These are under the administrative (b) Advantages of a Lok Adalat are

control of the High Court. The High as under:

Court Judges are deputed to inspect () The Lok Adalats work in the
the working of the Subordinate Courts. spirit of compromise. This way
These courts are supposed to send their both the parties feel that they
periodic reports to the High Court about have been treated fairly.
the disposal of the cases by them in a (i) The decisions passed by a Lok
certain time-frame. Appeals against their Adalat are final and binding
judgement are also heard by High Courts. on the parties. No appeal lies
before any court against its
7. (a) Lok Adalat means "People's Court". decision.
It encourages the settlement of (üi) A Lok Adalat reduces the
disputes through compromise workload of other courts.
between two parties. (iv) A Lok Adalat delivers speedy
and inexpensive justice.

Section B:Modern Indian History

Chapter-1: The First War of Independence, 1857
(A) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS: 11, () The teaching of Christian doctrine
1. The Revolt of 1857. was made compulsory in the schools.
2. The Doctrine of Lapse. (i) "The Bible" was introduced in
government schools.
3. This was a policy of annexation followed
by Lord Dalhousie. The Doctrine meant 12. Political Causes :
that when a ruler of a dependent state (a) Lord Dalhousie's policy of
died without a natural heir, the state annexation and the Doctrine of
passed on to the English Company.
Lapse made the Indian rulers angry
4. Satara and Jhansi.
and insecure. The prominent states
5. 7 February 1856; Oudh was annexed to which fell victim to the Doctrine were:
the Company's dominions on the grounds Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.
of maladministration.
(6) Lord Canning declared that
6. Lord Canning declared that Bahadur Bahadur Shah's successor would
Shah's successor would not be allowed to
use the imperial title, i.e., the 'King'. not be allowed to use the imperial
7. Bahadur Shah Zafar.
title, i.e. the 'King'.
(c) Lord Dalhousie stopped the pension
8. In 1856, Lord Canning announced that of Nana Saheb.
after the death of Bahadur Shah Zafar,
his successor would not be allowed to (d) The kingdom of Oudh was
use the imperial titles and dignities with annexed in 1856 on the ground of
their names. maladministration.
9. Indians were excluded from all high 13. () The Act of 1850 which changed the
offices. Hindu Law of Property.
10. The British had refused to recognise (i) The Widow Remarriage Act.
him as the legitimate heir to the throne of 14. () Abolition of Sati system.
Peshwa Baji Rao II because he was his (i) Widow remarriage.
adopted son.
15. () This was regarded as an attempt to 23. The defeat of the Britishers in the First
interfere with the caste-rules because Afghan War increased the self-confidence
Brahmins and untouchables had to of the Indian soldiers. After the war, they
sit in the same compartment. felt that they could challenge the British
(i) There was a rumour that the in India also.
telegraph poles would be used for 24. The immediate cause Was the
hanging people. introduction of Enfield rifles. There was
16. () Indians especially Pandits and a rumour that the cartridges to be used
Maulvis thought that the Britishers for the rifles were greased with the fat
wanted to discourage Islamic and of cows and pigs. This sparked off the
Hindu studies. Mutiny. On 10th May, 1857 all the three
(i) Indians thought that the main motive sepoy regiments at Meerut rose in revolt.
of the Britishers was to induce the 25. The most important cause was the lack of
people to become Christians. planning. Another cause was the lack of
17. An Act was passed in 1720 which efficient leadership on the Indian side.
prohibited the use of Indian silks and 26. The Revolt of 1857 ended the East India
calicoes (a cotton cloth which was Company's rule in India and India
exported to England from Calicut in was put under the control of British
India) in England. Government.
18. () The peasants were forced to 27. Act for the Better Government of India. It
cultivate such crops which could be was passed on August 2, 1858.
used as raw material in England.
28. Lord Canning.
(i) The manufacturers in England
required raw material like cotton, 29. The proportion of the British to Indian
jute and indigo, so they used to soldiers was increased and different
purchase these products from castes and creeds were mixed to avoid any
Indian farmers at a very low rate. other revolt.
