PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

Table of Content
1. GEOMORPHOLOGY ....................................... 1 5. POPULATION AND MIGRATION IN INDIA . 28
Origin and evolution of earth .......................... 1 Significance Of Population Studies ...............28
Age Of The Earth .............................................. 1 Trends In Population Growth ........................28
Motions Of The Earth ....................................... 1 Factors Responsible For High Population
Earth’s Magnetosphere .................................... 2 Growth In India ...............................................28
Internal Structure Of The Earth ..................... 2 Implications Of High Population Growth......29
Distribution Of Oceans And Continents ........ 3 Distribution Of Population And Its Density .29
Mechanism Of Plates Movement ..................... 4 Population Census In India ...........................30
Volcanoes .......................................................... 6 Working Population ........................................30
Landforms And Their Evolution ...................... 7 Demographic Dividend: Window Of
2. CLIMATOLOGY ............................................ 11 Opportunities ..................................................30
Difference between climate and weather ...... 11 Human Development ......................................31
Earth’s Atmosphere ........................................ 11 China And India: Contrasting Population
Climate Change And Atmosphere ................. 12 Trends ..............................................................33
Heat Budget .................................................... 12 Migration .........................................................33
Cryosphere And Climate Change .................. 13 Internal Migration ...........................................33
Fujiwhara Effect ............................................. 14 External Migration ..........................................35
3. OCEANOGRAPHY ........................................ 15 6. HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED
Ocean Reliefs .................................................. 15 ISSUES.......................................................... 38
Salinity ............................................................ 15 Classification Of Settlements.........................38
Movement Of Ocean Waters .......................... 16 Urbanization In India .....................................38
Climate Change And Ocean Circulation....... 17 The Faulty Pattern Of Urbanization:.............39
Coral Reefs ...................................................... 17 Human Settlements And Water Pollution ....40
Ocean Pollution .............................................. 18 Human Settlements And Air Pollution..........41
Marine Resources ........................................... 18 Climate Change Impact On Coastal Indian
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Cities ................................................................42
(AMOC) ............................................................ 19 Climate Smart Cities Assessment And Its
Deep Ocean Exploration Initiatives .............. 19 Impact ..............................................................42
4. INDIAN CLIMATE ........................................ 21 Way Ahead For Sustainable And Inclusive
Human Settlement..........................................43
Characteristic Features Of Indian Climate .. 21
Factors Determining The Climate Of India .. 21 7. LAND USE PATTERN AND ITS CHANGING
Indian Monsoon .............................................. 22 TREND .......................................................... 44
Origin Of Indian Monsoon ............................. 22 Land Use Planning..........................................44
Nature And Important Aspects Of Monsoon 23 Importance Of Land Use Planning ................44
Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) And Indian Impact Of Land Use Change ..........................44
Monsoon .......................................................... 24 Changing Trends In Land Use Pattern In
El- Nino And Indian Monsoon ....................... 24 India .................................................................45
La-Nina And Indian Monsoon ....................... 24 Land Use Classification ..................................45
Why Cyclones Are Rare During Peak Link Between Land Use Change And Climate
Monsoon Months (July & August) ? ............. 25 Change .............................................................46
Impact Of Cyclones/ Anti-Cyclones On Desertification .................................................47
Monsoon .......................................................... 25 8. LOCATION OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY
Distribution Of Rainfall.................................. 25 AND TERTIARY SECTOR INDUSTRIES..... 49
Changing Rainfall Pattern In The Country .. 26 Primary Activities ............................................49
Monsoon And Economic Life Of India .......... 27 Agriculture Sector In India ............................50
Conclusion ...................................................... 27 Types Of Agriculture .......................................50
Cooperative Farming In India ........................51

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

Rising Share Of Agricultural Employment ... 52 Fly Ash............................................................. 80

Major Constraints In Indian Agriculture ...... 52 Lithium Reserves ............................................ 80
Dairy Sector In India ...................................... 53 Offshore Wind Energy .................................... 81
Agro-Based And Agro-Processing Industries54
Mining Sector In India ................................... 55 10. WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR
Secondary Sector ............................................ 57 MANAGEMENT IN INDIA ............................ 83
Importance Of The Industrial Sector In The Water Scarcity................................................. 83
Indian Context ................................................ 57 Water Resource Management (WRM) ........... 83
Types Of Industries ........................................ 58 Water Use Efficiency ...................................... 84
Factors Influencing The Location Of Micro-Watershed Development And
Industries ........................................................ 59 Management ................................................... 86
Industrial Corridors (IC) In India .................. 59 Government Steps For Water Resource
Strategy Of Regional Resource-Based Management ....................................................86
Manufacturing And Management ................. 60 Way Ahead For Water Resource Management
Textile Industries ............................................ 61 ..........................................................................87
Cotton Textile Industry .................................. 61 Draft Water Policy ...........................................87
Jute Industry .................................................. 63 Dam Safety Act, 2021.....................................88
Sugar Industry ................................................ 64 11. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN
Tertiary Sector ................................................ 67 INDIA ............................................................ 90
Quaternary Sector/ Knowledge Based Utility Of Transportation In Improving
Industries ........................................................ 68 Industrial Growth ...........................................90
Quinary Sector ................................................ 69 Railway Transport System .............................90
9. MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES .... 71 Road Transport ...............................................92
Types Of Mineral Resources .......................... 71 Civil Aviation ...................................................94
Distribution Of Key Mineral Resources In Shipping And Inland Waterways ...................95
India ................................................................. 71 Interlinking Of Rivers .....................................98
Production Of Minerals .................................. 73 Development Of Pipeline Transport ..............98
Energy Resources ........................................... 74 12. GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TO
Sources Of Energy .......................................... 75 DISASTERS IN INDIA ................................ 100
Major Sources Of Power Generation In India Hazard Viz-A-Viz Disaster ............................ 100
......................................................................... 75 Classification Of Disaster............................. 100
Problems With India' S Power Sector............ 75 Earthquake.................................................... 100
Initiatives Taken To Resolve Challenges ...... 76 Cyclones ........................................................ 103
Way Forward ................................................... 76 Drought.......................................................... 104
Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy .......... 76 Landslides ..................................................... 105
Solar Power ..................................................... 76 Heatwave ....................................................... 107
Tidal Energy .................................................... 77 Forest Fire ..................................................... 109
Hydrogen-Based Energy ................................ 78 Floods............................................................. 110
Hybrid Renewable Energy.............................. 78 Urban Flood................................................... 111
Gas-Based Economy ...................................... 79 Glacial Lakes Outburst Floods .................... 112

