison's equipment could ten messages and was difficult for untrained
not send electricity over long distances. As a people to use. These problems were solved
result, his power company, Edison Electric, in March 1876, when inventor Alexa'n der
provided electricity mainly to central cities. Graham Bell patented the telephone. Bell
In the late 1880s, George Westinghouse was a Scottish-born speech teacher who
built a power system that could send elec- studied the science of sound. He called the
tricity across many miles. As Edison and telephone a "talking telegraph."
Telephone companies raced to lay AT&T Corpora-
Westinghouse competed, the use of elec-
tion is a direct
tricity spread rapidly in the nation's cities. thousands of miles of phone lines. By 1880 descendant of
After a while, electricity soon lit homes and there were about 55,000 telephones in the Bell's original
businesses and powered city factories. Elec- United States, and by 1900 there were almost company. AT&T
pioneered the
tricity also was used to power streetcars in 1.5 million. use of telephone
cities across the nation. cables across the
Automobiles and Planes oceans, satellite
Drawing Conclusions communica-
In 1876 a German engineer invented an tions, and a radar
Why did people begin to pump oil from the ground? engine powered by gasoline, another fuel system for the
made from oil. In 1893 Charles and]. Frank U.S. Defense
Department.
Duryea used a gasoline engine to build the
Rush of Inventions first practical motorcar in the United States.
In the late 1800s, inventors focused on find- By the early 1900s, thousands of cars were
ing solutions to practical problems. Commu- being built in the United States.
nication and transportation took the lead. At first, only the wealthy could buy these
early cars. Henry Ford introduced the Model
Advances in Communication Tin 1908. Ford was the first to implement ACADEMIC
Great advances in communication technolo- the moving assembly . line in manufactur- VOCABULARY
gies took place in the late 1800s. By 1861, ing, a process that greatly reduced the cost of implement
to put in place
telegraph wires connected the East and West building a product, thus making cars more
coasts. Five years later, a telegraph cable on affordable.

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 577

lbe Spirit of Innovation 1903 Orville Wright makes the
first flight in a motorized airplane.

1893 George Ferris

displays the first Ferris
Wheel at the World's
Columbian Exposition
in Chicago.

New engine technology helped make Comparing What new inven-

another breakthrough in transportation tions excited the public in the 1800s, and how were
possible-air flight. Brothers Wilbur and they used?
Orville Wright built a lightweight airplane that
used a small, gas-powered engine. In Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina, Orville Wright made SUMMARY AND PREVIEW The Second
the first piloted flight in a gas-powered plane Industrial Revolution led to advances
on December 17, 1903. Tills invention would in energy sources, communication, and
change the way that many Americans traveled transportation. In the next section you will
in the future and would increase the demand learn about the growth of big business.
for oil production.

Section 1 Assessment

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People lim 8.12.1, Critical Thinking

1. a. Describe What was the Bessemer 8.12.9 4. Analyzing Copy the chart below and use it to identify
process? important inventors of the Second Industrial Revolu-
b. Summarize How did improvements to tion, their contributions, and why each was important.
raiJroads affect the economy and transportation
in the United States? Person Work Importance

c. Elaborate What do you think was the most

important effect of the Bessemer process? Why?
2. a. Identify What is kerosene, and for what could
it be used?
b. Explain What problem did Thomas Edison face
.,,,-~""'"'"'""~- ''"~-' -~

regarding the use of electricity, ·and how did he

solve it?
3. a. Recall What contribution did Wilbur and
Orville Wright make to transportation? 5. Taking Notes about Inventors In your notebook, ~
b. Draw Conclusions How did Alexander Graham write a list of the inventors and their inventions
mentioned in this section. How might you include J
Bell's invention improve life in the United States?
c. Elaborate Why do you think there was a rush of
inventions in the late 1800s?
them in your TV series?
~
578 CHAPTER 18
I
If YOU were there ...
It is 1895, ·and your town is home to a large corporation. The
company's founder and owner, a wealthy man, lives in a mansion
on a hill. He is a fair employer but not especially generous. Many
Main Ideas
townspeople work in his factory. You and other town leaders feel
1. The rise of corporations and
that he should contribute more to local charities and community powerful business leaders led
to the dominance of big busi-
organizations.
ness in the United States.
2. People and the government
How could this business leader help the town more? began to question the meth-
ods of big business.
~

1:~-~~~~ILDING-BACKGROUND Advanced technology along with the use .

1
The Big Idea
of oil and electric power helped American businesses grow. Soon the
The growth of big business
shape of the American economy changed. Some companies grew so , in the late 1800s led to the
l~ large that they began to dominate entire industries. creation of monopolies.
- · · - - · ,•.,1

Dominance of Big Business Key Terms and People

corporations, p. 579
In the late 1800s many entrepreneurs formed their businesses as Andrew Carnegie, p. 580
corpor~tions , or businesses that sell portions of ownership called vertical integration, p. 580
stock shares. The leaders of these corporations were some of the most John D. Rock~feller, p. 580
widely respected members of American society in the late 1800s. horizontal integration, p. 581
Political leaders praised prosperous businesspeople as examples of trust, p. 581
American hard work, talent, and success. Leland Stanford, p. 581
social Darwinism, p. 581
monopoly, p. 582
Sherman Antitrust Act, p. 582

[;;)
lim 8.12.4 Discuss entrepre-
neurs, industrialists, and bankers
in politics, commerce, and industry
(e.g ., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rock-
efeller, Leland Stanford).

8.12.6 Discuss child labor, working

conditions, and laissez-fa ire policies
toward big business and examine the
labor movement, including its leaders
(e.g., Samuel Gompers), its demand for
collective bargaining, and its strikes
and protests over labor conditions.

