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Artificial Intelligence.
What Is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
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Written by Ellen Glover Ellen Glover | Apr. 02, 2024 Jye Sawtell-Rickson
Artificial Intelligence Definition

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science that aims to build machines
capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. While AI is an interdisciplinary
science with multiple approaches, advancements in machine learning and deep learning, in
particular, are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every industry.
Artificial intelligence allows machines to match, or even improve upon, the capabilities of the human
mind. From the development of self-driving cars to the proliferation of generative AI tools, AI is
increasingly becoming part of everyday life.
WHAT AI IS, WHY IT MATTERS, HOW IT WORKS
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What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence refers to computer systems that are capable of performing tasks
traditionally associated with human intelligence — such as making predictions,
identifying objects, interpreting speech and generating natural language. AI systems
learn how to do so by processing massive amounts of data and looking for patterns to
model in their own decision-making. In many cases, humans will supervise an AI’s
learning process, reinforcing good decisions and discouraging bad ones, but some AI
systems are designed to learn without supervision.
Over time, AI systems improve on their performance of specific tasks, allowing them
to adapt to new inputs and make decisions without being explicitly programmed to do
so. In essence, artificial intelligence is about teaching machines to think and learn like
humans, with the goal of automating work and solving problems more efficiently.
Why Is Artificial Intelligence Important?

Artificial intelligence aims to provide machines with similar processing and analysis
capabilities as humans, making AI a useful counterpart to people in everyday life. AI is
able to interpret and sort data at scale, solve complicated problems and automate
various tasks simultaneously, which can save time and fill in operational gaps missed
by humans.
AI serves
Our as thewhich
site uses cookies, foundation
enables us for computer
to deliver learning
the best possible user and is used in almost every industry
— from healthcare and finance to manufacturing and education — helping to make
data-driven decisions and carry out repetitive or computationally intensive tasks.
Many existing technologies use artificial intelligence to enhance capabilities. We see it
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in smartphones with AI assistants, e-commerce platforms with recommendation
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COMPANIES with autonomous
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abilities. AI also helps protect people by
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piloting fraud detection systems online and robots for dangerous jobs, as well as
leading research in healthcare and climate initiatives.
How Does AI Work?

Artificial intelligence systems work by using algorithms and data. First, a massive
amount of data is collected and applied to mathematical models, or algorithms, which
use the information to recognize patterns and make predictions in a process known as
training. Once algorithms have been trained, they are deployed within various
applications, where they continuously learn from and adapt to new data. This allows AI
systems to perform complex tasks like image recognition, language processing and
data analysis with greater accuracy and efficiency over time.
Machine Learning
The primary approach to building AI systems is through machine learning (ML), where
computers learn from large datasets by identifying patterns and relationships within
the data. A machine learning algorithm uses statistical techniques to help it “learn”
how to get progressively better at a task, without necessarily having been programmed
for that certain task. It uses historical data as input to predict new output values.
Machine learning consists of both supervised learning (where the expected output for
the input is known thanks to labeled data sets) and unsupervised learning (where the
expected outputs are unknown due to the use of unlabeled data sets).
Neural Networks
Machine learning is typically done using neural networks, a series of algorithms that
process data by mimicking the structure of the human brain. These networks consist
of layers of interconnected nodes, or “neurons,” that process information and pass it
between each other. By adjusting the strength of connections between these neurons,
the network can learn to recognize complex patterns within data, make predictions
based on new inputs and even learn from mistakes. This makes neural networks useful
for recognizing images, understanding human speech and translating words between
languages.
Deep Learning
Deep learning is an important subset of machine learning. It uses a type of artificial
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neural network known as deep neural networks, which contain a number of hidden
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through which data is
ARTICLES processed,
SALARIESallowing a machine to go “deep” in its learning
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and recognize increasingly complex patterns, making connections and weighting input
for the best results. Deep learning is particularly effective at tasks like image and
speech recognition and natural language processing, making it a crucial component in
the development and advancement of AI systems.
Natural Language Processing

