Adobe Scan Dec 26, 2022
Adobe Scan Dec 26, 2022
Adobe Scan Dec 26, 2022
Suvrata P. Hegde
Department of Physics,
Dr. P. R. K.
Degree College, Ballari. 583 103
Email ID: suvratasuvi006@gmail.com
December, 2022
1 Introduction
Spherical waves: Toss a stone into a tank of water. The surface ripples
that originate from the point of impact spread out in two dimensional cir-
cular waves. Extending this to three dimensions, imagine a small pulsating
Ballari. 2
Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College,
WAVES
sphere surrounded by fluid.
ates pressure As the source
variations that expands and contracts, it
Spherical waves are propagate outward as spherical waves.
gener-
waves in which
are
spheres and the the surfaces of common
source of waves is
a central point. phase
Plane
War t r n t -
*******
RaN
*** ***
Wive tions
3 Different types of
3.1
progressive waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Longitudinal waves: Progressive wave in which
along the direction of propagation of the every particle vibrates
wave. They are
ainplitude but differ iu phase with distance. same in
rarefactions and compressions. Travels in the for1n of
E.g. Sound waves.
Transverse waves: Progressive wave in
which every particle
a direction
perpendicular to the vibrates in
direction of propagation of wave.
have the same They
amplitude but differ in phase with distance. Travels
the formn of crests and in
troughs. E.g. Light waves
of the particles.
is different from the velocity
4. The velocity of the wave
whereas the velocity of the
The wave travels with a uniform velocity
It is maximum at the mean
particles is different at different positions.
of the particles.
position and zero at the extreme position
where is the
a
the angular frequency
amplitude and y is the displacement after timet and w is
lfv is the
frequency of vibration, then
w= 2Tv
then
y = a sin (2mvt)
y= a sin (wt - o)
because d =
2TT
1sin 21vt
We have v =so
sin 2TUtT
2T
y= asin
2Tvt 2T
T) (2)
y = a sin (wt - kr)
2T
y = a sin(vt - z) (3)
where v is the velocity of the progressive wave.
The velocity of the particle at a place at an instant t is obtained by differe1-
tiating equation (3) with respect to time, we get
2T
dy2Tv
dt -a COS(vt
-
s) (4
But,
2T
d dy cos(t-)
-2T
dx A
(5)
Nowrepresents the strain or compression of the medium. When i s
positive a rarefaction takes place and when it is negative, a compression
takes place. From equation (4) and (5), we have
dy dy (6)
dt d
Particle velocity= Wave velocity x slope of displacement curve or strain.
Thus, the velocity of the particle in the wave is not the same as that of
velocity of the wave. At any point z, at an instant t, the velocity of the
particle is-v times the slope of the wave displacement curve at the point.
Differentiating velocity in equation (4), with respect to time, we get acceler-
ation as,
- a sin(vt r ) (7)
-- 27 (8)
-y (9)
As
w = 2TV = 2TU
(10)
where is the
v
îrequency,T is the time period.
From the above equation it is also implied that the particle executes S. H.
M.
Ditterentiating equation (5) w.r.t. x, we get
dy
dr2- - 2T
a sin(vt - r)
(11)
d'y (12)
dr2
Comparing equation (6) and (10), we get
dy
dt2 dr2
(13)
Thus, the acceleration of the particle is equal to v* times the curvature of
the wave displacement curve.
Equation (13) represents the differential equation of the wave motion.
2T
y= Asin(et - r) (14)
By differentiating equation(14) w.r.t time we get particle velocity, so
cos(et-)
dt A
(15)
Consider a layer of unit area of crossection perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the wave. If po be the density of the medium (mass per unit
volume), then the mass of unit area of the layer of thickness de will be podt.
The kinetic energy dk of this layer is given by
dk=m (16)
K.E.= ,4T 2 dr
- 2mu2Apo +Acos 2T d
4T
1+cos(ot-rdr
rtA
AP 4
d+ 4T
cOS(vt-a)dr|
volume is given by
K.E. =A
Ballari. 8
Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College,
WAVES
Volume of the layer unit area x wavelength
=
Potential energy: From equation(17), the kinetic energy per unit volume
is given by
=
5PoA 2 cos(u -
a)
5enu Acos3(ut-)
Now maximum kinetic energy per unit volume =~poA
(: cos(vt - a) = 1)
= Total energy of wave per unit volume
(18)
By integrating equation (18) within the limits z and r =
A, the potential
energy can be obtained
1 +A 2T
5Po A| sin(utz)dr
- (1-co -) da
Powa AA
Potential energy per unit volume = ¡Pow°A*
Total Energy = K. E. + P. E.
Consider a long tube of area of cross-section A. Let t and y be the two cross-
sections of the tube. Suppose, in the region of normal density, the medium
such
from right to left along the length of
the tube with velocity u. In
moves
tube w.r.t the
a case, the position of
condensation and rarefaction in the
the pressure, velocity and
ground will remain fixed. For any sunall region,
values of pressure, velocity
the density of the medium remains constant. The
at different cross-sections of the
and density of the medium will be different
tube.
Velocity of sound
Y X
Velocity of mediumn
P)A
Also, according to Newton's second law of
motion, the rate of change of mo-
mentum is equal to the
applied force.
( P - P)A = mu - mu
U1
(P-P)A =mu(1 (20)
Substituting the value of m = Aup and We get,
(P-P)A =At'p1
up= P) (21)
EE= G-P))
But, V xp = or 1- =1- 01
Hence,
E--P
(22)
P
From equation(21) and (22) we get,
up = E or u2 =
The formula is true in case of plane waves where the original disturbance is
of a very snall anplitude. The requiremet is fulfilled by sound waves of
ordinary intensity. The relation also holds good for the velocity of simple
harmonic plane waves through homogeneous isotropic media.
(23)
where E is the elasticity of medium and p is the density of the medium.
Newton found that when a longitudinal wave propagates in a gas, there is
no appreciable change in the temperature of the gas. Therefore, the changes
in pressure and volume takes place under an isothermal condition.
For an isothermal process, PV = Constant
Differentiating, PdV + VdP = 0
dP VolumestresS=E
P=-V- Volumestrain
(24)
(25)
where P is the pressure of the gas. This relation is called the Newton's for-
mula.
At normal pressure (0.76 mHg = 1.013 x 10* Nm), the density of air is
1.293 kgm3. Substituting these values in the above equation, we get a value
of 280 ms for the velocity of sound at 0°C, which is very much different
from the actual value 330 ms, This was rectified after 100 years by Laplace.
PVdV + V"dP =0
yPdV+VdP = 0
P= -v==E
dV