579
 Corporations Generate Wealth of the business boom. Andrew Carnegie was
Successful corporations reward not only the one of the most admired businesspeople of the
time. Born in Scotland, Carnegie came to the
people who found them but also investors
who hold stock. Stockholders in a corpo-
ration typically get a percentage of profits
United States as a poor immigrant. As a teen-
ager he took a job with a railroad company and
l
1

based on the amount of stock they own. quickly worked his way up to the position of 1
Although stockholders actually own the cor- railroad superintendent.
•
poration, they do not run its day-to-day busi-
ness. Instead, they elect a board of directors
In 1873, he focused his efforts on steel-
making. Carnegie expanded his business by ~
that chooses the corporation's main leaders, buying out competitors when steel prices
such as the president. were low. By 1901 Carnegie's mills were pro-
Corporations provided several important
advantages over earlier business forms. Stock-
holders in a corporation are not responsible
ducing more steel than all of Great Britain's
mills combined. Carnegie's businesses suc-
ceeded largely through vertical integration ,
I
1

ACADEMIC
for business debts. If a corporation fails finan-
dally, the stockholders lose only .the money
or ownership of businesses involved in each
step of a manufacturing process. For exam- l
~
VOCABULARY that they invested. Stockholders are also ple, to lower production costs, Carnegie
acquire to get usually free to sell their stock to whomever acquired the iron ore mines, coalfields, and
they want, whenever they want. As a result, railroads needed to supply and support his
corporations encouraged more investment in steel mills.
businesses. By 1900 more than 100 million John D. Rockefeller was also successful
shares per year were being traded on the New in consolidating, or combining, businesses.
York Stock Exchange. By age 21, while a partner in a wholesale
business, he dedded to start an oil-refining
Business Leaders company. In only 10 years his Standard Oil
Countless entrepreneurs and industrialists Company was the country's largest oil refin-
became wealthy, powerful, and famous because er. Like Carnegie, Rockefeller used vertical
 Primary Source

POLITICAL CARTOON
Antitrust
The wealth and size of trusts such as
Standard Oil made many Americans fear
the influence of business leaders over
government.
What do you think the
smokestacks on the Capitol
building represent?

What does the position of

the White House suggest?

How does the cartoonist show Rockefeller's power?

integration. For example, the company con- child labor, low wages, and poor working
trolled most of the pipelines it used. conditions. They began to view big business
Rockefeller's company also developed as a problem.
horizontal integration, or owning all busi-
nesses in a certain field. By 1880 his compa- Social Darwinism
nies controlled about 90 percent of the oil Critics of big business claimed that busi-
refining business in the United States. He also ness leaders justified unfair business prac-
formed a trust, a legal arrangement group- tices through social Darwinism, a view of
ing together a number of companies under society based on scientist Charles Darwin's
a single board of directors. To earn more theory of natural selection. Social Darwin-
money, trusts often tried to get rid of compe- ists thought that Darwin's "survival of the
tition and to control production. fittest" theory decided which human beings
Leland Stanford, another important busi- would succeed in business and in life in
ness leader of the late 1800s, made a fortune general. But in fact, almost all business lead-
selling equipment to miners. While gover- ers ignored social Darwinist philosophy
nor of California, he cofounded the Central and justified prevailing business practices
Pacific railroad. He also founded Stanford as providing opportunity for individual
University. self-improvement.
Late in life, Stanford argued that indus- Other business leaders, however, believed
tries should be owned and managed coop- that the rich had a duty to aid the poor.
eratively by workers. He believed this would These leaders tried to help the less fortu-
be the fulfillment of democracy. nate through philanthropy, or the giving of
money to charities. Carnegie, Rockefeller,
•.,,.w ..•,.. ,, .• Comparing and Contrasting Stanford, and other business leaders gave
Why did Andrew Carnegie use vertical integration? away large sums. ' Carnegie alone gave away
more than $350 million to charities, about
$60 million of which went to fund public
Questioning the Methods libraries to expand access to books. By the
of Big Business late 1800s, various charities had received
By the late 1800s, people and the govern- millions of dollars from philanthropists.
ment were becoming uncomfortable with

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 581

 The Antitrust Movement who favored trusts responded that trusts
Critics of big business said that many busi- were more efficient and gave the consumer
ness leaders earned their fortunes through dependable products or services.
unfair business practices. These criticisms Many members of Congress favored big
grew stronger in the 1880s as corporations business. However, elected officials could not
became more powerful. Large corporations ignore the concerns of voters. In July 1890
often used their size and strength to drive Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act,
smaller competitors out of business. Carn- a law that made it illegal to create monopo-
egie and Rockefeller, for example, pressured lies or trusts that restrained trade. It stated
railroads .to charge their companies lower that any "attempt to monopolize . . . any
shipping rates. Powerful trusts also arranged part of the trade or commerce among the
to sell goods and services below market several States" was a crime. However, the act
value. Smaller competitors went out of did not clearly define a trust in legal terms.
business trying to match those prices. Then The antitrust laws were therefore difficult to
the trusts raised prices again. enforce. Corporations and trusts kept grow-
Some people became concerned when a ing in size and power.
trust gained a monopoly, or total ownership
of a .product or service. Critics argued that P''1i'"wva=u;;~• Analyzing How did concerns
monopolies reduced necessary competition. about trusts lead to the Sherman Antitrust Act?
Competition, they believed, kept prices low
~d the quality of goods and services high.
Some Americans also worried about the late
the political power of wealthy trusts. Labor 1800s some corporations became monop-
leader John W. Hayes called trusts "the com- olies that dominated industries such
mon enemy of society." Many citizens and as oil. In the next section you will learn 1
small businesses wanted the government to
help control monopolies and trusts. People
about how industrial workers organized to
improve working conditions. l
Section 2 Assessment
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People 11m 8.12.4, leaders who favored monopolies with those of
1. a. Jdentify What are horizontal and 8.12.6 Americans who opposed monopolies. ~
I
vertical integration?
Business Leaders' Views of People
b. Explain What are the benefits of investing
in corporations?
c. Evaluate What do you think abol.lti the business
Views
vs.
Against Monopolies
l
methods of Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Stanford?
J
2. a. Desc,ribe What is social Darwinism?
b. Summarize What concerns did critics of big
business have regarding trusts?
j
c. Evaluate Was the Sherman Antitrust Act 4. Describing Business Leaders Add the business
successful? Why or why not? leaders described in this section to your notes. •
Think about what role they might play in your
Critical Thinking drama series.
3. Contrasting Copy the graphic organizer shown
at right. Use it to contrast the views of business

582 CHAPTER 18
Andrew Camegie, John D. Rockefeller,
and Leland Stanford
How would you go about·building an industry'?
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) Born in Scotland, Carnegie rose to become a
multibillionaire in the steel industry. He brought new technologies to his steel mills and
made them extremely efficient. In 1901 he sold Carnegie Steel Company for $250 billion,
making him the richest man in the world.

