2019 Wts 12 Euclidean Geometry

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EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
GRADE : 11 AND 12
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Euclidean geometry
 LINES AND ANGLES
 A line is an infinite number of points between two end points.

 Where two lines meet or cross, they form an angle.
 An angle is an amount of rotation. It is measured in degrees.
 ANGLE LANGUAGE:
arm
angle x
C arm A vertex
 LABELING ANGLES:
BÂC or Â or x
ALSO: Â1 reflex Â
1 A
 INTERSECT
A C AB and CD intersect (cross or cut) at E

E
D B
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 BISECT
PQ bisects (cuts in half) RS at T

P R
T
S Q
B AD bisects BÂC (Â1 = Â2 )
1
A 2 D
 ADJACENT ANGLES
→Angles that have a common vertex and a common arm
p q p and q are adjacent angles
→Adjacent angles that lie on a straight line add up to 180° m n

m + n = 180°
 PERPENDICULAR LINES:
→Lines that meet or cross at 90° M
MN ┴ PS P S
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 TERMINOLOGY
 Acute angle: Greater than 0 but less than 90

 Right angle: Angle equal to 90
 Obtuse angle: Angle greater than 90 but less than 180
 Straight angle: Angle equal to 180
 Reflex angle: Angle greater than 180 but less than 360
 Revolution: Sum of the angles around a point, equal to 360
 Adjacent angles: Angles that share a vertex and a common side.
 Vertically opposite angles: Angles opposite each other when two lines intersect. They share
a vertex and are equal.
 Supplementary angles: Two angles that add up to 180 .
 Complementary angles: Two angles that add up to 90 .
 Parallel lines: Lines that are always the same distance apart
 A transversal line: A line that intersects two or more parallel lines.
 Interior angles: Angles that lie in between the parallel lines.
 Exterior angles: Angles that lie outside the parallel lines.
 Corresponding angles: Angles on the same side of the lines and the same side of the
transversal.
 Co-interior angles: Angles that lie in between the lines and on the same side of the
transversal.
 Alternate interior angles: Interior angles that lie inside the line and on opposite sides of the
transversal.
 Congruent: The same. Identical.
 Similar: Looks the same. Equal angles and sides in proportion.
 Proportion: A part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole. The
equality of two ratios. An equation that can be solved.
 Ratio: The comparison of sizes of two quantities of the same unit. An expression.
 Area: The space taken up by a two-dimensional polygon.
 Theorem: A statement that has been proved based on previously established statements
 Converse: A statement formed by interchanging what is given in a theorem and what is to be
proved
 Corollary: A statement that follows with little or no proof required from an already proven
statement.
 Euclidean Geometry: Geometry based on the postulates of Euclid. Euclidean geometry deals
with space and shape using a system of logical deductions
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 TYPES OF ANGLES
Name of angle Example Size of angle
Acute angle
Between 0° and 90°
Right angle Equal to 90°
Obtuse angle Between 90° and 180°
Straight angle Equal to 180°
Reflex angle Between 180° and 360°
Revolution Equal to 360°
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 SUMMARY OF REASONS
vert opp < s (are equal)
adj < s on str line (are supplementary)
< s at a pt (add up to 360°)
alt < s _//_ (are equal)
corr < s _//_ (are equal)
co-int < s _//_ (are supplementary)
alt < s = (lines are //)
corr < s = (lines are //)
co-int < s suppl (lines are //)
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 ADJACENT ANGLES ON A STRAIGHT LINE ARE SUPPLEMENTARY.
→If they are adjacent angles on a straight line, then they add up to 180°
120° x
A B C
x = 60° reason adj <s on str line
 ADJACENT SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES ARE ON A STRAIGHT LINE.
→If adjacent angles add up to 180°, then they are on a straight line
60° P MNP is a straight line

120° adj supp <s
M N
 VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES.
→When two straight lines intersect the angles opposite each other are called vertically opposite
angles.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
 TRANSVERSALS
→If a line cuts or touches another line, it is called a transversal.

