Syllabus—XI & NEET I

I. DIVERSITY OF LIVING O R G A N I S M
What is living ? Biodiversity; Need for classification; Three domain of life; Taxonomy
and Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;
Tools for study of Taxonomy-Museums, Zoos, Herbaria, Botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; Salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and
Fungi into major groups; Lichens; Viruses and Viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes,
Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms and Angiosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing
features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms-classification up to class,
characteristic features and examples.
Salient features and classification of animals—non-chordate up to phyla level and
chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and atleast two examples).

II. S T R U C T U R A L ORGANISATION IN ANIMALS A N D PLANTS

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of
flowering plants; Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence -cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed
(To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems (digestive,
circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive) of an insect (cockroach), (a brief account
only).
III. CELL: S T R U C T U R E AND FUNCTION
Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell;
Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles- structure
and function; Endomembrane system endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes,
vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytokeleton, cilia, flagella,
centrioles (ultra structure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nuclecus.
Chemical constituents of living cells; Biomolecules - structure and function of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipid, nucleic acids, Enzymes-types, properties, enzymes action.
Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis and their significance.

IV. P L A N T P H Y S I O L O G Y
Transport in plants; Movement of water, gases and nutrients; Cell to cell transport-
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; Plant-water relations-Imbibition, water
potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; Long distance transport of water-Absorption, apoplast,
symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; Transpiration-Opening and closing
of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients-Transport of food, phloem
transport, Mass flow hypothesis; Diffusion of gases (brief mention).
Mineral nutrition: Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role;
Deficiency symptoms; Mineral toxicity; elementary idea of Hydroponics as a method to study
mineral nutrition; Nitrogen metabolism-Nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis : Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Where does
photosynthesis take place? How many pigments are involved in Photosynthesis
(Elementary idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of phtosynthesis; Cyclic and
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Non c clic photophosphorylation; -.hemiosmotic hypothesis; Photorespiration; C3 and C4
path a ; fact r am ting phot synth sis.
Re piration : Exchang of gases; cllular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation
(anaerobic), T A • clc and I tron transport syst m (aerobic); Energy relations-Number of
TP mole ules g n rat d; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.
Plant gro th and de clopmcnt : Seed germination; Phases of plant growth and plant
growth rate; onditions of growth; Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifforentiation;
equ n of d elopm ntal process in a plant cell; Growth regulators-auxin, gibbereJlin,
ytokinin, ethyl n . BA; eed dormancy; Vernalisation: Photoperiodism.
s ) )(
Dige ti n and absorption, Alimentary canal and digestive glands, role and digestive
nzym and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of
prot ins, carbohydrate and fats; Calorific value of proteins, carbohydrates and fat (for box
item not to b e aluated); Eg stion; Nutritional and digestive disorders-PEM, indigestion,
constipation, omiting,jaundice, diarrhoea.
Br athing and Respiration; Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory
system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases
tran p of gase� and regulation of respiration, Respiratory volume. Disorders related to
L

re pirat • on-Asthma, Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body fluids and circulation; Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood;
Composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart
and blood vessels; Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; Double circulation; Regulation of
cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, Coronary artery disease,
Angina pectoris, Heart failure.
Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion-Ammonotelism,
ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system-structure and function; Urine formation,
Osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, A trial Natriuretic
Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; disorders-Uraemia,
Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and Movement; Types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal
muscle-contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be
dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and
skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Musculai riystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosi ,
Gout.
Neural control and coordination: Neuron nerves; Nervous system in humans-central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous sy tern; Generation and
conduction of nerve impulse� Reflex action; Sensory perception; Sense organ ; Elementary
structure and function of eye and ear.
Chemical coordination and regulation • Endocrin glands and hormones; Human
endocrine system-Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancrea
Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea); Role ofhonuones as messengers
and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disord rs ( ommurt disorders e.g.,
Dwarfism, Acromegaly, retinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diab tes, Addision 's disease).
Imp.: Diseases related to all the human physiology systems to b taught in brief.

