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    Lec2 Trigint

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    Lec2 Trigint

    Uploaded by

    khuship2708
    5 views5 pages

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    Lec2-Trigint

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    5 views5 pages

    Lec2 Trigint

    Uploaded by

    khuship2708

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 5

    MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 1

    TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION cont…

    Trigonometric Integrals (Section 3.2; Book 2)

     cos x sin
    8
    Recall: We’ve dealt with integrating trig functions before, e.g. x dx .

     cos
    3
    Question: Now what about, for example, x sin8 x dx ?

     sin
    5
    Example: x cos x dx
    MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 2

    What if both powers of the trigonometric functions are odd?

     cos x  sin11 x dx
    3
    Example:

    What if both powers of the trigonometric functions are even?

     sin
    2
    Example: x dx

    The following formulas will help:


    Half-Angle Formulas:
    sin 2 ( x ) =
    1
    (1 − cos(2 x)) cos 2 ( x ) =
    1
    (1 + cos(2 x))
    2 2
    Double-Angle Formulas:
    sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x − sin 2 x = cos 2 x

    1
    2

     sin
    2
    Example: x dx
    0
    MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 3


    2 2
    Example: cos x sin x dx

    What happens when we want to integrate powers of tan x and sec x , or cot x and
    csc x ?

    The following formulas will help:


    1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x
    1 + cot 2 x = csc2 x

    Also, recall the following:


    d d d d
    sec x = sec x tan x csc x = − csc x cot x tan x = sec 2 x cot x = − csc 2 x
    dx dx dx dx
     sec xdx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C  csc xdx = ln | csc x − cot x | + C
     tan xdx = ln | sec x | +C  cot xdx = ln | sin x | +C

    Master Plan for secx and tanx (same concept for cscx and cotx):

    1. If you have an even power of sec x , then:

    2. If you have an odd power of tan x , then:


    MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 4

     tan
    2
    Example: x sec4 xdx

    Summary of the Overall Strategy:


    (Note: pg. 277 and 280 of the text give the strategy more formally)

    Powers of sin(x) and cos(x):


    • One power odd → split up odd power
    • Both powers odd → easiest to split up the smallest power
    • Both powers even → use half-angle or double-angle formulas

    Powers of tan(x) and sec(x):


    • If sec x has an even power → split off sec 2 x

    • If tan x has an odd power → split off tan x  sec x

    Powers of cot(x) and csc(x):


    • Similar strategy as for tan x and sec x

    Other combinations of trig functions (not “natural pairings”):


    • Convert to sin x and cos x and follow those rules
    MATH1020U: Chapter 3 cont… 5

    Let’s finish off with some extra examples:

     xsin xdx
    2
    Example: tan

     tan x sec
    3
    Example: xdx

     cot
    3
    Example: x csc 4 xdx

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