19. () An Act was passed in 1720 which 30. The revolt of 1857 was considered as
prohibited the use of Indian silk and the First War of National Independence
calicoes in England. This was done because this was the first revolt in which
to reduce the popularity of Indian kings, soldiers, peasants and other
textile products in England.
(ii) Heavy duties on Indian products common people, both the Hindus and the
were imposed whereas British Muslims, all fought for a common aim to
products were sold without any win back their lost independence.
duties. 31. () Veer Savarkar described it as the
20. () The Indian soldiers were unhappy War of Independence'.
because of their low salaries. (in) Subhas Chandra Bose described it
(i) The avenues of promotion were as the 'First War of Independence'.
closed to them as the higher posts 32. (a) An Act for the Better Government of
in the army were reserved for
European officers. India was passed which ended the
East India Company's rule in India.
21. The Indian soldiers were unhappy
because of their low salary and poor (b) The designation of the Governor
prospects of promotion. General was als0 changed. While
22. The General Service Enlistment Act he remnained as the Governor
General for the provinces, he came
of 1856 provided that all recruits to
the Bengal Army should be ready for to be known as the Viceroy while
service anywhere, whether within or dealing with the Nawabs and
outside India. Rajas.
33. The General Service Enlistment Act of (i) The policy caused discontent
1856 provided that all recruits to the among the rulers and many
Bengal Army should be ready for service rules revolted against the
anywhere, whether within or outside British rule.
India. 2. (a) () According to the Doctrine of
Lapse, if an Indian ruler of a
(B) STRUCTURED QUESTIONS: dependent State did not have
1. (a) ) According to the Doctrine of his real son to succeed him,
Lapse, if an Indian ruler of a he was not allowed to adopt a
dependent State did not have successor without Company's
his real son to succeed him, consent. As such, the State in
he was not allowed to adopt a question was annexed.
successor without Company's (in) By his Doctrine of Lapse,
consent. As such, the State in
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor.
question was annexed. General of India (1846-1856),
(i) By his Doctrine of Lapse, annexed three Maratha
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor dependent States of Satara,
General of India (1846-1856), Nagpur, Jhansi and several
annexed three Maratha minor principalities. For
dependent States of Satara, example, when Jhansi ruler
Nagpur, Jhansi and several died in 1853 without a child,
minor principalities. For the widowed Rani Lakshmibai
example, when Jhansi ruler was pensioned off, and her
died in 1853 without a child, adopted son, Anand Rao,
the widowed Rani Lakshmibai was not recognized by the
was pensioned off, and her Company, and Jhansi was
adopted son, Anand Rao, annexed.
was not recognized by the (üi) The application of the Doctrine
Company, and Jhansi was of Lapse caused wide spread
annexed. discontent among the rulers
(ii) The application of the Doctrine and the people of the Indian
of Lapse caused wide spread Princely States. They were
discontent among the rulers scared of the English rule.
and the people of the Indian Or
Princely States. They were (b) () He wanted to expand British
scared of the English rule. territories.
(b) () He wanted to expand British (ii) The doctrine did not apply
territories.
to "protected allies". So he
(ii) The doctrine did not apply wanted to promote the policy
to "protected allies". So he of 'protected allies'.
wanted to promote the policy (üi) The principle of the lapse rulers
of 'protected allies'. were denied pensions.
(üi) The principle of the lapse rulers Or
were denied pensions. (a) () According to the Doctrine of
(c) () Many states like Jhansi, Lapse, if an Indian ruler of a
Satara, Jaitpur, Nagpur, dependent State did not have
Udaipur etc. were absorbed his real son to succeed him,
into the British Empire. he was not allowed to adopt a
 successor without Company's annexed Oudh on the ground of
consent. As such, the State in mal-administration by Nawab
question was annexed. Wajid Ali Shah. It was actually
(i) By his Doctrine of Lapse, a case of high-handedness and
Lord Dalhousie, the Governor betrayal on the part of the Company
General of India (1846-1856), itself. Nawab Wajid Ali was sent to
annexed three Maratha Calcutta on a pension of Rupees 12
dependent States of Satara, lakh and Awadh was annexed on
Nagpur, Jhansi and several the pretext of its bad management.
minor principalities. For Consequently, a number of
example, when Jhansi ruler Taludars or nobles, officials and
died in 1853 without a child, the soldiers were also deprived of
the widowed Rani Lakshmibai their titles and rendered jobless.
was pensioned off, and her This policy of confiscation caused
adopted son, Anand Rao, wide-spread resentment against
was not recognized by the Company rule.