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 (i)- (ix)
Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge Ut- 1
Chapter 2 The Living World U1- 27
Chapter2A Biological Classification Ul- 48
Chapter2B Kingdom Monera Ul- 75
Chapter2C Kingdom Protista Ul- 104
Chapter3 Kingdom Fungi Plant Kingdom Ul- 124
Chapter4 Animal Kingdom Ul- 166

Chapters Morphology of Flowering Plants U2- 1

Chapter6 Anatomy of Plants U2- 110
Chapter7 Structural Organisation in Animals-Animal Tissues 02-168
Chapter 7A *Structural Organisation in Animals 02-220
-Morphology and Anatomy ofAnimals

Chapter 8 Cell-The Basic Unit of Life U3- 1

Chapter 9 Biomolecules 03- 81
Chapter 10 Cell Cycle and Cell Division U3-152
'
Chapter 11 Transport in Plants U4- I
Chapter 12 Mineral Nutrition U4- 57
Chapter 13 Photosynthesis in Higher Plants U4- 82
Chapter 14 Respiration in Plants 04-126
Chapter 15 Plant Growth and Development U4- 153

Chapterl6 Digestion and Absorption US- 2

Chapter17 Breathing and Exchangeof Gases US- 49
Chapter18 Body Fluids and their Circulation
Chapter19 US- 80
Chapter20
Excretory Products and their Elimination US-123
Chapter21 Locomotion and Movement US-155
Chapter22 Neural Control and Coordination US- 191
Chemical Coordination and Integration US-249

*Earthworm and Frog discussed in this chapter are meant for competitive exams.

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 Source of Biological Terms
Most of the words in biology have been derived from Greek (Gk.) and Latin (L.) languages
because the pioneers of biology were natives of Greek and Latin speaking areas. Take advantage
of the Greek and Latin roots ofbiological terms to break them down into their parts. For example,
erythrocytes (erythro =red, cyte - cell) are red cells.
Pretixe
They are placed before the word to add to or change its meaning.
Prefix Meaning Examples
a- without acellular, asexual amorphous,
(negative prefix) abiotic
an- without anaerobic, anamniote, anaesthetic
amphi- two/ on both sides amphtoian
anti- against antiseptic
ante- in front of, before antenatal
ad- near, towards adrenal
arcbae- ancient archaeologist, archaeology
arbor- tree arboreal
auto- self automatic
bi- two, twice bisexual
cyclo- circle, ring cyclo tome
cephalo- head cephalothorax (bead+ thorax)
circum- around circumference
de- down, reverse, degenerate. deamination, removal, detoxification,
opposite of dehydration, decarboxylation
deca- ten decade
di- two, twice disaccharid , dimorphism
dia- through, aero s diaphragm
ep1- on epidermis
ecto- outer ectodenn
ender- mner endoderm
eu- well eukaryote
fore- before, infront of foregut, fore brain
haemer- of the blood, haemorrhage, haemoglobin
hemi- half hemisphere, hemiparasite
betero- different heteropolysaccharides, heterocercal tail
homo- same homopolvsaccharides, homocercal tail
hyper- beyond, above hypertension, hyperparasite
hydro- ofwater hydration
nyt>Q- under hypotension
holo- complete holoparasite, holozoic, holophytic
inter- between intercellular
intra- inside intracellular, intravenous
later- side lateral
juxta- nearerto juxta glomerular apparatus
leu- white leucocyte
litho- stone lithosphere
macro-- relatively large macromolecules
mega- large meganucleus, megakaryocyte.
melan- black melanin
middle mesodenn
change, after • metamorphosis, metathorax

