GUIDE QUESTIONS

IN

AQUATIC RESOURCES & ECOLOGY

1. Major habitats in the biosphere:

Answers:
A. marine
B. estuarine
C. freshwater
D. terrestrial

2. A measure of toxicity; the dosage of a substance that will kill fifty (50) percent
of a test population.
Answer: LD 50

3. Region that does not have rooted vegetation in a freshwater ecosystem.

Answer: limnetic zone

4. Types of ocean current -

Answers:
A. wind-driven
B. thermocline
C. inertial

5. An organism that can manufacture food from inorganic compounds and light
energy.
Answer: producer

6. The ability of organisms to succeed under a variety of environmental

conditions. The breadth of this tolerance is an important ecological characteristic
of a population.
Answer: range of tolerance

7. Freshwater organisms may be ecologically classified as to -

Answers:
A. major niches based on their position in the energy
B. life form or habitat
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C. region or sub-habitat

8. Fishing activities that affect the reefs -

Answers:
A. muro-ami
B. pot fishing
C. blastfishing/cyanide fishing
D. overfishing

9. __________competition occurs between organisms of the same species.

Answer: Interspecific

10. Zonations of a stream -

Answers:
A. reaches
B. riffle and pools

11. Organisms that eat animals that have eaten plants.

Answer: secondary consumers

12. Philippine brackishwater swampland area -

Answer: 139,735 ha.

13. Salinity could be measured by:

Answers:
A. refractometer
B. salinometers

14. A fish monitoring method using line transects, 3 by 50 transects, with fish
assessed in a column 5 m wide and 5 m high above the line (less in waters with
poor visibility).
Answer: live fish census

15. Seagrass beds in the Philippines total -

Answer: 5 million ha.

16. A close, long-lasting physical relationship between members of two different

species.
Answer: symbiosis

17. Ocean continental margins include:

Answers:
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A. continental shelf
B. continental slope
C. continental rise

18. _______________ is the portion of the population growth curve that shows
the population declining.
Answer: Death phase

19. Animals that eat other animals.

Answer: carnivores

20. Nationwide, _________% of our coral reefs could be classified as in excellent

condition.
Answer: 5.3%

21. Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule tridentate, Thallasia hemprichii

belong to ____________ seagrasses grouping.
Answer: Indo-West Pacific Group

22. Competition between members of different species for a limited resource.

Answer: interspecific

23. Everything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

Answer: ecosystem

24. Seagrass classification based on degree and alteration and general

community response to habitat conditions:
Answers:
A. pristine
B. disturbed
C. altered
D. emergent

25. Total Philippine reservoir area -

Answer: 19,000 ha.

26. Categories of estuary -

Answers:
A. highly stratified or "salt -wedge" estuary
B. the partially mixed or moderately stratified estuary
C. the completely mixed or vertically homogenous estuary

27. _________ is produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Answer: Tide
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28. Tides that occur twice daily and are about of equal height.
Answer: semi-diurnal tides

29. ___________ are simple single-celled or colonial algae with diffused

chlorophyll (not concentrated into chromatoplasts) masked by blue-green
pigment.
Answer: Blue green algae

30. The depth at which photosynthesis just balances respiration is called -

Answer: compensation level

31. Uses of reservoir include:

Answers:
A. domestic and municipal use
B. irrigation
C. power generation

32. Pantabangan Dam, Magat Dam, Ambuklao Dam, Binga Dam, Angat Dam,
Caliraya Dam and Pulangui IV Dam are examples of:
Answer: reservoirs

33. _______________ is the cycle flow of carbon from the atmosphere to living
organisms and back to the atmospheric reservoir.
Answer: Carbon cycle

34. As energy is passed from one trophic level to the next, only a small
percentage is passed on to the next due to consumption and loss (metabolism
and heat); this forms the ___________.
Answer: trophic pyramid

35. __________ is a thin layer of rapid temperature decline demarcated in the

temperate zone by change in temperature of 1°C for each meter of increase in
depth.
Answer: Thermocline

36. Classification of water -

Answers:
A. surface water/river water
B. meteorological water
C. lakes and reservoirs
D. spring water/ocean water
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37. ________ of the 421 rivers and bodies of water in the Philippines is heavily
polluted according to DENR.
Answer: 180

38. The National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS Act) -

Answer: R.A. 7586

39. _________ are the only flowering plants in the marine environment. They
provide nutrition and habitat to a wide range of organisms.
Answer: Seagrasses

40. Basis of location in aquatic system -

Answers:
A. benthic
B. pelagic
C. planktonic

41. _________ is defined as the damage done to the environment as resource is

exploited.
Answer: Environmental costs

42. Philippine freshwater swampland area -

Answer: 106,328 ha.

43. Freshwater habitants occupy a relatively small portion of the earth's surface
as compared to marine and terrestrial habitants, but their importance to man is
far greater for the following reasons:
Answers:
A. They are the most convenient and cheapest source of water for domestic
and industrial needs we can and probably will get more water from the sea, but
at great cost in terms of energy required and salt pollution created)
B. The freshwater component is the "bottle neck" in the hydrological cycle.
C. Freshwater ecosystems provide the more convenient and the cheapest
waste disposal systems.

44. Water has several unique thermal properties that combine to minimize
____________ changes; thus the range of variation is smaller and changes occur
more slowly in water than in air.
Answer: temperature
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45. Methods used to measure primary productivity.

Answers:
A. harvest method
B. oxygen measurement
C. carbon dioxide methods
D. pH method
E. disappearance of raw materials
F. radioactive materials
G. chlorophyll method

46. Deep, cold, nutrient-poor lakes that are low in productivity.

Answer: oligotrophic

47. The interaction of materials or energy that increases the potential for harm.
Answer: synergism

48. Swimming organisms able to navigate at will. These include fish, amphibians,
large swimming insects, and so forth.
Answer: nekton

49. Our coral reefs is estimated to yield _________ of the total yearly fish
production, not to mention its other uses in construction, medicine, and shoreline
protection, among others.
Answer: 10-15%

50. Organisms that can tolerate only little change in salinity.

Answer: stenohaline

51. Total Philippine river area -

Answer: 31,000 ha.

52. Ocean water sampling apparatus -

Answers:
A. Nansen bottles
B. Niskin bottles
C. Multiple Samplers

53. ___________ are areas where subsurface waters come to the surface.
Answer: Divergent zones

54. Study of groups of organisms associated as a unit.

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Answer: synecology

55. The concentration of biogenic salts nitrates and phosphates seem to be

__________ in nearly all freshwater ecosystems.
Answer: limiting

56. __________ are cycles of air moving as a result of the temperature

differences occurring over land masses and the vast ocean
Answer: Monsoons

57. Treaties or conventions the Philippines is a signatory -

Answers:
A. Law of the Sea Convention
B. Basel Convention
C. London Convention
D. International Maritime Organization (IMO) Convention

58. Important laws in the Philippine fishery scene -

Answers:
A. Local Government Code ((RA 7160)
B. Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (RA 8435)
C. Fisheries Code (RA 8550)

59. A variety of small organisms that comprise the single most significant feature
of any coral reef.
Answer: coral

60. When turbidity is the result of living organisms, measurements of

transparency become indices of productivity. Turbidity can be measured with a
very simple instrument called a _________.
Answer: secchi disk

61. __________ are freshwater organisms attached or resting on the bottom or

living in the bottom sediments. The animal component maybe subdivided into
filter feeders and deposit feeders.
Answer: Benthos

62. Each species has certain tolerances to environmental factors. Any single
factor or nutrient if it falls below the minimum may cause the elimination or
absence of an organism.
Answer: Leibig's Law of the Minimum
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63. Classification of organisms (especially in ponds and lakes) as to region or sub-

habitat -
Answers:
A. littoral zone
B. limnetic zone
C. profundal zone

64. A reef separated from the landmass by a lagoon and is thus located parallel
to a continent or an island.
Answer: barrier reef

65. Among the animal consumers, the groups that will likely comprise the bulk of
the biomass in most freshwater ecosystems -
Answers:
A. mollusks
B. aquatic insects
C. crustacea
D. fish

66. Tides that occur once daily -

Answer: diurnal

67. Issues related to seagrass conservation and management -

Answers:
A. encroachment (dredging, filling, etc.)
B. sedimentation
C. destruction of fringing vegetation (due to blastfishing, dredging, etc.)