A
D e.g. AB is a transversal because it cuts CD and EF

C
E
F B
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 ANGLES AND TRANSVERSALS
Corresponding angles are in the same position as each other.
F shape
Co-interior angles are between the lines and on the same side of the transversal. They are “inside
together”.
C or U shape
Alternate angles are between the lines and on alternate (opposite) sides of the transversal.
Z or N shape
Remember the word “FUN”{ Geometry is FUN song}
 PARALLEL LINES
Parallel lines are lines that stay the same distance apart, no matter how long the lines are (they are
lines that never meet).
Arrows are used to indicate that

lines are parallel.
 PARALLEL LINES
IF LINES ARE PARALLEL THEN: REASONS:
 The corresponding angles are equal corr <s …//…

 The alternate angles are equal alt <s …//…
 The co-interior angles are supplementary co-int <s …//…
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 TO PROVE LINES ARE PARALLEL:
Prove the corresponding angles are equal corr <s =

Prove the alternate angles are equal alt <s =
Prove the co-interior angles are supplementary co-int <s =
 Properties of the angles formed by a transversal line intersecting two parallel lines
 If the lines are parallel:
 the corresponding angles will be equal

 the co-interior angles are supplementary
 the alternate interior angles will be equal.
 If the corresponding angles will be equal or the co-interior angles are supplementary or
the alternate interior angles will be equal:
 the lines are parallel
Kwv 1
Draw the shapes of following and write their statements
a) Adjacent supplementary angles
b) Angles round a point
c) Vertically opposite angles
d) Corresponding angles
e) Alternate angles
f) Co- interior angles
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 TRIANGLES
 THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF TRIANGLES
1. SCALENE TRIANGLE
 No sides are equal in length
2. ISOSCELES TRIANGLE
 Two sides are equal
3. EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
 All three sides are equal

 All three interior angles are equal
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4. RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLE
 One interior angle is 90
 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLES
 SUM OF THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE
 EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE
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Kwv 1
Draw shape of the following triangles and write the conclusion of each
a) Scalene Triangle
b) Isosceles Triangle
c) Equilateral Triangle
d) Right-Angled Triangle
e) Sum of the angles of a Triangle
f) Exterior angle of a Triangle
 IF YOU ARE ASKED TO PROVE THAT…..
 Two lines parallel

Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the two lines.)
Determine that the slopes are equal, therefore the lines are parallel.
 Two lines perpendicular

Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the two lines.)
Determine that the slope are negative reciprocals of each other, therefore the lines are perpendicular.
 A triangle is a right angle triangle

Use the slope formula twice. (Find the slopes of the legs.)
Determine that since the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other, the lines are perpendicular,
forming a right angle. This makes the triangle a right angle.
OR
Use the distance formula three times. (Find the length of the three sides.).
Determine that the square of the length of the hypotenuse (the longest side) is equal to the sum of the
squares of the length of the two adjacent legs, that is, use the Pythagorean Theorem ( ).
 A triangle is isosceles
Use the distance formula twice. (Find the length of two congruent sides.)
Determine that since the lengths of two sides are equal, the triangle is isosceles.
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 A triangle is an isosceles right triangle
Use the distance formula three times. (Find right triangle the lengths of the three sides.)
Determine that since the lengths of two sides are equal and that the square of the length of the
hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square of the lengths of the two adjacent legs ,
the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.
OR
Use the slope formula twice and the distance formula twice. (Find the slopes and the lengths of the
two legs.)
First, prove the triangle is a right triangle (see above), and then use the distance formula to find the
lengths of the two legs of the triangle. Since the lengths of two sides are equal, the triangle is
isosceles. Thus, the triangle is an isosceles right triangle.
 CONGRUENCY OF TRIANGLES
Rule 1
Two triangles are congruent if three sides of one triangle are equal in length to the three sides of the
other triangle. (SSS)
Rule 2
Two triangles are congruent if two sides and the included angle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of the other triangle. (SAS)
Rules 3
Two triangles are congruent if two angles and one side are equal to two angles and one side of the
other triangle. (SAA)
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Rule 4
Two right-angles triangles are congruent if the hypotenuse and a side of the one triangle is equal to
the hypotenuse and a side of the other triangle. (RHS)
Kwv 1
Draw two triangles of each of four conditions
 SIMILARITY
Rule 1 (AAA)
If all three pairs of corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then the triangles are similar.
Rule 2 (SSS)
If all three pairs of corresponding sides of two triangles are in proposition, then the triangles are
similar.
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 PYTHAGORAS THEOREM
KUTHI HUUUUU!!!!!
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 THE MIDPOINT THEOREM
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle, is parallel to the third side
of the triangle and half the length of that side.
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 CONVERSE OF THE MIDPOINT THEOREM
 THEOREM
In a triangle a line draw through the midpoint of one side , parallel to another side
bisects the third side.
In triangle ABX, IF AD=BD and DE// BC then AE=EC
Kwv 1
Draw the two shapes for midpoint theorem and write their statements
 PROPERRTIES OF QUADRILATERALS
 TRAPEZIUM
 Two sides are parallel.
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 PARALLELOGRAM
 Opposite sides parallel and equal.