John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937) Rockefeller got his start in the oil business in
Cleveland, Ohio. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company quickly bought out its competitors
throughout the United States. To better control oil production and delivery, Rockefeller also
bought railroad rights, terminals, and pipelines.

Leland Stanford (1825-1893) Leland Stanford was born to a New York farffimg
family that sent him to excellent private schools. After practicing law in Wisconsin, he
made his career in California. Stanford was instrumental in building the western section
of the transcontinental railroad. He then plunged into politics, serving one term as governor.
His political connections helped him obtain huge state land grants and other benefits for his
railroad companies. As president of Central Pacific and Southern Pacific, he oversaw the laying
of thousands of miles of track throughout the West.

Why are they so important? Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Stanford helped make America
the world's greatest industrial power by the end of the 1800s. They built giant industries
that made goods cheaply by keeping workers' wages low. They also engaged in ruthless
business practices to defeat their competition and create monopolies. The Sherman Antitrust
Act was passed in reaction to the Standard Oil monopoly. Later in life, all three men became
philanthropists, people devoted to charity work. Rockefeller's philanthropies gave out
$500 million in his lifetime. Carnegie spent $350 million, funding educational grants, concert
halls, and nearly 3,000 public libraries. Stanford founded Stanford University in 1884.

Finding Main Ideas

Why are these three men
important figures in
U.S. History?
 j
If YOU were there ...
You run a button machine in a clothing factory in the 1890s. You
work from 7:00 in the morning until 6:00 at night, every day
l
' J
Main Ideas
except Sunday. Your only break is 15 minutes for lunch. Now you
1. The desire to maximize hear about a movement to start a workers' union to bargain with
profits and become more your employer. Union members will ask for an eight-hour workday.
efficient led to poor
working conditions. But you think your employer might f1re you if you join.
2. Workers began to organize
and demand improvements in Would you join the union'1
working conditions and pay.
3. Labor strikes often turned
violent and failed to
accomplish their goals. ~S:;?'l'~:r.;.~;;;'£'g""'~~,., __ ,-- ---~~-T •v·~ 0'-">'""""~'"'":"*"'

BUILDING BACKGROUND The rise of corporations and the estab- I

'
The Big Idea
Changes in the workplace led
lishment of monopolies gave big business a great deal of power. An
antitrust movement arose to try to limit the power of trusts. Workers
themselves began to organize and take action against bad working
I
~
J

to a rise in labor unions and ~

workers' strikes. I I t conditions and other problems.
~ • u w • _, __ w-~ . ·"" · --. 0•'7& ~·· ··-e ·ze· ·=' ,
i
Key Terms and People
Frederick W. Taylor, p. 584 Maximizing Profits and Efficiency
Knights of Labor, p. 585
During the late 1800s, several factors led to a decline in the quality of
Terence V. Powderly, p. 585
working conditions. Machines run by unskilled workers were elimi-
Samuel Gompers, p. 585
American Federation of nating the jobs of many skilled craftspeople. These low-paid workers
Labor, p. 585 could be replaced easily. Factories began to focus on specialization, or
collective bargaining, p. 586 workers repeating a single step again and again. Specialization brought
Mary Harris Jones, p. 586 costs down and caused production to rise. But it also made workers
Haymarket Riot, p. 586 tired, bored, and more likely to be injured. Specialization allowed for
Homestead Strike, p. 587 Henry Ford's idea of a moving assembly line to speed production.
Pullman Strike, p. 587
Ford's use of the moving assembly line allowed automobiles to be
made more quickly and cheaply. Automobiles soon became avail-
able to a wider segment of the population than ever before.
In 1909 Frederick W. Taylor, an efficiency engineer, published a
[;;] popular book called The Prindples ofSdentific Management. He encour-
aged managers to view workers as interchangeable parts of the pro-
fim 8.12.6 Discuss child labor, duction process. In factories, managers influenced by Taylor paid less
working conditions, and laissez-
fa ire policies toward big business
and examine the labor movement,
including its leaders (e.g., Samuel
Gompers), its demand for collective
attention to working conditions. Injuries increased, and as condi-
tions grew worse, workers looked for ways to bring about change.

"tJ7:P1'""'711??'' Identifying Cause and Effect Why did companies

l
I

bargaining, and its strikes and pro-

tests over labor conditions. begin to use scientific management, and how did it affect workers?
1
584 CHAPTER 18 1
Workers Organize
Workers formed labor unions to get better
wages and working conditions for all workers
in a factory or industry. The first national Samuel Gompers
1850-1924
labor union, the Knights of Labor, was
Samuel Gompers was born in London.
founded in the 1870s. It pushed for an eight-
He came to the United States with his
hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and
parents in 1863 at age 13. He worked as
an end to .child labor. Union members also a cigar maker and joined a local union,
wanted the government to regulate trusts. eventually becoming its president. The
Unlike most unions at the time, the Knights Cigarmakers Union was reorganized and
included both skilled and unskilled workers. later joined the American Federation of
The Knights of Labor was originally organized Labor. Gompers became the AFL:s first
much like a secret society. In 1879, Terence president and remained so, except for
V. Powderly became leader of the Knights. the year 1895, until his death. He cam-
paigned for basic trade-union rights, such
He ended all secrecy, creating the first truly
as the right to picket and to organize boycotts
national labor union in the United States.
and strikes. His efforts on behalf of workers
Another early labor union was the helped organized labor to gain respect.
American Federation of Labor (AFL), led by
Samuel Gompers. Unlike the Knights, the Summarizing How did Samuel Gompers help
American Federation of Labor organized the labor-union movement?
individual national unions, such as the
mineworkers' and steelworkers' unions. The

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 585

 t
...¥
1 000 . (Haymarket Riot)
I
(Pullman Strike)
0 -19 800
~ VI
...
~ 600
0 g 400
.. ..c
cu-
~ .!::: 200
§ _. 0 I ........ =---:-·' -
2 1880 1885 1890 1895
Year
- Kn ights of Labor
- American Railway Union How did conflicts between striking workers and authorities
- AFL (Organized in 1886) affect union membership?