Company, and Jhansi was 2 (b) Britishers took no interest in
annexed. the religious or any other matter
(iii) The application of the Doctrine which was related to Indians. They
of Lapse caused wide spread were not interested in the socio
discontent among the rulers economical condition but were
and the people of the Indian rather worried with the fact of using
Princely States. They were India's resources to its fullest and
scared of the English rule. benefitting their own economy.
(6) Attitude towards the Mughal 3. (a) The teaching of the Christian
Dynasty : doctrine was made compulsory
" Even the nominal and the in the schools set up by the
titular status of the Mughal Christian missionaries.
Emperor, Bahadur Shah, was " The oficials openly preached the
sought to be taken away. Christian doctrine in mosques
" Lord Dalhousie declared that and temples.
after the death of the emperor, " The Missionary Society of
his successors would have to America established a press at
leave the royal palace, i.e., the Agra for the propaganda against
Red Fort. the Hindu religion.
" Later Lord Canning, the next " The missionaries openly and
Governor-General, announced everywhere condemned the
in 1856 that Bahadur Shah's Hindu scriptures, idol worship
8uccessor would not be and Hindu and Muslim doctrines
allowed even to use the title and customs.
of the King. Similarly, the " Many temptations were offered
Regal titles of the Nawabs of to make conversion by giving the
Carnatic and Tanjore were Indians bribes, promotions and
abolished. Such discourtesies rewards.
were resented by the people " The study of Bible was introduced
and the Indian rulers. in government schools.
(c) Unjust Annexation of Oudh : On " Prisoners in jails were instructed in
February 13, 1856, Lord Dalhousie Christianity.
 " Police force was used for were responsible for all the
converting people to Christianity. ills being faced by the Indian
" The missionaries established society.
chaplain and churches for the The English often ill-treated
propagation of Christianity. the Indians. They heaped
" A Christian priest Was insults and even indignities
maintained in the army. upon them. They could even
kill them without fear of
(6) () General Service Enlistment
Act of 1856 : Under this Act, punishment under law. The
new recruits were required native Indians were supposed
to serve anywhere in India or to salute an English man,
overseas. This caused a great or dismount his horse till
alarm amongst the Indian the Englishman passed
soldiers as according to the from that site. According to
Hindu customs, crossing the historian R.C. Majumdar,
sea was contrary to their even Raja Ram Mohan Roy,
religion. was insulted for not observing
the above practice. Such type
(i) The Religious Incompetence
Law (Religious Disabilities of undignified treatment of
Indians at the hands of the
Act, 1850) : According to this
law, if a person belonging to English rulers amounted to
the Hindu religion changed his adding insult to injury. It hurt
religion, he could remain the the self respect of Indians.
heir of his ancestral property. The Indian soldiers were not
According to the people, the given a rank higher than
law was enacted to promote that of a Subedar. All higher
the conversion of Hindus to ranks were reserved for the
Christianity. Englishmen. They were also
(ii) Widow Remarriage Act, paid higher salaries than
1856 : Widow Remarriage the Indian soldiers. This
discrimination affected the
Act legalised the widow
remarriage. This was also not morale of the Indian troops
liked by the orthodox Hindus and made them unhappy and
who favoured Sati. frustrated.
" Besides the discrimination
(iv) Other Prohibitions :
The government had also in pay and rank, the English
prohibited the Sati system, officers in the Army ill
treated the Indian soldiers.
female infanticide and child
marriage. All these measures They treated them as menial
were not liked by the common servants, inferior to their
people. English masters. The British
" The Britishers were of the
authorities forbade the sepoys
(c)
opinion that their culture from wearing caste or sectarian
and religion were superior, marks, beards or turbans.
scientific and humane. They The English often ill-treated
also wanted to convey to the the Indians. They hurled
Indian people the impression insults and indignities
that their culture and religion upon them. They could
 even kill them without fear (c) () The Act of 1850: It changed
of punishment under law. the Hindu Law of Property.
