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WAVES

B.Sc. III Semester

Suvrata P. Hegde
Department of Physics,
Dr. P. R. K.
Degree College, Ballari. 583 103
Email ID: suvratasuvi006@gmail.com

December, 2022

Syllabus: Plane and Spherical waves.


waves. Longitudinal and Transverse|
Characteristics of wave motion, Plane
equation, Wave equation- Differential progressive wave and its
wave velocities:
Relation between them, form(derivation). Particle and
sion for Energy transport- Expres-
intensity of progressive wave, Newton's
sound. Laplace's formula for velocity of
|gravity waves. correction(derivation). Brief account of ripple
and|
WAVES

1 Introduction

he propagation of a wave through any medium(solid, liquid or gas) is as


socated with disturbance and results into wave motion. The motion of a
Single particle is simple to understand under different conditions. But when
we have
large number of particles 1linked together by elastic chains, it is not
possible to displace any one of them without disturbing the other. The mo
tion imparted to one is communicated through the chains to others and they
11 turn are set into motion. An
elastic medium consists of very fine particles
with elastic connection
between them. If we impart periodic motion to any
particle, its energy of motion will be communicated to the adjacent particles
surrounding it, which will thus execute similar periodic motions and in doing
so will in turn transfer their
energy to the neighbouring particles surrounding
them and so on. The motion
to all directions from
imparted to the particle will move uniformly
particle to particle with a definitive velocity.

1.1 Wave motion


The propagation of a disturbance due to transfer of energy from particle to
particle results into wave motion. Thus, wave motion is defined as below:
Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to
the repeated periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their mean
positions, the disturbance being handed on from one particle to the next par-
ticle of the medium.
It may be noted that there is no bodily transfer of the medium through which
the waves propagates, but it is only the disturbance which travels forward.

2 Plane and spherical waves


Plane waves: The plane wave is the simplest example ofa three dimensional
wave. It exists at a given time, when all the surfaces on which a disturbance
has constant phase, forms a set of planes, each generally perpendieular to
the direction of propagation. That is, a plane wave is defined as a wave
in which the wave amplitude is constant over all points of a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation.

Spherical waves: Toss a stone into a tank of water. The surface ripples
that originate from the point of impact spread out in two dimensional cir-
cular waves. Extending this to three dimensions, imagine a small pulsating

Ballari. 2
Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College,
WAVES
sphere surrounded by fluid.
ates pressure As the source
variations that expands and contracts, it
Spherical waves are propagate outward as spherical waves.
gener-
waves in which
are
spheres and the the surfaces of common
source of waves is
a central point. phase

Plane
War t r n t -

*******

RaN

*** ***

Wive tions

3 Different types of
3.1
progressive waves
Longitudinal and transverse waves
Longitudinal waves: Progressive wave in which
along the direction of propagation of the every particle vibrates
wave. They are
ainplitude but differ iu phase with distance. same in
rarefactions and compressions. Travels in the for1n of
E.g. Sound waves.
Transverse waves: Progressive wave in
which every particle
a direction
perpendicular to the vibrates in
direction of propagation of wave.
have the same They
amplitude but differ in phase with distance. Travels
the formn of crests and in
troughs. E.g. Light waves

4 Characteristics of wave motion


1. Wave motion is a disturbance produced in the medium
periodic motion of the by the repeated
particles of the medium.
2. Only the wave travels forward whereas
the particles of the medium
vibrate about their mean
positions.
3. There is a
regular phase change between the various
medium. The particles
particle ahead starts vibrating a little later
of the
ticle than a par-
just preceding it.

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K.


Degree College, Ballari. 3
WAVES

of the particles.
is different from the velocity
4. The velocity of the wave
whereas the velocity of the
The wave travels with a uniform velocity
It is maximum at the mean
particles is different at different positions.
of the particles.
position and zero at the extreme position

5. Wave motion is possible only in media which have the property of


inertia and elasticity.

6. The energy of the vibrating particle at the extreme positions is wholly

potential and in the mean position wholly kinetic.


T. When a wave travels in a medium, there is a flow of energy without
any transfer of matter of the medium.

5 Plane progressive wave and its equation


In wave motion, the particles of the medium execute S. H. M., about their
mean position along or perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave
according as it is longitudinal.
The disturbance is handed on from particle to particle after a definite time
and there exists a gradual fall of phase in the direction of motion.

