ENROLLMENT No.

- 2351518079
NAME – VIKAS KUMAR
RC CODE- 32 : RANCHI
MOBILE No. – 9031508494
EMAIL ID – VIKASRAJ15.VK@GMAIL.COM
ADDRESS – HOUSE No.555 SANKAT MOCHAN
NAGAR WARD NO. 05,
KODERMA JHARKHAND
PIN -825409

Programme Name : BACHELOR OF LIBRARY

AND INFORMATION SCIENCES
COURSE CODE : BLII
230
PROJECT REPORT : LITERATURE SURVEY REPORT
STUDY CENTRE NAME : MARWARI WOMEN’S
COLLEGE RANCHI (3645)

SUBMISSION DATE SIGNATURE OF COUNSELLOR

 Internship Alternative

Literature – Survey
On

Libraries- Changing Trends

A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of
Degree of

BACHELOR OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

By

VIKAS KUMAR
……………………………….

Enrollment No . - 2351518079

Faculty of Library and Information Science

School of Social Sciences (SOSS)
Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Maidan Garhi, New Delhi – 110068
 Contents
Literature Survey Report- Literature forms the basis of any scholarly
writing. Hence, it is important for the learners to learn and write a
literature survey report. There are three types of source literature, viz,
primary, secondary and tertiary. While undertaking a literature survey
you would need to use all of these. For choosing a topic of literature
survey also, you need to refer to literature. Moreover, it should be an
area of your interest. Some of the illustrative areas from which you
can choose are as follows:

 Libraries- Changing Trends

 Digital Libraries, Institutional Repositories
 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Libraries
 Information Resources- OA, OER
 Digital Information Services
 E- resources
 NEP 2020 and Libraries

You may use the following broad structure for the report:

1. Abstract- Please give an abstract of your work in about 200 words

2. Introduction- This should provide a background to the work and the

topic undertaken by you. Hence, the introduction should include the
concept of ‘literature review’ as well as the topic of the literature
review.

3. Aims and Objectives- Every work is undertaken with some aims

and objectives, so is the review of literature. Objectives should be
clearly mentioned in small steps moving from general to particular.
State the objectives as clear and crisp steps that are achievable.
4. Scope and Limitations- Mention the scope of your review in terms
of the contents and other areas like geographical coverage or coverage
of the source literature in terms of time or form.
5. Methodology- Indicate the method of literature collection here.
This would include the sources of literature and the search tools,
techniques and strategies used.
6. Themes and Subthemes- Literature survey has to be presented
under themes and sub- themes. For that you need to have a conceptual
clarity of the topic. You must have read quality background material
on the topic in books or other reference sources that helps you to
prepare a conceptual map of the topic in terms of its themes and sub-
themes. Try to review the literature in terms of these topics and sub-
topics. Also try to organise the review in terms of basic conceptual
articles to theoretical articles and research articles. Present the
discussion in third form and enclose aspects taken as such from the
source literature in double inverted commas.
7. Conclusion and Suggestions- The review should follow with a
conclusion that should highlight the areas that have been covered and
those that have not been studied and need more research.
8. References and Bibliography- References need to be provided in-
text as citations. Follow APA standard
You may prepare a report of about 5,000 words. Please note that your
report will be checked for plagiarism at the time of evaluation. It
should not exceed a limit of 10%.
 EVALUATION CRITERIA

1. Introduction 05
2. Aims and Objectives 10
3. Scope and Limitations 10
4. Methodology 10
5. Themes and Subthemes 20
6. Presentation( use of own words) 30
7. Conclusion and Suggestions 10
8. Referencing 05
 1. Introduction
Libraries have been an important part of societies for
centuries,serving as repositories of knowledge and providing access to
information and resources. With the advent of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT), libraries have undergone
significant changes in the way they operate and provide services. One
of the most significant impacts of ICT on libraries is the digitization
of information. With the widespread use of the internet and digital
technologies, libraries have been able to digitize their collections and
make them available online. This has increased access to information
and resources, allowing users to access materials from anywhere in
the world at any time. In addition, digital collections can be easily
searched and organized, making it easier for users to find the
information they need.ICT has also transformed the way libraries
provide services to their users. Libraries now offer a range of online
services, such as online catalogues, e-book lending, and online
reference services. These services provide users with greater
flexibility and convenience, allowing them to access library resources
from their homes or workplaces.
Furthermore, ICT has enabled libraries to better manage their
collections and resources. Libraries can now use sophisticated library
management systems to track and organize their collections, making it
easier to manage and retrieve information. In addition, libraries can
use data analytics to understand how their resources are being used
and to make informed decisions about resource allocation and
collection development. Hence we can say that libraries are adopting
changes with the transformation in the outer world and try to reach
and satisfy its users in all possible ways. The paper discusses the
latest trends in Library and Information services by using latest digital
technologies.
 2. Aims and Objectives

Objectives of the Study:

✓ To recognize use of latest technological tools in libraries

✓ To explore various types of recent technological tools such as
Internet of Things, Federated Search.
✓ To understand the process of Electronic Resource Management in
Libraries.
✓ To discuss the role of libraries using technology and latest trends.
✓ To understand use of latest trends in technology in providing
library services to next level using Digital Displays, Gamification
and Augmented Reality.
Libraries are one of the foremost critical social institutions. No
society is complete without a library storing information from the
world over Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have
extensively impacted libraries and their services. Earlier, libraries
offered manual information resources and services to their users, but
now, libraries are opening up to digitalization, primarily in the form
of online libraries, eLibraries, or digital libraries. Scroll down to know
more about the top 9 current trends in the library management system
and information services. The Top 9 Current Trends in Library And
Information Services.