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 micro- relati ml ·1·01,,01 ul s
mon on monoA ·harld s, mon gam us
ne J"C o-Ll\marckiBm, Ne -Darwinism
neur oflh n rv us I
oligo- mall, fc 'd s
omni- all. univ rs omnivor
para- parnll I p ra yn path Uc. parap dia
penta- fi p ntos
p11 b for , first pr tomium, prophae
p ri- around p riphcry, peristomium
poly- many polymorphism, polysaccharides, polygamous
pre- b fore pr medical, precaval
prot first origin, basic protoplasm. protozoa
~ud false pseudopodia
pot- after postcaval
re-- agam regeneration
retro-- backward retrogressive
sem1- half, partially semicircular
super- above superior
sul>- under submandibular, subspecies
sym,syn- with, together symphysis, synthesis
tele- linking across distances telophase
um- one, the same unicellular, uninucleate, unisexual
ultra- beyond ultra-violet
Suffi ·es
They are added at the end of a word to make another word.
Suff M eaning Examples
-asts condition or state bomaeostasis
-blast young cell osteoblasts, chondroblasts, fibroblasts
--<!yte cell osteocytes, chondrocytes
--<!ide killer insecticide, weedicide, pesticide
--<!ule small animalcule
-ectomy cutting out prostectomy, vasectomy, tubectomy
-itis inflammation hepatitis
-lemma membrane plasmalemma, sarcolemma
-logy branch ofleaming biology, zoology
-lysis dissolution, haemolysis
destruction, loosing
-OSIS a process metamorpho is
-ous having the quality of potsonous
-phyte plant bryophytes, pteridophyte , hydrophyte , eropbyte
-phil lover hydrophilic
-phobia fear hydrophobia
-tomy cutting autotomy
G neral acti J in , Uiolo ••c 1·n~
(i) On the basis of origin, e.g., protozoans-- (prot fi t, zoan - animal ) anim ls hich
originated first.
(ii) On the basbi o Iocatio , e. g., xtrinsi p ot in - p t in ound utsid th c \\
membrane, intrinsic protein - proteins found inside th lipid (fat) lay r of c ll m mbran
interstitial cells- cells found in between other c 11 .
(iii) On the basis of shape or structu , e.g., cubic 1cells u like ce\l .

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 (iv) On the basis of colour, e.g., erythrocytes- (erythro-red, cytes-<;ells) -red blood
cells, leucocytes (leuco-white, cytes-<;ells)-white blood cells. ,
(v) On the basis of composition, e.g., carbohydrates (carbo- carbon, hydro- water)
- with carbon, hydrogen and water, lipoprotein - with lipid (fat) and protein.
(vi) On the basis of function, e.g., phagocytes-<;ells which kill and engulfmicroorganisms.
(vii) After the name of the scientist, e.g., Golgi complex, Golgi- name of scientist.
Sometimes the terms do not indicate their actual meanings, for example- nucleic acids;
when they were first discovered they were observed in the nucleus, therefore, they were named
nucleic acids. Later on nucleic acids were also discovered in the cytoplasm but their names were
not changed. Endoplasmic reticulum was so named because it was found in the endoplasm (inner .
portion of the cytoplasm), later on it was also observed in the ectoplasm (outer portion of the
cytoplasm) but its name was not changed.
Words often MisunderstooC:.
Atlas. In Greece Atlas was considered a demigod who was supposed to bear the world on his
shoulders. This is first vertebra on which the skull lies. Atlas is also a book ofmaps.
Adam'sApple. It is another name oflarynx (voice box).
Acellular. It means without cell.
Aristotle's Lantern. It is a masticatory apparatus of sea urchin. It is named after its
discoverer and because ofits resemblance to ancient Greek ship lantern.
Apposite. It means suitable, right, for the purpose or occasion.
ArabiclndianNumerals.1,2, 3,4, 5, etc. Roman Numerals. I, II, ill,IV, V, etc.
Amoeba is free living protozoan, however Entamoeba histolytica is an endoparasitic
protozoan.
Blindworm, mud puppy, congo eel and mud eel are amphibians.
Cray fish, shrimp, wood louse and water flea are members of class crustacea, phylum
Arthropoda.
Crocodile tears. Crocodile has no tear glands. So there are no tears in crocodiles.
Comb jellies are not jellies but are Ctenophores.
da. It means 'of' in Italian language. Example Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452- 1519), Italian painter
and inventor who is regarded as 'Father ofPaleontology'.
de. It means 'of' in French language. Example: Hugo de Vries (1848-1935), Dutch botantist
who is one of the independent rediscoverers of Mendelism. He proposed mutation theory and is
regarded as "Father of Mutation Theory".
Darwin's finches are birds of Galapagos islands which were named as Darwin's finches by
'1r. David Lack (1947) .
.lJaaJr billed platypus is an egg laying mammal.
Elephant's l..,.lt- shell, sea hare, sea lemon, sea butterfly, razor fish, scallop, devil fish, cuttle
fish and ship wonn are n1v.1,1scs.
Gila Monster is a poisonous u_,.d,
Gene pool. All the genes of all the indivl~ls in a population make the genepool.
Germ. Microorganism, to form. ••
Glass snake is a limbless lizard.
. '
Egestion means removal of undigested food (faec l matter). E cretion is remov~l of
metabolic waste.
Fowl refers to both cock or hen.