The Indians were supposed It enabled the convert from
to salute an Englishman or Hinduism to inherit the
dismount from their horse till property of his father. The
the Englishman passed from Hindus regarded it as an
the sight. The British believed incentive to give up one's
in social superiority and religious faith.
maintaining social distance to (i) Taxes Company's
preserve their authority over Administration imposed taxes
the Indians. Special railway on the properties of temples
compartments, parks, hotels and mosques which earlier had
and clubs were reserved for been free from all taxes.
Europeans only. (i) The Widow Remarriage
4. (a) The railway was introduced to Act : It was passed in 1856,
exploit the Indian resources. and Was a progressive
" It was looked upon as a means measure. Earlier Sati System
to break social order and and female infanticide had
caste rules, as in the railway been prohibited.
compartments people of all castes People did not react favourably
had to sit together. to these measures. They raised
" There was a rumour that the cry that their religion was
telegraph poles were erected for in danger.
the purpose of hanging the people 5. () Policy of economic exploitation:
who were against the British (a) An Act was passed in 1720
rule. which prohibited the use of
(6) " While there prevailed a seething Indian silk and calicoes in
discontent in the country, the England. This was done to
sepoys too were agitated over the reduce the popularity of Indian
issue of Greased Cartridges. textile products in England.
" In January 1857 A.D., the (6) Heavy duties on Indian
Company had introduced Enfield products were imposed
Rifle in Bengal Army. whereas British products were
" Greased cartridges were to be imported without any duties.
used in this Rifle. (c) The Industrial Revolution
" The soldiers had to bite the end gave a final blow to the Indian
of the cartridge with their mouth handicraft industries which
before using it. were mostly cottage industries.
" The cartridges were believed to be (d) The trade and commerce of the
greased with the fat of cow or pig. country were monopolized by
" The Sepoys felt that it was an the East India Company.
attempt to defile both the Hindu (ii) Military Causes :
and the Muslim religions. (a) The Indian soldiers were given
" The news of the polluted cartidges low salaries.
spread to all military stations, (b) The Indian soldiers could not
causing general resentment rise to a rank higher than that
among the Indian soldiers. of a Subedar.
 (c) The Indian soldiers were An Indian ruler accepting the
considered inferior and were Subsidiary Alliance was n0w
ill-treated. made to keep a large British force
() The General Service within his territory and had to
Enlistment Act 1856 provided pay for its maintenance. In lieu
that all recruits to the Bengal of this payment, sometimes a part
Army should be ready for of the ruler's territory was ceded
service anywhere. This Act to the British.
" Some states were annexed on the
caused great alarm in the
minds of the Hindu soldiers, pretext of misgovernance. For
as to travel across the sea example: Oudh. Due to these
was forbidden as per Hindu policies, the Indian kings and
religious beliefs. princes were feeling insecure.
(e) The affair of greased cartridges So some of them joined the
revolutionaries.
forced the soldiers to revolt
against the Britishers. (ii) Policy of economicexploitation:
(iii) Political Causes: (a) An Act was passed in 1720
(a) Lord Dalhousie's policy of which prohibited the use of
annexation and the Doctrine
Indian silk and calicoes in
of Lapse made the Indian England. This was done to
rulers angry and insecure. reduce the popularity of Indian
The prominent states which textile products in England.
fell victim to the Doctrine were: (6) Heavy duties on Indian
products Were imposed
Satara, Jhansi and Nagpur.
(6) Lord Canning declared that whereas British products were
Bahadur Shah's successor imported without any duties.
would not be allowed to use the (c) The Industrial Revolution
imperial title, i.e. the 'King. gave a final blow to the Indian
handicraft industries which
(c) Lord Dalhousie stopped the
pension of Nana Saheb. were mostly cottage industries.
() The trade and commerce of the
(a) The kingdom of Oudh was
annexed in 1856 on the ground country were monopolized by
the East India Company.
of maladministration.