 Opposite angles equal.
 Diagonals bisect each other.
 RECTANGLE
 Opposite sides parallel and equal in length.

 Diagonals are equal in length and bisect each other.
 Interior angles are right angles
 RHOMBUS
 Opposite sides are parallel.

 All sides equal in length.
 Diagonals bisect each other at the right angles.
 Diagonals bisect the opposite angles.
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 SQUARE
 Opposite sides parallel.

 All sides equal in length.
 Diagonals are equal in length.
 Diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
 Interior angles are right angles.
 Diagonals bisect interior angles (each bisect angle equals 45˚).
 KITE
 Adjacent pairs of sides are equal in length.

 The longer diagonal bisects the opposite angles.
 The longer diagonal bisects the other diagonal.
 The diagonals intersect at right angles.
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 HOW TO PROVE A QUADRILATERAL
 PROVING A TRIANGLE IS A RIGHT TRIANGLE.
Method 1: Show two sides of the triangle are perpendicular by demonstrating their slopes are
opposite reciprocal.
Method 2: Calculate the distances of all three sides and then test the Pythagorean‟s theorem to show
the three lengths make the Pythagorean‟s theorem true.
 PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A PARALLELOGRAM
Method 1: Show that the diagonals bisect each other by showing the midpoint of the diagonals are
the same.
Method 2: Show both pairs of opposite sides are parallel by showing they have equal slopes.
Method 3: Show both pairs of opposite sides are equal by using distance.
Method 4: Show one pair of sides is both parallel and equal.
 PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A RECTANGLE

Prove that it is a parallelogram first, then:
Method 1: Show that the diagonals are congruent.
Method 2: Show that it has a right angle by using slope.
 PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A RHOMBUS
Prove that it is a parallelogram first, then:
Method 1: Prove that the diagonals are perpendicular.
Method 2: Prove that a pair of adjacent sides are equal.
Method 3: Prove that all four sides are equal.
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 PROVING THAT A QUADRILATERAL IS A SQUARE
There are many ways to do this. I recommend proving the diagonals bisect each other
(parallelogram), are equal (rectangle) and perpendicular (rhombus).
 PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS A TRAPEZOID

Show one pair of sides are parallel (same slope) and one pair of sides are not parallel (different
slopes).
 PROVING A QUADRILATERAL IS AN ISOSCELES TRAPEZOID

Prove that it is a trapezoid first, then:
Method 1: Prove the diagonals are congruent using distance.
Method 2: Prove that the pair of non-parallel sides are equal.
Kwv 1
In order to prove that one of the following quadrilaterals, you will need to prove at least one of the
following:
a) Parallelograms
b) Rectangle
c) Rhombus
d) Square
e) Trapezium
f) kite
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 CIRCLE GEOMETRY
 GRADE 11
KEY DEFINITION
 Radius: a line from the centre to any point on the circumference of the circle
 Diameter: a line passing through the centre of the circle. It is double the length of the radius.
 Chord: a line with end-points on the circumference.
 Tangent: a line touching the circle at any one point
 Secant: a line passing through two points on the circle.
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Kwv 1
In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle.
Describe the following and use the figure above to write an example of each:
a. Diameter
b. Radius
c. Chord
d. Segment
e. Sector
f. Arc
g. Secant
h. Tangent
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 ACCEPTABLE REASONS: EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
In order to have some kind of uniformity, the use of the following shortened versions of the theorem
statements is encouraged.
THEOREM STATEMENT ACCEPTABLE REASON(S)