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

1 GEOMORPHOLOGY

ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF EARTH

Our planet Earth is part of a vast and dynamic solar system. Understanding Earth's origins is intricately linked to
understanding the birth of the solar system itself. There are the following theories given for the origin and evolution of
Earth:
• Big Bang Theory: ”‘’‘•‡†„›†™‹ —„„Ž‡ǡ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›•—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͳ͵Ǥ͸„‹ŽŽ‹‘
›‡ƒ”•ƒ‰‘ˆ”‘ƒ•‹‰—Žƒ”’‘‹–ǡ‡š’ƒ†‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›ƒˆ–‡”ƒ ‘Ž‘••ƒŽ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘Ǥ
• Nebular Hypothesis: ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› ƒ– ƒ† ƒ’Žƒ ‡ǡ –Š‹• –Š‡‘”› ’”‘’‘•‡• –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ǡ Š‘–ǡ
‰ƒ•‡‘—•‡„—ŽƒǤ˜‡”–‹‡ǡ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ—•‡†‹––‘Ž‘•‡Š‡ƒ–ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ ‘–”ƒ –‹‘ƒ† ‘‘Ž‹‰ǤŠ‹••’‹‹‰ƒ••
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ„—Ž‰‡†—‡–‘‹–•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹–‘”‹‰•–Šƒ– ‘†‡•‡†–‘ˆ‘”’Žƒ‡–•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ•• „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ •—Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‹• –Š‡‘”› •–”—‰‰Ž‡• –‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹ –Š‡ ˜ƒ•– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ ƒ‰—Žƒ”
‘‡–—„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ
• Planetesimal Hypothesis:Šƒ„‡”Žƒ‹ƒ†‘—Ž–‘’”‘’‘•‡†–Šƒ–ƒ’ƒ••‹‰•–ƒ”‹–‡”ƒ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•—ǡ’—ŽŽ‹‰
‘—– ƒ ‹‰ƒ”Ǧ•Šƒ’‡† ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ Š‹• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •—’’‘•‡†Ž› ‘†‡•‡† –‘ ˆ‘” ’Žƒ‡–•ǡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‹‰
‡–‡‘”‹–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‹–‡•‡Š‡ƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ”–Š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‡Ž› ƒ—•‡†‰ƒ•‡•–‘‡• ƒ’‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ
‘†‡•‡Ǥ
• Tidal Hypothesis: ‡ƒ•ƒ† ‡ˆˆ”‡›’”‘’‘•‡†ƒ̶„‹ƒ”›•–ƒ”̶• ‡ƒ”‹‘™Š‡”‡–Š‡•—‹–‡”ƒ –‡†™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•–ƒ”ǡ
ƒ—•‹‰–‹†ƒŽˆ‘” ‡•–‘’—ŽŽ‘—–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Šƒ–ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡’Žƒ‡–•ǤŽ‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‡‘”›‹•–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•̵–ƒ ‘—–
ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹•”—’–‹˜‡ˆ‘” ‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•—Ǥ
• Protoplanet Hypothesis:Š‹•–Š‡‘”›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–”ƒ’‹†Ž›”‘–ƒ–‹‰‡„—Žƒ”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡†Žƒ”‰‡•™‹”Ž‹‰”‡‰‹‘•
ƒŽŽ‡†˜‘”–‡š‡•ǤŠ‡•‡˜‘”–‡š‡•ƒ––”ƒ –‡†•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š‰”ƒ˜‹–›ǡ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›„‡ ‘‹‰’”‘–‘’Žƒ‡–•Ǥ
ƒŽŽ‡”˜‘”–‡š‡•™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡Žƒ”‰‡”‘‡•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘”‡†’Žƒ‡–ƒ”›•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•Ǥ
While each theory offers valuable insights, they all have limitations. New discoveries constantly refine our
understanding, making Earth's origin an ongoing scientific mystery.
AGE OF THE EARTH
•  ‹‡–‹•–•‡•–‹ƒ–‡ƒ”–Š–‘„‡”‘—‰ŠŽ›4.54 billion years oldǡ™‹–Šƒƒ”‰‹‘ˆ‡””‘”‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‘
‡•–‹ƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡›‡’Ž‘›‡†ƒ–‡ Š‹“—‡ ƒŽŽ‡†radiometric datingǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘†ƒƒŽ›•‡•–Š‡„”‡ƒ†‘™‘ˆ
”ƒ†‹‘ƒ –‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–•™‹–Š‹”‘ •Ǥ
• ƒ†‹‘‡–”‹  †ƒ–‹‰ ‘‡• ‹ –™‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡ƒ•—”‡• –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •Š‘”–ǦŽ‹˜‡† ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ –‹˜‡
‡Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡ ƒ”„‘ǦͳͶǤ ‘–Š‡”ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ–”ƒ –Š‡†‡ ƒ›‘ˆŽ‘‰ǦŽ‹˜‡†”ƒ†‹‘ƒ –‹˜‡‡Ž‡‡–•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–Š‡‹”
•–ƒ„Ž‡†‡ ƒ›’”‘†— –•ǡ•— Šƒ•’‘–ƒ••‹—ǦͳͶ†‡ ƒ›‹‰‹–‘ƒ”‰‘ǦͶͲǤ
• ›ƒƒŽ›•‹‰–Š‡•‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ• ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘ ƒ†ǡ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ‰ƒ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹•‹‰Š–•‹–‘
–Š‡ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘—”’Žƒ‡–Ǥ
MOTIONS OF THE EARTH
The Earth's two main motions are rotation and revolution. Rotation refers to the Earth spinning on its axis, creating a
day and night cycle. Revolution is the Earth's movement around the Sun in a fixed path, or orbit.
EFFECTS OF EARTH'S ROTATION:
• Day and Night:Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡ʹͶǦŠ‘—” › Ž‡‘ˆ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–ƒ††ƒ”‡••Ǥ
• Earth's Shape:‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ—•‡•–Š‡ƒ”–Š–‘„—Ž‰‡•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ƒ†ˆŽƒ––‡ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ
• Daily Phenomena:‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•—”‹•‡ǡ•—•‡–ǡƒ†‘‘†—‡–‘ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Wind and Current Deflection: Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡ ƒ—•‡†„›ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‡ˆŽ‡ –•™‹†•ƒ†‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•Ǥ
• Apparent Movement: Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡‹ŽŽ—•‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡—ǡ•–ƒ”•ǡƒ†–Š‡‘‘ƒ”‡‘˜‹‰ƒ ”‘••–Š‡•›Ǥ
EFFECTS OF EARTH'S REVOLUTION
• —”’Žƒ‡––”ƒ˜‡Ž•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—‹ƒ‡ŽŽ‹’–‹ ƒŽ‘”„‹–ǡ ƒ—•‹‰‹–••’‡‡†–‘˜ƒ”›–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡›‡ƒ”Ǥ –̵••Ž‘™‡•–
™Š‡ˆƒ”–Š‡•–ˆ”‘–Š‡—ȋƒ’Š‡Ž‹‘Ȍƒ†ˆƒ•–‡•–™Š‡ Ž‘•‡•–ȋ’‡”‹Š‡Ž‹‘ȌǤ
• Consequences of Revolutionǣ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Seasonal Changes:Š‡–‹Ž–‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•ƒš‹•ƒ•‹–”‡˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡—”‡•—Ž–•‹–Š‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ˜ƒ”›‹‰ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ •—Ž‹‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ
Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
o Daylight Length: Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ†ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–Š‘—”•ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ‰‡•†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥƒ›•ƒ”‡Ž‘‰‡”‹
•—‡”ƒ†•Š‘”–‡”‹™‹–‡”‹–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ
o Shifting Wind Belts: Š‡”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™‹†’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ•–Š‡ƒ”–Š”‡˜‘Ž˜‡•ǡ™‹†„‡Ž–••Š‹ˆ–ǡ
‹’ƒ –‹‰™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ
THE THREE NORTH POLES:
There are three North Poles of the Earth: The geographic, the magnetic, and the geomagnetic.
• Geographic North Pole:Š‹•‹•–Š‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽ–‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”–Šǡ–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒš‹•‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘‹–‡”•‡ –•–Š‡
ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
• Magnetic North Pole: Š‹•‹•–Š‡’‘‹–‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž††‹’••–”ƒ‹‰Š–
†‘™Ǥ –̵•‘–ˆ‹š‡†ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–Ž›†”‹ˆ–•†—‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ
• Geomagnetic North Pole: Š‹•‹•–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‘•–’‘‹–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ‰‡–‹ •Š‹‡Ž†–Šƒ–
’”‘–‡ –•—•ˆ”‘ Šƒ”‰‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡—Ǥ

Keywords: Hot Gaseous Nebula; Centrifugal Force; Gravitational Pull; Tidal Distortions; Bi-Parental Origin Of Sun;
Proto-Planets; Jigsaw fit of the continents; Glacial deposits; Placer deposits; Fossil distribution; Polar fleeing force;
Tidal force.; Etc

EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE
• ƒ”–Š̵•‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ –•Ž‹‡ƒ‰‹ƒ–ƒ‰‡–ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ƒ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡„—„„Ž‡ ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ƒ‰‡–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
• Š‹•†›ƒ‹ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ•Šƒ’‡†„›–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•–ƒ–ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ Šƒ”‰‡†’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡—ȋ•‘Žƒ”
™‹†Ȍǡ•Š‹‡Ž†•‘—”’Žƒ‡–ˆ”‘Šƒ”ˆ—Ž”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ
• Š‡ Š—”‹‰‘ˆ‘Ž–‡‹”‘†‡‡’™‹–Š‹ƒ”–Š̵•‘—–‡” ‘”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‹•ƒ‰‡–‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰ˆƒ”‘—–‹–‘•’ƒ ‡
–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†‘—”’Žƒ‡–Ǥ
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
Most of our knowledge about the interior of the Earth is largely based on estimates and inferences. Yet, a part of the
information is obtained through direct observations and analysis of materials.
Direct Sources Indirect Sources
• ‡‡’ ‡ƒ”‹ŽŽ‹‰”‘Œ‡ – • ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ matter’s properties indirectly provides
• ‘Ž ƒ‹ ”—’–‹‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”Ǥ
• ‡–‡‘”•–Šƒ–ƒ––‹‡•”‡ƒ Š–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š
• ”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘
• ƒ‰‡–‹  ‹‡Ž†
• ‡‹•‹   –‹˜‹–›ǣ – ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–
•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
‡ ‡ǡ™‡•ŠƒŽŽ†‹• —••‹–‹•‘‡†‡–ƒ‹ŽǤ
On the basis of seismic investigations, the earth’s interior has been broadly divided into three major parts:
1. The Crust
2. The Mantle
3. The Core