1. Electronic Resource Management

Electronic resources refer to e-journals, e-books, online databases,
and other materials in digital formats, which are accessible
electronically. e-Resource Management Software can be employed by
libraries to trace the collection, access, authorization, maintenance,
usage, evaluation, reservation, and selection of a library’s electronic
information resources.

2. RFID Implementation
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to
select and track tags attached to library items automatically. The
RFID-based library management system is the newest technology
used to track inventory and strengthen library theft detection systems.
This technology enhances the security of libraries and increases their
efficiency by streamlining the processes and reducing human
dependence. For the users, RFID accelerates the borrowing and return
procedures. Hence, RFID saves time and reduces library costs.

3. Cloud Computing
Libraries across the world are adopting cloud computing to make
library services more streamlined and cost-efficient. This library
management system plays a significant role in building digital
libraries or repositories. Cloud computing also ensures optimal use of
library resources, infrastructure, human resources, etc.Moreover, the
technology is also used for library automation and quick data search.
Additionally, in a digital library, cloud computing ensures that third
party services can manage servers, carry out upgrades, and create data
backups.

4. Internet of Things
The best-integrated library software and LMS software have started
using the Internet of Things (IoT) to transfer data without human
intervention. Libraries use IoT to control inventory, prevent theft, and
identify users. It also helps in improving the quality and speed of
circulation desk activities. Moreover, IoT expedites reservation of
books, fire detection in the library and its prevention, and streamline
eLibrary services.

5. Big Data and Data Visualization

Big Data and Data Visualization is the method of displaying a large
volume of data through charts, graphs, maps, and other visual forms.
This makes the info more natural for the human mind to grasp and
makes it easier to spot trends, patterns, and outliers within large data
sets. This technology is helping digital libraries become more
globalized while accessing a vast amount of data. It makes the
libraries more easily accessible to readers who can find a plethora of
information at their fingertips.

6. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) uses the power of a robot or a computer
that tries to do tasks that humans usually do. The most common
application of AI in a library is the chatbots that receive directional
questions from users and resolve them. They can alert the user about
their book submission due date, direct a user to the relevant library
segment, and automatically schedule appointments.

7. Mobile-Based Library Services

The three main objectives of a library are to promote literacy,
disseminate useful daily information to the people and encourage
lifelong learning through its reading materials and resources. Mobile
libraries bring resources outside of the library’s fixed location to users
who otherwise might not get an opportunity to profit from them. With
the help of mobile services like SMS and WhatsApp, libraries can
produce new services and provide faster access to their collection. It
also includes a learning management system (LMS), a software
application that provides the framework that handles all aspects of the
learning process and tracks your training content. An example of the
best LMS software is Moodle. The OPAC mobile application is a
classic example of mobile-based library services. The platform is
operated by SLIM Softwares and aims at converting conventional
libraries to digital libraries.

8. Intelligent Library Search & Federated Search

Federated search and Intelligent Library Search are techniques to
retrieve information from many different content locations with only
one query and one search interface with federated search. The
technology complements main libraries in retrieving information
quickly and makes indexing seamless. Libraries also use this
technology for descriptive cataloging, subject indexing, database
searching, and collection development.

9. Academic Integrity and Plagiarism

Any discussion about current trends in library systems will be
incomplete without mentioning academic integrity and plagiarism.
Plagiarism is using another’s ideas, words, theories, illustrations or
graphics, opinions, or facts without giving credit. For students,
copying others’ work damages the intellectual integrity of their
academic experience. Therefore, avoiding plagiarism has become the
need of the hour.

Technology has undoubtedly made our lives much simpler. A library

is no more the same it was a decade ago. Modern-day school and
corporate library software ensure that you get the latest technologies
in library systems right at your fingertips.

The library has long been a beacon of knowledge and learning,

providing access to a wide range of resources and facilitating
intellectual growth. However, in recent years, libraries have had to
adapt and transform themselves to keep up with changing trends and
the evolving needs of the community. This essay will explore the
aims and objectives behind these library-changing trends, highlighting
the importance of these adaptations in ensuring the continued
relevance and effectiveness of libraries in the modern era.

One of the primary aims of library-changing trends is to embrace

technology and digital resources. With the proliferation of the internet
and the increasing use of digital devices, libraries have recognized the
need to provide access to online databases, e-books, and other
electronic resources. By doing so, libraries ensure that their patrons
can access information and conduct research anytime and anywhere.
Furthermore, libraries have embraced the trend of digitizing their
collections, allowing users to explore historical documents and rare
books without physically visiting the library. This objective of
incorporating technology into library services not only enhances
convenience but also keeps libraries at the forefront of the
information age.

Another aim of library-changing trends is to foster community

engagement and inclusivity. Libraries have always been a community
gathering space, but in recent years, they have taken on an even more
significant role as community centers. Libraries host events,
workshops, and educational programs that cater to a broad audience,
including children, teenagers, adults, and senior citizens. These events
aim to foster a sense of belonging and promote lifelong learning. By
offering diverse programs and services, libraries strive to meet the
changing needs and interests of the community, ensuring that they
remain relevant and accessible to all.

Additionally, library-changing trends aim to encourage collaboration

and innovation. Libraries have transformed into collaborative spaces
that foster creativity, problemsolving, and entrepreneurship. They
provide access to tools such as 3D printers, audio recording
equipment, and software for video editing. These resources allow
patrons to explore new technologies and engage in hands-on learning
experiences. Libraries also actively promote partnerships with
community organizations, schools, and businesses, thus fostering a
network that supports innovation and knowledge sharing. The
objective behind this trend is to transform libraries into hubs of
creativity and innovation, equipping individuals with the skills and
resources needed to thrive in a rapidly changing world.