LINES
The adjacent angles on a straight line are supplementary. s on a str line
If the adjacent angles are supplementary, the outer arms of these adj s sup
angles form a straight line.
The adjacent angles in a revolution add up to 360. s around a pt OR s in a rev
Vertically opposite angles are equal. vert opp s =
If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal. alt s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. corresp s; AB || CD
If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary. co-int s; AB || CD
If the alternate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are alt s =
parallel.
If the corresponding angles between two lines are equal, then the corresp s =
lines are parallel.
If the co-interior angles between two lines are supplementary, then co-int s supp
the lines are parallel.
TRIANGLES
The interior angles of a triangle are supplementary.  sum in  OR sum of s in ∆
OR int s 
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior ext  of 
opposite angles.
The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are s opp equal sides
equal.
The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are sides opp equal s
equal.
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to Pythagoras OR
the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Theorem of Pythagoras
If the square of the longest side in a triangle is equal to the sum of converse Pythagoras
the squares of the other two sides, then the triangle is right-angled. OR
converse Theorem of Pythagoras
If three sides of one triangle are respectively equal to three sides of SSS
another triangle, the triangles are congruent.
If two sides and an included angle of one triangle are respectively SAS OR SS
equal to two sides and an included angle of another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If two angles and one side of one triangle are respectively equal to AAS OR S
two angles and the corresponding side in another triangle, the
triangles are congruent.
If in two right angled triangles, the hypotenuse and one side of one RHS OR 90°HS
triangle are respectively equal to the hypotenuse and one side of the
other, the triangles are congruent
The line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of a triangle is midpt Theorem
parallel to the third side and equal to half the length of the third side
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The line drawn from the midpoint of one side of a triangle, parallel line through midpt || to 2nd side
to another side, bisects the third side.
If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in ||| s OR equiangular ∆s
proportion (and consequently the triangles are similar).
If the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the sides of ∆ in prop
triangles are equiangular (and consequently the triangles are
similar).
If triangles (or parallelograms) are on the same base (or on bases of same base; same height OR
equal length) and between the same two parallel lines, then the equal bases; equal height
triangles (or parallelograms) have equal areas.
CIRCLES
The tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the radius/diameter of the tan  radius
circle at the point of contact. tan  diameter
If a line is drawn perpendicular to a radius/diameter at the point line  radius OR
where the radius/diameter meets the circle, then the line is a tangent converse tan  radius OR
to the circle. converse tan  diameter
The line drawn from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord line from centre to midpt of chord
is perpendicular to the chord.
The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord line from centre  to chord
bisects the chord.
The perpendicular bisector of a chord passes through the centre of perp bisector of chord
the circle;
The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the  at centre = 2 × at circumference
size of the angle subtended by the same arc at the circle (on the same
side of the chord as the centre)
The angle subtended by the diameter at the circumference of the s in semi-circle OR
circle is 90. diameter subtends right angle OR
1
 in 
2
If the angle subtended by a chord at the circumference of the circle chord subtends 90 OR
is 90, then the chord is a diameter. converse s in semi-circle
Angles subtended by a chord of the circle, on the same side of the s in the same seg
chord, are equal
If a line segment joining two points subtends equal angles at two line subtends equal s OR
points on the same side of the line segment, then the four points are converse s in the same seg
concyclic.
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circle. equal chords; equal s
Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre of the circle. equal chords; equal s
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the equal circles; equal chords; equal s
circumference of the circles.
Equal chords in equal circles subtend equal angles at the centre of equal circles; equal chords; equal s
the circles.
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary opp s of cyclic quad
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If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are supplementary then the opp s quad supp OR
quadrilateral is cyclic. converse opp s of cyclic quad
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext  of cyclic quad
opposite angle.
If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior ext  = int opp  OR
opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the quadrilateral is cyclic. converse ext  of cyclic quad
Two tangents drawn to a circle from the same point outside the tans from common pt OR
circle are equal in length tans from same pt
The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from tan chord theorem
the point of contact is equal to the angle in the alternate segment.
If a line is drawn through the end-point of a chord, making with the converse tan chord theorem OR
chord an angle equal to an angle in the alternate segment, then the  between line and chord
line is a tangent to the circle.
QUADRILATERALS
The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360. sum of s in quad
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are parallel, then the opp sides of quad are ||
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal in length. opp sides of ||m
If the opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal, then the opp sides of quad are =
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR
converse opp sides of a parm
The opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. opp s of ||m
If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are equal then the opp s of quad are = OR
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. converse opp angles of a parm
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other. diag of ||m
If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the diags of quad bisect each other
quadrilateral is a parallelogram. OR
converse diags of a parm
If one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral are equal and parallel, pair of opp sides = and ||
then the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect its area. diag bisect area of ||m
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect at right angles. diags of rhombus
The diagonals of a rhombus bisect the interior angles. diags of rhombus
All four sides of a rhombus are equal in length. sides of rhombus
All four sides of a square are equal in length. sides of square
The diagonals of a rectangle are equal in length. diags of rect
The diagonals of a kite intersect at right-angles. diags of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the other diagonal. diag of kite
A diagonal of a kite bisects the opposite angles diag of kite
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WTS TUTORING
Kwv 1
Draw the shape of all 7 theorems and write their reasons:
 KEY WORD MIND MAP