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 llermit is one\: ho retires from , ociety to live a solitary life, or a saint who lives in cave.
Hag fish i not ;:1 true fi h. ll is a ·yclo t me,
Horn toad is ad s 1t lizard.
Ileum is pa11 of small intestin . Ilium is part of pelvic girdle (hip girdle).
Island Rail i a flightl bird.
King of herrings (rabbit fish) is a cartilaginous fish .
Kbtg crab i not a rab. It is a member of clas Merostomata. However, its phylum is the sam
i.e.. .<
~rthropoda, a that of crab.
Male Koel sounds like Kuoo-Kuoo, however, female Koel has a short and sharp calJ kik-ki,
kik.
Midwife is a trained woman who assists a mother in child birth.
Milk plant is the complete equipment including the building required for processing the mill<
Mosaic is a picture of pattern produced by putting together small pieces of coloured glas
marble or stone.
Memoir is a written account usually the book form of interesting and memorable experiencE
of one's life.
Mental concerning brain, Mantle means covering.
Mussel is a bivalved mollusc. It is called SIPP! in Hindi.
Mermaid purse refers to the egg capsule ofsharks and skates.
Niche is hollow space in a wall for statue or candle or lamp. It is called' AALA' in Hindi.
Owl has always been considered wise in the west, from the days of the Greek civilisation. Ii
India it stands for foolishness.
Portuguese man of war, sea pen, sea fan, jelly fish and 'sea wasp' are cnidarian:
(coelenterates).
The phrase "the survival ofthe fittest" was first used by Herbert Spencer (1820-1903).
Rennin is a digestive enzyme secreted by the stomach to digest milk protein. Renin is secretec
by the kidneys which is an enzyme but acts as hormone and changes the plasma prote~ tht
angiotensinogen (prodoced by the liver) into angiotensin II.
Silver fish, house cricket, praying mantis, white ants (not ants but are termites), silk moth,
vespa (genus ofwasp) are insects.
Star fish, brittle star, sea urchin, sea cucumber, feather star, sea lily are echinoderms.
Sting ray and electric ray are cartilaginous fish.
Sea potato is an urochordate.
Sea horse, Bombay duck, climbing perch, eel, and seabass are bony fish.
Sea cow is herbivorous marine mammal.
Sewerage plant is the complete equipment for processing the ewer water which in ludes
waste water and refuse.
Sbdl fishes are molluscs, each has a shell in two halves. They are used for tl examples.
Mussels, oysters, etc. •
Stool is faece or seat without arms or back.
Senile refers to old age.
Tongue worm is not worm but it is a hermichordate.
'lypical. This word refers to a representative or symbolic or distinctive type.
Trichocyst is a structure pre ent in Paramecium and om other protists, meant for anchoring
or defence. Nematocyst (stinging 'organ') i a part f n matobl st ( tinging cell) found in
cnidarians (coelenterates), used for defenc and offi nee.