68. Region with rooted vegetation in a freshwater ecosystem.

Answer: littoral zone

69. A nutrient (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) that is required by

plants in relatively large amounts.
Answer: macronutrient

70. An organism adapted to survival by using another organism (host) for

nourishment.
Answer: parasite

71. A relationship between organisms in which one, known as the parasite, lives
in or on the host and derives benefit form the relationship while the host is
harmed.
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Answer: parasitism

72. Toxic organic chemicals -

Answers:
A. pesticide
B. polychlorinated bi-phenyls
C. chlorinated hydrocarbon
D. mercury

73. Is the term generally applied to the tendency for biological systems to resist
change and to remain in a state of equilibrium.
Answer: homeostasis

74. Rooted or fixed plants completely or largely submerged.

Answer: zone of submergent vegetation

75. Succession that begins with the destruction or disturbance of an existing

ecosystem.
Answer: secondary succession

76. Measure that combines both the number of species (richness) and the
distribution of the total number of individuals among the species -
Answer: species diversity

77. The profundal zone provides "rejuvenated" nutrients, which are carried by
___________ and swimming animals to other zones.
Answer: currents

78. _________ differences in lakes resulting from even the slight thermal
gradient, however, may produce a stable stratification on a more or less
year-around basis.
Answer: Water density

79. A primary air pollutant produced when organic materials, such as gasoline,
coal, wood, and trash, are incompletely burned.
Answer: carbon monoxide

80. Causes of seagrass loss in the country -

Answers:
A. heavy siltation to agricultural cultivation and mining
B. cyclones
C. typhoons
D. tidal waves
E. volcanic activity
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81. The process by which plants manufacture food. Light energy is used to
convert carbon dioxide and water to sugar and oxygen.
Answer: photosynthesis

82. Free-floating, microscopic, chlorophyll-containing organisms.

Answer: phytoplankton

83. Water circulation patterns in most of the lakes of the world -

Answers:
A. dimictic
B. meromictic
C. warm monomictic
D. polymictic
E. oligomictic

84. Reservoir -
Answer: impoundments or dams

85. An ova-shaped reef surrounding a lagoon.

Answer: atoll

86. Ocean currents could be measured using -

Answers:
A. satellite
B. current meter
C. follow the tracks of drifters

87. Occur in sedimentary drainages in arid climates where evaporation exceeds

precipitation, thus resulting in salt concentration.
Answer: desert salt lakes

88. Numerically abundant species.

Answer: dominants

89. Occur in igneous drainages in arid climates; characterized by high pH and

concentration of carbonates.
Answer: desert alkali lakes
90. __________ lakes having surface temperature that never falls below 4°
Celsius, generally show a distinct thermal gradient from top to bottom, but
experience only one general circulation period per year, which comes in winter.
Answer: Subtropical
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91. Coral reef sampling methods -

Answers:
A. manta tows
B. line transect (20 m grid)
C. fixed quadrant (1 m grid)

92. Surface temperature remains below 4º Celsius or rise above it for only a brief
period during the ice-free summer when circulation can take place.
Answer: polar lakes

93. Rooted plants with principal photosynthetic surfaces projecting above the
water are classified under -
Answer: zone of emergent vegetation

94. The chemical elements, including all the essential elements of protoplasm,
tend to circulate in the biosphere in characteristic paths from environment to
organisms and back to the environment.
Answer: biogeochemical cycles

95. A measure of how close organisms are to one another, generally expressed
as the number of organisms per unit area.
Answer: population density

96. Removal of material by mixing with chemicals that causes the materials to
settle out of the mixture.
Answer: precipitation

97. Can tolerate wide changes in salinity.

Answer: euryhaline organisms

98. A technique of coral monitoring which consist of 2-minute snorkel tows

(minimum of 9) behind a boat at slow speed with stops to record percent cover
of live and dead corals, soft coral, and regional specific parameters.
Answer: manta tow

99. During summer, the top water layer circulates, and it does not mix with the
more viscous colder water, creating a zone with a steep temperature gradient in
between called the _______________.
Answer: thermocline

100. Stream animals generally have a __________ tolerance and are especially
sensitive to reduced oxygen.
Answer: narrow
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101. Principal types of algae -

Answers:
A. diatoms (Bacillariaceae)
B. green algae (Chlorophyta)
C. blue green algae (Cyanophyta)

102. Bans cutting of all mangrove species -

Answer: R.A. 7161

103. Classification of pollutants:

Answers:
A. chemical
B. physical
C. physiological
D. biological

104. Vertical diel _________is a characteristic feature of lake limnetic

zooplankton.
Answer: migration

105. The biota of a river channel resembles that of the rapids, except that
population distribution is highly "clumped," owing to the frequent absence of
___________.
Answer: substrates

106. In addition to streamlining, many rapids animals exhibit extremely

______________ which enable them to find refuge under stones and in crevices.
Answer: flattened bodies

107. __________ have high concentrations of humic acid in water.

Answer: dystrophic lakes

108. When high tides are very high and low tides very low - midway in the
fortnightly periods the range between low and high tide is smallest and is
called __________.
Answer: neap tide

109. Listing of the total number of species in a community or trophic level.

Answer: species richness

110. An adaptation for maintaining position in swift water;

Answers:
A. permanent attachment to a firm substrate
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B. hooks and suckers

C. sticky undersurfaces

111. Wave and current resistant calcareous structures formed in situ from the
skeletons of corals and other organisms.
Answer: coral reef

112. Important limiting factors in the sea;

Answer: temperature & salinity

113. __________ released by microorganisms or by the adults are two possible

sources of the "chemical messengers" that may direct the larvae to the right kind
of bottom.
Answer: Metabolites

114. A monitoring technique which involved the establishment of quadrats (e.g.

1m2) which are assessed regularly, either by photography or mapping to
measure growth rates of corals and results of inter-specific interactions.
Answer: permanent quadrat

115. An association to the advantage of one member while not harming the other
(commensal-host); e.g. Remora attaches to a shark or other fishes to obtain food
and for transportation.
Answer: commensalism

116. Seagrass sampling methods -

Answers:
A. quadrat
B. line transect

117. The _____________ is characterized by the large number of sessile or

relatively inactive animals which exhibit marked zonation in the inshore region.
Answer: marine benthos

118. When a pond or lake is polluted with excess nutrients, the filamentous-type
of algae often develop huge _________ that rise to the surface, buoyed up by
entrapped oxygen.
Answer: "blooms"

119. ____________ refers to organisms living on the surface, either attached or

moving freely on the surface.
Answer: Epifauna
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120. Semi-enclosed coastal basin in which fresh river water entering at its head
mixes with saline water entering from the ocean; usually associated with a river's
intersection of the coast.
Answer: estuary

121. _________________ occurs when nutrient-rich estuarine waters move out

to sea.
Answer: Out-welling

122. The method of feeding by the benthos undergoes an interesting change

along sand-mud gradient; ___________ feeding predominates in and on the
sandy substrate, while deposit-feeding is most common on silty or muddy
substrates.
Answer: filter

123. __________ is expressed as the total dry weight or total caloric content of
organisms present at any one time.
Answer: Standing crop biomass

124. A coral reef is not a heterotrophic community, but a complete ecosystem

with a ________ structure that includes a large biomass of green plants.
Answer: trophic

125. Nearly all stream animals, from insect larvae to fish, exhibit definite
__________, which means that the body is more or less egg-shaped, broadly
rounded in front and tapering posteriorly, to offer minimum resistance to water
flowing over it.
Answer: streamlined bodies

126. A ____________ is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free

connection with the open sea; it is thus strongly affected by tidal action, and
within it sea water is mixed (and usually measurably diluted) with fresh water
from the land drainage.
Answer: estuary

127. Penetration of ________ is often limited by suspended materials, restricting

the photosynthetic zone wherever aquatic habitants have appreciable depth.
Answer: light

128. Types of coral reef -

Answers:
 15

A. fringing
B. barrier
C. atoll

129. Natural ___________ ecosystems with ice stress are exemplified by glacial
fjords, winter ice stressed intertidal zones, and under-ice communities on arctic
coasts.
Answer: arctic

130. __________ occurs where currents flowing at different rates or water

masses at different temperature or salinities meet and surface waters are carried
beneath the surface.
Answer: Zone of convergence

131. ________________ communities are composed of a mixture of endemic

species (i.e. species restricted to the estuarine zone) and those which come in
from the sea, plus a very few species with the osmoregulatory capabilities for
penetrating to or from the freshwater environment.
Answer: Estuarine