Kwv 1
Write all the key information if you are required to prove or given the following:
a) When parallel lines are given.
b) How to prove that lines are parallel
c) Angle or line bisectors
d) Triangle information:
 Isosceles
 Exterior
 Equilateral
e) When you must prove two sides are equal
f) Centre of a circle given
g) Diameter
h) Angles formed at the circumference
i) Chords in a circle
j) Cyclic quadrilateral given
k) How to prove that a quadrilateral is cyclic
l) Tangents to circles given
m) How to prove that a line is a tangent to a circle

WTS TUTORING 37
 PROOFS
The following proofs of theorems are examinable:
Kwv 1
Prove the following theorems
a) The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord bisects the chord;
b) The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of a circle is double the size of the angle subtended by
the same arc at the circle (on the same side of the chord as the centre);
c) The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary;
d) The angle between the tangent to a circle and the chord drawn from the point of contact is equal to
the angle in the alternate segment;
e) A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally;
f) Equiangular triangles are similar.
 Corollaries derived from the theorems and axioms are necessary in solving riders
• Angles in a semi-circle
• Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
• Equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre
• In equal circles, equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference
• In equal circles, equal chords subtend equal angles at the centre.
• The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the quadrilateral.
• If the exterior angle of a quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle of the quadrilateral, then the
quadrilateral is cyclic.
• Tangents drawn from a common point outside the circle are equal in length.
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WTS TUTORING 38
 TIPS TO SOLVING GEOMETRY RIDERS
• READ-READ-READ the information next to the diagram thoroughly
• TRANSFER all given information to the DIAGRAM
• Look for KEYWORDS, e.g.
 TANGENT: What do the theorems say about tangents?

 CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL: What are the properties of a cyclic quad?
• NEVER ASSUME something!
 Don‟t assume that a certain line is the DIAMETER of a circle unless it is clearly state or unless
you can prove it
 Don‟t assume that a point is the CENTRE of a circle unless it is clearly stated (“circle M” means
“the circle with midpoint M”)
NB:
 TAKE NOTE IF FOLLOWING TERMS ARE GIVEN
1. CENTRE
 Radii can be joined by chord to form an isosceles triangle.
 s opp equal sides

 sides opp equal s
  at centre = 2 × at circumference
 line from centre to midpt of chord
 line from centre  to chord
 perp bisector of chord
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WTS TUTORING 39
2. TANGENT (s)
 tan  radius
 Right angled triangle can be formed
 tan  diameter
 Right angled triangle can be formed

 tangents from common point or tans from same pt. { DEP DANCE}
 Isoscele
 s triangle can be formed
 tan chord theorem { MODELLING STYLE}
3. PARALLEL lines
 If If AB || CD, then the corresponding angles are equal. {FANELE}
 If AB || CD, then the alternate angles are equal.{ ZODWA WABANTU}
 If AB || CD, then the co-interior angles are supplementary.{ CELIWE}
4. DIAMETER
1
 s in semi-circle OR diameter subtends right angle OR  in .
2
 tan  diameter
 diameter = 2radii
5. FOR THE CYCLIC QUAD
 line subtends equal s OR s in the same seg
 equal chords; equal s
 opp s of cyclic quad
 ext  of cyclic quad
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WTS TUTORING 40
6. FOR EQUAL LINES / ANGLES
 Equal chords subtend equal angles at the circumference of the circle.
 The angles opposite the equal sides in an isosceles triangle are equal.
 The sides opposite the equal angles in an isosceles triangle are equal.
7. ANGLE BISECTOR
 The line that divides the angle into equal parts
 ANGLES
 COMPLIMENTARY ANGLES (ADD UP TO 90˚)
 Angles subtended by diameter
 Radius perpendicular to tangent
 SUPPLIMENTARY ANGLES (ADD UP TO 180˚)
 Angles on a straight line
 Sum angles of a triangle
 Opposite angles of a cyclic quad
 Co-int angles
 EQUAL ANGLES
 Altanate angles
 Corresponding angles
 Tan-chord theorem
 Ext angle of a cyclic quad
 Angles substended by same chord / arc
 Equal sides oppose equal angles
 REVOLUTION (ADD UP TO 360˚)
 Angles around the point
 Sum angles of a quad

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KWV 1
 KEY WORDS
 CP BISECT of Â D
Then!!!! → ̂ 1 = ̂ 2 = 25˚
 EQUAL LINES : AT =AP
Then!!!! →A ̂ P = ̂ 2 = 65˚
NB: AC is not a tangent unless it’s stated.
→ To find ̂ , ext of ∆ COP can be used. → ̂ = 40˚
→ A ̂ C + A ̂ P = 180˚ ( ’s on a str line)
→ ̂ 1 + ̂ 1 = A ̂ P (ext of ∆ ACT)
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KWV 2
 KEY WORDS
 CENTRE O
Then!!!! → ̂ = 2 ̂ ( at centre = 2× at circ)