6. () The British policy of territorial (iii) " In the 19th century, some
social reforms were introduced
expansion was one of the main
factors responsible for the Revolt of like the abolition of sati, child
1857. The Britishers generally used marriage, females infanticide
three methods for expansion : and polygamy. But these were
not welcomed by the people.
Under the Doctrine of Lapse " The Christian Missionaries were
many princes were denied the
right to adopt. Jhansi, Satara increasing and were adopting
and Nagpur were annexed under undignified methods to spread
this doctrine. Christianity. This generated fear
" Under the direct annexation and suspicion in the minds of
policy, Sind was annexed in 1843 common people.
and Punjab in 1849. 7 (a) He led the revolt in Kanpur. He was
The Britishers also followed the a brave and determined General.
policy of Subsidiary Alliance. He captured the Kanpur Fort and
 proclaimed himself the Peshwa. He member of the British Cabinet
showed the signs of a national hero and was responsible to the
when he acknowledged Bahadur Parliament. Thus, the ultimate
Shah as the Emperor of India. power over ndia remained
(6) She was the leader of the with the British Parliament.
revolutionaries in Jhansi. She is (iii) The Secretary of State was to
considered the bravest and best be assisted by a 15-member
military leader of the rebels. She India council.
fought like a true heroine. Her (b) Queen Victoria's Proclamation :
courage and military skill inspired Queen Victoria was reigning in
her countrymen. The great sacrifice England during the Revolt. The
of Rani is still remembered by Queen's Proclamation incorporating
Indians. the transfer of governance from
(c) Tantia Tope was General of Nana East India Company to the
Saheb. He recaptured Kanpur from British Crown was made public at
the Britishers. When Nana Saheb Allahabad, on November 1, 1858,
fled Nepal Tope went to Kalpi to join by Lord Canning, the first Viceroy
of India. The proclamation promised
Lakshmi Bai and fought shoulder that the Government of India would :
to shoulder with her at Gwalior.
He was, however, betrayed to the () follow a policy of non
British after the Rani's death and intervention in social and
hanged on April 1859. religious matters of Indians :
(d) Bahadur Shah II was the Mughal (ü) treat all subjects-Indians
emperor. He led the revolt in Delhi. and Europeans-as equals
When the city was captured by the (education and ability would be
revolutionaries, he was declared the the basis of allappointments);
emperor of India. But later on, he (iii) grant a general pardon to all
those who had taken part
was captured and was deported to
Rangoon. in the war except those who
8 were found guilty of murder of
(a) The most significant result of the British subjects ;
Revolt of 1857 was the end of the
rule of the East India company and (iv) do its best to advance the
industries in India.
assumption of the Government of
India directly by the Crown. This (c) () The Queen's Proclamation
of 1858 declared that the
was done by the Government of govern ment would not
India Act of 1858 which had the
following provisions : interfere in the religious beliefs
(i) It transferred the power to and practices of Indian people.
govern India from the East Full religious freedom was
India Company to the British
guaranteed to the people.
Crown. (i) (1) The Doctrine of Lapse was
abandoned and the right to
(i) While the authority over India adoption was recognised.
was earlier in the hands of
the Directors of the Company (2) The Indian princes were
assured that their territories
and the Board of Control, now would never be annexed.
the power was to be exercised
by the Secretary of State for (3) The government declared that
all the Treaties and Agreements
India, aided by a Council. would be honoured.
The secretary of State was a
() (a) A Royal Indian Army was created Muslims in the services and
by merging the armies of favoured the Hindus. They
the Company and the Crown argued that the Muslims had
together under a Commander mostly suppressed and ill
in-Chief. treated the Hindus during
(b) The ratio of Europeans and the long period of Mughal
Indians in the Army was fixed rule. But later on, the British
at 1:2 in Bengal and 2:5 in instigated the Muslims against
Bombay and Madras. the Hindus by offering the jobs
(c) All officials in the Army were to be to the high class Muslims.
only Europeans. (c) They also encouraged the
() Only European troops were to formation of parties based on
religion such as the Muslim
be stationed at strategic points
or places. League and the Hindu Maha
Sabha.