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 Venus Flower Basket is a sponge whose skeleton is given a marriage gift in Japan.
Walking worm is a member of class Onychophora, phylum Arthropoda.

~~
Wisdom teeth are third molars in human beings which are vestigial and are not concef!1ed with
. j •

Whale, dolphin, bat and flying fox are mammals.

So 1 ter 1s and their related meaning - -- ~ ·
Term fat i meaning Term Related meaning
arbor tree coronary heart
auditory hearing chromo colour
arthro joint chloro green
acoustic sound cereb brain
andro male cyanin blue
aster star chemo chemical
aqueous watery cyno blue .
aquatic water -~ l hollow -:,
annual lasting for a single cutaneous skm
year or seasop ,_
amyl starch cloaca chamber to receive
anthrop man faecal matter ~d
adipose fat - . urine. It may
anus posterior most - receive reproductive
opening~fthe· ; ., fluid containing
alimentary canal _gametes.
aerobic air counter opposite
albumen the white ofan egg diurnal day·.,
albumin a protein distal - • away from the
biennial lasting for • • attachment
twoyears dorsal towards upper
brancbial gill • surface or back
brachia1 for~lin)b epidemic a disease effecting
buccal mouth/oral many persons at
caudal tail the same place
cardiac heart and time.
cervical neck marrow substance
motor muscle perennial livingfor
mandible lowerjaw m~yyears
maxilla upperjaw phyco algae
medial -nearer middle palaeo ancient
lineofbody
me-..
black phago eat
nuptial
marriage phobia fear
nasal
nose pulmonary lung
nostril$ nv.... 'lfthe nose penta five
nocturnal night •
pectoral
oesophagus should~r
food pipe -.._podia
·91factory f~t
smeJI Pl~al lateral side
'.ocu.to eye pleura
: QP~c
o.r_,gjtbo • - eye
bird pharynx
lateral ~<i~
(sing. pleuran}_
throat -·- •.,
oJ.i$o -.., . few '. .(':::.:-~ -~
.ticit:i ,•~- pelvic hips • ,.
eight . palate
~ii,( ::/_~·. - ear
roof of th~ - •
• ,,,.._ -~"! ::,. Jo-,, .-
bucc'" ~v4Y . :·i; •
~ :,,.•,. ~ ..~>
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 I 1,le It
uh tomlc partl I tt I , p >lt h , t .
tom , m 11 sl unit oh ·h ml I lem nt, e.R., carbon, hydrogen,
o g n. tiltto~ n.
ol ul Group of two or mor atoms, e.R,, ugar, protein, water, etc.
Organelle- roup mol ul whl h p rforma rtl ul r ti n iort, e.g,,
Ribo om , mlt h ndrl , t .
II roup o org n lie and mol cu le , smallest unit c pabJe of an
Ind p nd nt lifi , e.g., n rve H.
Ti ue r up of cell which haveiilmllarstructure, function, and origin,
e.g.. muscular tissue.
Organ roup oftissues performing a particular function, e.g., tomach.
rgan ) tem Group of organs performing a particular function, e.g., dige tive
system.
Organi m ls a single celled or many celled Uving body which is able to collect,
store and utilize energy, matter and information necessary for its
own development and reproduction.
Population A group of organisms of a species living in the same environment.
Community All the population living in a given environment.
Ea,system The community and its non-living environment.
Biosphere All the ecosystems of the earth ( earth's surface that is occupied by
living organisms).
Earth Biosphere and components of earth.
Solar system Sun and planets.
Universe The entire cosmos.
Pronunciation/Silent Letters/Sound~~~
If a word is pronounced properly, it is not difficult to spell. Some examples of unusual
pronunciations are mentioned below:
J •·u, ters Pronounced Examples
pn n pneumonia, pneumatic bones
ps s psychology, psammosere. pseudopodia
pt t pteridophytes, pterygoid bone
X z .xiphoid bone, xerophyte, xerosere
oe e oesophagus, oedema, oe trogen.
r r wrist, wriggler, wrap, write, wright.
wrong, wrought
et t ctenidium
1k k yolk, folk
kn n kne , knob, knot, knife, t.now, k
Some words give similar sound but have different spellings, e.g., (i) their, there (ii t ,
two, too (ill) rain, rein, reign (iv) cite, site, sight.
Nouns end jn "us" e.g.. mucus. Adjective nd in ·•ous", e.g., mu ou glands, tremend