→110˚=2 ̂
OR
→ ̂ 1 = 2 ̂ ( at centre = 2× at circ)
→110˚ = 2 ̂
 PARALLEL LINES : AB || DC
Then!!!! → ̂ = A ̂D
̂ 1 = ̂ = 55˚ (alternate ‟s AB || DC )
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KWV 3
 KEY WORDS
 CENTRE O & DIAMETER BD
Then!!!! →B ̂ D = 90˚ ( ‟s in a semi-circle)

̂ 2 + ̂ 3 = B ̂ D ( ‟s in a semi-circle)
 TANGENT GEH
Then!!! → ̂ 1 + ̂ 2 (tan-chord theorem)

→ ̂ 5 = ̂ 1 (tan-chord theorem)
→ ̂ 2 = ̂ 3 ( ‟s in the same segment)
 CYCLIC QUAD: FBCE
Then!!! → ̂ + ̂ = 180˚ (opp ‟s cyclic quad)
 CYCLIC QUAD: FBDE
→ ̂ + ̂ = 180˚ (opp ‟s cyclic quad)
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KWV 4
 KEY WORDS
 TANGENT CD
Then!!!! → ̂ 4 = ̂ (tan-chord theorem)

→ ̂ 4 = ̂ 2 (tan-chord theorem)
 PARALLEL LINES : AC || FD
Then!!!! → ̂ = ̂ 2 (alternate ‟s AC || FD)

→ ̂ 1= ̂ 1 (alternate ‟s AC || FD)
→ ̂ 1 = ̂ 3 (corr ‟s AC || FD)
 EQUAL LINES : FE = AB
Then!!!! → ̂ 3 = ̂ 1 (subt by equal chord, AB = EF)
NB: Two equal circles with equal chords, then those chords will subtend equal angles at the
circumference as long as those 2 circles intersect each other.
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 GEOMETRIC RIDERS : PROOFS
 When required to prove a geometric fact it is always good to have a thought strategy.
 The most important overriding factor to any strategies ... know your theorems.
 One useful strategy:
 If required to prove something about lines or shapes
 Ask “What if this is so?” This will usually lead on to another fact which may be easier to prove
first (as long as the converse is true!).
 STATEMENTS AND CONVERSES:
Statement: If today is Tuesday then tomorrow is Wednesday.

Converse: If tomorrow is Wednesday then today is Tuesday.
Some converses are true and some are not:
Statement: If it is not raining then there are no clouds.

Converse: If there are no clouds then it is not raining.
 HOW TO PROVE THTA LINES ARE PARALLEL.
→If the altenate angles between two lines are equal, then the lines are parallel. (reason→alt’s =)
→If the corr ’s between two lines are equal, then the lines are parallel. (corr ’s =).
→If the co-interior’s between two lines are supplementary, then the lines are parallel. (co-int ’s supp)
 WHEN YOU MUST PROVE TWO SIDES ARE EQUAL.
→In a triangle, base angles must be equal. (sides opp equal angles)
→When lines are separated, 2 opp ’s on the circumfarance must be equal. (sides opp = ’s)
 DIAMETER.
→Opp  in the circumfarance must be equal to 90˚.
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 HOW TO PROVE THTA A QUADRILATERAL IS CYCLIC.
→Converse ’s in the same segm.
→converse opp ’s of cyclic quad)
→converse ext  of cyclic quad)
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 PROVE THAT LINE IS A TANGENT TO THE CIRCLE.
→Converse tan chord theorem
 TRIANGLE INFORMATION.
 ISOSCELES
→2 sides are equal
→2 angles opp = sides are equal
 EXTERIOR
→Ext  of a Δ = the sum of the 2 int opp ’s of a Δ
 EQUILATERAL
→All sides are equal
→All angles are equal
 ANGLE FORMED AT THE CIRCUMFERENCE.
→Two angles at the circumfarence equal, their chord(s) are also equal.
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KWV 1
In the figure below, two circles cut in points F and D. BFT is a tangent to the smaller circle at F. straight
line AFE is drawn so that FE = FD. CDE is a straight line and chords AC and BF cut at K.
PROVE THAT:
a) BT || CE
R.T.P.: ̂1 = ̂2
REASON: Alt. ' s proved equal
b) BCEF is a parallelogram
R.T.P.: BC // FE
REASON: Corr. ' s proved equal
c) AC = BF
R.T.P.: ̂ ̂
REASON: ' s opposite to equal sides
d) BF is a diameter, if it given that AF = FE

