International Journal of Tropical Insect Science

https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00314-5

ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE

Occurrence of different insect species with emphasis on their

abundance and diversity in different habitats of Faisalabad, Pakistan
Uzma Ramzan 1 & Waqar Majeed 1 & Naureen Rana 1 & Shahla Nargis 1

Received: 30 March 2020 / Revised: 18 September 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020

# African Association of Insect Scientists 2020

Abstract
The occurrence of diverse and copious communities of insects are considered the indicator of ecosystem sustainability in different
habitats. This study was designed to investigate the diversity of various insect species among different habitats viz. Agro-farms,
citrus orchards, and around the pond areas from January 2018 to December 2018. Sampling was done every month in the
morning by using sweep nets, handpicking, and Forceps. The composition, relative abundance, and diversity indices of Diptera,
Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera were computed. Maximum abundance was recorded for the Agro-farms (N = 1704)
and minimum for citrus orchards (N = 1003). Diptera was documented to be the most abundant and diverse order (N = 1988),
while Lepidoptera was the least diverse one ((N = 286). The diversity indices, Shannon index (3.832), Margalef richness (14.18),
and Evenness (0.4662) from the citrus orchards were recorded high. Abiotic factors (Temperature, Humidity) showed a signif-
icant relationship with the occurrence of the fauna (p < 0.05). The temperature significantly and positively correlated, while the
humidity negatively correlated to the diversity and abundance of fauna. However, we found a significant difference in species
composition according to habitat (P < 0.001). All habitats were different from each other (Fisher post hoc test, P < 0.05). All the
test was done at the level of significance (α = 0.05). Future work needs to be done by expanding the duration of the study, area,
scope, and by applying different sampling techniques.

Keywords Insects . Population . Habitats . Occurrence

Introduction property of natural systems that quantify different chal-

lenges due to the multitude of indices. Indices seek to define
An ecosystem is a community consisting of both living and the general characteristics of ecosystems that enable us to
non-living components that are present in the environment. compare taxa, multiple regions, and trophic levels.
Biodiversity includes all sorts of natural elements, such as Therefore, these are of vital significance for the conserva-
wild and cultivated animals and plants. Moreover, it also tion and monitoring of the environment (Magurran 2004;
has many aspects of nature variabilities ranging from mo- Leinster and Cobbold 2012; Morris et al. 2014).
lecular to the individual level (Gaston and Spicer 1998). About 125,000 species of the order Diptera have been
Insects are one of the largest group of animals which are described, including flies, mosquitoes, and midges
enormously significant for the environment which plays a (Mayhew et al. 2007). It is an influential group that plays a
vital part for the conservation of the ecosystem, improve valuable role for the human and ecological system e.g. pol-
health of the ecosystem, and the critical component for food linators of different crops (Symank et al. 2008), and many of
web in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Kevan 2002; them are flowering plant species (Larson et al. 2001).
Shuriin 2005). Biodiversity is the multidimensional Coleoptera is generally bio-control representative in nature,
and their communication with the prey is of great impor-
tance (Oelbermann et al. 2008). They consist of customarily
* Waqar Majeed more than 360,000 depicted species. However, biological
waqarchaudhry20@gmail.com control is an environment-friendly alternative to hazardous
and toxic insecticides, which are frequently applied to pro-
1
Department of Zoology, Wildlife, and Fisheries, University of tect the plants (Bellows 2001). They are of great importance
Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in pest control (Brown et al. 2010). Lepidoptera includes
 Int J Trop Insect Sci