Furthermore, library-changing trends aim to promote information

literacy and lifelong learning. Libraries have shifted their focus from
being simple repositories of books to becoming active proponents of
information literacy. Librarians play a crucial role in teaching patrons
how to locate, evaluate, and use information effectively. They offer
workshops and training sessions on topics such as information
literacy, media literacy, and digital literacy. By empowering
individuals with the necessary skills to navigate an increasingly
complex information landscape, libraries equip their patrons to make
informed decisions, think critically, and become lifelong learners.

In conclusion, library-changing trends are driven by the aim of

adapting to the needs and expectations of the community while
ensuring the continued relevance and effectiveness of libraries. These
trends include embracing technology, fostering community
engagement and inclusivity, encouraging collaboration and
innovation, and promoting
information literacy and lifelong learning. By embracing these
evolving trends, libraries can continue to serve as valuable hubs of
knowledge, support, and engagement in the modern era.

Librarians led the way in the pandemic

Although it would be a mistake to conclude that books alone will
allow public libraries to thrive well into the future. Emerging
technologies and digital services will also have a large part to play.
We certainly saw how important technology can be to the survival of
libraries when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. In a 2021 Chronicle of
Higher Education article, Scott Carlson looked at how the pandemic
affected the way libraries delivered their services to communities. He
was speaking specifically of libraries at colleges and universities, but
the lessons are applicable to public libraries as well. Carlson writes
that lockdowns were an unexpected development that led to libraries
being deserted. Under duress, librarians were compelled to accelerate
their delivery of remote services and other digital technologies to
users. Carlson noted that academic librarians had effectively led their
institutions into the COVID-19 era of social distancing, “in part
because libraries had already spent decades figuring out how to offer
online services and get
information to people who rarely came into the building.”

Placing greater value on technology

As we noted in our blog post about how digital information
technology can help academic libraries survive, Carlson wrote that the
post-pandemic library of the future will likely place greater value on
its digital information technology and related resources and services.
This will also compel library staff to do more to engage users.

Technology in the library

Here are a few of the technology trends shaping the future of your
local library.

1. Digital resources
For those of us who are not so determinedly retro, digital devices tend
to play an increasingly important role throughout the course of the
entire day. We keep up with the news by scrolling Twitter and catch
up with friends on Facebook. We discover new music on Spotify, and
wind down at night with a good read on our Kindles.

The changing landscape of content

We at PressReader published our first report on the future of libraries
in 2019. Back then, we noted a significant shift in the way people
discover and access content — whether it’s videos, music, news
media or peer-reviewed academic journals.
COVID-19 accelerated this shift, but librarians have seen it coming
for years. In 2012 an OCLC (Online Computer Library Center) study
found that librarians at educational institutions predicted this shift.
According to the study, most foresaw students and staff moving
toward using the library to access information and educational
resources online
rather than borrowing print books. Many public libraries offer digital
platforms such as PressReader, which features thousands of
newspapers and magazines from around the world. With remote
access, patrons can use PressReader from anywhere, at any time, all
on their own mobile devices.

2. Artificial intelligence
As we observed in a previous blog article on how academic libraries
use AI to improve their services, controversies surrounding the use of
artificial intelligence in academic work are likely to continue as the
technology becomes more sophisticated and its use gets harder to
detect.

On the other hand, university libraries have found a number of

practical applications for AI, along with related technologies such as
machine learning and natural language processing. These tools have
the potential to transform academic librarianship for the better.

The fact is, most academic librarians have been employing AI

applications for years —
whether they realize it or not. As the Association of College and
Research Libraries (ACRL) observes in the introduction to its new
publication, The Rise of AI:

Librarians are uniquely positioned to rise to the challenge that AI

presents to their field.

Libraries and their like have existed for millennia; they progress with
society, altering and adapting their services to meet the information
needs of their communities.

Academic libraries today have greatly expanded their digital

offerings, not just to include electronic books or journal articles but
also to support software application discovery and use. Some
academic librarians might say they lack a foundational knowledge of
AI or that they are ill-equipped to speak on the subject, and yet they
have likely been interacting with AI through the different types of
software applications they support.

New call-to-action
AI in public library systems
Public libraries, too, can benefit from AI. Recently, the Urban
Libraries Council issued a new leadership brief outlining five ways
public libraries can integrate cutting-edge artificial intelligence in
their work:

Move from informing to practicalizing such as leveraging AI tools for

performance improvements at branches and in program design.
Leverage prompt engineering skills of library professionals who are
already trained to find bodies of information using keywords or
phrases. Advance information literacy of staff and patrons through
hands-on use of AI, such as workshops where participants learn how
to generate short stories and poetry with AI.

Create an AI-focused digital inclusion network to ensure equitable

access to the economic benefits of new AI powered technologies.
Advocate for the responsible use of AI to ensure these advancements
benefit the community at large, and that foundational standards of
education, innovation and access to information are preserved.

“As generative AI tools become more accessible, effective and less

expensive, there are new opportunities for libraries to lead,” said ULC
President and CEO Brooks Rainwater.

“While there are persistent concerns that must be addressed on AI

being used for misinformation, the opportunities in front of us are
manifold.

This includes responsible applications that improve efficiency, speed

up communication and serve as a useful tool
for showcasing and validating library services and resources.”

3. Library automation
Public libraries can benefit from automation in various ways to
streamline operations, enhance the user experience, and improve
efficiency. Among other tasks and processes, the following can be
automated at a public library:
Cataloging and inventory management: Libraries can automate the
process of adding books, digital resources and other materials to the
library catalog.

This includes importing metadata, generating call numbers and

updating records. Staff can also use
radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to conduct regular
inventory checks and locate missing items more efficiently.

Circulation and check-out: Self-checkout stations and RFID can help

automate the borrowing and returning of library materials. Library
users can check items in and out without the assistance of a librarian.

Hold and reservation management: The process of placing and

managing holds on books and other materials can be automated.
Patrons can reserve items online, and the system will notify them
when the items are available.