B
There are differences b tween om British and meri n peJUn . m rds nd in
ou in British English and or in American nglish ( e.g., olour/ oJ }. Som wo '1 ·nd in tre in
British English and terin American ngfi h (e.g., centre/center}. Som v rb can eno ,. l~h ize
or tse in British English but they end with lze in American nglish (e.g., realiz /realise). Some
examples are given below :

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 /Jri•i,11 F11~/i\h I, tr Irnn Dwlhh /Jriti'/1 /"11,,fi Am('J'i 'flll r wli"h
ageing aging haemoglobin hemoglobin
anaemia anemia haemorrhage hemorrhage
anaestheti ane thetic honour honor
anal e nalyze litre liter
centre cent r leucocyte leukocyte
coelom cclom metre meter
coeliac celiac oesophagus esophagus
caecum ecum oedema edema
colour color oestrogen estrogen
defaecation defecation oestrous estrus
faece feces paediatric pediatric
fibre fiber programme program
foetus fetus taenia tenia
goitre goiter theature theater
gynaecology gynecology traveller traveler
haernaturia hematuria tumour tumor
In India, British spellings are commonly used.

ABA Abscisic Acid CCC Convention on climate change

ABP Androgen Binding Protein DMPA Depot-medroxyprogesterone
ADP Adenosine di phosphate acetate
AMP Adenosine monosphosphate DPGA 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
ARI Acute respiratory infection ' EFA Essential Fatty Acids
ACD Acid citrate dextrose EDTA Ethylene diamino tetra-acetic acid
ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone ET Embyo transfer
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate ECG Electrocardiogram
ATPue Adenosine Triphosphatase EEG Electroencephalogram
BAP Be&Zyl amino purine ESR Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
BHC Benrene hexachloride ECT Electro convulsive therapy
BMR Basal metabolic rate EMPPathway Embden Myerhof Parnas Path way
CAD Coronary Artery Disease FAS Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
CCK Cholecystokinin FSH Follicle Stimulating hormone
CCMB Centre for CeJlular and Molecular GMP Guanosine monophosphate
Biology Hyderabad GTP Guanosine triphosphate
CPCB Central PoJJution Control Board GAP Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
CPD Citrate phosphate dextro e GEAC Genetic Engineering Approved
CAP CataboHte activator protein Committee
COD Chemical oxygen demand GPP Gros Productivity
CSIR CouncH f cien tifi c and GFC Grazing Food Chain
lndubtriaJResearch, New Delhi GEM Genetically Engineered
CHD Coronary heart disease GFR Glomerular filteration rate
CRD Chronic respiratory disea es GSI Gametophytic Self
CP Creatine Phosphate Incompatibility
CA Cardiovascular anesl UND Haem lytic di ease of the New
CVA Cardiovascular accident bom
CAT Computerized Axial Tomography HSV Herpe imple virus
CTScan Computed Tomography Scanning HPV Human Palilloma Virus
HGP Human Genome Project
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 HPL Human Placental Lactogen Rf Plasmid rt induces quick rooting in host
IBWL Indian Board of Wildlife organism after injection
ICBN International ode for Botanical RUBJSCO RibuloRe b:isphosphate
omenculture carboxylase ox}'genase
ICZ International ode for Rh Rhesus
Zoological Nomenculture RNase Ribonuclease
IC Inspiratory Capacity SAnode Sinoatrial node
IDDM In ulin-dependent diabetes STH Somatotropic hormone
mellitus SQUID Superconducting quantum
LASER Light amplification by interference device
stimulated emission of radiation SUZI Subzonal insemination
LAB Lactobacillus bacteria/Lactic ·sv40 Simian Virus40
Acid Bacteria SAFA-test . , Solid Antigen Fluorescent.
LH Luteinizing Hormone Antibody Test - It •i a
LHC LightHarvestin~Complex modification of ELISA • test
MET Magnetoencephalography SSI Sporophytic Self Incompatibility
MI Myocaridal Infarction TCA Tricarboxylic acid cycle
NAD Nicotinamide adenine TV Tidal volume
dinucleotide TL€ Total leucocyte count
NADP Njcodnamide adeni,ne
dinucleotide phosphate TPP
. Total lung capacity
Thiamine pyrophosphate
NFWP National Family Welfare TPA Tissue PlasminogenActivator
Programme Ti Plasmid Tumour inducing Plasmid
NCP National Commission on UTRs Untranslated Regions
Population · UNEP United Nations Environment
Nat ion al Env ironm~ntal Programme
Engineering Research Institute, UNESCO United Nations Educational
Nagpur · Scientific and Cultural
NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Organisation
NAA Naphthalene Acetic Acid UNDP United Nations Development
PEN PrimaryEndosperm Nucleus Programme
PZE Piezo Electric Effect UQ lJbiquinone
pH Hydrogen ion concentration, a VAM Ve' sicular- Arbuscular
measure of acidity or alkalinity Mycorthiza
PPLO Pleuro pneumonia-like organism vc Vital Capacity
PVS Potato Virus S WFN World Wildlife Fund for Nature
ppm parts per million wcu World Conservation Union
ppb pars per billion WHO World Health Orgaru ation
PET Positron emission tomography WCP World climate programme
PID Pel vie inflamatory disease YAC Yeast artificial chromosome
PAN Peroxyacetyl Nitrate ~ Female
PAR Photo ynthetically Active a Mol •
Rad 'ation ~ Bise u.tl
PCT Proximal onvoluted bul

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 UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS
I milli n ,. 1.000,000, IOA
l hillion
l trillion
-
,,.
1,000.000,000.10'
10 11
l quadrillon .. l0 11
I kilometre(km) "" IO00 metres
I mile -= 1.6093 km
I heel re .. IO000 m1 • 2.471 acre
I acre 4940 square yards • 4046.86 m1
l metre(m) = 100cm, 39.37 inches
l yard 91.44cm =0.9144m
I foot = 30.48 cm =0.3048 m
I inch 2.54cm
I centimetre ( cm) = 10·2 m = 10mm
I millimetre (mm) 10·3 m =0.1 cm= lO00µm
I micron(µ) 10-6 oron~millionth
l micrometre (µm) 10·6-m, 10· 4 cm, 10·3 mm ;, 1000 run
I nanometre (nm) 10·9 m, 10·1 cm, 10-6 mm, 10·3 µm = IOE
I angstrom (E) 10· 10 m, lff'cm, 10-1 mm, 10·•µm, lff 1 nm
I picometre (pm) 10·12 m, 10· 3 nm
1 femtometre (fm) = 10· 15 m, to·6 nm
1 attometre (am) = lff" m. 10-9 nm
1 tonne (t). metric tonne = 1000kg
1 ton (long ton) =- 1016.05 kg ( = 2240 lbs)
1 quintal "" 100kg
I kilogram (kg) 1000g 2.2 lb
l pound (lb) = 0.4536 kg 453.6 gm
1 ounce(oz) 0.0283 kg = 28.3 gm
J gram (gm, g) }0"3 kg
J milligram (mg) lff 0 kg, 10·1 g
J microgram (µg) 10·9 kg, 10-6 g
J gaJlon ( gaJ) 4.546 litres
J U.S. gaJJon 3.785 litre
Hitre(J) 1000 ml l cubic decimetr
1 millilitre(ml) 10 ' l l ubi centimetr
l Dalton 1,66 10- (weigh o singl hydrogen atom

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