Crust: The outermost shell, thinnest over oceans (5-10 km) and
thicker under continents (35 km, reaching 70 km in mountain
belts). The Mohorovicic discontinuity separates the crust from
the mantle.
• ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ ”—•–Šƒ•two layersǣ
o Sialȋ—’’‡”Ȍǣ‹ Š‹•‹Ž‹ ƒƒ†ƒŽ—‹—ȋͳͳ–Š‹ ȌǤ
o SimaȋŽ‘™‡”Ȍǣ‹ Š‹•‹Ž‹ ƒƒ†ƒ‰‡•‹—ȋʹʹ–Š‹ ȌǤ
• Š‡Conrad discontinuity•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡••‹ƒŽƒ†•‹ƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
Mantle: The source of Earth's internal energy, driving phenomena like plate tectonics and earthquakes. It extends from
the Mohorovicic discontinuity to 2900 km depth.
• Š‡Gutenberg-Weichert†‹• ‘–‹—‹–›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘”‡Ǥ
•  ”‡ƒ•‡†•‡‹•‹ ™ƒ˜‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡•‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‹–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ ”—•–Ǥ
• The mantle has two layers:
o Upper mantle (0-1000 km)ǣŠ‡ —–‡„‡”‰Žƒ›‡”™‹–Š‹‹–Šƒ•ƒœ‘‡‘ˆ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‡‹•‹ ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ
o Lower mantle (1000 km - 2900 km)Ǥ
• Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ‘’”‹•‹‰–Š‡ ”—•–ƒ†–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ–Ž‡̵•—’’‡”‘•–’ƒ”–ǡ”‡•–•‘–Š‡ƒ•–Š‡‘•’Š‡”‡ǡƒ’Žƒ•–‹ Ǧ
Ž‹‡œ‘‡‹–Š‡Ž‘™‡”ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ
Core: Earth's innermost layer, separated from the mantle by the Gutenberg-Weichert discontinuity and extending
to the center.
• Š‡ ‘”‡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆƒliquid outer coreƒ†ƒsolid inner core†—‡–‘‹‡•‡’”‡••—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆǦ™ƒ˜‡••—‰‰‡•–•–Š‡‘—–‡” ‘”‡̵•Ž‹“—‹†•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Š‡ ‘”‡̵•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡ƒ”‘—†͸ͲͲͲιǡ™‹–Š‹‡•‡’”‡••—”‡‡š ‡‡†‹‰͵‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ ‘”‡‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡ ‘’‘•‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›‘ˆnickel and ironǤ

DISTRIBUTION OF OCEANS AND CONTINENTS

The distribution of oceans and continents as it is today has not been the same throughout geological history. Various
theories have been put forward to explain the relative motion of the
oceans and the continents. 
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
• Alfred Wegner ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ’‡”•‘ ™Š‘ ’—– ˆ‘”™ƒ”† ƒ
‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ”‹ˆ–‹ͳͻͳʹǤ
• Theoryǣ
o ‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘–‹‡–• ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡ Œ‘‹‡†
–‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒǡ •—””‘—†‡† „› •‡ƒ ‘ ƒŽŽ
•‹†‡•‘™ƒ•ƒ–ŠƒŽƒ••ƒǤ
o ƒ‰ƒ‡ƒ ˆ‹”•– „”‘‡ ‹–‘ ƒ—”ƒ•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘†™ƒƒǡ ˆ‘”‹‰
‘”–Š‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡” ‘’‘‡–•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
o  –Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– ’Šƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ—”ƒ•‹ƒ ƒ† ‘†™ƒƒŽƒ†
continued to break to occupy today’s position.
• Evidence for Continental Driftǣ
o Jig Saw Fit Of The Continents:Š‡•Š‘”‡Ž‹‡•‘ˆ ‘–‹‡–•ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‘—–Š‡”‹ ƒƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒǡˆ‹––‘‰‡–Š‡”Ž‹‡’—œœŽ‡
’‹‡ ‡•ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰–Š‡›™‡”‡‘ ‡Œ‘‹‡†Ǥ
o Rocks Lying Across The Continents Having the Same Ageǣ‘ •‘ˆ•‹‹Žƒ”ƒ‰‡ƒ† ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†
‘‘’’‘•‹–‡•‹†‡•‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ʹ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ǧ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ž†
”‘ •ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–•‘ˆ”ƒœ‹Žƒ†‡•–‡”ˆ”‹ ƒǤ
o Glacial Depositsǣ ‡†‹‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†™ƒƒ
•›•–‡‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ ”‘•••‹š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ†
ƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‡ ‹• ‘’‘•‡† ‘ˆ –‹ŽŽ‹–‡ ȋƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‡•’”‘Ž‘‰‡†‰Žƒ ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Placer Depositsǣ‹ Š‰‘Ž††‡’‘•‹–•‹ ŠƒƒǡŽƒ ‹‰
ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ •‘—” ‡ ”‘ ǡ ƒ”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡†
ˆ”‘‰‘Ž†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰˜‡‹•‹”ƒœ‹Žǡˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–‹‰
ƒ’ƒ•– ‘‡ –‹‘Ǥ
o Fossil Distributionǣ ‘••‹Ž•‘ˆ‡•‘•ƒ—”—•ǡƒ”‡’–‹Ž‡
ˆ‘—† ‹ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ ™ƒ–‡”•ǡ ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡– ‹ „‘–Š ‘—–Š
‡”‹ ƒ ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‹’Ž›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ‘–‹‡–• ™‡”‡
‘ ‡ Ž‘•‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ
• Force Responsible For Causing The Driftǣ
o ‡‰‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–™‘ˆ‘” ‡•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”†”‹ˆ–‹‰–Š‡ ‘–‹‡–•Ǥ
▪ Polar Fleeing Forceǣ –‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡”‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
▪ Tidal Forceǣ –‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—ƒ†–Š‡‘‘Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o ‡‰‡”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‘” ‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽ‘‰†—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†”‹ˆ–‹‰‘ˆ ‘–‹‡–•Ǥ
o Ž–Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‡‰‡” Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‡’–‡†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ †”‹ˆ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
”‡Œ‡ –‡†Ǥ
CONVECTIONAL CURRENTS THEORY (1930S, ARTHUR HOLMES):
• Theoryǣ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‹• ƒ—•‡†„›•Ž‘™Ǧ‘˜‹‰ —””‡–•‘ˆŠ‘–”‘ ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–Ž‡Ǥ
• Driving Forceǣ ‡ƒ– ˆ”‘ ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ –‹˜‡ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–Ž‡ ”‡ƒ–‡• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
‹” —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‘–ǡ„—‘›ƒ–”‘ Ǥ
• Criticismǣ ‘‡ • ‹‡–‹•–• “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ”ƒ†‹‘ƒ –‹˜‡ †‡ ƒ› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ‡‘—‰Š Š‡ƒ– –‘ •—•–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ˜‹‰‘”‘—•
‘˜‡ –‹‘ —””‡–•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘” ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY (1961, HARRY HESS):
• TheoryǣŠ‡‘ ‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”‹• ‘•–ƒ–Ž›•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ–‹†Ǧ‘ ‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•†—‡–‘˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ‡”—’–‹‘•Ǥ‡™•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”’—•Š‡•
‘Ž†‡”•‡ –‹‘•‘—–™ƒ”†ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ ‘–‹‡–•–‘†”‹ˆ–ƒ’ƒ”–Ǥ
• Evidenceǣ ‡ƒ‹  ”—•–‹•›‘—‰‡”‡ƒ””‹†‰‡•ƒ†’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡Ž›‘Ž†‡”ˆƒ”–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ›ǤŠ‡•’”‡ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‘‡‘ ‡ƒ
„ƒ•‹†‘‡•̵–•Š”‹ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ•—‰‰‡•–‹‰ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–’Žƒ›Ǥ
• Seafloor Consumptionǣ ‡••–Š‡‘”‹œ‡†–Šƒ–•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”’—•Š‡†„›•’”‡ƒ†‹‰”‹†‰‡•‹• ‘•—‡†„›•—„†— –‹‘œ‘‡•
ƒ–‘ ‡ƒ‹ –”‡ Š‡•Ǥ
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY (1967, MCKENZIE, PARKER, AND MORGAN):
• Theoryǣƒ”–Š̵•”‹‰‹†‘—–‡”•Š‡ŽŽǡ–Š‡Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‹•„”‘‡‹–‘Žƒ”‰‡ǡ‘˜‹‰’Žƒ–‡•ȋ–‡ –‘‹ ’Žƒ–‡•ȌǤŠ‡•‡’Žƒ–‡•
‘•‹•–‘ˆ„‘–Š ‘–‹‡–ƒŽƒ†‘ ‡ƒ‹  ”—•–Ǥ
• Plate MovementǣŽƒ–‡•‘˜‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ–ƒˆ‡™ ‡–‹‡–”‡•’‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Plate CompositionǣŽƒ–‡• ƒ„‡’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›‘ ‡ƒ‹ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡƒ ‹ˆ‹ Žƒ–‡Ȍ‘” ‘–‹‡–ƒŽȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ—”ƒ•‹ƒŽƒ–‡Ȍǡ‘”
ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„‘–ŠǤ

MECHANISM OF PLATES MOVEMENT

• The earth’s lithosphere is divided into many major and some minor plates.
• ‘—‰ ‘Ž†‘—–ƒ‹”‹†‰‡•ǡ–”‡ Š‡•ǡƒ†Ȁ‘”ˆƒ—Ž–••—””‘—†–Š‡•‡ƒŒ‘”’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ
• The major plates are as follows:
1. Antarctica and the surrounding oceanic plate
2. North American (with the western Atlantic floor separated from the South American plate along the Caribbean
islands) plate
3. South American (with the western Atlantic floor separated from the North American plate along the Caribbean
islands) plate
4. Pacific plate
5. India-Australia-New Zealand plate
6. Africa with the eastern Atlantic floor plate
7. Eurasia and the adjacent oceanic plate. 
NAMES OF SOME IMPORTANT MINOR PLATES ARE
GIVEN BELOW:
1. Cocos plate: Between Central America and the Pacific
plate
2. Nazca plate: Between South America and Pacific plate
3. Arabian plate: Mostly the Saudi Arabian landmass
4. Philippine plate: Between the Asiatic and Pacific
plates
5. Caroline plate: Between the Philippine and Indian
plates (North of New Guinea)
6. Fuji plate: North-east of Australia.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
PLATE BOUNDARIES
• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͵–›’‡•‘ˆ’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǣ
Divergent Boundaries:
• Žƒ–‡•‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ƒ–‹†Ǧ‘ ‡ƒ”‹†‰‡•™Š‡”‡‡™•‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”ˆ‘”•ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡•”‹ˆ–˜ƒŽŽ‡›•ƒ†˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ”‘ Ž‹‡
„ƒ•ƒŽ–ȋˆƒ•– ‘‘Ž‹‰Ȍƒ†‰ƒ„„”‘ȋ•Ž‘™ ‘‘Ž‹‰ȌǤ
Convergent Boundaries:
• Š‡–™‘’Žƒ–‡• ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ‹–‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ ‘˜‡”‰‡–„‘—†ƒ”›ǣ
o Oceanic-Continental Convergence:‡•‡”‘ ‡ƒ‹ ’Žƒ–‡••—„†— –„‡‡ƒ–ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡” ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ’Žƒ–‡•ǡˆ‘”‹‰
†‡‡’‘ ‡ƒ‹ –”‡ Š‡•Ǥ—„†— –‹‘œ‘‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‘•‡—†‡”–Š‡ƒ• ƒ†‡‘—–ƒ‹•ǡˆ—‡Ž˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
o Oceanic-Oceanic Convergence:‹‹Žƒ”–‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡†‡•‡”’Žƒ–‡’Ž—‰‡•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰–”‡ Š‡•
ƒ†˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ‹•Žƒ†ƒ” •ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ’ƒȌǤ
o Continental-Continental Convergence: ‘‘ „—‘›ƒ– –‘ •—„†— –ǡ ‘ŽŽ‹†‹‰ ‘–‹‡–• ”—’Ž‡ –‘ ˆ‘”
ƒ••‹˜‡‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•ǡŽ‹‡–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ
Transform Boundaries:
• ‡”‡ǡ’Žƒ–‡••Ž‹†‡’ƒ•–‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰‹‡•‡ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ˆƒ—Ž–•Ž‹‡–Š‡
ƒ†”‡ƒ• ƒ—Ž–Ǥ
SEISMICITY AND EARTHQUAKES
• Earthquakes and their Sourceǣƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒ”‡•—††‡„—”•–•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•Ž‹–Š‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ
ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† –‘ •Šƒ‡Ǥ Š‹• ‡‡”‰› ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– –Š‡ Š›’‘ ‡–‡”ǡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† †‡‡’ —†‡”‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ˜‡Ž•
‘—–™ƒ”† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ •‡‹•‹  ™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ •–”‹‡• —†‡”™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‹– ƒ †‹•’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ„‡†
‡‘—‰Š–‘–”‹‰‰‡”ƒ–•—ƒ‹Ǥ
• Causes of EarthquakesǣŠ‡’”‹ƒ”› ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•–‡ –‘‹
’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”• ƒƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›ƒ”‘Ž‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ‡”—’–‹‘•ǡ‡–‡‘”‹’ƒ –•ǡƒ†—†‡”‰”‘—†
— Ž‡ƒ”‡š’Ž‘•‹‘•Ǥ
Types of Seismic Waves:
• Primary (P) Wavesǣ‹‹Žƒ”–‘•‘—†™ƒ˜‡•ǡǦ™ƒ˜‡•–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š•‘Ž‹†•ǡŽ‹“—‹†•ǡƒ†‰ƒ•‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•–
ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ‘‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
• Secondary (S) WavesǣŠ‡•‡™ƒ˜‡• ƒ—•‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•–‘‘˜‡’‡”’‡†‹ —Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ–ŠǤŽ‹‡Ǧ™ƒ˜‡•ǡǦ™ƒ˜‡•
ƒ‘Ž›–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š•‘Ž‹†•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡•‹‹Žƒ” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •–‘Ǧ™ƒ˜‡•‹–‡”•‘ˆˆ”‡“—‡ ›Ǥ
• Surface (L) Wavesǣ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ ‡ǡǦ™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡•Ž‘™‡•–„—–‘•–†‡•–”— –‹˜‡–›’‡‘ˆ•‡‹•‹
™ƒ˜‡ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ”‘ŽŽ‹‰‘–‹‘ƒ† ƒ—•‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‰”‘—†•Šƒ‹‰Ǥ
SHADOW ZONES:
• ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ ƒ”–Šǡ ƒŽŽ‡† •Šƒ†‘™ œ‘‡•ǡ don't
experience both P and S waves†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‹–‡”ƒŽ
•–”— –—”‡ǤǦ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ–”ƒ˜‡Ž–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‹“—‹† ‘”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡Ǧ
™ƒ˜‡• ƒ‘–Ǥ Š‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡• œ‘‡• ™Š‡”‡ ‘Ž› Ǧ
™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ †‡–‡ –‡† „‡›‘† ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  †‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‡’‹ ‡–‡”Ǥ
• › ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‘ˆ •‡‹•‹  ™ƒ˜‡•ǡ • ‹‡–‹•–• ƒ
‹ˆ‡”†‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒ„‘—––Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•‹–‡”‹‘”ǤŠ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›
‘ˆ  ƒ†  ™ƒ˜‡• ™‹–Š †‡’–Š •—‰‰‡•–• ƒ”–Š̵• ‘’‘•‹–‹‘
Šƒ‰‡•ƒ•™‡‘˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ ‡–‡”ǤŠ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›‹†‹ ƒ–‡•
ƒŽƒ›‡”‡†•–”— –—”‡™‹–Š†‡•‡”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡ ‘”‡Ǥ

RECORDING EARTHQUAKES:
• SeismographsǣŠ‡•‡‹•–”—‡–•”‡ ‘”†–Š‡•Šƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰”‘—††—”‹‰ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ•‡‹•‘‰”ƒ
ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
• Richter Scaleǣ‡ƒ•—”‡•–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡̵•ƒ‰‹–—†‡ȋ‡‡”‰›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ȍ‘ƒ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆͲ–‘ͳͲǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”—„‡”•
‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Mercalli Scaleǣ‡ƒ•—”‡•–Š‡‹–‡•‹–›ȋ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†•Šƒ‹‰ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡Ȍ‘ƒ• ƒŽ‡‘ˆͳ–‘ͳʹǡ™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”—„‡”•
‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡‹’ƒ –•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
TYPES OF EARTHQUAKES:
• Tectonic EarthquakesǣŠ‡‘•– ‘‘–›’‡ǡ ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–‡ –‘‹ ’Žƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Volcanic Earthquakesǣ —”‡ƒ”ƒ –‹˜‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•†—‡–‘ƒ‰ƒ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
• Collapse Earthquakesǣ‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒ˜‹‰‹‘ˆ—†‡”‰”‘—†‹‡•‘” ƒ˜‡”•Ǥ
• Explosion Earthquakesǣ”‹‰‰‡”‡†„›–Š‡†‡–‘ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡•‘”— Ž‡ƒ”†‡˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Induced Earthquakesǣƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡†„›Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Žƒ”‰‡”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•Ǥ
DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES OF EARTHQUAKES:
• Ground Shaking and RuptureǣŠ‡˜‹‘Ž‡–•Šƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š̵••—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†„› ”ƒ •‘”
ˆ‹••—”‡•Ǥ
• Landslides and Avalanchesǣƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•‘•Ž‘’‡•ƒ†ƒ˜ƒŽƒ Š‡•‹‘—–ƒ‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Firesǣƒƒ‰‡†‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽŽ‹‡•‘””—’–—”‡†‰ƒ•’‹’‡Ž‹‡• ƒ‹‰‹–‡ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
• Soil LiquefactionǣŠ‡•Šƒ‹‰ ƒ–—”•‘Ž‹†•‘‹Ž‹–‘ƒŽ‹“—‹†•–ƒ–‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘•–”— –—”ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Tsunamis and Floods: †‡”™ƒ–‡” ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ †‡•–”— –‹˜‡ –•—ƒ‹•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ †ƒƒ‰‡† †ƒ• ‘”
™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›• ƒ ƒ—•‡ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰Ǥ
• Loss of Life:”ƒ‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘ ƒ•—ƒŽ–‹‡•ƒ‘‰Š—ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
Global Distribution of Earthquakes
• Š‡ ‹” —Ǧƒ ‹ˆ‹  •‡‹•‹  „‡Ž– ™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆ‘—†
ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡”‹‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•
‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡„‡Ž–ǡ‹–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒƒ”‘—†ͺͳ
percent of earth’s largest earthquakes occur. Due
–‘™Š‹ Š‹–‹•‘™ƒ•̶‹‰‘ˆ ‹”‡̶Ǥ
• Š‡Ž’‹†‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡„‡Ž–•’”‡ƒ†•ˆ”‘ ƒ˜ƒ–‘
—ƒ–”ƒǡ ‰‘‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ –Š‡
‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡
–Žƒ–‹ ǤŠ‹•„‡Ž– ƒ—•‡•ƒ„‘—–ͳ͹’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡
™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ
• Š‡ –Š‹”† ’”‘‹‡– „‡Ž– ‹• ‹†Ǧ–Žƒ–‹  ‹†‰‡
™Š‹ Š‹••—„‡”‰‡†ǤŠ‡”‹†‰‡•Š‘™•™Š‡”‡–™‘
–‡ –‘‹ ’Žƒ–‡•ƒ”‡•’”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–ȋƒ†‹˜‡”‰‡–
’Žƒ–‡„‘—†ƒ”›ȌǤ
Seismic Mapping of India
•  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ‹ –Š‡
‘—–”›ǡ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ̱ͷͻΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ‘ˆ †‹ƒ
ȋ ‘’”‹•‹‰ ƒŽŽ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ †‹ƒȌ ‹• ’”‘‡ –‘
‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹–‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• ‡‹•‹ œ‘‹‰ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Šƒ• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹–‘ˆ‘—”•‡‹•‹ œ‘‡•Ǥ
• ‘‡  ‹• •‡‹•‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡‘•– ƒ –‹˜‡ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡œ‘‡  ‹• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ ̱ ͳͳΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—–”›ˆƒŽŽ•‹œ‘‡ǡ̱ͳͺΨ‹œ‘‡ ǡ̱͵ͲΨ‹œ‘‡ ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰‹‘‡ Ǥ

VOLCANOES
• The term “volcano” refers to an opening in the Earth’s surface from which lava, gasses, ash, and rock fragments
‡”—’–ǤŠ‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆƒ˜‘Ž ƒ‘‰”‘™•™‹–Š‡˜‡”›‡”—’–‹‘Ǥ
• ‡‡’ —†‡”‰”‘—†ǡ ‘Ž–‡ ”‘  ȋƒ‰ƒȌ ‰ƒ–Š‡”• ‹ Šƒ„‡”• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ —’™ƒ”†• –Š”‘—‰Š ‘†—‹–• ƒ†
‡”—’–‹‰ˆ”‘˜‡–•Ǥ
KEY PARTS OF A VOLCANO:
• Magma Chamberǣˆ‹‡”›—†‡”‰”‘—†”‡•‡”˜‘‹”™Š‡”‡‘Ž–‡”‘ ƒ†‰ƒ•‡•ƒ ——Žƒ–‡Ǥ
• Conduitǣ’‹’‡ǦŽ‹‡’ƒ••ƒ‰‡–Šƒ– Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ‰ƒƒ†˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡ Šƒ„‡”–‘–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
• VentǣŠ‡‘’‡‹‰ƒ––Š‡–‘’‘ˆƒ˜‘Ž ƒ‘–Š”‘—‰Š™Š‹ Š˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‡”—’–Ǥ
• Craterǣ„‘™ŽǦ•Šƒ’‡††‡’”‡••‹‘•—””‘—†‹‰–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ˜‡–ǡˆ‘”‡†„›‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡‡”—’–‹‘•Ǥ
• SlopesǣŠ‡•‹†‡•‘ˆƒ˜‘Ž ƒ‘–Šƒ–‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡• ‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ˜‡–Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

• ‘’‘•‹–‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•ƒ”‡ƒ†‡‘ˆˆ‡Ž•‹ –‘‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡”‘ Ǥ

Composite Volcanoes • Š‡˜‹• ‘•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ˜ƒ‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‡”—’–‹‘•ƒ––Š‡•‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•ƒ”‡‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡
–‹‡‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡Ǥ

• Š‡Žƒ˜ƒ–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡••Š‹‡Ž†˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•‹•ˆŽ—‹†ƒ†ˆŽ‘™•‡ƒ•‹Ž›Ǥ

Shield Volcanoes
• Š‡Ž‘™˜‹• ‘•‹–›ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–•Š‹‡Ž†‡”—’–‹‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‘Ǧ‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡Ǥ
• Š‡›ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›•‘‡š’Ž‘•‹˜‡–Šƒ–™Š‡–Š‡›‡”—’–ǡ–Š‡›–‡†–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‘
Caldera –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ›–ƒŽŽ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡††‡’”‡••‹‘•ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† ƒŽ†‡”ƒ•Ǥ
Cinder Cones •  ‹†‡” ‘‡Šƒ•ƒ ‘‡•Šƒ’‡ǡ„—–‹•— Š•ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒƒ ‘’‘•‹–‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘Ǥ
Mid-Ocean Ridge • Š‡•‡˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•‘ —”‹‘ ‡ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
Volcanoes • Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•”‹†‰‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ˆ”‡“—‡–‡”—’–‹‘•Ǥ

LANDFORMS AND THEIR EVOLUTION

A landform is a feature on the Earth’s surface which is formed naturally and it often has a shape like a valley or
mountain. Their size ranges from small like hills or much larger like mountains.
WIND/AEOLIAN LANDFORMS
• ‹†ǡƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Žˆƒ –‘”‹Š‘–†‡•‡”–•™‹–Š• ƒ” ‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‘™”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ”‡ƒ–‡•—‹“—‡ƒ‡‘Ž‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”•
–Š”‘—‰Š‡”‘•‹‘ƒ††‡’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Erosion Landformsǣ
o Ventifactsǣ‘ •ƒ„”ƒ†‡†ƒ†’‘Ž‹•Š‡†„›™‹†Ǧ„Ž‘™•ƒ†ǡˆ‘”‹‰’‹––‡†ƒ†‰”‘‘˜‡†•—”ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ
o Yardangsǣ–”‡ƒŽ‹‡†”‹†‰‡•‘ˆ ‘’ƒ –‡†•ƒ† ƒ”˜‡†„›™‹†‡”‘•‹‘ǡƒŽ‹‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰™‹†
†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
o Deflation Hollows (Blowout Dunes)ǣ ‘ŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‡†™Š‡™‹†”‡‘˜‡•Ž‘‘•‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ
o Mushroom Rocks:‹†‡”‘•‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•”‘ •™‹–Š™‹†‡”–‘’•ƒ†ƒ””‘™‡”„ƒ•‡•ƒ•™‹†„Žƒ•–•–Š‡Ž‘™‡”
’‘”–‹‘•‘”‡‹–‡•‡Ž›Ǥ
o Zeugenǣ Žƒ–Ǧ–‘’’‡†‡•ƒ•™‹–ŠƒŽƒ›‡”‘ˆ•‘ˆ–”‘ „‡‡ƒ–ŠƒŠƒ”†‡” ƒ’”‘ ǡ”‡ƒ–•‘ˆ™‹†‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ
o Inselbergsǣ •‘Žƒ–‡†Š‹ŽŽ•™‹–Š•–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡•ƒ†”‘—†‡†–‘’•ǡŽ‡ˆ–„‡Š‹†„›™‹†‡”‘•‹‘‘ˆ•—””‘—†‹‰•‘ˆ–‡”
”‘ Ǥ
• Depositional Landformsǣ
o Sand Dunesǣ‹†Ǧˆ‘”‡†‘—†•‘ˆ•ƒ†ǡˆ‘—†‹†‡•‡”–•ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰„‡ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
▪ Crescentic Dunes:”‡• ‡–Ǧ•Šƒ’‡††—‡•”‡•‡„Ž‹‰–Š‡Ž‡––‡”̶Ǥ̶
▪ Linear Dunes:–”ƒ‹‰Š–‘”‡ƒ”Ž›•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡•‘ˆ†—‡•Ǥ
▪ Star Dunes:—‡•™‹–Š’‘‹–‡†”‹†‰‡•ƒ†•Ž‹’ˆƒ ‡•‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š”‡‡•‹†‡•Ǥ
▪ Parabolic Dunes:‹‹Žƒ”–‘ ”‡• ‡–†—‡•„—–™‹–Š–Š‡•Ž‹’ˆƒ ‡ˆƒ ‹‰‹™ƒ”†•Ǥ
▪ Dome Dunes:Š‡”ƒ”‡•––›’‡ǡ ‹” —Žƒ”™‹–Š‘•Ž‹’ˆƒ ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Loessǣ ‹‡™‹†Ǧ„Ž‘™†—•–†‡’‘•‹–‡†„‡›‘††‡•‡”–•ǡ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›—‹ˆ‘”ƒ†’‘”‘—•Ǥȋšƒ’Ž‡ǣ‘‡••†‡’‘•‹–•

ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡‹••‹••‹’’‹‹˜‡”˜ƒŽŽ‡›ȌǤ
GLACIAL LANDFORMS
• Žƒ ‹‡”‹•ƒŠ—‰‡ƒ••‘ˆ‘˜‹‰‹ ‡–Šƒ–‘˜‡•†—‡–‘‰”ƒ˜‹–›Ǥ”‘•‹‘„›‰Žƒ ‹‡”•‹•ƒ‹Ž›†—‡–‘’Ž— ‹‰ƒ†
ƒ„”ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
• Erosional Landformsǣ
o Cirquesǣ‘™ŽǦ•Šƒ’‡††‡’”‡••‹‘•ƒ–Š‹‰Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ‡”‘•‹‘‘‘—–ƒ‹•‹†‡•Ǥ
o Nunataks, Arêtes, and Hornsǣ Š‡•‡ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘ ‡”‘•‹‘ „› —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ‰Žƒ ‹‡”• ˆŽ‘™‹‰ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
†‹”‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
▪ Nunataksǣ‘ ›’‡ƒ•’”‘–”—†‹‰ˆ”‘‰Žƒ ‹‡”‹ ‡Ǥ
▪ ArêtesǣŠƒ”’”‹†‰‡••‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‘”‘ ‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•Ǥ
▪ Hornsǣ‘‹–‡†’‡ƒ• ƒ”˜‡†„›‰Žƒ ‹‡”•‘—Ž–‹’Ž‡•‹†‡•Ǥ
o Crevassesǣ‡‡’ ”ƒ •ˆ‘”‡†‹‘˜‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•Ǥ
o Fjordsǣ‘‰ǡƒ””‘™‹Ž‡–• ”‡ƒ–‡†™Š‡‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ˜ƒŽŽ‡›•‡‡––Š‡‘ ‡ƒǤ
• Depositional Landformsǣ
o Morainesǣ ‹ŽŽ•‘””‹†‰‡•ˆ‘”‡†„›•‡†‹‡–•†‡’‘•‹–‡†„›‡Ž–‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•Ǥ
o Glacial Tillǣ •‘”–‡† ‹š–—”‡ ‘ˆ ”‘ • ƒ† †‡„”‹• Ž‡ˆ– „‡Š‹† „› ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡ ”ƒ‰‹‰ ˆ”‘ „‘—Ž†‡”• –‘ ˆ‹‡
’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ǥ
▪ Glacial FlourǣŠ‡ˆ‹‡•– ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ–‹ŽŽǡ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Ž‘—†›ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽǦˆ‡†”‹˜‡”•
ƒ†Žƒ‡•Ǥ
o Glacial Erraticsǣƒ”‰‡„‘—Ž†‡”•†‡’‘•‹–‡†„›”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ˆƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹Ǥ
• Significance Of Glaciated Landformsǣ
o Žƒ ‹ƒ–‡†Žƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ –ƒ• Ž—‡•–‘’ƒ•– Ž‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ„‘—Ž†‡”•‹’Žƒ ‡•Ž‹‡
ƒŽ Š‡”ǡ †‹ƒǡ•—‰‰‡•–•ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‰Žƒ ‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘̵•Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ
LANDFORMS FORMED DUE UNDERGROUND WATER/KARST TOPOGRAPHY
• ƒ”•–Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡†„›—‹“—‡Žƒ†ˆ‘”•ǡƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š•‘Ž—„Ž‡„‡†”‘ ȋŽ‹‡Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ȍ
ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ–”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
• Erosional Landformsǣ
o Sinkholesǣ‡’”‡••‹‘•‘”Š‘Ž‡• ƒ—•‡†„› ‘ŽŽƒ’•‹‰„‡†”‘ ‘” ƒ˜‡ ‡‹Ž‹‰•Ǥ
o Dolinesǣƒ”‰‡”†‡’”‡••‹‘•ˆ‘”‡†„›‡”‰‹‰•‹Š‘Ž‡•Ǥ
o Uvalasǣ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡”†‡’”‡••‹‘• ”‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‡”‰‹‰‘ˆ—Ž–‹’Ž‡†‘Ž‹‡•ƒ†•‹Š‘Ž‡•Ǥ
o Poljesǣ‡”›Žƒ”‰‡†‡’”‡••‹‘•ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›ˆƒ—Ž–‹‰Ǥ
o Disappearing Streamsǣ —”ˆƒ ‡ •–”‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ˜ƒ‹•Š —†‡”‰”‘—† –Š”‘—‰Š •™ƒŽŽ‘™ Š‘Ž‡•ǡ ”‡Ǧ‡‡”‰‹‰ ƒ•
ƒ˜‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”‘Ǥ
• Depositional Landformsǣ
o Stalactitesǣ ‹ Ž‡ǦŽ‹‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‘ ƒ˜‡ ‡‹Ž‹‰•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›‹‡”ƒŽ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Stalagmitesǣ‘—†•”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘ ƒ˜‡ˆŽ‘‘”•ǡˆ‘”‡†„›†”‹’’‹‰‹‡”ƒŽ†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ
o PillarsǣŠ‡ˆ—•‹‘‘ˆ•–ƒŽƒ –‹–‡•ƒ†•–ƒŽƒ‰‹–‡•Ǥ
• Significance of Karst Landscapeǣ
o ƒ”•–ƒ”‡ƒ•’”‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ˆ”‘‡ƒ”Ž›Š—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
o ”‘˜‹†‡†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‘—”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ
o —’’‘”–‡†—‹“—‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹ Š‡•™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡Ž‹ˆ‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
FLUVIAL LANDFORM
• Ž—˜‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•ƒ”‡†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›”‹˜‡”ƒ†•–”‡ƒ•‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ
• Erosional Landformǣ
o WaterfallsǣŽ—‰‹‰”‹˜‡”•‘˜‡”Šƒ”†”‘ Ž‡†‰‡•ǡ‘ˆ–‡ˆ‘—†‹›‘—‰”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
o Canyons and Gorgesǣ‡‡’˜ƒŽŽ‡›•™‹–Š•–‡‡’•‹†‡•ǡˆ‘”‡†„›‡”‘•‹‘Ǥƒ›‘•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•–‡’’‡†•Ž‘’‡•ƒ†
„‡˜‡”›†‡‡’Ǥ
o River Valleysǣ‘™ǦŽ›‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•„‡–™‡‡‘—–ƒ‹•‘”Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ‘ˆ–‡™‹–Šƒ”‹˜‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ǥ
o Potholesǣ‘™ŽǦ•Šƒ’‡††‡’”‡••‹‘•‹”‘ • ‘—”‡†„›•™‹”Ž‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•‡†‹‡–•Ǥ
• Depositional Landforms
o Alluvial Fans and Conesǣ ƒǦ•Šƒ’‡††‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–Ž‡ˆ–„›ˆŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ƒ•Šƒ˜‡‰‡–Ž‡”•Ž‘’‡•–Šƒ
‘‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Natural Leveesǣƒ‹•‡†„ƒ•‘ˆ•‡†‹‡–„—‹Ž–—’ƒŽ‘‰ƒ”‹˜‡”̵•‡†‰‡†—‡–‘‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