R.T.P.: BK = KF = AK = KC
REASON: = radius
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KWV 2
In the figure, ABC is a tangent to the circle. Chord DE is drawn and extended to F so that
BD || CF. DE, BE and BF are joined. BD bisects AB̂F .
Prove:
a) BEFC is a cyclic quadrilateral.
R.T.P.: DÊB = AĈF
REASON: Exterior angle = interior opposite angle
b) BE bisects DÊC .
R.T.P.: CÊB = DÊB
REASON: BE bisects CÊD
c) BD is a tangent to circle BCF.
R.T.P.: DB̂F = BĈF
REASON: Converse to tan-chord theorem
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GRADE 12
PROPORTIONAL AND AREA OF TRIANGLES
RATIOS
 can be vertical or horizontal
CROSS MULTIPLICATION TECHNIQUES

 It is useful when working with ratios
PROPORTION THEOREM
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, it divides the other two sides in the same proportion.
(Prop theorem, DE ∣∣ BC)
Note:
 reason: line // one side of Δ

 corollaries
Kwv 1
Consider the diagram
B C
D E
Write 4 corollaries from above diagram if BC ǁ DE
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 SIMILAR POLYGONS
 Similar polygons have the same shape, but not necessarily the same size.
e.g. Every square is similar to every other square.
POLYGONS (WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF SIDES) ARE SIMILAR WHEN:
 All the pairs of corresponding angles are equal (They are equiangular) and
 All the pairs of corresponding sides are in the same proportion. Both of these conditions must
hold at the same time.
 ||| is the symbol we use to say one polygon „is similar to‟ another polygon.
 TRIANGLES ARE SPECIAL POLYGONS
 If two triangles are equiangular, then their sides will always be in the same proportion, so the
triangles are similar.
 If the sides of two triangles are in the same proportion, then the triangles will be equiangular, so
the triangles are similar.
 equiangular Δs ➝ similar Δs corresponding sides Δs in proportion ➝ Δs are similar
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 AREA OF TRIANGLES
 If two or more triangles have a common vertex (A) and lie between the same parallel lines,
they also have a common perpendicular height (altitude).
 The areas of triangles with equal altitudes are in the same proportion as their bases.
Remember: area ∆ = ½ base × perp height
A
∆ADB, ∆DBC and ∆ADC all have the same ⊥ height DE.
So Area ∆ADB : Area ∆DBC : Area ∆ADC
(½ AB × DE) : (½ BC × DE) : (½ AC × DE) AB : BC : AC
 CONSIDER:
 If two or more triangles lie between parallel lines, they have the same altitude.
 Triangles on the same base (or equal bases) and between parallel lines are equal in area.
Area ∆ABC = ½(AB) h
Area ∆ADB = ½(AB) h
Area ∆ABC = Area ∆ADB
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Kwv 1
If two or more triangles have a common vertex (A) and lie between the same parallel lines, they also have
a common perpendicular height (altitude), and then draw the triangle to represent the information
Kwv 2
The areas of triangles with equal altitudes or height are in the same proportion as their bases, and then
draw the triangle to represent the information
Kwv 3
If two or more triangles lie between parallel lines, they have the same altitude or height. And triangles on
the same base (or equal bases) and between parallel lines are equal in area, and then draw the triangle
to represent the information
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 THEOREMS
 If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are in proportion and therefore the
triangles are similar.
NOTE:
If two triangles have 2 corresponding angles equal, then the third angles will equal each other (sum angles
of a triangle = 180°) and the triangles are therefore similar and their sides will be in proportion. The
shortened reason you can use is (third angle)
 If two triangles have their sides in the same proportion, then the corresponding angles will be
equal and the triangles are similar.
 CONCLUSION
If you are required to prove similarity then:
 Two angles equal
 Obvious, other angle will be equal ( 3rd angle of triangle)
Kwv 1
Play with the following:
a) RT = 3PN
b) AB2 = BC2 + AC2
c) AB: CD: 3 : 5
d) AB2 = BD. BC
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Kwv 1
Critical analyse the following diagrams........
a.
b.
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c.
d.
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e.
f.
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g.
h.
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i.
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 WHEN REQUIRED TO PROVE THAT :
 Note that they are two conditions:
1. AB either common in both triangles
2. AB either equal to another line in the triangles
KWV 1
In the diagram below, cyclic quadrilateral EFGH is drawn. Chord EH produced and chord FG
produced meet at K. M is a point on EF such that MG||EK. Also, KG = EF.
1. Prove that:
a) ∆KGH /// ∆KEF
b) = KE.GH
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 EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
Complete the following statement:
a. The line drawn from the centre of a circle perpendicular to a chord………………………..……
b. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are ………………………………………...…….…
c. The angle between the tangent and a chord is ………………………………………………..…..
d. If two triangle are equiangular, the corresponding sides are…………………………………...…
e. The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are … ………………………………………………
f. The angle subtended by an arc at the centre of the circle is ……………………………………….
g. The angle between a tangent to a circle and a chord is ……………………………………………
h. The angle subtended by a chord at the centre of a circle is … ……………………………………
i. If two triangles are equiangular, then the corresponding sides are …………………………….
a.
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QUESTION 2
(a) In the diagram below, AB is a chord of the circle with centre O. M is the midpoint of
AB. Prove the theorem that states OM  AB .
(b) In the figure Below o is the centre of the circle and A,B and C are three points on the
circumference of the circle. Use the figure and prove the theorem that states that
ˆ C  2A
BO ˆ
C
B
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(c) In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle. Use the diagram to prove the theorem which states
that: If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral then PQ̂R + PŜR = 180o.
R
Q
(d) In the diagram below, O is the centre of the circle passing through A, B and C. EA is a tangent to the
circle at A. Use this diagram to prove the theorem which states that EÂC  AB̂C .
C
O
1
A E
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QUESTION 3
a. Calculate the length of AP.
b. Calculate the length of the radius of the circle.
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QUESTION 5
(a) Prove that
(b) If OL = 9 units and OP = 1 unit, calculate the length of MN
QUESTION 6
a. Show that
b. Prove that
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QUESTION 7
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QUESTION 8
In the diagram, A, B, C, D and E are points on the circumference of the circle such that
AE | | BC. BE and CD produced meet in F. GBH is a tangent to the circle at B.