Consider a transverse wave in a string propagating from left to


right
along the positive x-direction starting from point A as shown in the figure.
A particle on the right will
begin its vibration a certain time later than the
one on the left.
As each particle of the medium executes
simple harmonic motion the equation
of motion of any
particle, say A, is given by
y a sin wt

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 4


WAVES

where is the
a
the angular frequency
amplitude and y is the displacement after timet and w is
lfv is the
frequency of vibration, then
w= 2Tv

then
y = a sin (2mvt)

When the particle A passes


through its mean position, the particles like B,
C, etc., aso pass through their mean positions in the same direction. Hence
the particles A, B, C. etc. are in the same phase. The distance AB between
the two consecutive particles in the same phase is called the wavelength and
cenoted by A. The phase change by 27 in going from A to B. Hence, the
displacement at P is given by

y= a sin (wt - o)

because d =

2TT
1sin 21vt
We have v =so

sin 2TUtT
2T

y= asin(ut -z) (1)


The above equation gives displacement of any
particle whose distance
t from the fixed point A at any time is known. This is the equation of
progressive simple harmonic wave. We know wave number (The number of
wavelengths in a unit distance) is defined as v = and k = , where k is
called the propagation constant, so

y= asin
2Tvt 2T
T) (2)
y = a sin (wt - kr)

This is the equation of a wave


propagating in the positive x-direction.

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari


WAVES

5.1 Differential form


The displacement of the particle in a medium is given by

2T
y = a sin(vt - z) (3)
where v is the velocity of the progressive wave.
The velocity of the particle at a place at an instant t is obtained by differe1-
tiating equation (3) with respect to time, we get

2T
dy2Tv
dt -a COS(vt
-

s) (4
But,
2T
d dy cos(t-)
-2T
dx A
(5)
Nowrepresents the strain or compression of the medium. When i s
positive a rarefaction takes place and when it is negative, a compression
takes place. From equation (4) and (5), we have

dy dy (6)
dt d
Particle velocity= Wave velocity x slope of displacement curve or strain.

Thus, the velocity of the particle in the wave is not the same as that of
velocity of the wave. At any point z, at an instant t, the velocity of the
particle is-v times the slope of the wave displacement curve at the point.
Differentiating velocity in equation (4), with respect to time, we get acceler-
ation as,

- a sin(vt r ) (7)

-- 27 (8)
-y (9)
As
w = 2TV = 2TU
(10)

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 6


WAVES

where is the
v
îrequency,T is the time period.
From the above equation it is also implied that the particle executes S. H.
M.
Ditterentiating equation (5) w.r.t. x, we get

dy
dr2- - 2T
a sin(vt - r)
(11)

d'y (12)
dr2
Comparing equation (6) and (10), we get

dy
dt2 dr2
(13)
Thus, the acceleration of the particle is equal to v* times the curvature of
the wave displacement curve.
Equation (13) represents the differential equation of the wave motion.

6 Particle velocities and wave velocitites and


their relation between them
Wave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due
to the repeated periodic motion of the particles of the medium about their
mean positions, the motion being handed over from one particle to the next.
The individual oscillators which make up the medium only executes S. H. M.
about their mean positions and do not themselves travel through the medium
with the wave. Every particle begins its vibrations a little later than its pre
decessor and there is a progressive change of phasse as we travel from one
particle to next. It is the phase relationship of these particles that we observe
as a wave and not their progressive motion through the medium.

Particle Velocity: It is the velocity of the simple harmonic motion if the


oscillating particle about its equilibrium position.
Wave velocity: It is the velocity with which the plane of
equal phase(crest
or trough) travels through the medium.
Equation (6) represents the relation between the particle and wave velocities.

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari.


WAVES

7 Energy transport- Expression for intensity


of progressive wave
Kinetic energy: The equation of a plane progressive wave is given by

2T
y= Asin(et - r) (14)
By differentiating equation(14) w.r.t time we get particle velocity, so

cos(et-)
dt A
(15)
Consider a layer of unit area of crossection perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the wave. If po be the density of the medium (mass per unit
volume), then the mass of unit area of the layer of thickness de will be podt.
The kinetic energy dk of this layer is given by

dk=m (16)

- PodrA cos(ot-a) (17)


2
The kinetic energy of the whole can be obtained by integrating equation (17)
within the limits z and r +A. Thus,

K.E.= ,4T 2 dr

- 2mu2Apo +Acos 2T d

4T
1+cos(ot-rdr
rtA
AP 4
d+ 4T
cOS(vt-a)dr|

K.E. uAPo+0] =wApo


4
because cos(vt - z)dr vanishes (=0). Now kinetic energy per unit

volume is given by
K.E. =A

Ballari. 8
Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College,
WAVES
Volume of the layer unit area x wavelength
=

Potential energy: From equation(17), the kinetic energy per unit volume
is given by

=
5PoA 2 cos(u -

a)

5enu Acos3(ut-)
Now maximum kinetic energy per unit volume =~poA
(: cos(vt - a) = 1)
= Total energy of wave per unit volume

maximum kinetic energy = total energy)


Potential energy = Total energy - Kinetic energy

(18)
By integrating equation (18) within the limits z and r =
A, the potential
energy can be obtained

1 +A 2T
5Po A| sin(utz)dr

- (1-co -) da

Powa AA
Potential energy per unit volume = ¡Pow°A*
Total Energy = K. E. + P. E.