AFL also limited its membership to skilled Labor Strikes

workers. This gave the union great bargain-
ing power but left out most workers. The By the late 1800s, other unions were
AFL tried to get I?etter wages, hours, and gaining strength. Major workers' strikes
working conditions for laborers. By 1890 the swept the country and included miners
AFL's membership was larger than that of in Colorado, steel workers in Pennsylvania,
the Knights. With collective bargaining- and railroad workers in Illinois and Cali-
In 1955 the AFL
all workers acted collectively, or together- fornia. The first major labor strike began in
merged with 1886 in Chicago.
the Congress workers had a much greater chance of sue- ]
of Industrial cess in negotiating with management. Most In May 1886, thousands of union mem-
Organizations to
employers opposed collective bargaining. bers in Chicago went on strike because they
become the AFL- wanted an eight-hour workday. Two strikers
CIO. Today the One company president said, "I shall never
organization has give in. I would rather go out of business." were killed in a fight with police. The next
more than 13 Many women took active roles in unions. night, workers met at Haymarket Square to
million members. protest the killings. In what became known
For example, Mary Harris Jones, an Irish
as the Haymarket Riot, someone threw a
immigrant, worked for better conditions for
miners. A fiery speaker, she organized strikes bomb that wounded many police officers . ~l
1

and helped educate workers. and killed eight. The police fired into the
~
crowd, killing several people and wounding
Contrasting How did the 100 others. J
Knights of Labor and the AFL differ?
~
586 CHAPTER 18
j
 Eight people, some of whom were not Another major strike happened at George
at the riot, were arrested and convicted of Pullman's Pullman Palace Car Company in
conspiracy. One of them had a Knights of the company town of Pullman, Illinois. Most
Labor membership card. Though Knights of the company workers lived there, pay-
leadership had not supported the strike, sev- ing high rents. During the depression that
eral local chapters had. Membership in the began in 1893, Pullman laid off about half of
Knights fell quickly. the workers and cut pay for those that were
Sometimes, business owners succeeded left, without lowering their rents. On May
in breaking up unions. In 1892, a violent 11, 1894, workers began the Pullman strike
strike called the Homestead strike took which stopped traffic on many railroad lines
place at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead steel until federal courts ordered the workers to
factory in Pennsylvania. Union members return to their jobs. President Grover Cleve-
there protested a plan to buy new machinery land sent federal troops to Chicago to stop
and cut jobs. The company refused to negoti- the strike. Such defeats seriously damaged the
ate with the union and locked workers out labor movement for years.
of the plant. The workers responded by seiz-
ing control of the plant. Gunfire erupted on Analyzing What were the
July 6, when the Pinkerton detectives-hired effects of early major strikes on workers?
by the company to break the union-tried
to enter the plant. A fierce battle raged for SUMMARY AND PREVIEW Workers formed
14 hours, leaving 16 people dead. The gov- unions to fight for better conditions and
ernor called out the state militia to restore to keep their jobs. In the next section, you
order. Continuing for four more months, the will learn about a new wave of immigrants
union was eventually defeated. in the late 1800s.

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People lim 8.12.6 Critical Thinking

1. a. Recall Why did conditions in factories 4. Analyzing Copy the chart below. Use it to list
begin to decline? the major labor conflicts of the late 1800s, their
b. Draw Conclusions How were workers affected causes, and their outcomes.
by specialization and scientific management?
c. Evaluate Do you think scientific management Date Conflict Causes Outcome

made businesses more successful? Explain. May 1886

2. a. Identify What role did Mary Harris Jones play June 1892
·in the labor movement?
May 1894
b. Analyze Why did workers demand collective
bargaining, and why did business owners
oppose it?
c. Elaborate Do you think the demands made
5. Taking Notes on the Labor Movement Take
by labor unions were reasonable? Explain your
notes about what life was like for workers during
answer.
this time. How might you include the labor move-
3. a. Describe What major labor strikes took place
ment in your series?
in the late 1800s?
b. Evaluate Do you think President Cleveland was
right to use federal troops to end the Pullman
strike? Explain.

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 587

 •

If YOU were there ...

Main Ideas You and your family live in northern Mexico in the 1890s. Your
1. The late 1800s brought a father is a skilled carpenter, while your mother is a wonderful
wave of new immigrants from
southern and eastern Europe cook. Yqu can do many jobs too, though you are still in school. But
and Mexico. there is not much work where you live. Your parents talk about
2. Some Americans opposed
immigration and tried to enact moving to California, where you have cousins.
restrictions against it.
~ What might it be like to leave your home and
T move to California?
The Big Idea
A new wave of immigration ~
in the late 1800s brought large 4LibP~4¥¥J;;;;;;;;;:m ;;;:::;;;;:;;,-.;;:._,,,

numbers of immigrants to the BUILDING BACKGROUND Since its beginnings, America has JI
l
~
United States.
attracted people from many parts of the world. They came for land,
jobs, religious freedom, and the chance to start new lives. In the late
Key Terms and People 1800s, rapid economic growth created jobs and opportunities that
old immigrants, p. 588
drew new groups of immigrants. 1
new immigrants, p. 588
steerage, p. 589
benevolent societies, p. 591
Chinese Exclusion Act, p. 593 New Immigrants
Immigration Restriction
During the late 1800s, immigrants continued to come to the
League, p. 593
United States by the millions. Immigration patterns, however,
began to change. Immigrants who had arrived before the 1880s
I
were now called old immigrants. They were mostly from Great .•
Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandinavia. Most of them were Prot- I
estants, except for the Irish and some Germans who were Catholic. ~
Many were skilled workers who spoke English. Often the old immi-
grants settled in the rural areas outside cities and became farmers.
After 1880, many more immigrants came to the United States, 1
~ and they came from many different places. More than S million
came during the 1880s, as had come between 1800 and 1860. ~l
~ 8.12.7 Identify the new
sources of large-scale immigration Increasing numbers of these new immigrants, who came during ~
and the contributions of immigrants and after the 1880s, were from southern and eastern Europe. Thou- 'I
to the building of cities and the
economy; explain the ways in which
sands of Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Poles, Russians, and
new social and economic patterns Slovaks came to the United States looking for new opportunities
encouraged assimilation of newcom- and better lives. Southern Italy sent large numbers of immigrants.
ers into the mainstream amidst grow-
ing cultural diversity; and discuss the Immigrant Miriam Zunser hoped "for all manner of miracles [in] a
new wave of nativism. strange, wonderful land!"