Natural language processing (NLP) involves teaching computers to understand and
produce written and spoken language in a similar manner as humans. NLP combines
computer science, linguistics, machine learning and deep learning concepts to help
computers analyze unstructured text or voice data and extract relevant information
from it. NLP mainly tackles speech recognition and natural language generation, and
it’s leveraged for use cases like spam detection and virtual assistants.
Computer Vision
Computer vision is another prevalent application of machine learning techniques,
where machines process raw images, videos and visual media, and extract useful
insights from them. Deep learning and convolutional neural networks are used to
break down images into pixels and tag them accordingly, which helps computers
discern the difference between visual shapes and patterns. Computer vision is used for
image recognition, image classification and object detection, and completes tasks like
facial recognition and detection in self-driving cars and robots.
Types of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence can be classified in several different ways.
Strong AI vs. Weak AI

AI can be organized into two broad categories: weak AI and strong AI.
Weak AI (or narrow AI) refers to AI that automates specific tasks. It typically
outperforms humans, but it operates within a limited context and is applied to a
narrowly defined problem. For now, all AI systems are examples of weak AI, ranging
from email inbox spam filters to recommendation engines to chatbots.
Strong AI,
experience. often Accept,
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you are as artificial general
to our cookie policy.intelligence (AGI), is a hypothetical
benchmark at which AI could possess human-like intelligence and adaptability, solving
problems it’s never been trained to work on. AGI does not actually exist yet, and it is
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unclear whether it ever will.
The 4 Kinds of AI
AI can then be further categorized into four main types: reactive machines, limited
memory, theory of mind and self-awareness.
Reactive machines perceive the world in front of them and react. They can carry out
specific commands and requests, but they cannot store memory or rely on past
experiences to inform their decision making in real time. This makes reactive
machines useful for completing a limited number of specialized duties. Examples
include Netflix’s recommendation engine and IBM’s Deep Blue (used to play chess).
Limited memory AI has the ability to store previous data and predictions when
gathering information and making decisions. Essentially, it looks into the past for clues
to predict what may come next. Limited memory AI is created when a team
continuously trains a model in how to analyze and utilize new data, or an AI
environment is built so models can be automatically trained and renewed. Examples
include ChatGPT and self-driving cars.
Theory of mind is a type of AI that does not actually exist yet, but it describes the idea
of an AI system that can perceive and understand human emotions, and then use that
information to predict future actions and make decisions on its own.
Self-aware AI refers to artificial intelligence that has self-awareness, or a sense of self.

This type of AI does not currently exist. In theory, though, self-aware AI possesses
human-like consciousness and understands its own existence in the world, as well as
the emotional state of others.
AI BENEFITS & DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS & EXAMPLES
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Benefits of AI
AI is beneficial for automating repetitive tasks, solving complex problems, reducing
human error and much more.
Automating Repetitive Tasks

Repetitive tasks such as data entry and factory work, as well as customer service
conversations, can all be automated using AI technology. This lets humans focus on
other priorities.
Solving Complex Problems

AI’s ability to process large amounts of data at once allows it to quickly find patterns
and solve complex problems that may be too difficult for humans, such as predicting
financial outlooks or optimizing energy solutions.
Improving Customer Experience

AI can be applied through user personalization, chatbots and automated self-service
technologies, making the customer experience more seamless and increasing
customer retention for businesses.
Advancing Healthcare and Medicine

AI works to advance healthcare by accelerating medical diagnoses, drug discovery and
development and medical robot implementation throughout hospitals and care
centers.
Reducing Human Error

The ability
experience. to quickly
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mistakes or anomalies among mounds of digital information, overall reducing human
error and ensuring accuracy.
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Disadvantages of AI
While artificial intelligence has its benefits, the technology also comes with risks and
potential dangers to consider.
Job Displacement
AI’s abilities to automate processes, generate rapid content and work for long periods
of time can mean job displacement for human workers.
Bias and Discrimination

AI models may be trained on data that reflects biased human decisions, leading to
outputs that are biased or discriminatory against certain demographics.
Hallucinations
AI systems may inadvertently “hallucinate” or produce inaccurate outputs when
trained on insufficient or biased data, leading to the generation of false information.
Privacy Concerns
The data collected and stored by AI systems may be done so without user consent or
knowledge, and may even be accessed by unauthorized individuals in the case of a data
breach.
Ethical Concerns
AI systems may be developed in a manner that isn’t transparent, inclusive or
sustainable, resulting in a lack of explanation for potentially harmful AI decisions as
well as a negative impact on users and businesses.
Environmental Costs
Large-scale AI systems can require a substantial amount of energy to operate and
process data, which increases carbon emissions and water consumption.
Artificial Intelligence Applications

Artificial intelligence has applications across multiple industries, ultimately helping to
streamline processes and boost business efficiency.
Healthcare
AI is used in healthcare to improve the accuracy of medical diagnoses, facilitate drug
research and development, manage sensitive healthcare data and automate online
patient experiences. It is also a driving factor behind medical robots, which work to
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provide assisted therapy or guide surgeons during surgical procedures.
Retail
AI in retail amplifies the customer experience by powering user personalization,
product recommendations, shopping assistants and facial recognition for payments.
For retailers and suppliers, AI helps automate retail marketing, identify counterfeit
products on marketplaces, manage product inventories and pull online data to identify
product trends.
Customer Service
In the customer service industry, AI enables faster and more personalized support. AI-
powered chatbots and virtual assistants can handle routine customer inquiries,
provide product recommendations and troubleshoot common issues in real-time. And
through NLP, AI systems can understand and respond to customer inquiries in a more
human-like way, improving overall satisfaction and reducing response times.
Manufacturing
AI in manufacturing can reduce assembly errors and production times while
increasing worker safety. Factory floors may be monitored by AI systems to help
identify incidents, track quality control and predict potential equipment failure. AI also
drives factory and warehouse robots, which can automate manufacturing workflows
and handle dangerous tasks.
Finance
The finance industry utilizes AI to detect fraud in banking activities, assess financial
credit standings, predict financial risk for businesses plus manage stock and bond
trading based on market patterns. AI is also implemented across fintech and banking
apps, working to personalize banking and provide 24/7 customer service support.
Marketing
In the marketing industry, AI plays a crucial role in enhancing customer engagement
and driving more targeted advertising campaigns. Advanced data analytics allows
marketers to gain deeper insights into customer behavior, preferences and trends,
while AI content generators help them create more personalized content and
recommendations at scale. AI can also be used to automate repetitive tasks such as
email marketing and social media management.
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experience.
Video game developers apply AI to make gaming experiences more immersive. Non-
playable characters (NPCs) in video games use AI to respond accordingly to player
interactions and the surrounding environment, creating game scenarios that can be
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more realistic, enjoyable and unique to each player.
Military
AI assists militaries on and off the battlefield, whether it's to help process military
intelligence data faster, detect cyberwarfare attacks or automate military weaponry,
defense systems and vehicles. Drones and robots in particular may be imbued with AI,
making them applicable for autonomous combat or search and rescue operations.
Artificial Intelligence Examples

Specific examples of AI include:
Generative AI Tools
Generative AI tools, sometimes referred to as AI chatbots — including ChatGPT,
Gemini, Claude and Grok — use artificial intelligence to produce written content in a
range of formats, from essays to code and answers to simple questions.
Smart Assistants
Personal AI assistants, like Alexa and Siri, use natural language processing to receive
instructions from users to perform a variety of “smart tasks.” They can carry out
commands like setting reminders, searching for online information or turning off your
kitchen lights.
Self-Driving Cars
Self-driving cars are a recognizable example of deep learning, since they use deep
neural networks to detect objects around them, determine their distance from other
cars, identify traffic signals and much more.
Wearables
Many wearable sensors and devices used in the healthcare industry apply deep
learning to assess the health condition of patients, including their blood sugar levels,
blood pressure and heart rate. They can also derive patterns from a patient’s prior
medical data and use that to anticipate any future health conditions.
Visual Filters
Filters used on social media platforms like TikTok and Snapchat rely on algorithms to
distinguish between an image’s subject and the background, track facial movements
and adjust
experience. the image
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AI TODAY & TOMORROW
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The Rise of Generative AI

Generative AI describes artificial intelligence systems that can create new content —
such as text, images, video or audio — based on a given user prompt. To work, a
generative AI model is fed massive data sets and trained to identify patterns within
them, then subsequently generates outputs that resemble this training data.
Generative AI has gained massive popularity in the past few years, especially with
chatbots and image generators arriving on the scene. These kinds of tools are often
used to create written copy, code, digital art and object designs, and they are
leveraged in industries like entertainment, marketing, consumer goods and
manufacturing.
Generative AI comes with challenges though. For instance, it can be used to create
fake content and deepfakes, which could spread disinformation and erode social trust.
Andsitesome
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intellectual property rights.
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AI Regulation
As AI grows more complex and powerful, lawmakers around the world are seeking to
regulate its use and development.
The first major step to regulate AI occurred in 2024 in the European Union with the
passing of its sweeping Artificial Intelligence Act, which aims to ensure that AI systems
deployed there are “safe, transparent, traceable, non-discriminatory and
environmentally friendly.” Countries like China and Brazil have also taken steps to
govern artificial intelligence.
Meanwhile, AI regulation in the United States is still a work in progress. The Biden-
Harris administration introduced a non-enforceable AI Bill of Rights in 2022, and then
The Executive Order on Safe, Secure and Trustworthy AI in 2023, which aims to
regulate the AI industry while maintaining the country’s status as a leader in the
industry. Congress has made several attempts to establish more robust legislation, but
it has largely failed, leaving no laws in place that specifically limit the use of AI or
regulate its risks. For now, all AI legislation in the United States exists only on the state
level.
Future of Artificial Intelligence

The future of artificial intelligence holds immense promise, with the potential to
revolutionize industries, enhance human capabilities and solve complex challenges. It
can be used to develop new drugs, optimize global supply chains and create exciting
new art — transforming the way we live and work.
Looking ahead, one of the next big steps for artificial intelligence is to progress beyond
weak or narrow AI and achieve artificial general intelligence (AGI). With AGI, machines
will be able to think, learn and act the same way as humans do, blurring the line
between organic and machine intelligence. This could pave the way for increased
automation and problem-solving capabilities in medicine, transportation and more —
as well as sentient AI down the line.
On the other hand, the increasing sophistication of AI also raises concerns about
heightened job loss, widespread disinformation and loss of privacy. And questions
experience. By clicking
persist about theAccept, you arefor
potential agreeing
AI to to outpace
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human understanding and intelligence —
a phenomenon known as technological singularity that could lead to unforeseeable
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risks and possible moral dilemmas.
For now, society is largely looking toward federal and business-level AI regulations to
help guide the technology’s future.
HISTORY OF AI
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History of AI
Artificial intelligence as a concept began to take off in the 1950s when computer
scientist Alan Turing released the paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”
which questioned if machines could think and how one would test a machine’s
intelligence. This paper set the stage for AI research and development, and was the
first proposal of the Turing test, a method used to assess machine intelligence. The
term “artificial intelligence” was coined in 1956 by computer scientist John McCartchy
in an academic conference at Dartmouth College.
Following
experience. ByMcCarthy’s conference
clicking Accept, you are agreeing and
to ourthroughout
cookie policy. the 1970s, interest in AI research
grew from academic institutions and U.S. government funding. Innovations in
computing allowed several AI foundations to be established during this time, including
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machine learning, neural networks and natural language processing. Despite its
JOBS advances, AI technologies
COMPANIES ARTICLESeventually became
SALARIES more difficult to scale than expected and
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declined in interest and funding, resulting in the first AI winter until the 1980s.
In the mid-1980s, AI interest reawakened as computers became more powerful, deep

learning became popularized and AI-powered “expert systems” were introduced.
However, due to the complication of new systems and an inability of existing
technologies to keep up, the second AI winter occurred and lasted until the mid-1990s.
By the mid-2000s, innovations in processing power, big data and advanced deep
learning techniques resolved AI’s previous roadblocks, allowing further AI
breakthroughs. Modern AI technologies like virtual assistants, driverless cars and
generative AI began entering the mainstream in the 2010s, making AI what it is today.
Artificial Intelligence Timeline

(1943) Warren McCullough and Walter Pitts publish the paper “A Logical Calculus of
Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity,” which proposes the first mathematical model for
building a neural network.
(1949) In his book The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, Donald

Hebb proposes the theory that neural pathways are created from experiences and that
connections between neurons become stronger the more frequently they’re used.
Hebbian learning continues to be an important model in AI.
(1950) Alan Turing publishes the paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,”
proposing what is now known as the Turing Test, a method for determining if a
machine is intelligent.
(1950) Harvard undergraduates Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds build SNARC, the
first neural network computer.
(1956) The phrase “artificial intelligence” is coined at the Dartmouth Summer Research
Project on Artificial Intelligence. Led by John McCarthy, the conference is widely
considered to be the birthplace of AI.
(1958) John McCarthy develops the AI programming language Lisp and publishes
“Programs with Common Sense,” a paper proposing the hypothetical Advice Taker, a
complete AI system with the ability to learn from experience as effectively as humans.
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(1959) Arthur Samuel coins the term “machine learning” while at IBM.
(1964) Daniel Bobrow develops STUDENT, an early natural language processing

program designed to solve algebra word problems, as a doctoral candidate at MIT.
(1966) MIT professor Joseph Weizenbaum creates Eliza, one of the first chatbots to
successfully mimic the conversational patterns of users, creating the illusion that it
understood more than it did. This introduced the Eliza effect, a common phenomenon
where people falsely attribute humanlike thought processes and emotions to AI
systems.
(1969) The first successful expert systems, DENDRAL and MYCIN, are created at the AI
Lab at Stanford University.
(1972) The logic programming language PROLOG is created.
(1973) The Lighthill Report, detailing the disappointments in AI research, is released by

the British government and leads to severe cuts in funding for AI projects.
(1974-1980) Frustration with the progress of AI development leads to major DARPA

cutbacks in academic grants. Combined with the earlier ALPAC report and the
previous year’s Lighthill Report, AI funding dries up and research stalls. This period is
known as the “First AI Winter.”
(1980) Digital Equipment Corporations develops R1 (also known as XCON), the first
successful commercial expert system. Designed to configure orders for new computer
systems, R1 kicks off an investment boom in expert systems that will last for much of
the decade, effectively ending the first AI winter.
(1985) Companies are spending more than a billion dollars a year on expert systems
and an entire industry known as the Lisp machine market springs up to support them.
Companies like Symbolics and Lisp Machines Inc. build specialized computers to run
on the AI programming language Lisp.
(1987-1993) As computing technology improved, cheaper alternatives emerged and the

Lisp machine market collapsed in 1987, ushering in the “Second AI Winter.” During this
experience. By clicking
period, expert Accept, you
systems are agreeing
proved tootoexpensive
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to maintain and update, eventually falling
out of favor.
(1997) IBM’s Deep Blue beats world chess champion Gary Kasparov.
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(2006) Fei-Fei Li starts working on the ImageNet visual database, introduced in 2009.
This became the catalyst for the AI boom, and the basis on which image recognition
grew.
(2008) Google makes breakthroughs in speech recognition and introduces the feature
in its iPhone app.
(2011) IBM’s Watson handily defeats the competition on Jeopardy!.
(2011) Apple releases Siri, an AI-powered virtual assistant through its iOS operating
system.
(2012) Andrew Ng, founder of the Google Brain Deep Learning project, feeds a neural
network using deep learning algorithms 10 million YouTube videos as a training set.
The neural network learned to recognize a cat without being told what a cat is,
ushering in the breakthrough era for neural networks and deep learning funding.
(2014) Amazon’s Alexa, a virtual home smart device, is released.
(2016) Google DeepMind’s AlphaGo defeats world champion Go player Lee Sedol. The
complexity of the ancient Chinese game was seen as a major hurdle to clear in AI.
(2018) Google releases natural language processing engine BERT, reducing barriers in
translation and understanding by ML applications.
(2020) Baidu releases its LinearFold AI algorithm to scientific and medical teams
working to develop a vaccine during the early stages of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
The algorithm is able to predict the RNA sequence of the virus in just 27 seconds, 120
times faster than other methods.
(2020) OpenAI releases natural language processing model GPT-3, which is able to
produce text modeled after the way people speak and write.
(2021) OpenAI builds on GPT-3 to develop DALL-E, which is able to create images from
text prompts.
(2022)
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site uses National Institute
which enables us toof Standards
deliver and Technology
the best possible user releases the first draft of its
AI Risk Management Framework, voluntary U.S. guidance “to better manage risks to
individuals, organizations, and society associated with artificial intelligence.”
(2022) OpenAI launches ChatGPT, a chatbot powered by a large language model that
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gains more than 100 million users in just a few months.
(2022) The White House introduces an AI Bill of Rights outlining principles for the
responsible development and use of AI.
(2023) Microsoft launches an AI-powered version of Bing, its search engine, built on
the same technology that powers ChatGPT.
(2023) Google announces Bard, a competing conversational AI. This would later
become Gemini.
(2023) OpenAI Launches GPT-4, its most sophisticated language model yet.
(2023) The Biden-Harris administration issues The Executive Order on Safe, Secure
and Trustworthy AI, calling for safety testing, labeling of AI-generated content and
increased efforts to create international standards for the development and use of AI.
The order also stresses the importance of ensuring that artificial intelligence is not
used to circumvent privacy protections, exacerbate discrimination or violate civil
rights or the rights of consumers.
(2023) The chatbot Grok is released by Elon Musk’s AI company xAI.
(2024) The European Union passes the Artificial Intelligence Act, which aims to ensure
that AI systems deployed within the EU are “safe, transparent, traceable, non-
discriminatory and environmentally friendly.
(2024) Claude 3 Opus, a large language model developed by AI company Anthropic,

outperforms GPT-4 — the first LLM to do so.
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75 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Companies to Know

They may not be household names, but these 42 artificial intelligence companies are working on some
very smart technology.
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The Future of AI: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change the World
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Artificial Intelligence Definition

WHAT AI IS, WHY IT MATTERS, HOW IT WORKS

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What Is Artificial Intelligence?

Why Is Artificial Intelligence Important?

How Does AI Work?

Natural Language Processing

Types of Artificial Intelligence

Strong AI vs. Weak AI

Self-aware AI refers to artificial intelligence that has self-awareness, or a sense of self.

AI BENEFITS & DISADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS & EXAMPLES

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Automating Repetitive Tasks

Solving Complex Problems

Improving Customer Experience

Advancing Healthcare and Medicine

Reducing Human Error

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Bias and Discrimination

Artificial Intelligence Applications

Artificial Intelligence Examples

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AI TODAY & TOMORROW

The Rise of Generative AI

Future of Artificial Intelligence

In the mid-1980s, AI interest reawakened as computers became more powerful, deep

Artificial Intelligence Timeline

(1949) In his book The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory, Donald

(1964) Daniel Bobrow develops STUDENT, an early natural language processing

(1972) The logic programming language PROLOG is created.

(1973) The Lighthill Report, detailing the disappointments in AI research, is released by

(1974-1980) Frustration with the progress of AI development leads to major DARPA

(1987-1993) As computing technology improved, cheaper alternatives emerged and the

(2011) IBM’s Watson handily defeats the competition on Jeopardy!.

(2014) Amazon’s Alexa, a virtual home smart device, is released.

(2023) The chatbot Grok is released by Elon Musk’s AI company xAI.

(2024) Claude 3 Opus, a large language model developed by AI company Anthropic,

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75 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Companies to Know

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How AI Can Improve the Software Testing Process

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How Smart Chips Are Enhancing Engineers’ Productivity

What Is Black Box AI?

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How to Get Better Results From an LLM

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GPT-4o: Here’s What You Need to Know

3 Steps to Building a Culture of Learning and Innovation Around AI

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Why We Need AI Governance Now

Here’s How AI Feels About Refugees

Here’s What You Need to Know About Llama 3

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Mean Normalization Explained

Understanding the Derivative of the Sigmoid Function

Which of the 5 AI Archetypes Are You?