132. The process of reclaiming a resource and reusing it for another or the same
structure or purpose.
Answer: recycling

133. Issues involved in coral reef conservation and management -

Answers:
A. destructive fishing practices (blast fishing, cyanide fishing and dragged
gear)
B. extensive harvesting/coral mining
C. boat anchors/sediment disturbance from passing boats
D. tourists inadvertently stir up sediments or break off corals

134. Every two weeks when sun and moon are "working together" the amplitude
of tides increase and are called _______________.
Answer: spring tides

135. Any energy source that reduces the cost of the internal self-maintenance of
the ecosystem, and thereby increases the amount of other energy that can be
converted to production is called__________.
Answer: energy subsidy

136. Large areas of the bottom of the ocean are covered with finely divided
sediments commonly called "__________".
Answer: oozes
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137. A shortage or absence of a key factor restricts the success of the species;
thus the factor is known as a
__________.
Answer: limiting factor

138. ____________ are among the few emergent land plants that tolerate the
salinities of the open sea.
Answer: Mangroves

139. The __________of an organism is the functional role it has in its

surroundings.
Answer: niche

140. In 1859, __________, a British naturalist, introduced the theory of natural

selection in his book entitled "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural
Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life."
Answer: Charles Darwin

141. Relationships between organisms is one in which one organism benefits

while the other is not affected.
Answer: commensalism

142. Secondary consumers or __________ eat other animals.

Answer: carnivores

143. Consumers that use nonliving organic matter as a source of food are called
__________.
Answer: decomposers

144. Mangrove sampling method -

Answer: quadrats

145. The way in which carbon is converted into organic molecules that are used
and released from organisms is called the ___________.
Answer: carbon cycle

146. The association of the organisms affects neither population. No interaction

exists.
Answer: neutralism
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147. Bacteria that are able to convert a molecule known as nitrite to atmospheric
nitrogen gas are called __________.
Answer: denitrifying bacteria

148. A relatively stable, long-lasting, more complex, and interrelated community

of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria is known as ___________.
Answer: climax community

149. _________ microscopy is useful in distinguishing between chlorophyll-

bearing and colorless forms and between living cells and dead ones in
concentrated samples.
Answer: Fluorescence

150. __________ are terrestrial climax communities with wide geographic

distribution.
Answer: Biomes

151. _________ ecosystems are the result of a large numbers of small animals
that build cup-shaped external skeletons around themselves.
Answer: Coral reef

152. Characterized by a more open littoral basin and flow is not as restricted;
salinity levels approaching the open sea.
Answer: bay

153. The breakdown of organic materials by bacteria and fungi uses oxygen from
the water and is called __________.
Answer: biological oxygen demand (BOD)

154. __________contain trees that are able to live in places that are either
permanently flooded or flooded for a major part of the year.
Answer: Swamps

155. Classification of estuarine basins include:

Answers:
A. salt-wedge
B. partially-mixed estuaries
C. well-mixed estuaries
D. Fjords

156. Major lakes in the Philippines in terms of area:

Answers:
A. Laguna de Bay
B. Lake Lanao
C. Taal Lake
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157. Zonations of a fringing reef.

Answers:
A. beach cliff
B. reef flat
C. reef crest
D. reef slope

158. Classification of the primary zone:

Answers:
A. supratidal zones
B. intertidal
C. subtidal

159. Philippine swampland area -

Answer: 246,063 ha.

160. Running water or _________ habitat includes spring, stream or river.

Answer: lotic

161. Thermal properties of water -

Answers:
A. high specific heat
B. high latent heat of fusion
C. highest latent heat of evaporation
D. has greatest density at 4ºC

162. The process of converting arid and semi-arid land to desert because of
improper use by humans is called __________.
Answer: desertification

163. At great depths in the ocean is an ecosystem that must rely on a continuous
rain of organic matter from the euphotic zone and is called ___________.
Answer: abyssal ecosystem

164. Non-living factors that influence the life and activities of an organism.
Answer: abiotic

165. This zone range from the open-water zone to the depth of effective light
penetration called the compensation level, which is the depth at which
photosynthesis just balances respiration.
Answer: Limnetic
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166. ________________ describes organisms that live on the bottom of marine

and freshwater ecosystem.
Answer: Benthic

167. Corals produce large amounts of _________ which protects the delicate
animals from siltation, while perhaps also providing the reef community with
another means of trapping particulate nutrients.
Answer: mucus

168. Able to be broken down by natural biological processes.

Answer: biodegradable

169. Naturally occurring substances that can be utilized by people but may not be
economic.
Answer: resources

170. Human-centered, it is the first of three primary theories of moral

responsibility to the environment.
Answer: anthropocentric

171. Severe stress on coastal ecosystem could be attributed to -

Answers:
A. human over-exploitation
B. pollution
C. sedimentation
D. general neglect

172. __________ competition is an example of competition between members of

the same species.
Answer: Intraspecific

173. The optimum number of individuals of a species that can be supported in an

area over an extended period of time.
Answer: carrying capacity
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174. Indicators of Water Quality -

Answers:
A. temperature
B. turbidity
C. oxygen and oxygen-utilizing substances
D. nitrogen
E. sulfur
F. toxic organic chemicals
G. acidity
H. alkalinity
I. pH
J. solids
K. hardness
L. chlorides
M. iron and manganese
N. metals
O. other materials

175. A substance that alters the rate of a reaction but is not in itself changed.
Answer: catalyst

176. Any accumulation of organic material produced by living things.

Answer: biomass

177. Organic material that results from fecal waste material or the decomposition
of plants and animals.
Answer: detritus

178. In bony fish, (also marine birds and mammals) whose body fluids have a
salt content lower than that of sea water or __________, have been able to
reinvade the sea by evolving metabolic osmoregulation that involves excretion of
salt and retention of water.
Answer: hypotonic

179. Classification of organisms as to major niches based on their position in the

energy or food chain -
Answers:
A. autotrophs
B. phagotrophs
C. saprotrophs
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180. Autotrophs (producers) include green plants and _________

Answer: chemosynthetic microorganisms

181. The evolution of an ecosystem is shaped by ___________ (outside) forces

such as geological and climatic changes.
Answer: allogenic

182. A kind of chemical that kills many different types of living things.
Answer: biocide

183. A branch of science that deals with the interrelationship between organisms
and their environment.
Answer: ecology

184. Aquatic vegetation that is rooted on the bottom but has leaves that floats on
the surface or protrude above the water.
Answer: emergent plant

185. Standing-water or ____________ habitat includes lake, pond, swamp or

bog.
Answer: lentic

186. Those species that are present in such small numbers that they are in
immediate jeopardy of becoming extinct.
Answer: endangered

187. A tropical, shallow-water, marine ecosystem dominated by coral organisms

that produce external skeletons.
Answer: coral reef ecosystem

188. A parasite that is adapted to live within a host.

Answer: endoparasite

189. _______________ is the enrichment of water (either natural or cultural)

with nutrients.
Answer: Eutrophication

190. A change in the structure, behavior, or physiology of a population of

organisms as a result of some organisms with favorable characteristics having
greater reproductive success than those organisms with less favorable
characteristics.
Answer: evolution

191. The period during population growth when the population increases at an
ever-increasing rate.
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Answer: exponential growth phase

192. The collection of organisms and the conditions that exist in the deep
portions of the ocean.
Answer: abyssal ecosystem

193. The comparative percentages of different age groups within a population.

Answer: age distribution

194. The death of a species; the elimination of all the individual of a particular
kind.
Answer: extinction

195. A statement about energy that says that under normal physical conditions,
energy is neither created nor destroyed.
Answer: First law of Thermodynamics

196. Intersecting and overlapping food chains.

Answer: food web

197. Bacteria that live in the soil and can convert nitrogen gas (N2) in the
atmosphere into forms that plants can use.
Answer: free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria

198. Aquatic ecosystems that have low amounts of dissolved salts.

Answer: freshwater

199. The property of carbon dioxide (CO2) that allows light energy to pass
through the atmosphere but prevents heat from leaving; similar to the action of
glass in a greenhouse.
Answer: greenhouse effect