588 CHAPTER 18
 Many were seeking economic opportu- conditions, passengers often experien,ced
nity in the industrial boom of the late 1800s. seasickness and sometimes death.
Others were escaping political or religious New arrivals had to go to immigration
persecution. Most brought new cultural prac- processing centers run by state and local
tices with them. The immigrants included governments. In 1892 a receiving office was
Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman Catho- opened on Ellis Island in New York Harbor.
lics, and Jews. Over the next 40 years, millions of immi-
Many immigrants were eager for the job grants came through the Ellis Island center. During the
late 1800s and
opportunities that arose during the indus- In the processing centers, officials inter- early 1900s, many
trial boom of the late 1800s. Before coming viewed immigrants to decide whether Asian Indians
to America, many had received encourag- to let them enter the country. Officials also immigrated to the
United States.
ing letters from friends and relatives who conducted physical examinations. They did Some of these
had immigrated earlier. Those earlier immi- not allow those who carried an infectious immigrants came
grants not only sent letters to their rela- disease to enter. Most immigrants were from Punjab,
a province in
tives and friends back home, but often they admitted. After admission, they entered present-day India
sent money to help pay for the journey to the United States to find work and build and Pakistan, and
[
the United States. To attract immigrants, new lives. were members of
the Sikh religion.
railroad and steamship companies hired Sikhs settled in
business agents who tended to paint unre- California by the
alistic pictures of easy wealth and happiness thousands and
worked initially
in the United States. in the railroad
Immigrants usually faced a difficult jour- and lumber
ney to America. Most traveled in steerage, industries. Today
their descendants
an area below a ship's deck where steering
run successful
mechanisms were located. In these cramped farms and other
businesses.
In this photo, Japanese men and Chinese
women arrive in California to begin a new
life in the United States.
Augustin and Maria Lozano and
their two children moved from
Mexico to California. Many
Mexican immigrants moved into I

the Southwest
'
~ I

Immigrant Neighborhoods
Many immigrants moved into neighbor-
commercial banks in most immigrant neigh-
borhoods. In 1904 Italian immigrant Amad- ~
hoods with others who came from the same eo Peter Giannini started the Bank of Italy
country. In these neighborhoods they could in San Francisco. This bank later became the I
hear their own language, eat familiar foods, Bank of America. ~
and keep their customs.
Many immigrant groups published news-
Even with neighborhood support, immi-
grants often found city life difficult. Many ~
I

papers in their own languages and founded immigrants lived in tenements-poorly built,
schools, clubs, and places of worship. These overcrowded apartments. They often had to
I
organizations helped preserve their beliefs work under exhausting conditions. One young I
and customs. In New York City, for example, woman described the difference between her
hopes and realities in the new land.
~
Jewish immigrants founded a theater that
gave performances in the Yiddish language. 11 [I dreamed] of the golden stairs leading to the
Immigrants often opened local shops top of the American palace where father was
1
and small neighborhood banks. Business supposed to live. [I] went'home'to ... an ugly old •
!

owners helped new arrivals by offering credit tenement in the heart of the Lower East Side. There ~
and giving small loans. Such aid was impor- were stairs to climb but they were not golden. 11
tant for newcomers because there were few -Miriam Shomer Zunser, Yesterday: A Memoir
ofa Russian Jewish Family
j

590 CHAPTER 18
N

W
*E
s

Swedish immigrant Swan

August Swanson followed • Northern and western Europe
his father to Wisconsin to • Eastern and southern Europe
help with the family farm. • North and South America
• Asia
• All other areas

The son of Italian immigrants, Amadeo

Peter Giannini (center) founded the Bank
of Italy in San Francisco in 1904. Due to his
guidance and perseverance, it became the
largest privately owned bank in the world.

Some immigrant communities formed Immigrant Workers

benevolent societies . These aid organiza-
Many new immigrants had worked on farms
tions offered immigrants help in cases of
in their homelands. Unfortunately, few
sickness, unemployment, and death. At that
could afford to buy land in the United States.
time, there were few national government
Instead, they found jobs in cities, where, by
agencies to provide such aid.
1900, most of the country's manufacturing
Adjusting to a New Life took place.
Many immigrants tried to adjust to their new Having come from rural areas, few new
country. They often encouraged their children immigrants were skilled in manufacturing or
to adopt American customs, which helped industrial work. They often had no choice
them assimilate into American society. In pub- but to take low-paying, unskilled jobs in
lic schools, the immigrant children learned garment or steel factories and construction.
English using McGuffey Readers, illustrated Long hours were common.
textbooks that taught basic reading and writ- Not all industrial labor took place in
ing and emphasized basic values such as hard large factories. Some immigrants worked
work and thrift. Many immigrants suc- long hours for little pay in small shops or
cessfully met the challenges of living in a mills located in or near working-class
new country. They built strong futures for neighborhoods. Often associated with the
their families in the United States.

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 591

 Asian Americans Today
Today more than 12 million people in the United
States are of Asian origin. They account for
nearly 5 percent of the U.S. population-
or about 1 in 20 Americans. Asian
Americans trace their roots to various
countries, including China, India, the
Philippines and, like this family, Vietnam.
Most Asian Americans live in the West.
California has by far the largest Asian
American population of any state.