Fig. 1 Abundance of fauna from

different habitats

157,424 described species, including butterflies and moths features are well known that influence the community
(Nieukerken et al. 2011). Butterflies are eminent taxonom- and the population ecology of species. The isolation of
ically and ecologically, regarded as an excellent indicator of habitat fragments (Collinge 2000), patch area (Kruess and
the ecosystem (Mihoci et al. 2011). Butterflies have cultur- Tscharntke 2000), patch quality (Kuussaari et al. 2000;
al, financial, artistic values, and delicate to fractional devi- Hanski and Singer 2001), the ratio of habitat edge to the
ation (Tiple 2011). They deliver significant model systems interior (Radeloff et al. 2000), and diversity of patch and
for scientific quarries and have a genuine impact on individ- seasons (Varchola and Dunn 2001; Braman et al. 2000); all
uals as agricultural pests and predators (Wagner 2001; Roe these factors contribute to determining the richness and
et al. 2009). Hymenoptera consists of more than 115,000 abundance of insects in a particular habitat. Landscape
defined species and covers nearly 10% of the species diver- structure and habitat fragmentation influence the occur-
sity (Sharrkey 2007). Sawflies, ants, wasps, and bees are rence of arthropod communities (Gibbs and Stanton 2001).
dominant groups in this order, and they affect agriculture Agriculture is extending nowadays, which provides more
by various roles such as pollinators, parasitoids, pests, and food by increasing the productivity of farms (Haberl et al.
predators (Michener 2000; Wilson 2006). 2004). It includes a significant part of GDP (Idrees et al.
Insect diversity is directly and indirectly affected by 2020). Orchards are complex ecosystems in which plants have
natural enemies (predator and parasites), population dy- adjacent associations with different living constituents.
namics, plant diversity, density, family size, habitat struc- Consequently, the fundamental modification in the communi-
tural complexity, and environmental factors (Fernandes ty of plant has an impact on the population of arthropod.
et al. 1994; Schoonhoven et al. 1998). The landscape Citrus is an essential group of fruit crops, with extremely

Fig. 2 (A) Taxa composition of insects among different habitats (B) Abundance of different insect’s orders with regard to their habitat
Int J Trop Insect Sci

Table 1 Diversity indices of various habitats Materials and methods

Diversity factors Agro- Citrus orchards Pond
Farms Study area
Individuals 1704 1003 1214 The study was conducted at the University of Agriculture
Dominance (D) 0.04014 0.02997 0.04225 Faisalabad (Punjab), Pakistan. Faisalabad is located at height
Simpson (1-D) 0.9599 0.97 0.9578 (604 ft) a.s.l having latitude 30° − 31.5 o N and 73° − 74o E. It
Shannon (H) 3.649 3.832 3.675 enclosed on East by Sheikhupura and Sahiwal, on West
Evenness (e^H/S) 0.4578 0.4664 0.4589 Jhung, North Chiniot, and South by Sahiwal and Toba Tek
Brillouin 3.578 3.716 3.579 Singh (GOP 2015).
Menhinick 2.035 3.126 2.468
Margalef 11.15 14.18 11.97
Equitability (J) 0.8236 0.834 0.8251 Sample collection and identification
Fisher-alpha 18.54 27.26 21.14
Berger-Parker 0.1197 0.07178 0.117 The fauna was collected from the Agro-farms, citrus orchards,
Chao-1 90.88 122 88.1 and around the pond areas (Eight Ponds) monthly from
January 2018 to December 2018 (One-Year) for two hours.
The insects (specimens) were obtained by succeeding
nutritious fruits (Hussain et al. 2004) having vitamin C and methods: sweep net, direct handpicking, and Forceps.
minerals (Supraditareporn and Pinthong 2007). The area of In addition to these, the temperature and humidity of the
cultivation and fruit production of sweet orange and Kinnow study area were also noted as per objective. The collected
are very significant in Pakistan. specimens were preserved in jars containing 30:70% glyc-
Nevertheless, on earth, the most productive ecosystems are erin and alcohol solution. Besides these, collected samples
Wetlands. They are considered “the kidneys of the landscape” were brought to the Biodiversity Laboratory, Department
and “biological supermarkets” (Barbier et al. 1997). Wetlands of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of
maintain the ecological processes that provide a healthy eco- Agriculture, Faisalabad. Then the glass vials were prepared
system by regulating climate (Brander and Schuyt 2010). This with a 30:70% glycerin and alcohol solution. After separa-
kind of studies conducted to increase the knowledge about the tion, collected specimens were stored in glass vials for
faunal composition in different habitats/landscapes and to de- further identification. Identification was made with the tax-
scribe the importance of biodiversity. The purpose of the cur- onomic literature help (morphological based traits) (Borror
rent study was to address the diversity indices of insects, their and DeLong 2005; Triplehorn and Johnson 2005), stereo-
abundance in a particular habitat, and the ecological effect on microscope (to elaborate the distinctive characteristics),
diversity and abundance in different habitats. and magnifying glass lens.

Fig. 3 Association of temperature

and humidity with the species 90 40
richness of insects (A = Agro- 80 35
Farms; C = Citrus Orchards; P = 70 30 Temperature °C
Humidity %

Ponds) 60 25
50
20
40
30 15
20 10
10 5
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Months

A- Species C- Species P- Species

A- Humidity C- Humidity P- Humidity
A- Temperature C- Temperature P- Temperature
 Int J Trop Insect Sci

Table 2 Correlation analysis of species with abiotic factors (Temperature, Humidity). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, n.s = no significant difference

Factors Agro-Farms Citrus orchards Pond

Species Temperature Humidity Species Temperature Humidity Species Temperature Humidity

Diversity Diversity Diversity

Species Diversity 1 0.424* -0.329NS 1 0.492* -0.706** 1 0.481* -0.607**

Temperature 1 -0.675** 1 -0.696** 1 -0.736**
Humidity 1 1 1

Statistical analysis diversity, four orders from each habitat, (42, 49, 41) fam-
ilies and (84, 99, 86) species were recorded from Agro-
Subsequently, all the observed specimens (insects) were ex- farms, citrus orchards, and pond areas, respectively
plicitly organized in the table by their morphological and tax- (Fig. 2A). The maximum population of Coleoptera
onomic types e.g. order, family, genus, and species. For the (44 .41 %) was rec orde d from A gr o-far m s, while
determination of numerous features of diversity, Diversity Lepidoptera (46.85%) was recorded higher from citrus or-
(H), Evenness, Richness, and Dominance were calculated by chards. In pond areas, the Coleoptera order was recorded
given parameters/methods of Shannon (1948) and Magurran dominant (36.43%) (Fig. 2B).
(1988). Pearson correlation was used to find the impact of Diversity (Hʹ) was recorded maximum (3.832) from citrus
abiotic factors (Temperature and Humidity) on the diversity orchards as compared to the ponds (3.675) and Agro-farms
and abundance of fauna. (3.649); whereas, Evenness was recorded dominant from cit-
For obtaining information about different diversity descrip- rus orchards (0.4664) and least from Agro-farms (0.4578).
tors (number of rare species, singletons, doubletons, Shannon- After that, dominance was verified maximum from the ponds
weaver, and Simpson diversity indices) and richness estima- (0.0422) and lowest from citrus orchards (0.0299). Whereas,
tors (Chao 2, Jacknifer 1 and Bootstrap), we used the Margalef richness (R) was recorded maximum in citrus or-
Estimates v software. 9.1 (Colwell 2013). We built species chards (14.18) as compared to the pond areas (11.97) and
accumulation curves for different habitats, plotting the cumu- Agro-farms (11.15). Other analyzed diversity factors are
lative number of insect species by the number of samples. We shown in Table 1.
have used a Kruskall-Wallis test to assess whether the average Both temperature and humidity had a strong influence on
number of insects recorded in the samples according to the insect diversity. In summer months, the temperature was noted
habitats studied. maximum, which affected the diversity and abundance of fau-
To evaluate a difference in the composition of insect as- na while the average temperature season favored the richness
semblies according to habitat, we used Permutational of insects. Humidity also forced a positive influence on diver-
Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA). We used a non- sity; data showed that a decrease in the humidity level popu-
metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) to illustrate the re- lation of insects was decreased (Fig. 3). The temperature sig-
lationship between the variables, using the Jaccard similarity nificantly and positively correlated (p < 0.05), while the
index as the association measure. For this, we considered the
presence or absence of each species in the sampling points.
The statistical analyses were performed using the software
PAST version 4.02 (Hammer et al. 2001) and R version
3.6.1 (R Core Team 2019), the package “vegan” (Oksanen
et al. 2019), and Microsoft Office 365. All tests were analyzed
at the level of significance α = 0.05.

Results

Overall, 3921 individuals/specimens were recorded during

the whole study period. Maximum relative abundance was
recorded from Agro-farms (1704), followed by pond areas
Fig. 4 Species accumulation curves for the different habitats studied
(1214) and citrus orchards (1003) (Fig. 1). In the pattern of
Int J Trop Insect Sci

Fig. 5 Species richness according

to different habitats studied

humidity correlated negatively with the diversity and abun- Discussion

dance of the sampled insects (p < 0.01) from all the habitats
(Table 2). For all habitats, the species accumulation curves did Earth being supreme diverse, imperative habitat and species-
not reach a plateau and still in the growing phase. However, rich community, has valuable diversity indices of flora and
the curve referring to the ponds was the one that showed a fauna (Khodashenas et al. 2012). Among them, macro-fauna
significant tendency towards stability (Fig. 4). We found no has distinct diversity and local variations in different ecosys-
difference in the average number of species according to the tems, making the group much superior (Lavelle et al. 2006).
studied habitats (H = 3.79, df = 2, P = 0.149) (Fig. 5). The abundance and diversity of macro-fauna are also used as a
However, we found a significant difference in species compo- tension-time index for soil profile (Palacios-Vargas et al.
sition according to habitat (F2.33 = 1.868, P < 0.001). All hab- 2007). Biodiversity is considered very important in numerous
itats are different from each other (Fisher post hoc test, ecosystem services, which depicts the current status of the
P < 0.05) (Fig. 6). area and can determine various factors (Xin et al. 2012;

Fig. 6 Non-metric multidimensional scaling—NMDS of species composition according to different habitats studied
 Int J Trop Insect Sci

Moghimian and Kooch 2013). However, changes in land use, Balakrishnan et al. 2014; Majeed et al. 2019). The Coleoptera
environment disintegration, supplement change, and stress and Lepidoptera dominance in our study areas are indicated
may disturb the movement of energy and cycling of supple- by the exceptionally higher abundance of some insects. They
ments (Wilsey and Potvin 2000). Determination of diversity, are considered the potential bioindicator of moist habitats as
richness, Evenness, and abundance of fauna is required for they prefer moist soil, litter, and rotting wood (Hall 2001;
ecological studies, habitat management, and conservation pro- Sawada and Hirowatari 2002; Sorensson 2003).
grams in any ecosystem (Nahmani et al. 2005). Subsequently, from the complete data and discussion
Chiawo et al. (2017) studied the diversity of bees and floral above, it is confirmed that our findings were similar to the
resources in farmlands. A large abundance of bees was ob- literature those reported by previous researchers; however, at
served in Agro-farms, which described the plenty of floral some point, deviations were observed due to differences in
resources in that habitat. The richness of floral resources is environmental conditions and skill power, documentation of
directly responsible for the richness of bee species. Wetlands data, and handling expertise.
are the main components of our climate, and these are in
disturbance nowadays, ultimately affecting the associated fau-
na (Kevin 2008). The present study results described that tem-
perature is the main factor in influencing insect diversity Conclusions
(Dunn et al. 2009; Diamond et al. 2012). Moreover, many
scientists observed that climate change sturdily influenced Insects being a distinguished group on the earth, play a very
the macro-faunal physiology through shifting the soil temper- crucial role in environmental management. In the present
ature and moisture (Booth et al. 2000; Brose et al. 2012; Lurgi study, maximum abundance was found in the Agro-farms,
et al. 2012). Hymenoptera exhibited prominent species dom- and data also elaborated that Diptera was present in a signifi-
inance levels with variation in elevation (Sanders 2002; cant number compared to other orders. Other orders which we
Burwell and Nakamura 2011), indicating that their distribu- found in less diversity and abundance suggested that environ-
tion patterns were perhaps highly sensitive to overall temper- mental pressure and management techniques (primarily chem-
ature change (Deutsch et al. 2008; Del-Toro et al. 2015). ical) of food security affected them adversely. The ecological
In the present study, Diptera was recorded maximum with a variables also subjected a substantial impact on the faunal di-
high richness of species. Order Diptera showed variations in versity. Results might be beneficial in the management strate-
their contact with humankind, habitat misuse, structure, and gies of the biological control of fauna and conservation pur-
life habits. Economic losses occur due to flies, like fruit flies poses. Future studies should be done with more and different
are responsible for damaging vegetables and fruits; due to this, sampling and planning approaches to elaborate insect fauna in
it is considered as significant in agriculture (Thomas 2009). particular habitats. Though it will also be endorsed for future
Abundance and species richness of different orders presented, research of biodiversity in different habitats to enhance the
unlike responses to structural connectivity of landscape and knowledge of this large group, that is still unknown.
vegetation. Also, our findings were in line with studies indi-
cating the positive response of syrphid species richness to Acknowledgements We acknowledge the Biodiversity Laboratory,
Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of
flowers amount, vegetation, and grassland area (Kleijn and Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan for providing all the facilities to conduct
van Langevelde 2006; Meyer et al. 2009), which stress the research. We all authors are thankful in this regard.
importance of landscape composition for syrphid abundance
(Alignier et al. 2014). Kathiresan and Bingham (2001) de- Compliance with ethical standards
scribed that herbivorous insects could cause considerable
damage to vegetations. Conflict of interest All authors declare that they have no conflict of
Agriculture has been the approach since a long time ago, interest.
and different studies have shown significant yield that up-
surges in diverse cropping systems. Ecological studies pro-
posed that more diverse plant communities are resilient to
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