200. An identifiable region in which a particular kind of organism lives.

Answer: habitat

201. A pesticide that persists for long periods of time; a persistent pesticide.
Answer: hard pesticide

202. Primary consumers; animals that eat plants.

Answer: herbivores

203. The organism a parasite uses for its source of food.

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Answer: host

204. Soil organic matter.

Answer: humus

205. Constant movement of water from surface water to air and back to surface
water.
Answer: hydrologic cycle

206. The series of organisms involved in the passage of energy form one trophic
level to the next.
Answer: food chain

207. Different species populations occurring in a particular geographical area;

also referred to as biocoenosis.
Answer: community

208. There are ________ seagrasses species identified in the Philippines.

Answer: 11

209. All of the earth's living organisms interacting with the physical environment.
Answer: biosphere

210. Green plants that capture energy from the sun and manufacture their own
food.
Answer: autotrophs

211. Categories of lake -

Answers:
A. polar
B. temperate
C. tropical

212. Organisms that obtain their energy by consuming auototrophs, other

organisms that consume plants, or through absorption of dissolved organic
matter from the environment; carnivores and omnivores.
Answer: heterotrophs

213. Lake zonations -

Answers:
 24

A. littoral
B. limnetic
C. benthic

214. _________ are water courses that develop from surface run-off or from
groundwater sources.
Answer: Streams

215. A serious effect, such as an illness or death, that occurs after prolonged
exposure to small doses of a toxic substance.
Answer: chronic toxicity

216. Arrangement of autotrophs and succeeding levels heterotrophs is the

__________ in which each successive level is called a trophic level.
Answer: trophic structure

217. Consumption of one species by another; predator-prey and herbivore-plant

(grazers).
Answer: predation

218. Forms of zooplankton

Answers:
A. holoplankton
B. meroplankton

219. A model which states that no species is competitively superior and

whichever species gets to a site holds it against the others.
Answer: inhibition model

220. Classification of water organisms according to their oceanic life form

Answers:
A. Plankton-drifting organisms
B. Nekton-swimming organisms
C. Benthos- attached organisms at the bottom

221. Aquatic organisms that could live along a broad range of salinity -
Answer: euryhaline

222. Classification of plankton

Answers:
A. phytoplankton
B. zooplankton
 25

223. __________ has box-like silica shells and yellow or brown pigment in the
chromatophores masking the green chlorophyll; a good indicator of water quality.
Answer: Diatoms

224. A model which states that - any species can start succession and that the
competitively superior species prevail.
Answer: tolerance model

225. Heating of the oceans is caused by -

Answers:
A. radiation from the sun and sky
B. conduction of heat from atmosphere
C. evaporation

226. Organisms that have the ability to regulate their own body temperature
regardless of the temperature of the water environment.
Answer: homeotherms

227. Aquatic organisms that could adapt along narrow range of temperature -
Answer: stenothermal

228. Uses of light in the ocean.

Answers:
A. provides energy for photosynthesis
B. enables animals with eyes to see (feeding, reproduction and migration)
C. regulates behavior of some animals

229. Sources of sea water oxygen -

Answers:
A. from atmosphere
B. photosynthesis
C. polar creep

230. In freshwater organisms, the concentration of salts is greater in the internal

fluids of the body or cells than in the freshwater environment i.e., the fluids are
_________, either water tends to enter the body by osmosis if membranes are
relatively impermeable.
Answer: hypertonic

231. Organisms in water may be classified as to their life form or life habit based
on their mode of life, to include;
Answers:
 26

A. benthos
B. plankton
C. periphyton or "Aufwuchs"
D. nekton

232. Last stage of succession; a relatively stable, long-lasting, complex, and

interrelated community of plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Answer: climax community

233. A method used to determine the feasibility of pursuing a particular project

by balancing estimated costs against expected benefits.
Answer: cost-benefit analysis

234. Forms of phytoplankton -

Answers:
A. diatoms
B. dinoflagellates
C. nannoplankton

235. The study of the theoretical bases, principles, and procedures necessary to
an understanding of relationships; is the source of information for classification -
Answer: taxonomy

236. The ratio of energy passed on to the next higher trophic level, divided by
the energy received from the trophic level below; usually ranges from 6-15% and
this is called __________.
Answer: gross ecological efficiency

237. Ecosystem evolution is also shaped by _________ (inside) processes

resulting from the activities of the living components of the ecosystem.
Answer: autogenic

238. Any specific marine area which has been reserved by law or other effective
means and is governed by specific rules or guidelines to manage activities and
protect part or the entire enclosed coastal and marine environment.
Answer: Marine Protected Area (MPA)

239. A Marine Protected Area where all extractive practices, such as fishing, shell
collection, seaweed gleaning, and collecting of anything else is prohibited. It also
 27

allows for control of other human activities, including access, in order to protect
the ecosystem within the specific site.
Answer: sanctuary

240. _________ are monocots that generally belong to the Family

Potamogetonaceae and Hydrocharitaceae of the order Naiadales (Helobieae).
They are referred to as "truly marine" angiosperms because they tolerate marine
water salinity, grow while wholly submerged, and have the capacity for flowering
and pollination underwater.
Answer: Seagrasses

241. As of 1993, the country's seagrass loss ranged from -

Answer: 30-50%

242. Aquatic organisms that could live along a broad range of temperature
fluctuation -
Answer: eurythermal

243. The tropical and sub-tropical seagrasses species include the following
genera:
Answers:
A. Amphibolis/Cymodocea/Halodule
B. Syringodium/Halophila
C. Thalassia/Enhalus

244. Seagrasses groupings include -

Answers:
A. Indo-West Pacific Species
B. Tropical American Group

245. Halodule bermudensis, H. beaudetti, H. ciliate and Zostera belong to

__________ seagrasses grouping.
Answer: Tropical American Group

246. ________ or upward current movements of water is caused by temperature

differences; aids in keeping phytoplankton near the surface where photosynthesis
is most effective.
Answer: Turbulence

247. Tidal theories -

Answers:
 28

A. Newton's Equilibrium Theory

B. Laplace's Dynamic Theory of Tides

248. Organisms that can survive in a wide range of temperature change.

Answer: eurythermic

249. Average annual rate of mangrove loss in the country is 2.4% or _________
hectares.
Answer: 3,000

250. Types of aquatic habitat fish can live -

Answers:
A. high mountain lakes
B. world's deepest lake
C. 7,000 below sea surface
D. pure freshwater
E. fast torrential streams
F. salt lakes
G. totally dark caves
H. hot sodal lakes

251. Causes of the death of our rivers -

Answers:
A. improper waster disposal
B. water pollution (agricultural, industrial and commercial wastes)
C. degradation of the forest reserves (leads to soil erosion and
sedimentation)

252. Lake classification -

Answers:
A. oligotrophic
B. eutrophic
C. mesotrophic
D. dystrophic

253. __________ is the total rate of photosynthesis, including the organic matter
used up in respiration during the measurement period. Also known as "total
photosynthesis" or "total assimilation".
Answer: Gross primary productivity

254. A stage in the energy flow through ecosystems.

Answer: trophic level
 29

255. Areas that include swamps, tidal marshes, coastal wetlands, and estuaries.
Answer: wetlands

256. Type of land-use regulation in which land is designated for specific potential
uses, such as agricultural, commercial, residential, recreational, and industrial.
Answer: zoning

257. Philippine oceanic area -

Answer: 1,934,000 sq. km.

259. Aquatic organisms that could survive along a narrow range of salinity -
Answer: stenohaline

260. Refers to species and sub-species of aquatic organisms found in very small
number in specialized areas or habitat in the country.
Answer: rare

261. Permanently stratified, most commonly as a result of chemical difference in

hypo- and epilimnial waters.
Answer: Meromictic

262. Extractive uses of lagoons, estuaries and bays include:

Answers:
A. fishing/sand mining
B. seed fish and shrimp collection
C. ornamental fish collection
D. gleaning

263. Are woody, seed-bearing plants adapted for life in brackish and waterlogged
soils that are acidic and often anoxic (without oxygen).
Answer: mangroves

264. Functions of seagrass -

Answers:
A. reduction of water energy and motion
B. regulate chemical composition of coastal waters and sediments
C. regulate run-off and stabilization of bottom sediments
D. maintenance of coastal fertility
E. regulation of biological control mechanisms

265. Refers to the outline of the mainland shore touching the sea at mean lower
tide.
Answer: coastline
 30

266. Philippine total coastline (length) -

Answer: 17,460 km.