Why have so many people immigrated to

the United States?

clothing industry, these workplaces were had been displaced from their homes by the
called sweatshops because of long hours and Mexican-American War.
hot, unhealthy working conditions. Most Mexican immigrants settled in the
Immigrants with appropriate skills some- Southwest, where they found work on the
times found work in a wide range of occu- railroads and in construction companies,
pations. Some immigrants worked as bakers, steel mills, mines, and canneries. Other Mex-
cooks, carpenters, masons, metalworkers, or ican immigrants worked on large commer-
skilled machinists. Other immigrants saved, cial farms in Arizona, Texas, and California.
shared, or borrowed money to open small
businesses, such as barbershops, laundries, ,.tJ;:rwrt?l'??'• Summarizing How did new
restaurants, or street vending carts. New immigrants help themselves and others?
immigrants often opened the same types of
businesses in which other immigrants from
the same country were already succeeding. Opposition to Immigration
Anti-immigrant feelings grew along with
Mexican Immigrants the rise in immigration in the late 1800s.
In the late 1800s large numbers of immigrants Some labor unions opposed immigration I

began arriving from Mexico. Many Mexicans because their members feared immigrants
~
J
592 CHAPTER 18
j
would take jobs away. Many business leaders,
however, wanted low-paid workers because
they kept labor costs low.
'
another law was passed restricting convicts,
immigrants with certain diseases, and those
likely to need public assistance.
Other Americans called nativists feared To further lower the number of im-
that too many new immigrants were being migrants, nativists in Boston founded the
allowed into the country. Many nativists Immigration Restriction League in 1894,
held racial and ethnic prejudices. Nativists which demanded that all immigrants know
thought that the new immigrants' poverty how to read and write before entering the ACADEMIC
and presumed lack of education might harm country. Supporters hoped this policy would VOCABULARY
policy rule,
American society. limit immigration from eastern and south-
course of action
Some nativists were violent toward ern Europe. Despite such opposition, immi-
immigrants. Others worked to pass laws grants continued to arrive in large numbers.
stopping or limiting immigration. For
example, in 1880, about 105,000 Chinese Analyzing Why did nativists
immigrants lived in the United States. Two oppose immigration, and what steps did they take
years later, Congress passed the Chinese against it?
Exclusion Act , banning Chinese people
from immigrating to the United States for
10 years. This law marked the first time a SUt'lt'IARY AND PREVIEW Immigrants
nationality was banned from entering the helped build the nation's economy and
country. Although the law violated trea- cities, but they met some resistance. In the
ties with China, the Congress continued to next section you will learn about life in
renew the law for decades to come. In 1892, urban America.

Section 4 Assessment
Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People lim 8.12.7 Critical Thinking
1. a. Identify What was Ellis Island? 4. Drawing Conclusions Copy the graphic organizer
b. Contrast What differences existed between below onto your own sheet of paper. Use it to
the old immigrants and the new immigrants? identify the struggles of new immigrants.
2. a. Identify What job opportunities were avail-
able to new immigrants? Education: Work:
b. Summarize How did immigrants attempt
to adapt to their new lives in the United
States? Culture: Living
c. Elaborate Why do you think many immi- Conditions:
grants tolerated difficult living and working
conditions?
3. a. Recall How did the Chinese Exclusion Act
affect the Chinese American population?
b. Explain Why were some American 5. Writing about Immigrants and Their Lives
business leaders supportive of the new Add new immigrants to the list of potential charac-
immigrants? ters for your series. Take notes about what life was
c. Predict How might the growing opposition like for them.
to immigration lead to problems in the United
States?

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 593

 t

l
•I
•
If YOU were there ...
You and a friend live in a fast-growing city around 1900. Many
people in the city are immigrants who don't speak English. Many
live in bad neighborhoods and run-down apartments. In college,
-"" Main Ideas
1. New technology and ideas
you studied social work so that you could help improve life for
were developed to deal with others. Now you've gone to work in a new settlement house. Its
the growth of urban areas.
2. The rapid growth of cities
organizers are still planning its programs.
created a variety of urban
problems.
What services would the settlement house offer?

'
The Big Idea
Cities in the United States ex-
perienced dramatic expansion BUILDING BACKGROUND Industrial growth and a new wave of
in the late 1800s. immigration swelled the populations of American cities in the late
1800s. City life offered excitement and new kinds of entertainment,
Key Terms and People but urban areas also had problems with overcrowding and poor
~
mass transit, p. 595 living conditions.
suburbs, p. 595 '"""--------
mass culture, p. 595
department stores, p. 596
settlement houses, p. 597
Growth of Urban Areas
Hull House, p. 597 During the late 1800s, immigrants and native-born Americans
Jane Addams, p. 597 moved to cities in record numbers, causing rapid urban growth. In
1850, only six U.S. cities had a population greater than 100,000. By
1900 there were more than 35 such cities.
In midwestern cities the population grew especially rapidly dur-
ing these years. Chicago's population rose from 30,000 in 1850 to
1.7 million in 1900. By 1900 about 40 percent of Americans lived
in urban areas.
Some city residents were businesspeople and skilled workers.
But many more were poor laborers. As farm equipment replaced
people in the countryside, large numbers of rural residents moved
to the cities. In the 1890s Mrican Americans from the rural South
began moving to northern cities to seek jobs, as did thousands of
immigrants. They hoped to escape discrimination and find better
~ economic and educational opportunities.
lim 8.12.5 Examine the location
and effects of urbanization, renewed New Technology
immigration, and industrialization The rapid growth of cities placed a great strain on available down-
(e.g., the effects on social fabric of
cities, wealth and economic opportu- town space. In the mid-1800s typical downtown city buildings were
nity, the conservation movement). five stories tall. Larger structures had been impossible to construct,

594 CHAPTER 18
because building materials were either too cars, first used in the 1870s, became quite
weak or too heavy to be used in taller buildings. common. Electric trolleys also achieved pop-
However, this situation changed as stron- ularity during the 1890s. These streetcars
ger and cheaper steel became available. cheaply and quickly carried people in the
Soon architects such as Louis Sullivan of cities to and from work.
Chicago began designing multistory build- Many middle-class Americans who could
ings called skyscrapers. These buildings used afford it moved to suburbs, residential neigh-
metal frames to support their weight. They borhoods outside of downtown areas. Mass
allowed developers to use limited city space transit networks, such as trolleys, subways,
more efficiently. New devices like the safety and commuter trains, made such moves pos-
elevator, patented by Elisha Otis in 1857, sible. People could live in the suburbs and
helped people quickly move up and down work in the cities.
inside skyscrapers.
As city centers became heavily popu- New Ideas
lated, attempts were made to ease traffic The United States began to develop forms of
through mass transit, or public transporta- mass culture, or leisure and cultural activities
tion designed to move lots of people. By the shared by many people. One factor contrib-
late 1860s New York City had elevated trains uting to mass culture was a boom in publish-
running on tracks above the streets. Chicago ing. The invention of the Linotype, an auto-
followed in the early 1890s. matic typesetting machine, greatly reduced
Some cities built underground railroads the time and cost of printing. In 1850 there
that were called subways. In 1897 the first were fewer than 300 daily newspapers in the
subway in the United States opened in Bos- United States. Because of the use of Linotype
ton. In 1904, the first line of the New York machines, by 1900 there were more than
City subway system began operation. Cable 2,000 newspapers.