Fine and fee collection: More and more libraries are moving away
from charging late fees altogether, but those that still do can automate
the assessment and collection of fines and fees for overdue materials.
Notifications and payment processing can be handled electronically.

Interlibrary loan requests: Libraries can use an automated system to

request and receive materials from other libraries. This can streamline
the process of borrowing items not available in the library's collection.

User account management: Patrons can manage their own library

accounts online, including updating contact information, changing
passwords and renewing materials.

Book reshelving and sorting: An automated sorting system can

quickly and accurately sort returned materials back into their proper
locations on the shelves.

Visitor analytics and recommendations: Library automation can

collect and analyze patron data to better understand usage patterns
and preferences, which can inform collection development and
program planning. Automated recommendation systems can
also suggest relevant books and materials to patrons based on their
preferences and borrowing history.

Acquisition and ordering: The process of ordering new materials can

be streamlined through the automation of purchase requests, vendor
communications, and order tracking.

Security and access control: Libraries can implement automated

access control systems, including card access and surveillance, to
enhance security and protect library resources.

Staff and volunteer scheduling: Automating the scheduling of shifts

for staff and volunteers can ensure adequate coverage during library
hours.

4. Open source software

While many libraries run their systems with proprietary software,
more and more are turning to open source software instead. What's
the difference?

The term "proprietary software" refers to software that is copyrighted

and to which its publisher, vendor or developer has imposed
limitations to its use, distribution and modification. Proprietary
software is sometimes called “closed software” to distinguish it
from “open software”.

The code for open source software, on the other hand, is written with
a license that allows it to be modified and enhanced by the end user.
Library professionals like open source systems because they are
endlessly customizable — and also because they are often free, which
frees up a bit of the library budget.

Balance is the key

By embracing technology, libraries can significantly improve the
efficiency of their operations — by automating certain processes, for
example, which enables library staff to focus on more complex tasks.

However, it's essential to balance automation with personalized

human interactions to maintain the essential aspects of library
services, such as enhancing the patron experience.

Digital formats may never replace books entirely, which means that
the librarian's traditional role remains relevant in the 21st century,
even as it continues to evolve and expand, adopting new innovations
and responding to the needs of the community.

Description:
Technology has revolutionized the ways in which libraries store,
share, and access information, as well as librarian roles as knowledge
managers. As digital resources and tools continue to advance, so too
do the opportunities for libraries to become more efficient and house
more information. Effective administration of libraries is a crucial
part of delivering library services to patrons and ensuring that
information resources are disseminated efficiently.

Digital Libraries and Institutional Repositories: Breakthroughs in

Research and Practice addresses new methods, practices, concepts,
and techniques, as well as contemporary challenges and issues for
libraries and university repositories that can be accessed
electronically. It also addresses the problems of usability and search
optimization in digital libraries. Highlighting a range of topics such as
content management, resource sharing, and library technologies, this
publication is an ideal reference source for librarians, IT technicians,
academicians, researchers, and students in fields that include library
science, knowledge management, and information retrieval.

Coverage: The many academic areas covered in this publication

include, but are not limited to:
Content Management
Electronic Resource Management Systems
Information Sharing
Library Portals
Library Science
Library Technologies
Media Archives
Open Access
Resource Sharing
Web Analytics

Digital Repositories
The Texas Digital Library hosts Open Access digital repositories
using DSpace, allowing member institutions to provide reliable online
access to their scholarly and instructional output.

With a digital repository hosted by the TDL, institutions can collect,

store, preserve, and disseminate digital content – including
documents, audio files, images, and datasets – all within a secure,
professionally managed environment in the Amazon Cloud.

DSpace is a widely-used open source repository software that can

manage and preserve all types of digital content and facilitates
indexing of that content by commercial search engines, such as
Google.

Why use a Digital Repository?

A Digital Repository hosted by the TDL:
➢ promotes the principles of Open Access
➢ ensures the long-term preservation and accessibility of digital
assets
➢ provides access to unpublished research of faculty, research staff,
and students
➢ preserves and disseminates a wide variety of content beyond
traditional scholarly articles, including datasets, learning objects,
electronic theses and dissertations, audiovisual content, and
presentations.
➢ helps universities fulfill obligations to make publicly funded or
non-profit-funded research available on an Open Access basis
➢ allows universities to capture digital e-learning courseware and
Open Educational Resources
➢ encourages access and sharing among disciplines and institutions
➢ showcases an institution’s faculty and student output, and through
participation in the Texas Digital Library consortium, the scholarly
contributions of the entire state.

Repository Hosting Services

TDL’s Digital Repository hosting service includes:

➢ Hosted installation of DSpace for each institution
➢ Basic theming of DSpace in a mobile-friendly theme
➢ Persistent links (“handles”) using open standard
➢ All system administration handled by TDL staff
➢ Local repository management and control
➢ Integration with local campus authentication (via Shibboleth)
➢ TDL Helpdesk Support and the TDL DSpace Users Group
➢ Basic DSpace training via web conference

To set up an Digital Repository hosted by the TDL, you must be a

member of the Texas Digital Library. To find out more about
membership opportunities, please see the Membership section of our
Web site. If you are a member of the Texas Digital Library and need
assistance in setting up an Digital Repository, please contact us for
more information.

5 Ways Artificial Intelligence Impacts Libraries

Libraries and library professionals have long been conscientious
stewards of information, safeguarding its organization, access,
collection, and protection. As such, they are necessarily at the
forefront of all new information developments from card catalogs and
microfilm to personal computers and e-books.

It is little known, however, that libraries are notoriously slow in

adopting these new technologies. They often wait until the market is
saturated and the public is demanding access and education before
implementation.

The flaws in this practice create unique challenges for library

professionals tasked with meeting the needs of their communities.
Slow adoption not only causes a lag in service but also leads to gaps
in training and other core competencies.