267. __________ (macroconsumers) include primary, secondary, etc.;

herbivores, predators, parasites, etc.
Answer: Phagotrophs

268. Types of spring -

A. hot spring
B. the large hard-water springs in limestone
C. small soft-water springs emerging

269. The upper layer in the ocean where the sun's rays penetrate.
Answer: euphotic zone

270. An important process called _____________ occurs where winds

consistently move surface water away from precipitous coastal slopes, bringing to
the surface cold water rich in nutrients which have been accumulating in the
depths.
Answer: upwelling

271. _________ (microconsumers or decomposers) are classified according to

nature of the organic substrate decomposed.
Answer: Saprotrophs

272. Any aquatic species not indigenously found in Philippine waters.

Answer: Foreign Aquatic Species

273. Organisms that eat both plants and animals.

Answer: omnivores

274. __________the rate at which radiant energy is stored by photosynthetic and

chemosynthetic activity of producer organisms (chiefly green plants) in the form
of organic substances which can be sued food materials.
Answer: Primary productivity

275. Refers to any biological, chemical contamination or physical agent that has
adverse effects on humans or aquatic organisms.
Answer: health hazard

276. Classification of water organisms resting or swimming on the surface -

Answer: neuston
 31

277. In lakes during summer, the top waters become warmer than the bottom
waters; as a result, only the warm top waters with the more viscous colder water,
creating a zone with a steep temperature gradient in between called the
__________.
Answer: thermocline

278. Seeks to determine the chemical form that elements assume in seawater.
Predicts the behavior and fate of the many materials that find their way into the
ocean from the land.
Answer: Chemical Oceanography

279. Refers to species and sub- species of aquatic organisms which have reached
critical level of depletion and are threatened with extinction.
Answer: threatened

280. Rooted aquatics often "recover" nutrients from deep in the anaerobic
sediments and thus provide a useful ________ for the ecosystem.
Answer: "nutrient pump"

281. A bay, gulf, lake or any other fishery area which may be delineated for
fishery resource management purposes.
Answer: Fishery Management Areas

282. ________________ is the introduction by human or machine, directly or

indirectly, of substances or energy to the aquatic environment which result or is
likely to result in such deleterious effects as to harm living and non-living aquatic
resources.
Answer: Aquatic pollution

283. Classification of major zones in streams -

Answer: rapids and pool

284. __________ is the shallow-water region with light penetration to the

bottom.
Answer: Littoral

285. __________ is the rate of storage of organic matter in plant tissues in

excess of the respiratory utilization by the plants during the period of
measurement.
Answer: Net productivity

286. The amount of oxygen required by microbes to degrade organic molecules

in aquatic ecosystems.
 32

Answer: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

287. Philippine coastal area -

Answer: 266,000 sq. km.

288. Estuary where the inflow of fresh water is small, the tidal amplitude low, and
the evaporation very high; the salinity of enclosed bays may rise above that of
the sea, at least during some seasons.
Answer: hypersaline

289. ___________ is a type of interaction between species wherein two

organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource.
Answer: Competition

290. Reef located in shallow waters along the coast since these grow out from a
landmass and are attached to it.
Answer: fringing

291. The region of the continental slope and rise is the;

Answer: bathyal zone

292. ___________ are small bodies of water in which the littoral zone is relatively
large and the limnetic and profundal regions are small or absent.
Answer: Ponds

293. Lakes that rarely (or very slowly) mixed (thermally stable) or circulate as in
many tropical lakes.
Answer: Oligomictic

294. Interaction among organisms for a necessary resource that is short in

supply.
Answer: competition

295. __________ zone is the bottom and deep-water area which is beyond the
depth of effective light penetration. This zone is often absent in ponds.
Answer: Profundal

296. A group of interacting species combined with the physical environment.

Answer: ecosystem

297. Can withstand a small/narrow range of temperature change.

Answer: stenothermic organisms
 33

298. ____________ include single-celled forms such as desmids, filamentous

forms either floating or attached, and various floating colonial forms.
Answer: Green algae

299. Study of an individual organism or an individual species.

Answer: autoecology

300. In lakes and ponds, the prominent zonation is ___________, whereas in

streams it is longitudinal.
Answer: horizontal

301. Total Philippine lake area -

Answer: 200,000 ha

302. Issues on the use of beaches include:

Answers:
A. multiple use conflicts
B. erosion
C. pollution
D. mining
E. reclamation

303. _________ is the science that deals with the kinds and diversity of living
things and with their arrangement into a natural classification.
Answer: systematics

304. Both population benefit from the relationship but each can survive without
the other.
Answer: protocooperation

305. Benefits from mangroves include:

Answers:
A. mangrove litter (mainly leaves)
B. provide habitat as reservoirs, refuges, feeding grounds for fish including
birds
C. use of its extensive root structure (traps sediments, anchor soil, filter and
absorb pollutants)

306. Classification scheme for estuarine type is based on:

Answers:
 34

A. geomorphology
B. water circulation and stratification
C. systems energetic

307. Fishes which are ____________ are low-temperature tolerant and can
survive only in "poor" lakes in which the cold bottom waters do not become
depleted of oxygen.
Answer: stenothermal

308. The ___________ extends for a distance offshore, beyond which the bottom
drops odd steeply as the continental slope then levels off somewhat (the
continental rise) before dropping down to a deeper, but more level plain.
Answer: continental shelf

309. In this zone, trenches may drop below 6000 meters and is called -
Answer: hadal zone

310. Seafloor formation theories and how the geographical features of the oceans
have assumed their present form:
Answers:
A. continental drift theory
B. seafloor spreading theory
C. global plate tectonics theory

311. ___________ refers to organisms that dig into the substrate or construct
tubes or burrows.
Answer: Infauna

312. __________ is still singled out as the most important factor seriously
affecting the country's reefs.
Answer: Siltation

313. A parasite that is adapted to live on the outside of its host.

Answer: ectoparasite

314. Lakes that may be classified according to primary productivity.

Answer: oligotrophic-eutrophic series

315. Organisms, chiefly bacteria, which breakdown complex organic molecules of

dead organisms into simpler and reusable forms; act on every trophic level.
Answer: decomposers

316. A type of marine or freshwater ecosystem consisting of organisms that live

on the bottom.
Answer: benthic
 35

317. __________ is the rate of storage of organic matter not used by the
heterotrophs (that is, primary production minus heterotrophic consumption)
during the period under consideration, usually the growing season or a year.
Answer: Net community productivity

318. Protein molecules that speed up the rate of specific chemical reactions.
Answer: enzyme

319. Marine ecosystems that consist of shallow, partially enclosed areas where
freshwater enter the ocean.
Answer: estuaries

320. The deep ocean floor is characterized by:

Answers:
A. abbysal plains
B. abbysal hills, mounts, rises
C. fracture zone
D. island arcs and trenches

321. From the ecological point of view, the most important seagrasses genera
include:
Answers:
A. Thalassia
B. Cymodocea
C. Zostera

322. Major mangrove genera in the Philippines include:

Answers:
A. Rhizophora
B. Avicennia/Bruguiera
C. Sonneratia/Ceriops
D. Lumnitzera/Nypa

323. Living portions of the environment.

Answer: biotic factors

324. The inherent reproductive capacity.

Answer: biotic potential

325. A method of pest management in which many aspects of the pest's biology
are exploited to control its numbers.
Answer: integrated pest management
 36

326. Removal of oxygen from the water are caused by:

Answers:
A. dissolution of oxygen from water to atmosphere
B. respiration of plants and animals
C. other chemical reactions

327. The movement of minerals from the A horizon by the downward movement
of soil water.
Answer: leaching

328. The one primary condition of the environment that determines the success
of an organism.
Answer: limiting factor

329. The following habitats are considered critical -

Answers:
A. lagoons, estuaries and bays
B. mangroves
C. beaches/coral reefs
D. seagrass beds

330. The association between organisms in which both benefit.

Answer: mutualism

331. Competition among members of the same species for a limited resource.
Answer: intraspecific

332. Those structures and processes that can be used by humans for their own
purposes, but cannot be created by them.
Answer: natural resources

333. A process that determines which individuals within a species will reproduce
more effectively.
Answer: natural selection

334. The early stages of succession that begin the soil-building process.
Answer: pioneer community

335. Planned course of action on a question or a topic.

Answer: policy

336. In the Philippines, there are _________ mangrove and associated species.
 37

Answer: 77

337. Waste material that people produce in such large quantities that it interferes
with their health or well-being.
Answer: pollution

338. An organism that kills and eats another organism.

Answer: predator

339. An organism that is killed and eaten by predator.

Answer: prey

340. An organism that eats plants (producers) directly.

Answer: primary consumer

341. Laws connected with mangrove management and preservation -

Answers:
A. Pres. Proclamation 2146 s. 1981 (ban on cutting)
B. RA 7161 s. 1991 (ban on cutting)
C. adoption of Community-Based Forest Management approach by DENR 1n
1994

342. Philippine coral reef area -

Answer: 27,000 sq. km.