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 595

 Big dties often had many newspapers. Summarizing What forms of
Newspaper publishers such as Joseph Pulitzer mass culture were available in urban areas?
and William Randolph Hearst competed for
readers by using color printing. By 1900 the
daily newspaper had become a powerful cul- Urban Problems
tural force in people's lives.
Despite the new public parks, skyscrapers,
Giant retail shops, or department stores,
and mass transit, many urban areas were not
also appeared in some dty centers during
ready for rapid population growth in the late
the late 1800s. Low prices, large quantities
1800s. Population increases in dties often led
of products, and newspaper advertising were
to shortages of affordable housing.
used to bring in customers. The public was
Many families lived in tiny apartments
also attracted by fancy window displays.
in overcrowded tenements. Journalist Jacob
World fairs are another example of mass
Riis described these conditions: "Nine lived
culture. At the Philadelphia Centennial Expo-
in two rooms, one about ten feet square
sition in 1876 and the Chicago Exposition
that served as parlor, bedroom, and eating
in 1893, millions of people came to see the
room, the other a small hall room made into
latest technological inventions. The demand
a kitchen."
for public entertainment also led to the
Overcrowding and lack of sanitation
creation of amusement parks, such as New
often led to disease and health problems.
York's Coney Island. People from all walks of
Tenements frequently were packed together
life were able to enjoy these parks because of
in areas close to factories. Rooms had few
inexpensive train fares and entrance tickets.
windows to let in light or fresh air. Running
As cities grew, people became aware of the
water and indoor plumbing were scarce.
need for open public space. The large-scale
Most cities did not have laws requiring land-
landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted
lords to fix their tenements or to maintain
became nationally famous. He designed
safety standards.
Central Park in New York City as well as
Fire and crime were also common prob-
many state and national parks.
lems. By the late 1800s, many major dties were
hiring full-time firefighters and peace officers.
Other than these improvements, the reform
work of most city governments was limited
Jane Addams
by internal corruption or lack of funds. 1860-1935
Due to the lack of government aid in the
Jane Addams was born in Cedarville,
1800s, many private organizations stepped Illinois. Like many upper-class women
in to help the poor. Some individuals set up of the era, she received a college
settlement houses, or neighborhood centers education but found few jobs
in poor areas that offered education, recre- open to her. In 1888, on a visit
ation, and social activities. Settlement houses to England with classmate
were staffed by professionals and volunteers. Ellen Gates Starr, she visited
The most famous settlement house was a London settlement house. On
their return to the United States,
Chicago's Hun House. It was founded by
Addams and Starr opened a
Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr in 1889.
settlement house in Chicago. They
Addams and Starr moved into a run-down started a kindergarten and a public
building in a poor neighborhood and turned playground. Addams also became
it into Hull House. The staff focused on the involved in housing safety and
needs of immigrant families and also worked sanitation issues, factory inspection,
for reforms, such as child labor laws and the and immigrants' rights. In 1931 she
eight-hour workday. shared the Nobel Peace Prize for
her work.
Drawing Conclusions
What technologies improved city life? Summarizing How did Jane Addams try
to improve the lives of workers?

SUrlriARY AND PREVIEW In the late

1800s many people came to cities to find
work, causing a variety of problems. In the
next chapter you will learn about how a
new spirit of political reform swept the
nation.

Section 5 Assessment

Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People lim 8.12.5 Critical Thinking

1. a. Define What is mass transit? What made 3. Categorizing Copy the chart below onto your own
mass transit necessary? sheet of paper. Use it to identify the problems faced
b. Explain Why did African Americans move to by growing cities in the late 1800s and responses to
northern cities in such large numbers in the 1890s? those problems.
c. Evaluate Which improvement to urban living
Urban Problem Response
do you think had the greatest impact on people's
lives? Explain your answer.
2. a. Describe What were conditions like in
tenements?
b. Summarize What problems resulted from the
rapid growth of cities?
c. Evaluate Do you think efforts to improve urban
problems were successful? Why or why not? 4. Describing Setting A city like the ones you have
read about could serve as the setting of your TV
series. How could you describe the city?

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 597

Analyzing Costs and Benefits
() Making a chart of the costs and benefits can
be useful. By comparing the list of benefits to
Everything you do has both costs and benefits con- the list of costs you can better understand the
nected to it. Benefits are things that you gain from action or decision and evaluate it.
something. Costs are what you give up to obtain
For example, you learned in Chapter 18 that the
benefits. For example, if you buy a video game, the
United States attracted millions of new immigrants
benefits of your action include the game itself and
in the late 1800s. A cost-benefit analysis of the
the enjoyment of playing it. The most clear cost
nation's immigration policies might produce a chart
is what you pay for the game. However, there are
like this one.
other costs that do not involve money. One is the
time you spend playing the game. This is a cost Benefits Costs
because you give up something else, such as doing Immigrants provided Overcrowding and poor liv-
your homework or watching a TV show, when you workers needed by growing , ing conditions in U.S. cities
choose to play the game. industries
Low wages paid to immi-
The ability to analyze costs and benefits is a Immigrants made more grants kept the earnings of
valuable life skill as well as a useful tool in the study money than they could have other workers down
in their home countries
of history. Weighing an action's benefits against its Long hours of work under
costs can help you decide whether or not to take it. Immigrants found more poor conditions for low pay
opportunity in America than
in their home countries
Immigrants built strong
futures for their families

Analyzing the costs and benefits of historical events

Based on this chart, one might conclude that the
will help you to better understand and evaluate
nation's immigration policy was a good one.
them. Follow these guidelines to do a cost-benefit
analysis of an action or decision in history.
0 First determine what the action or decision
was trying to accomplish. This step is needed
'
I

Among the changes that occurred in the early 1900s '

' '1
in order to determine which of its effects were
benefits and which were costs. was an increase in specialization and efficiency in •
the workplace. Use information from the chapter
E) Then look for the positive or successful results of and the guidelines above to do a cost-benefit analy- ~
the action or decision. These are its benefits. sis of this development. Then write a paragraph
C) Consider the negative or unsuccessful effects of explaining whether or not it was a wise one.
the action or decision. Also think about what
positive things would have happened if it had
not occurred. All these things are its costs.