While library organizations and leaders recognize this and try to stay
ahead of the curve, the rate of output for new technologies makes
keeping pace almost impossible. The current onslaught of artificial
intelligence (AI) software and tools accurately illustrates this
dilemma.

Over the years, libraries responded to the ebbs and flows of artificial
intelligence by implementing tools and processes as they became
widely available. This present wave of new AI tools, though, is
leaving libraries and library professionals scrambling to incorporate
changes across the institution.

By presenting five fundamental ways that artificial intelligence

impacts libraries, this article explores the potential intersections
between its existing uses and the possibilities of additional
applications.
1. Information professionals
The organization and accessibility of information is a key focus of
library professionals. They are constantly looking for innovative ways
to make improvements.

By using artificial intelligence to advance classification systems,

librarians are improving the precision of search and recall efforts.
They are also analyzing digital collections, identifying subjects, and
adding metadata with these technologies.

As more AI-based tools and software become readily available,

library professionals will continue to adapt. Their roles as guardians
of information and partners to the community will intensify and
expand.

Just as library professionals took the reins in developing the search

engines and strategies necessary to maneuver through intricate
cataloging systems, they will also participate in the design of artificial
intelligence-powered knowledge discovery tools. They will then take
the initiative to educate the public on how to locate and interact with
these AI tools.

2. Library operations

Throughout the institution’s long and complex history, library

management systems have evolved in sync with related technologies.
The initial efforts concentrated on simply integrating tasks like
tracking book loans and assigning late fees.

With the advent of computer technologies came the ability to convert

these manual systems into computerized ones, giving rise to library
automation. Now, once again, library management systems are
progressing with the support of advancements in rulebased software
and artificial intelligence.
Robotic process automation
Some libraries, for example, are already employing robotic process
automation (RPA) to perform routine administrative tasks like data
migration,shelf management, forms processing, and email marketing.
While a few others are experimenting with automated storage and
retrieval systems (AS/RS) that use robotics to retrieve books on
demand from mass storage facilities.

Smart Libraries
The future of artificial intelligence in library operations lies in the
idea of a ‘Smart Library’ that is available to patrons without being
directly staffed. Everything from doors to lighting, self-service kiosks,
and personal computers will be controlled remotely. Patrons will
engage with personal digital assistants (PDA) to search for and
retrieve materials.
3. User services
Providing reliable and valuable services tailored to unique user groups
has long been a key objective of libraries and library professionals.
Because these services include fundamental components of every
library like Collection Development, Circulation, Reference,
Interlibrary Loans, and Programming, they may seem static. In reality,
though, they are remarkably fluid, ever-adapting to dynamic forces
like user demands and emergent technologies.

Libraries around the world are implementing artificial intelligence to

address both of these factors. AI-driven chatbots are proving effective
in connecting users, who may be accustomed to 24-hour service and
text message interactions, with highly-personalized and efficient
information requests. They are also creating programming that
introduces patrons to new AI tools and teaches them how to use the
technology appropriately and safely.

As artificial intelligence will undoubtedly continue to expand and

impact user communities, libraries are busy laying out plans to meet
those needs. Using AI tools within their circulation services, for
example, to make recommendations based on users’
previous searches and borrowing patterns, will ensure more
personalized and intuitive services. It may also offer increased
accessibility to born-digital materials by identifying sensitive
information, thus allowing libraries to democratize the non-sensitive
elements.

4. Data and AI Literacy

Since the 1970s, libraries and academic institutions have focused on

the importance of information literacy, generally defined as a set of
skills needed to locate and use information for problem solving and
decision making. In 1989, the American Library Association made a
formal proposal to ensure that information literacy be included in
research, curriculums, and public policies across the nation.
As the formats and delivery methods of information have
transformed, more dimensions have been added to the original
information literacy concept.

The additions include:

Resource literacy
Research literacy
Computer literacy and more
Today, the literacy objective of libraries and library professionals
takes aim at data literacy and AI literacy.

Whereas data literacy deals with learning how to locate, understand,

and think critically about data, AI literacy entails an understanding of
its function, logic and limitations, and potential impacts. When
libraries help patrons gain AI literacy, they provide the skills needed
for people to confidently participate in and engage with a society that
is employing more artificial intelligence tools and processes each day.

5. Library analytics
Data analysis in libraries generally relies on static data that is gathered
through circulation and usage records, stored for later analysis, and
eventually manipulated to answer specific questions like:

“Which book is missing from this collection?”

“When do most people visit the library?”

Not only is this method labor intensive and ineffective, but it also
guarantees that the available data is outdated and irrelevant.

The inclusion of artificial intelligence into library analytics is a

logical choice. Its purpose lies in using data to identify patterns in
near real time scenarios. Library professionals can convert this
information into management and planning strategies for designing
better services.

Final thoughts

Though libraries have been historically slow in adopting emerging

technologies, their current approach to the rise of artificial
intelligence is assertive and purposeful. Library associations, Boards
of Trustees, professionals, and patrons are all involved in making
sure AI is incorporated into the library’s processes and services in a
complementary and ethical manner .

By exploring these five ways artificial intelligence impacts libraries,

this article has revealed some of the potential intersections between its
existing uses and additional applications.

Artificial intelligence (AI) library services innovative conceptual

framework for the digital transformation of university education.

Purpose
Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the latest digital transformation
(DT) technological trends the university library can use to provide
library users with alternative educational services. AI can foster
intelligent decisions for retrieving and sharing information for
learning and research. However, extant literature confirms a low
adoption rate by the university libraries in using AI to provide
innovative alternative services, as this is missing in their strategic
plan. The research develops (AI-LSICF) an artificial intelligence
library services innovative conceptual framework to provide new
insight into how AI technology can be used to deliver value-added
innovative library services to achieve digital transformation. It will
also encourage library and information professionals to adopt AI to
complement effective service delivery.