343. A dynamic zone or strip of unstable unconsolidated material (e.g. sand,

gravel) deposited along the shoreline.
Answer: beach

344. Succession that begins with bare mineral surfaces or water.

Answer: primary succession

345. A statement about energy conversion that says that, whenever energy is
converted from one form to another, some of the useful energy is lost.
Answer: Second Law of Thermodynamics

346. Comparison between the number of males and females in a population.

Answer: sex ratio

347. The minimum amount of something required to cause measurable effects.

Answer: threshold level
 38

348. In 1991, the Local Government Code was passed, devolving primary
mandate for managing municipal waters to LGUs.
Answer: R.A. 7160

349. A narrow group of substances that are poisonous and cause death or serious
injury to humans and other organisms by interfering with normal body
physiology.
Answer: toxic

350. Transportation of water to leaves and its evaporation from the surfaces of
plants.
Answer: transpiration

351. Weakly swimming macroscopic animals.

Answer: zooplankton

352. The hard calcareous substance made up of the skeleton of marine

coelenterate polyps which include reefs, shelves and atolls or any of the marine
coelenterate animals living in colonies where their skeletons form a stony mass.
Answer: Coral

353. Lowering of downstream water table, inland penetration of estuarine salt

wedges, loss of riparian/river areas, watershed erosion, displacement of flora and
fauna and displacement/loss of land and cultural heritage of indigenous
communities are effects/impacts of -
Answer: reservoirs

354. Regulating agencies involved in our reservoir resources management

include:
Answers:
A. DENR Environmental Mgt. Bureau/Protected Area and Wildlife
Division
B. National Water Resources Board
C. Department of Energy

355. Legal framework involved in reservoir management and development

includes -
Answers:
 39

A. PD 1586 (need for Environment Impact Statement)

B. Phil. Water Code (order of preference for use of water reservoir)
C. RA 7586 (NIPAS Act)/EO 215 (innovative approaches to encourage
private sector participation; loans and incentives)
D. RA 7156 (provides incentives to mini-hydroelectric power developers)
E. RA 8371 (Indigenous People's Rights)

356. A topographically delineated area of land from which rainwater can drain as
surface run-off or where stream/river discharges into a larger river, lake or sea. A
discrete geographical unit capable of providing water, timber and non-timber
products.
Answer: watershed

357. Guides and organize land and other resource users in a watershed to
provide desired goods and services without adversely affecting soil and water
resources; involves planning and implementation of both technical and policy
initiatives.
Answer: Watershed Management

358. Benefits derived from watersheds include:

Answers:
A. economic benefits (water supply, forestry, agriculture, livestock, fishery,
mining)
B. social services (tourism, recreation, historical, cultural, health, livelihood)
C. environmental services (biodiversity, soil conservation, water conservation,
carbon sequestration, oxygen generation, micro-climate amelioration)

359. Is a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space (water and submerged land)
in which terrestrial processes and uses directly affect oceanic processes and uses,
and vice versa.
Answer: Coastal Area/Zone

360. The biggest fish is the whale shark while the smallest is -
Answer: P. pygmea

361. Legal frameworks related to river management -

Answers:
A. Water Code of the Philippines (PD 1067)
 40

B. Public Land Act/Forestry Code

C. DAO 97-23
D. PD 1152
E. Local Government Code (RA 7160)

362. In the 1990's, aquaculture had 30% rate of increase while capture fisheries
had __________%.
Answer: 0%

363. A semi-enclosed coastal basin with limited freshwater input, high salinity,
and restricted circulation; it often lies behind sand dunes, barrier islands, or other
protective features, such as the coral reef of an atoll lagoon.
Answer: lagoon

364. Non-extractive uses of lagoons, estuaries and bays include:

Answers:
A. harbors/recreation
B. disposal sites (sewage and industrial effluents)
C. science and education
D. aquaculture and transport

365. Mangroves in the Philippines declined from 450,000 hectares in `1918 to

____________ hectares in 1995.
Answer: 120,000

366. Features of a beach include:

Answers:
A. bar
B. trough
C. beachface
D. beach ridge
E. foreshore
F. backshore
G. berm
h. dunes

367. Are communities which consist of mud and sand substrate with or without
algae and seagrasses and host to a variety of animals; Unvegetated areas contain
 41

infauna that live on the surface or burrow under including mollusks, worms, sea
urchins, sea cucumber and shrimps.
Answer: soft-bottom

368. Used to determine position or location of a sampling area -

Answers:
A. Global Positioning System (GPS)
B. map
C. compass

369. Total Philippine territorial water area (including EEZ):

Answer: 2,200,000 sq. km.

370. A coral monitoring method which uses 5 line transects each 20 m long, with
the parameters recorded as "lifeforms", or as species if possible.
Answer: line intercept transect method

371. In 1990, in response to the Basel Convention, the Law on Toxic and
Hazardous Wastes was passed -
Answer: R.A. 6969

372. Cooling of the oceans are caused by -

Answers:
A. back radiation to the atmosphere
B. conduction of heat to the atmosphere
C. condensation of water vapor

373. A usually shallow, warm-water lake that is nutrient rich.

Answer: eutrophic

374. The process that organisms use to release chemical bond energy from food.
Answer: digestion

375. Aquatic ecosystems that have high salt content.

Answer: marine ecosystem

376. Area of grasses and reeds that is either permanently flooded or flooded for a
major part of the year.
Answer: marsh

377. A nutrient needed in extremely small amounts for proper plant growth;
examples are boron, zinc, and magnesium.
 42

Answer: micronutrient

378. All the individuals of a given species in an area.

Answer: population

379. Birds that fly considerable distances between their summer breeding areas
and their wintering areas.
Answer: migratory birds

380. Land uses that do not have to be exclusionary, so that two or more uses of
land may occur at the same time.
Answer: multiple land use

381. The series of stages in the flow of nitrogen in ecosystems.

Answer: nitrogen cycle

382. _______________ bacteria are those that are able to convert the nitrogen
gas (N2) in the atmosphere into form that plants can use.
Answer: Nitrogen-fixing

383. Those organisms that swim in open water.

Answer: pelagic

384. A portion of a marine or freshwater ecosystem that occurs in open water

away from the shore.
Answer: pelagic ecosystem

385. Attached organisms in freshwater streams and rivers, including algae,

animals, and fungi.
Answer: periphyton

386. The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; a measure of the
number of hydrogen ions present.
Answer: pH

387. The process of developing a new species.

Answer: speciation

388. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce offspring capable of
reproduction.
Answer: species

389. The phases in a population growth curve in which the death rate and
birthrate become equal.
 43

Answer: stable equilibrium phase

390. Regular and predictable changes in the structure of a community, ultimately

leading to a climax community.
Answer: Succession

391. Marine shoreline ecosystems dominated by trees that can tolerate high salt
concentrations.
Answer: mangrove swamp

392. Using renewable resources in harmony with ecological systems to produce a

rise in real income per person and an improved standard of living fro everyone.
Answer: sustainable development

393. Study of the physical processes of the ocean, such as currents, and tides, or
the interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.
Answer: Physical Oceanography

394. Those species that could become extinct if a critical factor in their
environment were changed.
Answer: threatened species

395. Study of inland bodies of water; deals with the study of the interactions of
the physical, chemical and biological factors that affect their productivity. It
usually includes the study of running waters or lotic habitats (e.g. streams and
rivers) and standing water or lentic habitats (e.g. ponds and lakes)
Answer: Limnology

396. Study of organisms and their two-fold relationships with the ocean
environment - the effects of ocean conditions on the distribution and abundance
of marine organisms, and the effects of the metabolic processes of these
organisms on the chemical properties of seawater.
Answer: Biological Oceanography

397. Science dealing with the occurrence, circulation, distribution and properties
of the waters of the earth and its atmosphere.
Answer: Hydrology

398. Is a branch of knowledge that deals with the sea, and all of its physical,
chemical, geological and biological aspects.
Answer: Oceanography

399. Study of the biological productivity of inland bodies of water and the causal
influences that determine it.
 44

Answer: Limnology

400. Study of running waters.

Answer: Rheology

401. Study of rivers and river systems.

Answer: Potamology

402. __________ water is generally calm, quietly occupying its basin.