598 CHAPTER 18
 Standards Review
Use the visual summary below to help you review
the main ideas of the chapter.

Inventions and Big Business Immigration Labor Movement

• Bessemer process • New immigrants from eastern • Knights of Labor
• Ughtbulb and southern Europe • American Federation of Labor
• Automobile • Nativism • Haymarket Riot
• Growth of corporations • Benevolent societies • Homestead Strike

Reviewing Vocabulary, Comprehension and

Terms, and People Critical Thinking
Identify the descriptions below with the correct term or SECTION 1 (Pages 574-578) lim 8.12.1, 8.12.9
person from the chapter. 8. a. Identify What was the Second Industrial
1. Labor organization that represented both skilled Revolution?
and unskilled laborers and was the first national b. Draw Conclusions Why were advances in
labor union in the United States transportation and communication important
2. Public transportation systems built to ease trans- to the Second Industrial Revolution?
portation in crowded cities c. Elaborate Which invention do you think had
3. A way of making steel quickly and cheaply by the greatest effect on people's lives in the late
blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly 1800s? Explain your answer.
remove waste
4. Founded Hull House with Ellen Gates Starr in SECTION l (Pages 579-582) c:§'J 8.12.4, 8.12.6
Chicago in 1889 9. a. Recall What criticisms were made of business
5. Powerful business leader who helped to found leaders and trusts?
the Central Pacific Railroad b. Analyze How did the rise of corporations and
6. Organizations created by immigrants to help powerful business leaders lead to the growth of
each other in times of sickness, unemployment, big business?
or other troubles c. Evaluate Do you think the growth of big busi-
7. A method of negotiating for better wages or ness helped or hurt ordinary Americans? Explain
working conditions in which all workers act your answer.
together to ensure a better chance for success
AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 599
~~~~~~~~~~- -~~~~~~~~

SECTION 3 (Pages 584-587) em 8.12.6 Reading Skills

10. a. Recall What led to poor working conditions in
Understanding the Structural Patterns of Texts Use
factories during the Second Industrial Revolution?
the Reading Skills taught in this chapter to answer the
b. Make Inferences Why did labor unions have question about the reading selection below.
a better chance of improving working condi-
tions than laborers did on their own? New arrivals had to go to immigration pro-
c. Evaluate Did the strikes of the 1880s and cessing centers run by state and local govern-
1890s hurt or help the labor movement in the ments. In 1892 a receiving office was opened
long run? Explain your answer. on Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Over the
next 40 years, millions of immigrants came
SECTION 4 (Pages 588-593) em 8.12.7 through the Ellis Island center. (p. 589)
11. a. Identify From what parts of the world did the
new wave of immigrants come?
16. By which structural pattern is the above
b. Analyze In what ways did immigration patterns
passage organized?
in the United States change in the late 1800s?
a. enumeration
c. Elaborate In your opinion, were the difficulties
immigrants faced worth the benefits of life in the b. chronology
United States? Explain. c. comparison and contrast
d. cause and effect
SECTION 5 (Pages 594-597) em 8.12.5
12. a. Recall Why did American cities experience
such rapid growth in the late 1800s? Social Studies Skills
b. Analyze What problems did cities face as
Analyzing Cost and Benefits Use the Social
a result of rapid growth, and how were these
Studies Skills taught in this chapter to answer the
problems solved?
question below.
c. Elaborate Would you have preferred to live in
the city or in a s-uburb? Why? 17. Write two costs and two benefits of the Pullman
Strike from the point of view of the workers who
participated.
Revi.ewing Themes
13. Economics How did the rise of big business
affect consumers in the United States?
18. Writing Your Memo Look back over your notes
14. Society and Culture How did the lives of city
about the people, places, and events of the late
dwellers change with the rise of mass culture?
1800s. Decide which of these you will include
in your television drama series. Then draft a
one- to two-paragraph memo to your boss briefly
Using the Internet describing the series. Remember to describe the
15. Activity: Creating a Time Line Technology in basic plot, setting, and characters.
some sense has been part of human history
since we began to write history. All tools are,
in a sense, technology. In this chapter you
read about new scientific discoveries that had
positive and negative effects. Enter the activ-
ity keyword. Then choose one technological
innovation mentioned in the chapter and trace
its development to the pre~ent day. Create an
illustrated time line to present your research.

600 CHAPTER 18
Standards Assessment

DIRECTIONS: Read each question and write the II Which of the following is associated with
letter of the best response. Use the map below to providing a better life for urban immigrants
answer question 1. in the late 1800s and early 1900s?
A the department store
D B the suburb
C the tenement
D the settlement house

D Immigrants to the United States in the late

1800s and early 1900s came mainly from
A southern and eastern Europe.
B Japan, China, and the rest of Asia.
C Mexico and Central America.
D northern and western Europe.

Connecting with Past Learning

01 In Grade 7 you learned about Johann

Which area on the map provided the petro- Gutenberg's development of the printing
leum for the oil-refining industry that arose in press. The contribution of which American
the United States in the mid- to late 1800s? listed below was least like Gutenberg's?
A the area labeled W A Samuel Gompers
B the area labeled X B George Westinghouse
C the area labeled Y C Thomas Edison
D the area labeled Z D Alexander Graham Bell

D The person most responsible for making the D The attitudes of the Immigration Restric-
steel industry a big business in the United tion League in the late 1800s were most like
States is those of Americans in earlier times who were
A John D. Rockefeller.
part of the
A Free-Soil Party.
B Andrew Carnegie.
B Know-Nothing Party.
C Henry Bessemer.
C abolitionist movement.
D Leland Stanford.
D transcendentalist movement.
D The growth of American industry in the late
1800s was accompanied by all of the follow-
ing developments except
A the arrival of large nL,Jmbers of immigrants.
B the organization of workers into labor Unions.
C declining food production from U.S. farms.
D rapid population growth in U.S. cities.

AN INDUSTRIAL NATION 601