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    PH Lab8

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    Dhruv Gandhi

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    PH Lab8

    Uploaded by

    Dhruv Gandhi
    4 views5 pages

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    202151053_PH_lab8

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    4 views5 pages

    PH Lab8

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    Dhruv Gandhi

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    PH110 Lab-8

    (Electromagnetic waves-Reflection, Refraction)

    Name: Dhruv Gandhi


    Institute ID: 202151053
    Section 1B

    Aim:
    To visualise the Bending of light (Reflection + Refraction + Total Internal
    Reflection)
    Theory:
    Reflection occurs when a wave hits the boundary between two media
    where the wave speeds differ, but the wave stays in the original medium
    instead of passing into the second medium.
    Refraction is the change of the propagation of the direction of waves
    when they pass into a medium where they have a different speed. It happens
    whenever the waves are incident to the surface at an angle different from the
    normal to the surface. When moving to a medium where the waves slow
    down, the wave direction moves towards normal. (Snell's Law)
    The Refractive Index of the medium is defined as the ratio of the speed
    of light in a vacuum (c = 3 x 108 m/s) to the speed of light in that medium (c-
    med).

    Refraction is described by Snell's law, which relates the angle of incidence (θ1)
    and the angle of refraction (θ2) to the refractive index of the two media, n1 and
    n2 respectively. In most cases, a fraction of the light incident on the surface
    between two media is refracted, while the rest is reflected back in the first
    medium. This is called Internal Reflection.
    For a light that passes from a medium with a higher refractive index to one
    with a lower refractive index, there is a critical angle of incidence above which
    all light is reflected. This phenomenon is called Total Internal Reflection.

    The value of the Critical Angle (θc) can be determined from Snell's law. When
    the angle of incidence has its critical value, the angle of refraction is (900), so
    for a light beam traveling in a medium of refractive index (n1) and incident on a
    boundary with a medium of refractive index (n2).

    Observations:
    n1 = 1 → Air
    n2 = 1.33 → Water
    As the refractive index of water is more than the refractive index of air, so the
    refracted ray will divert towards the normal, when it passes through the
    surface according to Snell’s law.
    A ray of light is incident from the air to the surface of the water.
    Case 1) The ray of light is perpendicular to the normal.
    Here, the refracted is also perpendicular to the normal. And hence it follows
    the Snell’s Law.

    Case 2) The ray of light is incident at some angle.

    The intensity of the incident light is 100%.

    The intensity of the refracted ray is 85.16%, and it sustain ca ertain angle to the
    normal which follows Snell’s Law.
    The intensity of the reflected ray is 14.84%, and the angle of the reflected ray
    is the angle at which the ray of light is incident on the surface.

    Case 4) When the refractive index of both the medium is the same.

    Here we can see that the ray of light does not deviate from its path as it passes
    through the surface of the medium. It neither reflects nor refracts. This
    phenomenon arises because the refractive index of both the mediums are
    same. Even the intensity of the ray is unchanged.
    Observation Table:
    Sr. Angle of Angle of Refractive index Refractive index Intensity of
    No. Incidence Refraction of of The Reflected
    (in degrees) (in degrees) Incidence(n1) Refraction(n2) Ray(In %)
    1 0 0 1 1.33 100
    2 90 90 1 1.33 100
    3 30 11 1 1.33 3.07
    4 60 40 1 1.33 11.43
    5 30 20 1 1.5 5.81
    6 60 35 1 1.5 17.63
    7 45 25 1 1.6 11.39
    8 75 38 1 1.6 44.42
    9 45 39 1.33 1.5 1.21
    10 60 50 1.33 1.5 3.55

    Conclusion:
    • On increasing incident angle, the intensity of reflected wave increases and intensity of refracted
    wave decreases and on decreasing ….vice versa.
    • For n > n or n = n , the intensity of the incident wave is equal to refracted wave.
    1 2 1 2

    • For n < n , on decreasing the value of ratio n / n , the intensity of refracted waves decreases
    1 2 1 2

    and on increasing ….vice versa.


    • On increasing wavelength, the value of n decreases due to which n / n increases, and due to
    2 1 2

    that intensity of refracted wave increases and on decreasing ….vice versa.


    • On increasing frequency of the source, the value of n increases due to which n / n decreases
    2 1 2

    and due to that intensity of refracted wave decreases and on decreasing ….vice versa.
    • Velocity doesn’t change after changing the value of the incident angle.
    • On decreasing the ratio of n / n , the velocity of the refracted wave decreases and on increasing
    1 2

    ….vice versa
    • There is a phase difference between refracted and reflected waves.
    • It is very common that the amplitude of refracted waves is greater than amplitude of reflected
    waves.
    • Going beyond critical angle, only reflected waves are present, no refracted waves are present.

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