Answer: lentic

403. The genetic sequence in standing waters are the:

Answer: lakes, ponds, swamps and marshland

404. Is a body of standing water, completely isolated from the sea and having an
area of open water, relatively deep water, sufficiently large to produce
somewhere in its periphery a barren wave swept shore.
Answer: lake

405. Generally connotes a small, quiet body of standing water with rooted plants
growing across it (or is usually capable of supporting plants all the way across).
Answer: pond

406. Usually considered a pot hole which becomes filled up with water during the
wet or rainy season but becomes dry when there is no rain.
Answer: pool

407. Is an artificial lake, usually the water mass is enclosed within a dam that
surrounds it.
Answer: large impoundment or reservoir

408. Water movement is unidirectional and often with considerable fluctuation in

flow rates due to seasonal variation in rainfall, local climatic conditions and size of
the stream.
Answer: Running or lotic water resource

409. The fate of the ___________ is the degradation of the land and the
reduction of its bed to base level.
Answer: lotic series

410. The fate of the ____________ is will degenerate or is bound to die because
natural processes would lead it to extinction.
 45

Answer: lentic series

411. The bodies of water included in the lotic series include:

Answer: springs, brooks, creek, rivers, streams

412. Considered a source, it is the site of emergence of ground water flowing

along an impervious rock stratum.
Answer: spring

413. Three types of springs according to type of emergence:

Answer: Rheokrenes, Limnokrenes and Helokrenes

414. Also called flowing springs; the water flows from the spring mouth with a
gradient.
Answer: Rheokrenes

415. Also called pool springs; the water comes out from the bottom of the basin.
Answer: Limnokrenes

416. Also called marsh springs; the water oozes out of the ground diffusely and
produces a marshy place.
Answer: Helokrenes

417. _______ emerges from the overflow of a spring (pool spring in particular).
Answer: Brook

418. A __________ originates from a brook as a tributary or outflow.

Answer: creek

419. A _________ is relatively bigger than a brook and the entire water mass is
independent of all secondary movements taking place in it.
Answer: river/stream

420. A semi-enclosed coastal body of water which has a free connection with the
open sea.
Answer: estuary

421. Examples of estuaries:

Answer: river mouths, coastal bays, tidal marshes and bodies of water behind
barrier beaches.

422. A resource of the intertidal zone especially the estuaries, beach/strands and
rocky shores associated with seaward are the intertidal swamps of mangrove and
nipa, mud flats, lagoons, reefs and shallower areas of the continental shelf.
 46

Inward, it includes river, wetlands, ponds, lakes and portion of near lands
(coconut trees), rice flood plains and even certain adjacent hilly lands.
Answer: Inland coastal zone

423. The Philippines has ___________ principal rivers, 7 of which are major river
basins.
Answer: 412

424. The Philippines has _______ lakes; 6 major and 52 minor.

Answer: 58

425. Total surface area of Philippine lakes is _________ ha.

Answer: 199,571 ha

426. Total area of Philippine swamplands is -

Answer: 527,143ha

427. Philippine groundwater reservoirs extend up to at least -

Answer: 56,000 sq. km.

428. Seven major river basins of the Philippines:

Answers: Cagayan, Pampanga, Agno, Bicol, Ilog-Hilabangon, Cotabato and
Agusan River.

429. Major lakes of the country:

Answers: Laguna de Bay, Lake Lanao, Taal, Mainit, Naujan and Buluan.

430. Origin of most of the lakes in the Philippines is closely related to

__________.
Answer: volcanic and seismic activity

431. Different human activities that employ the use of water resources:
Answer: Agriculture, aquaculture, fishing and fishery activities, industrial
activities, construction/infrastructure and recreation.

432. Effects of human activities on the water resources:

Answer: Deterioration of the physico-chemical and biological factors,
destructive exploitation, destruction of aesthetic value of water resource.

433. Deterioration of the physico-chemical and biological factors of our water

resources include:
 47

Answer: siltation, pollution, destruction of nursery and breeding grounds,

gathering of sea products, mangrove and nipa cutting/harvesting, use of
pesticides

434. ________is concerned with assessment, utilization and conservation of a

resource (water resources: e.g. lakes, rivers, swamps, etc.) with the objective of
maintaining the resource to provide maximum sustainable yield.
Answer: resource management

435. __________include the collection and evaluation of facts concerning the

resource, based on basic statistics on the physical to chemical and biological
aspects of the resource.
Answer: assessment

436. Water resource _________ includes aspects for which a water resource
serves human needs as: water supply, power sources, transportation, irrigation,
recreation, fishing for human consumption.
Answer: utilization

437. _________ includes the aggregate of the measures rendering possible the
optimum sustainable yield from those resources so as to secure a maximum
supply of food and other fishery products.

Answer: conservation

438. Measures or steps in managing water resources to enhance production:

Answer: 1. describing the stocks of wild animals and plants with respect to
their abundance, migration, distribution, behavior, size, age, composition, rate of
growth and rate of mortality
2. describing the environmental factors that limit the stock
3. describing kind of distribution and cost of fishing
4. protecting and enhancing the environment

439. Significance of steps in managing water resources to enhance production:

Answer: 1. contribute to vital information needed to estimate the yield from

the stocks from natural events and amount of fishing.
2. provide information for planning to maximize utility of the resource.

440. Includes all the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water.
Answer: Water quality
 48

441. Physical characteristics of water.

Answers: Temperature
Density
Color
Turbidity

442. Types of water color.

Answers: True color
Apparent color

443. Chemical characteristic of water.

Answers: 1. Amount of gasses dissolved in water such as oxygen and carbon
dioxide
2. pH
3. Salinity
4. Amounts of nutrients dissolved in water e.g., phosphorus,
nitrogen, potassium and other minor nutrients
5. Total alkalinity
6. Total hardness
7. Particulate organic matter
8. Total solids

444. Biological aspects of water quality.

Answers:
1. Phytoplankton are minute plants suspended in the water column.
2. Macrophytes are vascular plants including floating, rooted and
submerged vegetation, other organisms, zooplankton and
other animals affect water quality too.

445. The end result of the interaction of the organism and its environment.
Answer: biological productivity

446. Problems that can occur if water quality is not controlled.

Answers: Pollution
Disease problem
Mortality of aquatic organisms
Aging of lake

447. Measures to be taken to prevent problems that can occur in case water
quality controlled is not controlled?
Answers: 1. Controlling of stocking rate of natural body of water.
 49

2. Dumping of domestic and industrial waste into the river or lake

should be avoided.
3. Grasses/trees should be planted in the vicinity or watershed to
avoid soil erosion.
4. Proper exploitation of the resources should be done to ensure a
balance of population.

448. Term used to designate these organisms which can swim freely in water and
possess of locomotion to enable them more or less independent of drifting effects
of water movement.
Answer: nekton

449. Term used to designate the heterogeneous assemblage of minute organisms

and finely divided non-living materials that occur in the water column, that float
and drift at the mercy of waves and other water movements.
Answer: Plankton

450. Term used to designate the organisms living on the bottom and substratum.
Answer: benthos

451. How do you assess fish or nekton population?

Answer: 1. Determine the species of fish available
2. Determine the stock size.

452. How are the species available determined?

Answers: 1. Gather information on what fish are available thru the catch of
fisherman.
2. Conduct regular sampling of fish by using catching gear.
3. Determine availability of the stock
4. Record species, sex, size of animals

453. Factors that affect the availability of the fish stock.

Answers: 1. Seasons of the year
2. Location of the sampling site
3. Feeding and spawning migration
4. Selectivity of gear
5. Recruitment
6. Outlet of a water source
7. Exploitation by man

454. Is a property that measures the amount of heat absorbed by water.

Answer: temperature
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455. Mass of water per unit volume.

Answer: density

456. Results from the unabsorbed light rays remaining from incident light.
Answer: color

457. ________ color is caused by substances in true solution or in colloidal

suspension.
Answer: True

458. ________ color is caused by suspended particulate.

Answer: Apparent

459. Refers to decreased ability of water to transmit light; it measures the

transparency of water.
Answer: turbidity

460. The amount of hydrogen-ion concentration; a measure of acidity and

basicity of water.
Answer: pH

461. Total concentration of an ionic constituents present in a water sample.

Answer: salinity

462. The total concentration of bases in water expressed as mg/L equivalent

CaCO³.
Answer: Total alkalinity

463. Total concentration of alkaline earth ions expressed as mg/L equivalent

calcium carbonate.
Answer: Total hardness

464. Total particulate matter based on the weight loss after ignition at 550°C of
residue on the filter.
Answer: Particulate organic matter

465. The amount of total residue left upon evaporation of a raw water sample.
Answer: total solids

466. It is either the number (N) of the individuals or the weight (W) of a stock at
a given time.
Answer: stock size
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467. Aside from stock size, what other terminologies could be used to represent
the number of individuals or weight of a stock at a given time.
Answers: 1. population size
2. abundance and density
3. biomass
4. carrying capacity
5. standing crop

468. Significance of knowing the stock size.

Answers: 1. It is a measure of the utilization of the aquatic space. The total
weight of one species or all of the species of fish in a body of
water (standing crop) is a rough index of productivity.
2. Change in stock size provides fundamental statistics for the
estimation of survival and mortality.

469. What factors affect stock size.

Answers: 1. population of food organisms
2. predators
3. competitors
4. environmental influences
5. natality
6. mortality

470. Measures used to determine stock size.

Answers: 1. direct count
2. marked -recapture method
3. catch per unit effort
4. survival and mortality

471. Data that could be determined when using direct count to determine stock
size.
Answers: 1. Individual count in known fraction of area occupied by the stocks
are captured and counted, additional information on size and
age structure are taken.
2. The catch of any mobile fishing net can be used for direct
estimation of stock size when the selectivity of the net and
area is known.
3. Sonar gear for fish detection with addition of counter or
integrator to the electronic equipment may be able to count
the fish.
4. Correlated populations
5. Breeding population could be estimated from production of eggs,
number of nest, and the information required are eggs per
 52

female per unit weight of females, sex ration and total

number of eggs during spawning season.

472. A method to measure the stock size of small, discrete freshwater stocks that
supports recreational fisheries and for which complete statistics are difficult to
find.
Formula: N = mC/r
Where: N - number of fish
m - sample of fish marked
C - catch of fish on another sampling
r - number of mark fish recaptured
Answer: Marked-recapture method

473. Method of measuring stock size in bodies of water too large or too remote to
permit stock size estimation from marked numbers, direct or correlated counts.
Answer: catch per unit effort (cpue)

474. The amount of fish caught per unit of time fished by standard units of gear
and vessel such as anglers hours or trawling hours or soaking time of fixed net.
Answer: Fishing effort

475. These parameters are determined by a comparison of the number of a

cohort or group of cohorts alive at successive ages. The cohort maybe composed
of either marked animals or year classes of animals in a stock as determined by
age analysis and sampling catches.
Answer: survival (S) and mortality (1-s)

476. How do you manage fish population for maximum production.

Answers: 1. Regulate the average amount of fishing effort that will permit a
sustained catch of a maximum weight of fish.
2. Increase the stock size relative to the carrying capacity of a
given resource.
3. Improving the living conditions of the fish through fertilizers,
feeds, water depth regulation, etc., predator control and
species protection.

477. How will you regulate the average amount of fishing effort that will permit a
sustained catch of a maximum weight of fish?
Answers: 1. Proper exploitation of fish such that mature or spawners are
able to reproduce and young ones are able to mature to
perpetuate the species.
2. Observance of close and open seasons for the species
3. Gear selection
 53

478. Stock size elative to the carrying capacity of a given species could be
increased by:
Answers: 1. By stocking fingerlings
2. By stocking different species of fish with complimentary habits
from those present.
3. Manipulating stocking density through skimming or selective
harvest of fish.

479. Plankton population of a resource could be assessed by:

Answers: Qualitatively
Quantitatively

480. Importance of assessing plankton population.

Answer: Provide data on the natural population that serve as food of fishes

481. Technique of qualitatively assessing plankton population.

Answer: Determine the species composition of phytoplankton and
zooplankton present regularly within a period of time, and sending specimens in
testing laboratories or identifying them with the aid of taxonomic keys available in
libraries.

482. Plankton population could be quantitatively assessed by:

Answer: Determine the amount of production and rate

483. How is the amount of plankton production determined?

Answers: 1. Numerical count
2. Biomass determination
3. Pigment measurement

484. Numerical counting of plankton could be made by:

Answers: Phytoplankton
1. Microtransect method
2. Use of counting chambers such as the haemacytometer
Zooplankton
3. The Sedgewick-Rafter (S-R) counting chamber which is a 50mm
long by 20mm wide by 1 mm deep.

485. In plankton biomass determination, the weight of plankton is determined

using the:
Answers: 1. Dry weight - oven dried weight of algae may have some residual
 54

water.
2. Ash free dry weight - the oven dried samples is placed in a
furnace to burn at 500ºC. The ash is measured.
3. Dry-weight ash - ash free dry weight represents the organic
matter.

486. In __________ chlorophyll is extracted from phytoplankton and the

concentration of chlorophyll is determined colorometrically by a
spectrophotometer.
Answer: pigment measurement

487. How is the rate of production of phytoplankton or primary producers

determined?
Answers: 1. Free water method
2. Light and dark bottle in situ incubation method
3. Carbon 14 method

488. How could plankton population be maintained?

Answers: 1. Addition of fertilizer or nutrients in the body of water.
2. Removal of obstacles that may hinder light penetration.
3. Controlling heavy turbidity.

489. How do you assess the benthos population?

Answer: Using a dredge to bring up a definite area on the bottom, the
number of organisms in the mud is taken, sorted and counted.

490. How do you manage the benthic population?

Answer: Improve their habitat by providing hiding places for their
reproduction.

491. How can you maintain the existence of a lake?

Answers: 1. Proper utilization of its resources
2. Industrial and domestic wastes should not be dumped into the
lake to avoid pollution and ageing of lake.
3. Eroding land masses surrounding the lake should be restored.
4. Excavation or dredging at some point may help maintain the
lake.

492. Running waters could be managed by:

Answers: 1. Reforestation combined with engineering work
2. Dumping of pesticides, industrial waste and other source of
 55

pollution should be made.

3. Use of river should be controlled to prevent pollution.

493. How can reservoirs and impoundments be managed?

Answers: 1. Man-made reservoirs are meant for fisheries, irrigation, for
hydroelectric power or for domestic use of water.
2. The alternately exposed and inundated shores of large lakes
could be used for cultivation of short-term crops and for
livestock.
3. Pollution problem should be avoided.
4. Man-made lake must be protected from excessive siltation and
loss of holding capacity.
5. Pumping installations could be made.
6. Where edges of a man-made lake are likely to spread in shallow
sheets of water, dikes and bunks may be constructed.
7. Swamp drainage for land reclamation should be evaluated.

494. Over-all effects of reservoir and impoundment management schemes.

Answers: 1. Possibilities for aquaculture purposes.
2. Dams are obstruction to fish migration, hence alteration of
species is likely to occur.
3. Excavation alters the habitat fro some benthic organisms and the
spawning grounds of some aquatic animals.
4. Changes in fish fauna can likely occur.
5. Flooding and siltation may destroy spawning grounds of fish.
6. Dam alters water flow characteristics downstream and thus may
affect aquatic stocks in many different ways, as well as
velocity, discharge, volume and water chemistry.

495. A water resource and its watershed could be conserved by:

Answers: 1. Hydraulic engineering to control floods through dams,
impoundment levels and canals;
2. Lateral expansion zones designated as reserve areas should be
kept free from agricultural, engineering and construction
works.
3. Pollution should be avoided.
4. Instream improvement structures to impound, or modify flow,
which may provide direct cover and improve spawning areas
should be made.
5. Siltation and erosion should be prevented.

496. How are you going to conserve the biota, plankton, nekton and benthos?
 56

Answers; 1. Providing spawning areas and modifying bottoms of resources

and streams.
2. Providing refuge traps.
3. Introducing new species.
4. Stocking of fish and management of stock.
5. Providing fish passes.
6. Habitat improvement through fertilization and water quality
management.
7. Providing regulation on catch limitation, etc.