Total Energy = PouA* + PoA

Total Energy= PowA2

8 Expression for the velocity of a progressive


wave in a medium

Consider a long tube of area of cross-section A. Let t and y be the two cross-
sections of the tube. Suppose, in the region of normal density, the medium

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 9


WAVES

such
from right to left along the length of
the tube with velocity u. In
moves
tube w.r.t the
a case, the position of
condensation and rarefaction in the
the pressure, velocity and
ground will remain fixed. For any sunall region,
values of pressure, velocity
the density of the medium remains constant. The
at different cross-sections of the
and density of the medium will be different
tube.

Velocity of sound

Y X

Velocity of mediumn

Let X correspond to the region of normal density and Y correspond to


the region of condensation. At X, the pressure is P, density is p and velocity
of the medium is .
At Y, the pressure is Pi and density p1 and the velocity is u1.
As there is no change in the average density of the medium, the masses of
the medium crossing X and Y in one second are equal.
Mass of the medium entering the cross-section X in one second Axuxp
=

Mass of the medium entering the cross-section Y in one second =


Axu1 x p1
m = Aup = AuiP1
(19)
If Y is at a region of condensation, its density will be higher than the normal
density p at X.
P1>p and uj < u
The momentum per second of the medium
entering at X mu =

The momentum per second of the medium


entering at Y mu =

Change in momentum per second mu mu= -

This change in momentum


per second is due to the difference in
pressure
Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K.
Degree College, Ballari. 10
WAVES

(Pi-P) between X and Y.


Since, the tube has an area of cross-section A, the force
F applied iss
(P -

P)A
Also, according to Newton's second law of
motion, the rate of change of mo-
mentum is equal to the
applied force.
( P - P)A = mu - mu

U1
(P-P)A =mu(1 (20)
Substituting the value of m = Aup and We get,

(P-P)A =At'p1
up= P) (21)

The bulk modulus of elasticity of the medium,

EE= G-P))
But, V xp = or 1- =1- 01
Hence,

E--P
(22)
P
From equation(21) and (22) we get,
up = E or u2 =

The formula is true in case of plane waves where the original disturbance is
of a very snall anplitude. The requiremet is fulfilled by sound waves of
ordinary intensity. The relation also holds good for the velocity of simple
harmonic plane waves through homogeneous isotropic media.

8.1 Newton's formula for velocity of sound and Laplace's


correction
When a sound wave travels through a medium such as air, water or steel, it
will set particles of medium into vibration as it passes through it. For this

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 11


WAVES
to happen the medium must possess both inertia i.e. mass density (so that
kinetic energy may be stored) and elasticity (so that P. E. may be stored).
These two properties of matter determine the velocity of sound.
i.e. velocity of sound is the characteristic of the medium in which wave prop-
agates.

(23)
where E is the elasticity of medium and p is the density of the medium.
Newton found that when a longitudinal wave propagates in a gas, there is
no appreciable change in the temperature of the gas. Therefore, the changes
in pressure and volume takes place under an isothermal condition.
For an isothermal process, PV = Constant
Differentiating, PdV + VdP = 0

dP VolumestresS=E
P=-V- Volumestrain
(24)

(25)
where P is the pressure of the gas. This relation is called the Newton's for-
mula.
At normal pressure (0.76 mHg = 1.013 x 10* Nm), the density of air is
1.293 kgm3. Substituting these values in the above equation, we get a value
of 280 ms for the velocity of sound at 0°C, which is very much different
from the actual value 330 ms, This was rectified after 100 years by Laplace.

Laplace's correction: Laplace found that when a longitudinal wave (sound)


is propagated in a gas, the compresssions and rarefactions take place quickly.
Hence the changes in pressure and volume occur under adiabatic process.
For adiabatic change PV7 =Constant
where is the ratio of the specific heats of the gas.
Differentiating the above equation, we get,

PVdV + V"dP =0

yPdV+VdP = 0

P= -v==E
dV

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 12


WAVES

This relation is called Newton-Laplace's formula. we get the


Under normal pressure, if we assume
the value 7 for air as 1.4,
much with
sound in air. This agrees very
value 330.6 ms-' for the velocity of
the actual value. EXERCISE FOR
RIPPLE AND GRAVITY WAVES
IS LEFT AS AN
THE STUDENTS (READERS).

Suvrata P. Hegde Dr. P. R. K. Degree College, Ballari. 13

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