ˆ ˆ
B 1 = 68° and F = 20°.
Determine the size of each of the following:
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
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QUESTION 9
a.
b.
c.
d.
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WTS TUTORING

COMPILED BY : PROF KHANGELANI SIBIYA

CELL NO. : 082 672 7928

FACEBOOK P. : WTS MATHS & SCEINCE TUTORING

Please turn over

 LINES AND ANGLES

 A line is an infinite number of points between two end points.

A C AB and CD intersect (cross or cut) at E

PQ bisects (cuts in half) RS at T

B AD bisects BÂC (Â1 = Â2 )

→Angles that have a common vertex and a common arm

p q p and q are adjacent angles

→Adjacent angles that lie on a straight line add up to 180° m n

→Lines that meet or cross at 90° M

 Acute angle: Greater than 0 but less than 90

Name of angle Example Size of angle

Between 0° and 90°

Right angle Equal to 90°

Obtuse angle Between 90° and 180°

Straight angle Equal to 180°

Reflex angle Between 180° and 360°

Revolution Equal to 360°

vert opp < s (are equal)

adj < s on str line (are supplementary)

< s at a pt (add up to 360°)

alt < s _//_ (are equal)

corr < s _//_ (are equal)

co-int < s _//_ (are supplementary)

alt < s = (lines are //)

corr < s = (lines are //)

co-int < s suppl (lines are //)

x = 60° reason adj <s on str line

 ADJACENT SUPPLEMENTARY ANGLES ARE ON A STRAIGHT LINE.

60° P MNP is a straight line

 VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES.

Vertically opposite angles are equal.

→If a line cuts or touches another line, it is called a transversal.

D e.g. AB is a transversal because it cuts CD and EF

Corresponding angles are in the same position as each other.

Remember the word “FUN”{ Geometry is FUN song}

Arrows are used to indicate that

IF LINES ARE PARALLEL THEN: REASONS:

 The corresponding angles are equal corr <s …//…

Prove the corresponding angles are equal corr <s =

 If the lines are parallel:

 the corresponding angles will be equal

 the lines are parallel

Draw the shapes of following and write their statements

a) Adjacent supplementary angles

b) Angles round a point

c) Vertically opposite angles

f) Co- interior angles

 THERE ARE FOUR KINDS OF TRIANGLES

 No sides are equal in length

 Two sides are equal

 All three sides are equal

 One interior angle is 90

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLES

 SUM OF THE ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE

 EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE