Automatic Bending Machine

﷽
Palestine polytechnic university
Submitted to the college of engineering to fulfillment of

the requirements for the Bachelor's degree in
Mechatronics Engineering
Project Title:
Automation Of A Manual Bending Machine
By:
Mousa Salameen Anas Asafra Marwan Taradeh
Supervised By:
Dr. Zoheir Wazwaz
Hebron, PPU, Jun, 2021
Abstract
The main idea in the project is to convert a manual bending machine into automatically
and manually operative one, That by using electronic and electrical devices like(PLC), Rotary
encoders, Variable frequency drive, touch screen, and other parts.
The major part of the project based on programmed logic control unit, we had
programed it according to the equations which we must use in programming (PLC) with respect
the correct electrical devices connection.
As a result, we obtained a machine with high specifications in terms of production speed,

safety and product quality.
1
Table of contents
Abstract .................................................................................................................... 1
List of Figures .......................................................................................................... 4
List of Tables ........................................................................................................... 5
1. Introduction of Automatic Bending Machine .................................................. 6

1.1 Project overview .............................................................................................. 7
1.2 Motivations ...................................................................................................... 7
1.3 Importance of the system ................................................................................. 7
1.4 Problem statement ............................................................................................ 8
1.5 System objectives ............................................................................................. 8
1.6 Short description of the system ........................................................................8
1.7 List of requirements ......................................................................................... 9
1.8 Expected results ............................................................................................... 9
1.9 Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project ............................... 9
2. Literature review............................................................................................... 10
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Machine description ...................................................................................... 12
2.3 General characteristic for MC 150B machine ............................................... 13
2.4 important parts of the machine ...................................................................... 13
2.5 The traction roller for chosen machine .......................................................... 15
2.6 Movement type .............................................................................................. 15
2.7 Bending capacity ............................................................................................16
2.8 Electrical map ................................................................................................ 17
2.9 General notes.................................................................................................. 17
2
3. Design ................................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Desired equations ...........................................................................................19
3.2 Mechanical Design ......................................................................................... 20
3.3 Electrical Design ............................................................................................ 24
4. Implementation and testing.............................................................................. 31

4.1 Mechanical assembling .................................................................................. 32
4.2 Electrical wiring .............................................................................................33
4.3 The Algorithm ................................................................................................ 34
4.4 Programming .................................................................................................. 40
4.5 Testing and results ......................................................................................... 54
4.6 Recommendations ..........................................................................................55
4.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 55
References .............................................................................................................. 56
Appendix ................................................................................................................ 57
3
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Manual Bending machine(MC 150B) ...................................................... 12

Figures (2, 3) Is an example of a bending process .................................................. 12
Figure 4 Main motor in manual bending machine ..................................................13
Figure 5 One of types of rollers .............................................................................. 14
Figure 6 Support arm .............................................................................................. 14
Figure 7 Two traction roller case ............................................................................ 15
Figures (8, 9) Movement type in the (MC 150B) Machine .................................... 15
Figure10 Electrical Map for a manual machine......................................................17
Figure11 Mathematical description of the machine’s work method ..................... 19
Figure 12 The location of the secondary motor which will Be added .................... 20
Figure 13 secondary motor ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 14 Delta PLC (one of types of PLC) ........................................................... 24
Figure 15 Rotary encoder ........................................................................................ 24
Figure 16 Variable frequency drive ........................................................................ 25
Figure 17 Touch screen (HMI) ............................................................................... 25
Figure 18 Power circuit design ............................................................................... 26
Figure 19 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 1 .............................. 28
Figure 20 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 2 .............................. 29
Figure 21 final view machine design ...................................................................... 32
Figure 22 electrical panel assembly ........................................................................ 33
Figure 23 HMI with PLC wiring diagram .............................................................. 33
Figure 24 Main flowchart part 1……………………………………………..…... 34
Figure 25 SFC flowchart part 1............................................................................... 37
4
Figure 25 SFC flowchart part 2............................................................................... 38
Figure 26 Mathematical description of the machine’s work method ..................... 39
Figure 27 WPLsoft software ................................................................................... 40
Figure 28 Ladder programing parts (1- 26) ................................................. .(40 – 51)
Figure 29 DOPSoft software ................................................................................... 53
Figure30 HMI programming and design panel 1....................................................53
Figure31 HMI programming and design panel 2....................................................54
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project ......................... 9

Table 2.General characteristics for MC 150B machine..........................................13
Table 3.Bending capacity........................................................................................ 16
Table 4.Power circuit table ..................................................................................... 27
Table 5.Electrical circuit table ................................................................................ 30
5
Chapter One
Introduction of Automatic Bending Machine
1.1 Project overview.

1.2 Motivation.
1.3 Importance of the system.
1.4 Problem statement.
1.5 System objective.
1.6 Short description of the system.
1.7 List of requirements.
1.8 Expected results.
1.9 Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project.
6
1.1 Project overview
With the progression of time, and resultant of the technological development and the
development of metal forming, there should be advanced machines for metal forming.
We noticed that the process of metal forming still classical process and it is depend on a
traditional ways as a part of working steps, and it’s need for a professional workers to use it, so
the idea starting from the lack of advanced forming machines in the local factories and the low
level of product quality, so the idea is improvements of the local metal forming machine and
convert it to advanced machine to work automatically with more accurate so the product will be
more quality, high production and simplify its use by any worker.
1.2 Motivations
1- More accurate in calculations.
2- More quality.
3- High production.
4- Ease of using.
1.3 Importance of the system
The importance of the system is represented in make automation for the manual bending
machine using PLC, HMI touch screen, and manual controller, that to accomplish the desired
goals as we mentioned before.
7
1.4 Problem statement
We want to solve many problems which it already presented in a handle bending machine
which described as the following
1- The probability of errors due to the humanity calculations.

2- Failure to obtain the required diameter as much as the required accuracy resultant of the
handle calibration.
3- Asymmetric bending at all parts of piece of work.
1.5 System objectives

1- Saving time and effort.
2- Supporting local industry.
3- Employing our mental capabilities and practical skills in the labor market which based on
foundations scientific engineering.
4- Increase production.
1.6 Short description of the system

The machine does bend the iron metal whereas the desired radius and the thickness of a
piece of work will enter by the worker into the machine using touch screen HMI as an interface
tool between worker and the machine, whereas the machine will do the desired calculations
automatically based on an equations we will describe it later. The machine will implement the
system using the programmed logic control unit (PLC) and encoders. After entering the piece of
the work into the machine and pressing on the start button, the machine will start in bending
process step by step to reach to the end point.
8
1.7 List of requirements
1- Handle bending machine.
2- Programmed logic control unit (PLC).
3- Touch screen (HMI).
4- Rotary encoders.
5- Variable-frequency drive(V.F.D).
6- Manual controller.
1.8 Expected results

1- Contribute to local production.
2- Creating local and national capabilities in the field of the machines improvement.
3- Produce the product with high accuracy.
1.9 Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project

Table 1 Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project
9
Chapter two
Literature review
2.1 Introduction.
2.2 Machine description.
2.3 General characteristic for MC 150B machine.
2.4 Important parts of the machine.
2.5 The traction roller for chosen machine.
2.6 Movement type.
2.7 Bending capacity.
2.8 Electrical map.
2.9 General notes.
10
2.1 Introduction
The machine which we choose to apply the project is MC150B bending machine. The
MC150B bending is a machine specifically designed for bending profiles, the majority of which
are metal, with different thicknesses and configurations, such as solid profiles, pipes, T-
profiles, angles... The bending machine offers a set of standard tools, rollers, to allow the
bending of profiles in a range of shapes and sizes. Apart from the standard rollers, the
manufacturer also offers different types of additional rollers to produce other types of bending,
according to the configuration of the material to be handled, as well as specific rollers for work
with iron, stainless steel or aluminum, manufactured with * SUSTARIN for jobs in stainless steel
or aluminum avoiding the material to be damaged or scratched.{1}
After applying the project, the machine will be able to work automatically, and reduce the
expected risks on the worker when dealing with the classic machine, which will be explained in
detail later.
11
2.2 Machine description
The bending machine has been designed for bending all kinds of profiles irrespective of
their shape. The standard rolls included as standard on the bending machine allow the
configuration of all kinds of handrails, angles, square, round pipes, etc., thanks to their multiple
configurations. {1}
The following figures shows the structure of the handle machine and some types of
bending process
Figure 1 Manual Bending machine(MC 150B)
Figure 2 Figure 3
Figures (2, 3): Is an example of a bending process
12
2.3 General characteristic for MC 150B machine
General characteristics of the machine are summarized in terms of
Table 2 General characteristics for MC 150B machine
2.4 Important parts of the machine

2.4.1 Main motor
Figure 4 Main motor in manual bending machine
13
2.4.2 Rollers
The Rollers are made of (Steel F-1140 and treated to 62 Rc) or (Sustarin){1}, where 1-
st one suitable for bending all kind of round steel or stainless steel pipes. And the other is
suitable for stainless steel pipes, aluminum and delicate materials with thickness not bigger
than 2.5mm.The roller located in the front end of the machine, and we chose it based on shape of
a work piece.
Figure 5 One of types of rollers
2.4.3 Supports
Located on the front of the machine, its main function is to fix the work piece, and reduce
the vibrations during winding process.
Figure 6 Support arm
14
2.5 The traction roller for chosen machine
The MC 150B machine have a two traction roller, so the two lower axes is motorized
whereas the upper one is no.
Figure 7 Two traction roller case
2.6 Movement type

The MC 150B is a Pyramidal bending machine , in The Pyramidal bending machine just
the upper and central roller moves up and down, which make the machine work easier to bend
pipes of a greater diameter as the distance between the centers of the lower axes is superior and
always equal.
Figure 8 Figure 9
Figures (8, 9) Movement type in the (MC 150B) Machine
15
2.7 Bending capacity
Note: the bending capacity is varied based on the profile and the measures of the piece of
the work as the following table.
Table 3 Bending capacity
16
2.8 Electrical map
Figure10 Electrical Map for a manual machine
2.9 General notes

2.9.1 Can an iron bending machine be used for aluminum?
In most cases the iron bending machines are used to bend iron and there are specific
aluminum machines to bend aluminum. To obtain a perfect curve on an iron profile it is
important that the distance between the centers of the axes is a minimum, whereas the aluminum
bending Machine has its axes further apart and the distance between them is easily
adjustable.{1}
17
Chapter three
Design
3.1 Desired equations.
3.2 Mechanical design.
3.3 Electrical design.
18
3.1 Desired equations
The important part of the project is the equation needed to get the required radius, which
we must applied the equation on (PLC) to adjust the feed amount for the upper roller {4}.
Y2 = R2 – X2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………(1)
S = R – Y ……………………………………………………………………………………………...(2)
Figure11 Mathematical description of the machine’s work method
To find the circumference of a circle

Circumference of a circle = (2*R) * π ………....………………………………………….………..(3)
19
3.2 Mechanical Design
3.2.1 Motor design
In mechanical design we will replace the manual calibration tool by a motor. To obtain
the required radius we will calibrate this motor using PLC software according to a studied
equation which we will explain later.
Figure 12 The location of the secondary motor which will be added
20
3.2.2 Calculations of the required motor power
For the torque required to raise the load sitting by T(R) and for the torque required to
lower the load is T (L).
Where
𝐹 ∗ 𝑑m (𝑙 + 𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑑m) ………....………….……..……..(4)
𝑇(𝑅) =
2 (𝜋𝑑m − 𝑓 ∗ 𝑙)
𝐹 ∗ 𝑑m (𝜋 ∗ 𝑓 ∗ 𝑑m − 𝑙) ………….……….……..……..(5)
𝑇(𝐿) =
2 (𝜋𝑑m − 𝑓 ∗ 𝑙)
The maximum bending force equation
𝐾bf ∗ 𝑇𝑆 ∗ 𝑊 ∗ 𝑇 2
………….……….……...…..……..(6)
𝐹= 𝐷
K (bf) = 1.33 for V-bending
TS: tensile strength of sheet metal, for cold drawn (CD) SAE 1020 = 470 MPa
W: part width in direction of bend axis = 60 mm
T: stock thickness = 20 mm
D: distance between two pulley rollers = 328 mm
21
F: The maximum bending force
𝑑m: Major diameter = 30mm
𝑙: lead of the screw = 3.5 mm
𝑓: Coefficient of friction factor, for dynamic coefficient of friction = 0.12, static coefficient of
friction= 0.16.
T (R) for the start of applied torque = 137.2 N.m.
T (R) running torque = 108.3 N.m.
T (L) for the start of applied torque = 83.7 N.m
T (L) running torque = 56.5 N.m.
The power equation:
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = torque ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ………....……………….………..(7)
Power = 651.6 W
Screw torque efficiency:

𝐹∗𝑙
𝑒= ∗ 100% …………..……...……………………..(8)
2𝜋 ∗ 𝑇(𝑅)
= 23.5%
We need a high value of worm gearbox ratio to get a small output rotational speed.
We choose the worm gear ratio = 100:1 –Suitable gear-
22
Figure 13 secondary motor
So:
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚) = 𝑇2
𝐺𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = ………....………….….……..(9)
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚) 𝑇1
Where
Gear ratio = 100:1.
T2 = 137.2; Output torque.
Input speed = 1400(r.p.m) rated speed.
1400(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚) 137.2 𝑁. 𝑚
100 = =
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚) 𝑇1
Output speed = 14(r.p.m)
T1=1.372 N.m; for required motor.
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1.372 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑥 1400(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚)
= 1.92 Kw
Motor horsepower equation
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
ℎ𝑝(𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟) = ………....……….…………....…..(10)
745.7
= 2.57 ≈ 3 hp
23
3.3 Electrical design
3.3.1 Electronic devices needed
A. Programmed Logic Control Unit (PLC)
Is an industrial digital computer that has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of
manufacturing processes, such as assembly lines, robotic devices, or any activity that requires
high reliability, ease of programming, and process fault diagnosis, or any activity requires high
reliability.
Figure 14 Delta PLC (one of types of PLC)
B. Rotary encoder
Is an electro-mechanical device that converts the angular position or motion of a shaft or
axle to analog or digital output signals,{2} which we can connect the rotary encoder with (PLC)
to be able to adjust the number of revolutions of the motor.
Figure 15 Rotary encoder
24
C. Variable-frequency drive(V.F.D)
Is a type of motor drive used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC
motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.{3} So we can connect it
with main motor which Responsible for a two traction roller.
Figure 16 Variable frequency drive
Benefits of using (VFD)

1. Motor speed control.
2. Control of motor start and stop time.
3. Motor protection.
D. Touch screen (HMI)

A user interface or dashboard function is to connected person to a machine, system, or
device.
Figure 17 Touch screen (HMI)
25
3.3.2 Power and control circuits
A. Power circuit
Figure 18 Power circuit design
26
Table4. Power circuit table
Symbols Main function Description

3 phase 3-phase feed source L1,L2, L3
To protect the power circuit
Circuit breaker -----------
from high current
Main contactor to operate
Km ----------
the machine
For motor speed control,
V.F.D ‫ ـــــ‬3 phase out ‫ــــ‬3 phase in
and soft start
Contactors to determine the
K1 & k2 direction of a secondary -----------
motor(CW or C.C.W)
M1 Main motor -----------
M2 Secondary motor -----------
27
B. Control circuit
The machine can be controlled manually or automatically, and both methods based on
(PLC) so, the first control circuit describe the connection of PLC with Rotary encoders, touch
screen(HMI) and manual control keypad as inputs, and four relays as an output whereas for each
relay has a specific work.
*First control circuit
Figure 19 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 1
28
*Second control circuit
Figure 20 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 2
29
Table5. Electrical circuit table
Symbols Main function Description
Circuit To protect the power circuit ------------

breaker from high current
S.S Main switch Select switch(1/0)
S0 To stop the machine Push button (N.C)
S1 To activate the machine Push button (N.O)
Encoder 1 connected with the screw to Rotary encoder

generate the pulses which send
to the PLC
Encoder 2 connected with the Main motor Rotary encoder
spindle to generate the pulses
which send to the PLC
HMI interfacing tool between the Touch screen(HMI)
user and PLC
PLC Used as a controller Programmed Logic
Control Unit
UP To raise the upper roller Push button(N.O)
Down To take down the upper roller Push button(N.O)
East To drive the lower rollers Push button(N.O)
forward
West To drive the lower rollers Push button(N.O)
reverse
Safety cover Box on the upper motor for Limit switch(N.C)
protection
S. Emergency For emergency Limit switch(N.C)
R1 , R2 To control in the rotate Relays
direction of the main motor
R3 , R4 To control in the rotate Relays
direction of the secondary
motor
30
Chapter four
Implementation and testing
4.1 Mechanical assembling.

4.2 Electrical wiring.
4.3 The Algorithm.
4.4 Programming.
4.5 Testing and results.
4.6 Recommendations.
4.7 Conclusion.
31
4.1 Mechanical assembling.
For this project, we designed a place for the electrical panel, HMI touch screen and set
the calibration motor in his place at the bottom of the machine, that because of the mass of the
motor is large, as it is preferable to place it at the bottom of the machine to make the center of
gravity approximately at the bottom of the machine, which increases its stability.
Figure 21 final view machine design
32
4.2 Electrical wiring.
4.2.1 Electrical panel
We have implemented the power and electrical circuits in the electrical panel, and then
put them in its place on the machine -see fig (17, 18, and 19) -.
Fig 22 electrical panel assembly

4.2.1 HMI with PLC interfacing, and HMI wiring
Fig 23 HMI with PLC wiring diagram

Such that:
A: Electrical feeding port (24V DC) C: To Connect the HMI with the PLC
B: For programming wire (Connects with PC)
33
4.3 The algorithms
4.3.1 Algorithm path
Figure 24 Main flowchart part 1
34
35
The symbols are as the following:

X4 Up (Push button)
X5 Down (Push button)
X6 To right (Push button)
X7 To left (Push button)
X10 Highest level (Limit switch)
X11 Lowest level (Limit switch)
X12 Cover (Limit switch)
X13 Emergency
36
4.3.2 The sequential function chart
The sequential function chart (SFC) is a geometric design applying as a preparation for
the control system programming process for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) using ladder
language.
Figure 25 SFC flowchart part 1
37
Figure 25 SFC flowchart part 2
Note: The SFC flowchart have the same symbols –See page 36-
38
The equations which we used in the programming process:
Eq’n1: 𝐼𝑠 = [𝑅𝑝 + 𝑇] 𝑥 − 1
Where
Is: Initial step
Rp: Reference point = 1429 pulses.
T: Thickness of the piece (Cm).
Eq’n2: 𝐶𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠 + 5(𝑐𝑚) = 𝐼𝑠 + 7143𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑠.
Where
Cs: Calibration step
Eq’n3: 𝑌2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑋2
Where
Y:The distance between center of circle and reference point.
R: Radius of circle.
X=16.4(Cm): The half distance between supported points. Figure 26 Mathematical description of the
machine’s work method
Eq’n4: 𝑆 = 𝑅 − 𝑌
Where
S: Roller descent distance.
Eq’n5: 𝐶 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑅
Where
C: Circumference of the lower roller
Eq’n6: 𝑀 = 𝐼𝑠 + 0.1 ∗ 𝑆
Where
M: Is a cumulative value that depends on the value of (S) to make the roller go down 0.1 step for
each revolution.
Eq’n7: 𝑂𝑣 = 𝐼𝑠 + 𝑆
Where
Ov: The total descent distance of the roller relatively with reference point.
Eq’n8: 𝑀 = 𝑀 + 0.1 ∗ 𝑆
39
4.4 Programming
4.4.1 PLC programming
We applied the (SFC) algorithm using ladder language by (WPLSoft) software that for
ease of use it, and the ability to make any addition or Modification on it in the future.
Figure 27 WPLsoft software
Figure 28 Ladder programing part 1
40
Figure 28 Ladder programing part2
41
Figure 28 Ladder programing part3
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Description of the required equations to convert the displacement values which they
describe the motion of the machine from (cm) scale to pulses
(Up-Down) motion equation:
𝑋𝑥𝑁
𝑃=
𝑇𝑝
Where
P: Number of pulses.
X: Distance (Cm).
N: The number of encoder pulses per revolution.
Tp: Thread pitches (Cm).
From the previous equation, the conversion of 1(Cm) to pulses
1(𝐶𝑚)𝑥 500
𝑃= = 1428.6 ≈ 1429 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑠
0.35
1429 − 1428.6
𝑅𝐸(𝑃)% = 𝑥 100%
1429
= 0.028%
(To left-To right) motion equation:
𝑋𝑥𝑁
𝑃=
𝐶
Where
C= 2π x R. Circumference of the lower roller
From the previous equation, the conversion of 1(Cm) to pulses
1(𝐶𝑚)𝑥 500
𝑃= = 10.75 ≈ 11 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑠
2𝜋 𝑥 7.4(𝐶𝑚)
11 − 10.75
𝑅𝐸(𝑃)% = 𝑥 100% ………....……….…………....…..(11)
11
= 2.27%
52
4.4.2 HMI programming
We used the (DOPSoft) software to program the delta HMI touch screen.
Figure 29 DOPSoft software
Figure30 HMI programming and design panel 1
53
Figure31 HMI programming and design panel 2
4.5 Testing and results.

Due to inability to buy a secondary motor and invalidity of 3-phase electrical support, we
made a simulation for the control system on PLC with HMI touch screen and manual controller
to ensure that the program is working properly and within the required path.
Notes:
 For the relative error in (Up-Down) motion equation, we can reduce his effect on the
accuracy by do homing for the machine that after the automatic processing for 20 times
as maximum.
 For the relative error in (To left-To right) motion equation, we can compensate it by
adding a little bit of the piece length value, such that the length added will be cut after
finishing the process.
54
4.6 Recommendations.
 Improve the algorithm in order to bend arc form automatically.
 Transform the forming process of circular helical form from manual to automatic
method.
 Adding the ability to self-holding automatic process means come back to its last state.
4.7 Conclusion.
Its design helps the workers for the following updates, for the first update of this machine
is to automate the machine control to let it drive automatically with high level of safety, which
its design connect to raise the level of accuracy and the production speed, however its design
helps the normal worker who is not has the high level of experience to drive the machine, and
for whole machine purpose is bending process.
55
References
{1}-SECTION BENDING MACHINE, MC150B, INSTRUCTIONS BOOK, from:

www.nargesa.com.
{2}-[Murray, Mike (15 December 2019). "How Rotary Encoders Work". The Geek Pub.
Retrieved 3 September 2019.].
{3}- Campbell, Sylvester J. (1987). Solid-State AC Motor Controls. New York: Marcel Dekker,
Inc. pp. 79–189.
{4}- Gerd Baumann, Mathematica for Theoretical Physics: Electrodynamics, Quantum

Mechanics, General Relativity and Fractals, United States of America, New York, 2005- related
to eq’n(1), eq’n(2), eq’n(3).
{5}-Delta Electronics, Inc-Delta Programmable Logic Controller DVP Series-Taoyuan

Technology Center-No.18, Xinglong Rd., Taoyuan District-Taoyuan City 33068, Taiwan from
web site : www.deltaww.com
{6}-PLC (Application Programming) Manual Delta Electronics, Inc-Delta Programmable Logic

Controller DVP Series-Taoyuan Technology Center-No.18, Xinglong Rd., Taoyuan District-
Taoyuan City 33068, Taiwan from web site: www.deltaww.com
{7}-Mechanical Engineering Design-Richard G. Budynas and J.Keith Nisbett- Ninth edition

2011- related to eq’n(7), eq’n(8), eq’n(9) , eq’n(10), eq’n(11).
{8}-Manufacturing Engineering and Technology-Serope Kalpakjian-Steven R. Schmid-K. S.

Vijay Sekar-seventh edition-2014- related to eq’n(4), eq’n(5), eq’n(6).
56
Appendix
57
58
59
ES2/EX2 series:
Specifications
Control Method Stored program, cyclic scan system
Batch processing method (when END instruction is
I/O Processing Method
executed)
Execution Speed LD instructions – 0.54s, MOV instructions – 3.4s
Program language Instruction List + Ladder + SFC
Program Capacity 15872 steps
X0~X377, octal number system, 256
X External inputs
points max, (*4) Total
Y0~Y377, octal number system, 256 256+16 I/O
Y External outputs
points max, (*4)
M0~M511, 512 points, (*1)
General M768~M999, 232 points, (*1)
M2000~M2047, 48 points, (*1)
Auxiliary Total
M M512~M767, 256 points, (*2)
relay Latched 4096 points
M2048~M4095, 2048 points, (*2)
M1000~M1999, 1000 points, some are
Special
latched
T0~T126, 127 points, (*1)
100ms T128~T183, 56 points, (*1)
(M1028=ON, T184~T199 for Subroutines, 16 points,
T64~T126: (*1)
10ms) T250~T255(accumulative), 6 points
(*1) Total
T Timer
10ms T200~T239, 40 points, (*1) 256 points
(M1038=ON, T240~T245(accumulative),
T200~T245: 1ms) 6 points, (*1)
T127, 1 points, (*1)
Bit 1ms T246~T249(accumulative), 4 points,
Contacts (*1)
C0~C111, 112 points, (*1)
16-bit count up C128~C199,72 points, (*1)
C112~C127,16 points, (*2) Total
232 points
32-bit count C200~C223, 24 points, (*1)
up/down C224~C231, 8 points, (*2)
C235~C242, 1 phase 1 input, 8 points,
Soft- (*2)
C Counter ware C232~C234, 2 phase 2 input, 3 points,
32bit
(*2)
high-
C243~C244, 1 phase 1 input, 2 points, Total
speed
(*2) 23 points
count
Hard- C245~C250, 1 phase 2 input, 6 points,
up/down
ware (*2)
C251~C254 2 phase 2 input, 4 points,
(*2)
Initial step point S0~S9, 10 points, (*2)
S10~S19, 10 points (use with IST
Zero point return
Step instruction), (*2) Total 1024
S
point Latched S20~S127, 108 points, (*2) points
General S128~S911, 784 points, (*1)
Alarm S912~S1023, 112 points, (*2)
Word T Current value T0~T255, 256 words
Register C Current value C0~C199, 16-bit counter, 200 words
60
Specifications
C200~C254, 32-bit counter, 55 words
D0~D407, 408 words, (*1)
General D600~D999, 400 words, (*1)
D3920~D9999, 6080 words, (*1)
D408~D599, 192 words, (*2)
Latched
Data D2000~D3919, 1920 words, (*2) Total
D
register D1000~D1999, 1000 words, some 10000 points
Special
are latched
For Special
mudules D9900~D9999，100 words, (*1), (*5)
Index E0~E7, F0~F7, 16 words, (*1)
N Master control loop N0~N7, 8 points
P Pointer P0~P255, 256 points
I000/I001(X0), I100/I101(X1), I200/I201(X2),
I300/I301(X3), I400/I401(X4), I500/I501(X5),
External interrupt I600/I601(X6), I700/I701(X7), 8 points (01: rising-edge
trigger , 00: falling-edge trigger )

Pointer I602~I699, I702~I799, 2 points (Timer resolution =
Interrupt
I 1ms)
Service Timer interrupt
I805~I899, 1 point (Timer resolution = 0.1ms)
(Supported by V2.00 and above)
High-speed
I010, I020, I030, I040, I050, I060, I070, I080,8 points
counter interrupt
Communication
I140(COM1), I150(COM2), I160(COM3), 3 points, (*3)
interrupt
K-32,768 ~ K32,767 (16-bit operation),
K Decimal K-2,147,483,648 ~ K2,147,483,647 (32-bit operation)
Constant
H0000 ~ HFFFF (16-bit operation),
H Hexadecimal
H00000000 ~HFFFFFFFF (32-bit operation)
COM1: built-in RS-232 ((Master/Slave)
COM2: built-in RS-485 (Master/Slave)
Serial ports
COM3: built-in RS-485 (Master/Slave)
COM1 is typically the programming port.
Real Time Clock Year, Month, Day, Week, Hours, Minutes, Seconds
Special I/O Modules Up to 8 special I/O modules can be connected
61

Automatic Bending Machine

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﷽

Palestine polytechnic university

Submitted to the college of engineering to fulfillment of

As a result, we obtained a machine with high specifications in terms of production speed,

1. Introduction of Automatic Bending Machine .................................................. 6

4. Implementation and testing.............................................................................. 31

Figure 1 Manual Bending machine(MC 150B) ...................................................... 12

Table 1.Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project ......................... 9

1.1 Project overview.

1.3 Importance of the system

1- The probability of errors due to the humanity calculations.

1.5 System objectives

1.6 Short description of the system

1.8 Expected results

1.9 Time schedule for the introduction to graduation project

Figure 1 Manual Bending machine(MC 150B)

Figures (2, 3): Is an example of a bending process

2.4 Important parts of the machine

Figure 4 Main motor in manual bending machine

Figure 5 One of types of rollers

Figure 6 Support arm

Figure 7 Two traction roller case

2.6 Movement type

Figures (8, 9) Movement type in the (MC 150B) Machine

Figure10 Electrical Map for a manual machine

2.9 General notes

Figure11 Mathematical description of the machine’s work method

To find the circumference of a circle

Figure 12 The location of the secondary motor which will be added

The maximum bending force equation

K (bf) = 1.33 for V-bending

W: part width in direction of bend axis = 60 mm

D: distance between two pulley rollers = 328 mm

𝑑m: Major diameter = 30mm

𝑙: lead of the screw = 3.5 mm

T (R) for the start of applied torque = 137.2 N.m.

T (R) running torque = 108.3 N.m.

T (L) for the start of applied torque = 83.7 N.m

T (L) running torque = 56.5 N.m.

The power equation:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = torque ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ………....……………….………..(7)

Screw torque efficiency:

We choose the worm gear ratio = 100:1 –Suitable gear-

Gear ratio = 100:1.

T2 = 137.2; Output torque.

Input speed = 1400(r.p.m) rated speed.

Output speed = 14(r.p.m)

T1=1.372 N.m; for required motor.

𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1.372 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑥 1400(𝑟. 𝑝. 𝑚)

Motor horsepower equation

Figure 14 Delta PLC (one of types of PLC)

Figure 15 Rotary encoder

Figure 16 Variable frequency drive

Benefits of using (VFD)

D. Touch screen (HMI)

Figure 17 Touch screen (HMI)

Figure 18 Power circuit design

Symbols Main function Description

Figure 19 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 1

Figure 20 Automatic and manual control circuit design Part 2