(e) Indians in the army were not to
be placed on higher rank than () The British adopted this policy
that of a subedar. of Divide and Rule in the army
also. They divided the people
() Caste, creed and colour of the into martial and non-martial
recruits would be taken into
races.
consideration at the time of
recruitment. (e) The British encouraged the
sentiments of provincialism
(e) Regiments in the army were and regionalism by favouring
to be organized on the basis of one against the other.
religion or caste.
(h) Indian soldiers were excluded () The British divided the Indian
people into two categories,
from the artillery and arsenals. namely, people of British India
(i) The English adopted the policy of and people of Indian States.
Divide and Rule. They took the
following measures to weaken the (i) The uprising of the Revolt was a
great event from the Indian point
unity of the Hindus, the Muslims of view. It marked an index of the
and people of other religions and Indian resentment. Struggle for
communities :
(a) They gave unfair and
freedom from British imperialism
was thus started in 1857. It
unjust concessions to the aroused national sentiments and
zamindars. They reserved brought critical issues of good
seats for the wards of governance to the forefront. It
zamindars in the schools.
paved the way for the rise of
They appointed the sons of organized national movement.
zamindars to government jobs As the First War of India's
and discriminated against Independence, the Rising of 1857
such educated Indians who
generally criticised the served as an unfailing source of
government and demanded inspiration in the later struggle
reforms. for freedom. The saga of the heroic
fight of the national heroes of
(6) The British government this adventure of self-assertion
adopted a systematic policy against an alien power became the
of dividing the Hindus and fountain-head of inspiration for all
the Muslims. First, they times to come.
discriminated against the
10. () (a) An Act for the Better 3. Rise of Nationalism in India : The
Government of India was First War of Indian Independence,
passed which ended the East 1857 A.D. became a symbol of
India Company's rule in India. challenge to the British and proved
(b) The designation of the to be a great incentive to the
Governor-General was also continuation and further rise in the
changed. While he remained spirit of nationalism in India. The
as the Governor-General for British committed great atrocities
the provinces, he came to be on Indians, after their victory in
known as the Viceroy while the War of 1857 A.D. These were
dealing with the Nawabs and never forgotten by the people.
Rajas. Moreover, the stories of sufferings
(ii) (a) All the treaties entered by the and sacrifices of national heroes of
Indian rulers with the East
1857 A.D. like Tantia Tope, Rani of
India Company were to be Jhansi who became India's Joan of
honoured.
Arc and many others remained an
(b) It was declared that British unfailing source of inspiration for
Government would not annex
the Indian states.
Indians for the later struggle for
freedom.
(c) Their rights of adoption and 12. (i) It transferred the power to govern
succession were also recognised. India from the East India Company
(iüi) (a) The revolt created an amazing to the British Crown.
sense of unity between the (i) The Board of Control was abolished
Hindus and the Muslims.
and the Board of Directors had no
(6) The sacrifices of the great powers left. Now, the power was
Indian leaders during the
revolt of 1857 gave birth to the
to be exercised by the Secretary of
nationalist movements. State for India, aided by a Council.
The Secretary of State was a
(c) This was the first time that member of the British Cabinet and
Indians were fighting against was responsible to the Parliament.
the Britishers with a common
aim, i.e. end of British rule. His salary and allowances were to
be paid out of the revenues of India.
11. 1. British Apathy towards Social Thus, the ultimate power over
Reforms : The British now
India remained with the British
became apathetic towards social Parliament.
reforms in India, as these had been
misunderstood and had become one (iüi) The Secretary of State was to be
of the factors responsible for the assisted by a 15-member India
First War of Independence of 1857 Council. Of these, nine should have
A.D. resided or served in India for at
least 10 years.
2. British Indian Presidencies :
Three British Indian Presidencies, (iv) Actual governance was to be carried
namely the Presidencies of Bombay on as before by the Governor
(Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata), and General who was also given the
Madras (Chennai) were established. title of Viceroy or Crown's personal
This led to further decentralization representative. Lord Canning was
in the Indian administration. Local the first Viceroy under this Act.
bodies also came to be introduced by
Lord Ripon in 1882 A.D.