Design/methodology/approach
This study adopts a qualitative content analysis to investigate extant
literature on how AI adoption fosters innovative services in various
organisations. The study also used content analysis to generate
possible solutions to aid AI service innovation and delivery in
university libraries.

Findings
This study uses its findings to develop an Artificial Intelligence
Library Services Innovative Conceptual Framework (AI-LSICF) by
integrating AI applications and functions into the digital
transformation framework elements and discussed using a service
innovation framework.

Research limitations/implications
In research, AI-LSICF helps increase an understanding of AI by
presenting new insights into how the university library can leverage
technology to actualise innovation in service provision to foster DT.
This trail will be valuable to scholars and academics interested in
addressing the application pathways of AI library service innovation,
which is still underexplored in digital transformation.

Practical implications
In practice, AI-LSICF could reform the information industry from its
traditional brands into a more applied and resolutely customer-driven
organisation. This reformation will awaken awareness of how
librarians and information professionals can leverage technology to
catch up with digital transformation in this age of the fourth industrial
revolution.

Social implications
The enlightenment of AI-LSICF will motivate library professionals to
take advantage of AI's potential to enhance their current business
model and achieve a unique competitive advantage within their
community.

Originality/value
AI-LSICF development serves as a revelation, motivating university
libraries and information professionals to consider AI in their strategic
plan to enable technology to support university education. This act
will enable alternative service delivery in the face of unforeseen
circumstances like technological disruption and the present global
COVID-19 pandemic that requires non-physical interaction.

7 ways artificial intelligence is changing libraries

The development of innovative technology has reshaped the way we
consume, access, process, and distribute information. Academic and
research libraries are adopting new technology, searching to improve
their services and competitive advantage. Artificial intelligence has
been a major force driving this change, and in this article we are
going to answer: how is AI shaping the world of libraries and
researchers?

What is AI? And what are the different categories of artificial

intelligence?

Artificial intelligence is a wide-ranging branch of computer science

that attempts to build smart machines with human intelligence
aspects. It’s so far one of the most complex and impressive human
inventions but the field remains mostly unexplored and with huge
growth potential.

AI is divided into 3 categories:

Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI)

Referred to as weak AI with a narrow range of abilities, it is the only
type of AI we have available for now. Artificial narrow intelligence is
used in facial recognition, speech recognition/voice assistants, and
driving cars.
Artificial general intelligence (AGI)
Referred to as strong AI with the ability to mimic human intelligence
or behaviors to solve any problem. For now, strong or deep AI is not
yet available but currently researchers are working on improving
machines’ ability to see, understand, and learn as humans do.

Artificial superintelligence (ASI)

It is the hypothetical AI that surpasses human intelligence and
abilities. It has always been a source of inspiration for science fiction
in which robots take over the world. Having powerful and self-aware
super-intelligent machines may be an exciting idea, but their impact
on humanity remains uncertain. For now, there are still many years
before
artificial superintelligence will be achievable.

How AI will change the job of librarians

AI has been implemented in more and more libraries, and here are
some ways in which AI will have a significant impact:

1. Content indexing
Up until today, indexing has been a tedious and manual task. It is
done partly by publishers and partly by authors. Indexing provides an
overview of the context in which the book, journal, or paper was
originally thought up. However, indexing says very little about, for
example, other fields the information could potentially be useful for,
and human-made labeling and indexing is hampering interdisciplinary
discovery. It also limits the literature’s ability to stay relevant over
time because the indexing was done in a specific category in a
specific context, and over time that context of what we know about
the world will change.

AI tools for indexing will improve consistency and quality. It can

identify concepts and assign them corresponding keywords. Index
automation will also help the reader discover new literature and
navigate through different disciplines, which is not applicable through
manual indexing. This type of AI tools will surpass human
capabilities in indexing by providing more specific and accurate
material for the readers and as a result, help university librarians
improve their job.

2. Document matching
AI machines are better at processing documents fast and accurately
than humans. Thanks to automatic proper indexing, AI tools are now
identifying similarities and differences between documents or patents.
Matching documents with similar ones or connecting sections that are
describing the same topics, solutions, or phenomena is now possible.
When a document can be indexed based on its actual content, it means
that you can compare the content of thousands of documents that are
contextually relevant to the search topic. It can be limited to only
sections of a document, such as certain book chapters or research
paper sections. Then you compare the content in these sections to find
exactly what you’re looking for in the literature rather than doing a
five keyword summary in the indexing. It is an essential operation
that helps researchers and libraries to get to their knowledge easier
and faster.

3. Death of citation
The citation system can be perceived as a popularity contest, but it
doesn’t do much more than providing a very biased overview of a
researcher network. When doing research landscape mapping and
literature reviews, it is clear that using the citation system for
snowballing is not an ideal method for covering everything. AI
algorithms, which are based on the actual content of papers, will
create far better mapping systems of the actual research, and be of
major help to librarians and researchers alike (as opposed to the
network of researchers presented in the citation system).
4. Content summarization
Automatic content summarization is about condensing documents to a
shorter version, independently from human interference, while
preserving the key elements and the meaning of the original text.
Instead of summarising the whole article or book, AI tools are able to
summarize just a section of a book or five documents into three
sentences. AI tools for content summarizations are already available
online and gaining popularity as well as machine learning algorithms
that are continuously improving this task.
There are two types of automatic summarization: extraction and
abstraction

Extracted summarization:
Extractive summarization depends on extracting sentences from the
original text based on a scoring function. It selects the most important
sections of the input based on the statistical survey and rearranges
them together to produce a new condensed version of the document.

Abstracted summarization:
Abstractive summarization used advanced natural language
techniques to produce a new summarized version of the document
that is different from the original one. It aims at preserving the most
important sentences while rephrasing them and incorporating critical
information, like a human-written summary.

Most of the summarizations today use the extractive approach as it is

easier and requires less linguistic analysis.

5. Quality of service
AI has penetrated the world of librarians and researchers in the form
of chatbots that can answer directional or simple questions, alert when
a new book is published, and direct a customer to specific library
resources. The automation of conversations between a user and a
machine will enable librarians to embed their focus on more difficult
questions and save time answering repetitive ones. This will also
enable libraries to extend the opening hours of both in-person and
online services.

6. The Impact Factor of the Future

The impact factor is a measure of the relative importance and quality
of the individual publication, journal, or researcher to literature. In the
future, the algorithm will be capable of breaking down scientific
research into arguments and validating them against other pieces of
research. Or it could build for each document a truth tree of
arguments and evidence, verify each branch, and then find the overall
validity score. Having validated or rephrased research is more
important than the number of its readers, as it is the solid and
validated research that deserves a broader readership.

7. Better Operational Efficiency

Libraries can identify and magnify operational efficiency by
improving service effectiveness and reducing operational costs with
process automation, optimized research data management, and digital
asset management (DAM). Implementation of machine learning in the
library’s processes and digital resources can optimize collection
analysis, visualization, and preservation, and reduce expenses
associated with the provision of services. The adoption of advanced
library service platforms can help in the development of operational
efficiency.

The road ahead for libraries

Artificial intelligence is changing the information landscape while
disrupting librarians’ traditional jobs. They are required to embrace
AI not as a user but as an active leader to better serve the new
upcoming generations. However, some reservations hinder the
integration of AI in the world of libraries. The fear of being replaced
by AI robots is totally understandable but we cannot neglect that
advanced technologies will open up new horizons for librarians. It
will help them maintain new innovative positions and roles, solve
current challenges, and prevent them from becoming old fashioned.
The focus on traditional tasks should be shifted to a new direction that
embraces the advanced technologies and assists the upcoming
generation with their evolving needs.

What is Open Access?

As defined by the Budapest Open Access Initiative, Open Access
(OA) research means free “availability on the public internet,
permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search,
or link to the full texts of [research] articles, crawl them for indexing,
pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful
purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those
inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only
constraint on reproduction and distribution and the only role for
copyright in this domain should be to give authors control over the
integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and
cited."

There are 2 major types of OA:

Green OA: When the author makes their article openly available via
an institutional archive, repository, or personal website.

Gold OA: 1) When the publisher makes an article openly available

from the publisher's website, 2) articles are licensed for sharing and
reuse via Creative Commons licenses or similar, and 3) authors
typically pay a fee if they wish to publish an article online allowing
for free public access and retain the copyright.

Components of OA:
Authors keep their copyright. (we can talk about and reference author
addenda).
Zero embargo period.

Share the research data with the article.

Add a Creative Commons license to the research article that enables

text and data mining (any of the non ND licenses work, but CC BY is
preferred).

What are Open Educational Resources?

Open Educational Resources (OERs) are any type of educational
materials that are in the public domain or introduced with an open
license. The nature of these open materials means that anyone can
legally and freely copy, use, adapt and re-share them. OERs range
from textbooks to curricula, syllabi, lecture notes, assignments, tests,
projects, audio, video and animation.

Open educational materials are licensed in a manner that provide the

public with permission to engage in the 5R activities which are:

Retain – permission to make, own, and control copies of the content

(e.g., download, duplicate, store, and manage)
Reuse – permission to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in
a class, in a study group, on a website, in a video)

Revise – permission to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself

(e.g., translate the content into another language)

Remix – permission to combine the original or revised content with

other material to create something new (e.g., incorporate the content
into a mashup)

Redistribute – permission to share copies of the original content, your

revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy of to a friend)

This material is based on original writing by David Wiley, which was

published freely under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license at
http://opencontent.org/definition/.

Relationship Between OA & OER

Both OA and OER are inspired by the open movement. They both
aim to remove knowledge from behind paywalls, but they differ in
their purpose. OA focuses more on research whereas OER focuses
more on teaching and learning. This following document compares
and contrasts OA and OER:
Differentiating Between Open Access and Open Educational
Resources
Differentiating Between Open Access and Open Educational
Resources is (c) Anita Walz. Licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 license

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 arwalz@vt.edu

Online at: http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94422.2

What are OER and how do they differ from Open Access, Library-
Licensed and Affordable Course Content?

Definition of Open Educational Resources (OER)

OER are freely and publicly available teaching, learning, and research
resources that reside in the public domain or have been released under
an intellectual property license that permits their free use and re-
purposing by others. For example, instructors may download the
material, tailor it to one’s course, save a copy locally to share with
one’s
students and share it back out with attribution. OER can include
textbooks, course materials and full courses, modules, streaming
videos, tests, software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques
used to support access to knowledge. An open source (or open)
textbook is a textbook which is OER.

Definition of Open Access (OA)

Open access refers to teaching, learning and research materials that
are available free online for anyone to use as is, but they may not be
revised, remixed, or redistributed. This terminology is typically used
for scholarly works (journals, books, etc.), but can also refer to other
class materials. Examples of OA materials include government
documents, articles from open access journals, reports from think
tanks.

Description of Library-Licensed Course Content

“Library-licensed materials” are course materials, which are available
free to library patrons. They include eBooks and print versions of
books on reserve. The eBooks may or may not be
downloadable/retainable; they may or may not be accessed offline;
the license may allow for multiple users or only one user to use the
material at the same time. Library-licensed materials can be adopted
for courses. While they are free for library patrons, they are not free—
rather, they have been paid for by the library. Faculty can explore
library databases to find course materials, including e-books, online
video, images, data, articles, and more. They can adopt a library e-
book as an alternative to print textbooks. They can find and adopt
open or free content through the VIVA Faculty Textbook Portal. For
more information on these options, please contact Paul Boger, UMW
OER and Scholarly Communications Librarian (pboger@umw.edu).

Definition of Affordable Course Content

Affordable course content describes any free, low-cost, or openly
licensed educational resources that can serve as alternatives to high-
cost resources. At UMW, low-cost is defined as requiring students to
spend no more than $40 in total for course materials. Affordable
course content can include textbooks, digital courseware, course
modules, videos, journal articles, and any other materials used to
support learning. Most affordable course content still retains
traditional copyright licensing, including restrictions on how a
resource can be used or shared. The exception is OER, which are free
of cost and most copyright restrictions, allowing them to be freely
used, revised, saved, and distributed.

Digital Information Services

Information Services is the first line of contact for many CDL
programs and services, and an important resource for CDL’s users –
including campus librarians, students, faculty, and the general public.
On any given day, the Information Services team members may
respond to feedback from several of CDL’s resources, make sure
licensed content resources are up and running, write FAQs, or
participate in QA testing. In addition, they make sure to stay in touch
with the continuing information and communication needs of the
various programs they serve.
Library collections have rapidly evolved from a predominance of
print books and journals to an ever growing mix of digital and print
resources. Support staff are expected to know how to help patrons
select and use digital information services such as databases, digital
collections, digital archives, e-books, steaming video, discovery
search
products, the Internet and user-focused library interfaces and
applications. Yet most library support staff (LSS) has not had training
to become proficient in finding, using, and instructing others in the
wide range of digital library services.

Using Digital Information Services in the Library Workplace: An

Introduction for Support Staff is an up-to-date text for professors who
teach digital information use and management in library support staff
programs and a handbook for those working in libraries who want to
keep current as they expand their knowledge and skills.
E-resources
E-resources is a digital media firm with a singular focus: to provide
our clients with a dedicated partner that advances their mission with
web-based solutions. An electronic resource is defined as a resource
which require computer access or any electronic product that delivers
a collection of data, be it text referring to full text bases, electronic
journals, image collections, other multimedia products and numerical,
graphical or time based, as a commercially available title that has
been published with an aim to being marketed.

Electronic resources form one of many formats that the Library

collects to support its universal collections. Electronic resources
include websites, online databases, e-journals, e-books, and physical
carriers in all formats, whether free or fee-based, required to support
research in the subject covered, and maybe audio, visual, and/or text
files.

Electronic resources form one of many formats that the Library

collects to support its universal collections. Electronic resources
include, web sites, online databases, ejournals, e-books, and physical
carriers in all formats, whether free or fee-based, required to support
research in the subject covered, and may be audio, visual, and/or text
files.
Libraries are storehouses of information that support decision making
in society. The COVID-19 pandemic shook the foundations of the
operations of libraries. Libraries had to shut their doors on their
cherished patrons. This created information hunger and anxiety.
Librarians were also locked outside their libraries and could not
provide access to the information resources within their libraries.
Using technology, services such as remote/off-campus and online
services were provided to users. Looking through the lens of the
pandemic, the attention of librarians is drawn to the need to invest in
electronic resources, the need to invest in emerging technologies for
the provision of library services, and the need for disaster
management policies and plans.

What for Libraries in New education policy of India?

The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP2020) the first education policy
of the 21st century to replace the 34 years old National Policy on
Education (NPE), 1986. The NEP 2020 is based on the foundational
pillars Access, Affordability, Equity, Quality, and Accountability. A
national Book Promotion Policy will be formulated and extensive
initiatives will be taken to increase the accessibility and availability of
learning materials across geographies and languages. Here are the
developments in the digital libraries and school/public libraries, the
government will work on, to promote the readership habit, maximum
use of libraries, to ensure the availability and accessibility of books to
the students without any barrier of language, technology, and
geographies.

Conclusion and Suggestions

Developing enjoyable and inspirational books

Enjoyable and inspirational books will be developed for the students
at all levels in all local and Indian languages. Steps will be taken to
ensure the accessibility of books to disable and differently-abled
persons. The government, with the help of both public and private
sector institutions, will devise strategies to improve the quality and
attractiveness of books.

Making the availability and accessibility of books in school / public

libraries
The government will emphasize making books available extensively
in both schools and public libraries. The government will take steps to
ensure the availability and accessibility of books to all, including
persons having disabilities and differently-abled persons using
modern ICT technologies across the country. The main emphasis will
be on the socioeconomically disadvantaged areas and rural/ remote
areas.

Building a culture of reading across the country

Both public and school libraries will be extensively enhanced to
increase the readership and readers across the country. Public libraries
will be strengthened and modernized. An adequate supply of books
that cater to the needs and interests of communities will be ensured.
Establishing more children’s library and mobile library and social
book clubs across the country to support widespread reading and
community development.

ICT equipped school/public libraries in villages

To serve the community and the students particularly in villages
during non-school hours, the ICT equipped school/public libraries
will be set up. Book club facilities will be developed to further
promote widespread reading.

Libraries will be strengthened in the higher education systems

Academic libraries are the hearts of institutions and the government
will strengthen and increase the procurement of reading materials like
books, journals, and other learning and teaching materials. Steps will
be taken for further enhancement of digital libraries and online
accessibility of library books. E-content will be provided in regional
languages also.

Use of Public library spaces for adult education

The government will work on providing suitable infrastructure to
ensure adult education and lifelong learning to interested adults. The
public library spaces will be used for ICT equipped adult education
courses and other activities for community engagement and
enrichment.
Devise appropriate CPD for library staff
To realize the aim of establishing, developing, and strengthening
existing libraries and catering to the needs of all types of readers
across the country, the government will devise appropriate career
pathways development for the library staff and ensure adequate staff
for the proper functioning.