2024 - PDCE 1 - Class 3 - May 2

PDCE I
DOCENTE: ARIEL OGIAN

First things first: Let’s get to know each other!
Last class HOMEWORK:
● Who am I? Identity craft.
● Vignette on your name.
● TV session 1
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIPENJDHVkc)
● Read “The Parts of the Simple Sentence” in the Bible.
● Intro Unit: a, b and c
INTRO UNIT
The Self
INTRO UNIT - 6
a. Paraphrase the underlined sentences by using one of the words in
the box. Changes are allowed as long as meaning is kept.
b. Account for the use of the tenses in bold in the text. Answer: Why
aren´t there examples of past tenses? Does the type of text/genre
affect linguistic choices? Account.
c. What other linguistic choices are present in the article? Recognise

Your art attack explained
them and account for them. Keep the genre/text type in mind when
answering.
11. Competition time!
This is not just a singing competition but a kind of trial. You will be
divided in groups. Each group will be assigned one of the songs
below. You will have to provide the teacher with arguments to
convince him that this assigned song deals with identity. Take into
account all the concepts we have developed during the unit. Last but
not least, the group will have extra points if they sing it aloud in a
Whitney-Mariah-Celine-fashion!
✔ Karma Chameleon by Culture Club.

✔ Born this way by Lady Gaga
✔ True colours by Cindy Lauper
✔ Outside by Mariah Carey
Our
own
selves
do
ANY QUESTIONS? matter
Big train
An Introduction to English Grammar
The Parts of the

Simple Sentence
GRAMMATICAL FORM
STRUCTURE: rules that decide the units that can co-occur
in the sentence and the order in which they can occur.
A heavy snowfall the mountain passes has blocked.
PHRASES: group of words with a HEAD (H). They also have

an internal structure.
mountain the passes
GRAMMATICAL FUNCTION
The role those forms play in a sentence.
A heavy snowfall has blocked the mountain passes

s v DO
They encountered a heavy snowfall.
Conclusion: identical forms may have different functions in different sentences.

WE ALWAYS HAVE TO ANALYSE FORM AND FUNCTION
A heavy snowfall has blocked the mountain passes

Lexical
H: N
verb
H: N
Vph DO/Nph
S/Nph PREDICATE
SUBJECT, PREDICATE AND VERB
We can divide a sentence into two main constituents: the
subject and the predicate. The predicate consists of the
verb and any other elements of the sentence apart from
the subject.
VERBS main contain more than one word:
could have been imagining

OP AUX AUX LEXICAL VERB (main verb)
OPERATOR: the first or only auxiliary in the verb of the
sentence. It allows us to form questions and negative
sentences.
You could have been imagining it.

Could you have been imagining it?
Barbara and Charles aren’t getting married in April.
BE and HAVE can function as both verbs and auxiliaries at the same time
SUBJECT:
● The subject normally comes before the verb in declaratives,
but in questions it comes after the operator.
● The subject is normally absent in imperatives.
● The subject determines the form of reflexive pronouns.
● The easiest way to identify the subject in a declarative
sentence is to turn the sentence into a yes–no question
● Another way of identifying the subject of a declarative
sentence is by asking a question introduced by who or what
followed by the verb.
TRANSITIVE VERBS AND DIRECT OBJECT: (SVO)
If a main verb requires a direct object to complete the sentence, it is a
transitive verb. The direct object (dO) typically refers to a person or thing
directly affected by the action described in the sentence.
One way of identifying the direct object in a declarative sentence is by asking
a question introduced by who or what followed by the operator and the
subject. The object is the constituent that who or what questions:
TRANSITIVE VERBS AND DIRECT OBJECT:
LINKING VERBS AND SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS: (SVC):
If a verb requires a subject complement (sC) to complete the sentence, the
verb is a linking verb. The subject complement typically identifies or
characterises the person or thing denoted by the subject:
A university is a community of scholars. //The receptionist seemed very tired.

S V SC S V SC
(copular) (copular)
The most common linking verb is be. Other common linking verbs include
appear, become, seem, feel, get, look, sound. Subject complements are
typically noun phrases or adjective phrases.
INTRASITIVE VERBS AND ADVERVIALS (SV (A)):
If a main verb does not require any element to complete it, the verb is
intransitive.
I agree. The protestors were demonstrating.
We can always add optional elements to them. These optional elements are
adverbials. Adverbials (A) convey a range of information about the situation
depicted in the basic structure (manner, place, instrument, etc.)
The protestors were demonstrating noisily outside the White House.

S V (A) (A)
(A): OPTIONAL
ADVERVIAL COMPLEMENT (SVAC):
Adverbials are optional elements in sentence structure. However, some
elements that convey the same information as adverbials are obligatory
because the main verb is not complete without them. Such obligatory
elements are adverbial complements (aC). Compare:
The protestors were demonstrating outside the White House

A: adverbial (optional)
The protestors were outside the White House.
AC: adverbial complement (obligatory)
Typically, adverbial complements refer to space, that is, location or direction.

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT (SVOO):
We have seen that a transitive verb requires a direct object to complete the sentence.
Some transitive verbs can have two objects: an indirect object followed by a direct object.
The indirect object (iO) refers to a person indirectly affected by the action described in
the sentence. The person generally receives something or benefits from something.
Ruth gave my son a birthday present.

S V IO DO
WHO? WHAT?
The indirect object is usually equivalent to a phrase introduced by to or for, but that
phrase normally comes after the direct object.
Ruth gave a birthday present to my son.
S V DO IO
DIRECT OBJECT AND OBJECT COMPLEMENT (SVOC):
The object complement (oC) completes the meaning of the DO. It is generally
a noun or an adjective. This SVOC structure parallels the SVC structure, but in
the first structure the complement is related to the direct object and in the
second it is related to the subject.
His jokes made the audience uneasy.

S V DO OC
Finally, the direct object may be followed by an adverbial complement (SVOC)
You should put the chicken in the freezer.

S AUX V DO AC (obligatory)
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURES:
ANALYSE THEM SYNTACTICALLY
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
EXERCISES:
HOMEWORK:
● Analyse syntactically:
1.What is the most important part of your identity?
2.Is it your sex, your race, your sexual orientation, your class status, your
nationality, your religious affiliation, your age, your political beliefs?
3.Your identity changes.
4.Identity is a socially and historically constructed concept.
5.The media uses representations.
6.I am a Latinx teenage girl from South Los Angeles.
7.Intersectionality offers us an additional frame.
● Read “Some Thing Blue” by Tajari Jones (Just read it).
THANK U :)

2024 - PDCE 1 - Class 3 - May 2

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PDCE I

DOCENTE: ARIEL OGIAN

c. What other linguistic choices are present in the article? Recognise

✔ Karma Chameleon by Culture Club.

The Parts of the

A heavy snowfall the mountain passes has blocked.

PHRASES: group of words with a HEAD (H). They also have

The role those forms play in a sentence.

A heavy snowfall has blocked the mountain passes

Conclusion: identical forms may have different functions in different sentences.

A heavy snowfall has blocked the mountain passes

could have been imagining

You could have been imagining it.

A university is a community of scholars. //The receptionist seemed very tired.

The protestors were demonstrating noisily outside the White House.

The protestors were demonstrating outside the White House

Typically, adverbial complements refer to space, that is, location or direction.

Ruth gave my son a birthday present.

His jokes made the audience uneasy.

You should put the chicken in the freezer.

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