o Floodplainsǣ‘™ǡˆŽƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•„‘”†‡”‹‰”‹˜‡”•ǡ’”‘‡–‘ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ƒ†”‹ Š‹•‡†‹‡–†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ
o Channels and BarsǣŽ‘‰ƒ–‡†—†‡”™ƒ–‡”•ƒ†”‹†‰‡•ȋ Šƒ‡Ž•Ȍƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ†‡’‘•‹–‡†•‡†‹‡–
ȋ„ƒ”•Ȍ™‹–Š‹”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
o Deltasǣ”‹ƒ‰—Žƒ”Žƒ†ˆ‘”•ƒ–”‹˜‡”‘—–Š•ǡˆ‘”‡†„›•‡†‹‡–†‡’‘•‹–‹‘‹Žƒ‡•‘”•‡ƒ•ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ
ƒ–—”‡”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
• Significance Of Fluvial Landformsǣ
o Žƒ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†‘—– ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆˆŽ—˜‹ƒŽ •›•–‡• ƒ”‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡”‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•
•—’’‘”–‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
o Ž•‘–Š‡”‘ •„”‘—‰Š–„›–Š‡ˆŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•›•–‡”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‘—” ‡”‘ •Ǥ
COASTAL LANDFORMS
• Erosional Landformǣ
o Headlands and Baysǣ‘™‡”ˆ—Ž™ƒ˜‡•‡”‘†‡•‘ˆ–‡””‘ ǡ ƒ”˜‹‰‘—–„ƒ›•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‡•‹•–ƒ–”‘ ˆ‘”•Œ—––‹‰
Š‡ƒ†Žƒ†•Ǥ
o Cliffs and Wave-Cut Platformsǣ‡Ž‡–Ž‡••™ƒ˜‡•’‘—† Ž‹ˆˆ•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰•–‡‡’•Ž‘’‡•Ǥ”‘•‹‘„›™ƒ˜‡•ƒŽ•‘
”‡ƒ–‡•ƒˆŽƒ–ǡ™ƒ˜‡Ǧ —–’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ƒ––Š‡ Ž‹ˆˆ„ƒ•‡Ǥ
o Caves, Arches, Stacks, and StumpsǣŠ‡”‡Ž‡–Ž‡••ƒ••ƒ—Ž–‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•‘Š‡ƒ†Žƒ†• ƒ”˜‡• ƒ˜‡•Ǥ˜‡”–‹‡ǡ
ƒ˜‡• ƒ‰”‘™‹–‘ƒ” Š‡•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ •ȋ‹•‘Žƒ–‡†”‘ ’‹ŽŽƒ”•Ȍǡƒ†‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›•–—’•ƒ•‡”‘•‹‘ ‘–‹—‡•Ǥ
• Depositional Landforms
o BeachesǣŠ‡•‡•ƒ†›Šƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘„‹–•‘ˆ”‘ ™‘”†‘™„›™ƒ˜‡•ƒ††‡’‘•‹–‡†„›–Š‡•‡ƒǤ
o Spits, Bars and Lagoonǣ’‹–•ƒ”‡‡Ž‘‰ƒ–‡†•–”‡– Š‡•‘ˆ•ƒ†‡š–‡†‹‰‹–‘–Š‡•‡ƒǤ ˆƒ•’‹–‰”‘™•ƒ ”‘••ƒ
„ƒ›ƒ† ‘‡ –•–™‘Š‡ƒ†Žƒ†•ǡ‹–„‡ ‘‡•ƒ„ƒ”ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”‹‰Žƒ‰‘‘•ȋ•ŠƒŽŽ‘™Žƒ‡•Ȍ„‡Š‹†‹–Ǥ
• Significance Of Coastal Landformsǣ
o Tourism Hubsǣ‘ƒ•–ƒŽŽƒ†ˆ‘”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›„‡ƒ Š‡•ǡƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”–‘—”‹•–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
o Mineral Resourcesǣ‡ƒ Š‡• ƒŠ‘Ž†˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡‰‘Ž†ȋ—„ƒ”ƒ”‡Šƒ‹˜‡”Ȍƒ†–Š‘”‹—ȋ‡”ƒŽƒȌǤ
• Growing Threat of Coastal Erosionǣ
o Vulnerable Coastlinesǣ †‹ƒ̵• ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ˆƒ ‡••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡”‘•‹‘ǡ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰͵͵Ǥ͸Ψ‘ˆ‹–• ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡Ǥ”‘•‹‘
‹†‹•Šƒ‹•ƒ’”‹‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰ʹͺΨ‘ˆ‹–• ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
o Impact on Communitiesǣ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡”‘•‹‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡• ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ†‡•–”‘›•Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡƒ††‹•”—’–•ˆ‹•Š‹‰„›
–ƒ‹‰ƒ™ƒ›•’ƒ ‡ˆ‘”„‘ƒ–•ǡ‡–•ǡƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Government Efforts for Prevention of Coastal Erosionǣ
o Žƒ–‹‰ƒ‰”‘˜‡•ƒ†•Š‡Ž–‡”„‡Ž–•
o •–ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‡‘Ǧ—„‡•
o Resettlement programs for displaced communities: •Ǥ ͳͷͲͲ ”‘”‡• Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘’”‡˜‡–‡”‘•‹‘Ǥ
Conclusion:
Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰› ’”‘˜‹†‡• ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Šƒ– •Šƒ’‡ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ
‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †›ƒ‹  ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ ‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ Š›†”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ǡ ƒ†
„‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ › ‡šƒ‹‹‰ Žƒ†ˆ‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ǡ ‰‡‘‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹•–• ƒ
‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡’ƒ•–‡˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ†’”‡†‹ –ˆ—–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡„› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒœƒ”†•ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†Žƒ†• ƒ’‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘‰‡‘‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰›‡“—‹’•—•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ƒ‡‹ˆ‘”‡††‡ ‹•‹‘•–Šƒ– ƒ’”‘–‡ –ƒ†
’”‡•‡”˜‡ ‘—” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ƒ† •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”† ‘—‹–‹‡• ˆ”‘
‰‡‘‘”’Š‹ Šƒœƒ”†•Ǥ•™‡‘˜‡ˆ‘”™ƒ”†ǡ ‘–‹—‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹’‹˜‘–ƒŽ‹‘—”
“—‡•––‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Šƒ”‘‹‘—•Ž›™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”–Š̵•†›ƒ‹ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ

Keywords: Big Bang Theory, Nebular Hypothesis, Planetesimal Hypothesis, Tidal Hypothesis, Protoplanet
Hypothesis, Radiometric Dating, Rotation, Revolution, Earth's Bulge, Coriolis Effect, Aphelion, Perihelion, Earth's
Magnetosphere, Conrad Discontinuity, Mantle, Gutenberg-Weichert Discontinuity, Lithosphere, Asthenosphere,
Karst Topography, Dolines, Uvalas, Poljes, Stalactites, Stalagmites

9
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

 PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION (MAINS)

1. How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world
2023
2. Discuss the geophysical characteristics of Circum- Pacific Zone.
2020
3. How can the mountain ecosystem be restored from the negative impact of development initiatives and
2019
tourism?
4. Define mantle plume and explain its role in plate tectonics.
2018
5. How does the Juno Mission of NASA help to understand the origin and evolution of the Earth?
2017
6. Why are the world’s fold mountain systems located along the margins of continents? Bring out the
2014
association between the global distribution of Fold Mountains and the earthquakes and volcanoes.
7. Explain the formation of thousands of islands in the Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos.
2014
8. What do you understand by the theory of continental drift? Discuss the prominent evidence in its
2013
support.

UPSC COURSES
Live/Recorded CSAT
FOUNDATION

Daily MCQs + Regular Doubt

G.S. Classes Classes Mains Question Sessions

SANKALP 2026 PRAHAR 2025 TITAN 2025

Hinglish /  Hinglish / �ह�ी English

Starts From COUPON CODE FOR

EXTRA
₹ 9,499/- PWOIAS500 DISCOUNT

10
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

2 CLIMATOLOGY

Our planet is enveloped by a layer of gases, primarily

Nitrogen and Oxygen, known as the atmosphere. This
gaseous blanket extends outwards, taking a sphere-like
shape, wider at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles
due to Earth's rotation and gravity. The atmosphere is
further divided into distinct layers, each with varying
temperatures and unique chemical compositions. These
layers are held in place by Earth's gravity, which also
influences the types of gases present within the atmosphere.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLIMATE AND WEATHER
• Timescaleǣ‡ƒ–Š‡”‹••Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”ȋŠ‘—”•–‘†ƒ›•Ȍ™Š‹Ž‡
Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‹• Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ȋ†‡ ƒ†‡• –‘ ‡–—”‹‡•ȌǤ Š‹ ‘ˆ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ• ™Šƒ– ›‘— ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ †ƒ‹Ž›ǡ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒ• –Š‡
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•‘˜‡”ƒŽ‘‰’‡”‹‘†Ǥ
• Variabilityǣ ‡ƒ–Š‡” ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ› ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ”ƒ’‹†Ž›Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ
•‘‘–Š‹‰‘—––Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›ˆŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Spatial Scopeǣ ‡ƒ–Š‡” ƒ ˜ƒ”› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‡˜‡ ‘˜‡” •Š‘”– †‹•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡ †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”
’ƒ––‡”•‘˜‡”ƒŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ”‡ƒǡŽ‹‡ƒ ‹–›ǡ”‡‰‹‘ǡ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡’Žƒ‡–Ǥ
• Predictabilityǣ ‡ƒ–Š‡” ‹• †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ’”‡†‹ – ˆ‘” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ ˆ‡™ †ƒ›• †—‡ –‘ ‹–• •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ •ƒŽŽ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•‘”‡’”‡†‹ –ƒ„Ž‡‘Ž‘‰‡”–‹‡• ƒŽ‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–̵•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›Žƒ”‰‡”ǡ‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ
• Impactǣ‡ƒ–Š‡”ƒˆˆ‡ –•‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹˜‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ•„”‘ƒ†‡” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”
”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ Šƒ˜‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‹’ƒ –• ‘ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ˆ”‘
Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•–‘‡š–”‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•Ǥ
EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE
• Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ‰ƒ•‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘—”ƒ††—•–’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ǤŠ‡ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•‘–•–ƒ–‹ Ǥ – Šƒ‰‡•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡–‹‡ƒ†’Žƒ ‡Ǥ‹–”‘‰‡ƒ†š›‰‡ƒ”‡–Š‡–™‘ƒ‹‰ƒ•‡•‹
–Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ ͻͻ ’‡” ‡– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹– ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ –Š‡” ‰ƒ•‡• Ž‹‡ ‘”‰ƒ•ǡ ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ǡ
Š›†”‘‰‡ǡ‡‘ǡŠ‡Ž‹—‡– Ǥˆ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ

11
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
STRUCTURE OF ATMOSPHERE
Layers Details
• Š‡Ž‘™‡•–Žƒ›‡”ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‹‰ͳ͵Š‹‰Šǡ™‹–Š‘•–™‡ƒ–Š‡”’Š‡‘‡ƒǤ
• Š‹ ‡”ƒ––Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ȋͳͺȌƒ†–Š‹‡”ƒ––Š‡’‘Ž‡•ȋͺȌǤ
Troposphere • ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†”‘’••–‡ƒ†‹Ž›™‹–ŠƒŽ–‹–—†‡ȋͳι’‡”ͳ͸ͷȌǤ
• ‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡„›–Š‡–”‘’‘’ƒ—•‡ȋ ‘•–ƒ––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‘—†ǦͶͷι–‘Ǧ
ͺͲιȌ
• š–‡†•—’–‘ͷͲƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”–ŠǤ
• ‘–ƒ‹•‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡̵•‘œ‘‡ǡƒ„•‘”„‹‰”ƒ›•ƒ† ƒ—•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡–‘”‹•‡
™‹–ŠŠ‡‹‰Š–Ǥ
• ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•˜ƒ”›•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‹‰Š‡•–‘˜‡”–Š‡•—‡”’‘Ž‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡•–‘˜‡”–Š‡™‹–‡”’‘Ž‡Ǥ
Stratosphere
• †‡ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ‹”–”ƒ˜‡Ž†—‡–‘‹‹ƒŽ Ž‘—†•ƒ†™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ
• ƒ› ‘–ƒ‹ ‹””—• Ž‘—†•ƒ–Ž‘™‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ
• „‘˜‡–Š‡•–”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆǦͻͲιƒ––Š‡‡•‘’ƒ—•‡Ǥ
• ‘•–‡–‡‘”•„—”—’Š‡”‡—’‘‡–‡”‹‰ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
Mesosphere • š–”‡‡Ž› ‘Ž†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ—•‡•—„Ž‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ• ƒ” ‡™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘”‹–‘’‘Žƒ”Ǧ‡•‘•’Š‡”‹ 
‘ –‹Ž— ‡– Ž‘—†•Ǥ
• ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‹•‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹†—‡–‘ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ƒ†Ǧ”ƒ›”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡•—Ǥ
• Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ ‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡•‘”„‹–‹–Š‹•Žƒ›‡”Ǥ
Thermosphere • Š‡ž”ž‹‡ȋͳͲͲƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ȍ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡•ƒ”–Š̵•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ˆ”‘‘—–‡”•’ƒ ‡Ǥ
• ’’‡””‡‰‹‘ȋͺͲǦͶͲͲȌ™‹–Š‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ”‰‡† —””‡–•Ǥ
Ionosphere
• ‡ˆŽ‡ –•”ƒ†‹‘™ƒ˜‡•ǡ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰”ƒ†‹‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• „‘˜‡–Š‡‹‘‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰„‡›‘†ͶͲͲǤ
Exosphere • š–”‡‡Ž›–Š‹ƒ‹”™‹–Š‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ATMOSPHERE

Human activity is causing changes in the lower and middle atmosphere, which in turn affect the upper atmosphere
through wind patterns. These changes have significant consequences:
• Heat WavesǣŽ‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–‡•‹ˆ‹‡•Š‹‰ŠǦ’”‡••—”‡•›•–‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‘”‡ˆ”‡“—‡–ƒ†•‡˜‡”‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
• Contracting Upper Atmosphereǣ‹•‹‰ʹŽ‡˜‡Ž• ‘‘Žƒ†•Š”‹–Š‡—’’‡”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒ
‘ˆ•’ƒ ‡†‡„”‹•Ǥ
• Surface Ozoneǣƒ”‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‰”‘—†ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž‘œ‘‡ǡƒŠƒ”ˆ—Žƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–Ǥ
• Uneven Heating and Coolingǣœ‘‡™ƒ”•–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ž‹‡„Žƒ  ƒ”„‘ ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘
™ƒ”‹‰ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ž‹‡•—Žˆƒ–‡• ƒŠƒ˜‡ƒ ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
• Drastic climatic changesǣŽ‹ƒ–‡‘†‡Ž•’”‡†‹ –†”ƒ•–‹  Šƒ‰‡•‹ˆ™‡ ‘–‹—‡‘ƒ̶„—•‹‡••Ǧƒ•Ǧ—•—ƒŽ̶’ƒ–Šǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‹•‡‘ˆʹǤͺιǡ™‹–Š‡˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‘Žƒ†ƒ†‹–Š‡” –‹ Ǥ
Addressing climate change is crucial to mitigate these atmospheric disruptions and their cascading effects.
HEAT BUDGET
The Earth absorbs incoming solar radiation (shortwave radiation) and releases heat back into space as terrestrial
radiation (longwave radiation). This balance between the incoming and outgoing heat allows the Earth to maintain a
stable temperature, which is referred to as the Earth's heat budget.
CLIMATE AND EARTH’S ENERGY BUDGET
• Uneven Heating and Regulationǣ Š‡ •’Š‡”‹ ƒŽ ƒ”–Š ”‡ ‡‹˜‡• —‡˜‡ •‘Žƒ” Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ ™‹–Š ™ƒ”‡” ‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ
”‡‰‹‘•ƒ† ‘‘Ž‡”’‘Žƒ””‡‰‹‘•Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ†‘ ‡ƒ•ȋƒ”–Š̵•Š‡ƒ–‡‰‹‡Ȍ™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š”‘—‰Š
˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
• Climate Forcings and Imbalanceǣ ƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡•‘Žƒ”ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ˜‘Ž ƒ‹ ‡”—’–‹‘•ȋƒ–—”ƒŽȌǡ ƒ†Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
ȋƒ‡”‘•‘Ž•ǡ†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•Ȍ ƒ†‹•”—’––Š‹•„ƒŽƒ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ž‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‹‰•ǡ ƒ
–‹’–Š‡• ƒŽ‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†–‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Human Impactǣ Š‡ ”‡ ‡–  •–—†› ‘ˆ‹”• Š—ƒǦ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› †”‹˜‡” ‘ˆ
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ Š‹• ‹„ƒŽƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ”–Š̵• ‡‡”‰› „—†‰‡–ǡ ƒ—•‡† „› –”ƒ’’‡† Š‡ƒ–ǡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡” •Š‹ˆ–• ‹
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
SYNERGIES BETWEEN URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND HEAT WAVES
• Heat Wavesǣ ‡ƒ– ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ’‡”‹‘†• ‘ˆ ‡š–”‡‡Ž› Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ –›’‹ ƒŽ ƒš‹— Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡
‘ —””‹‰‹–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡•–‡”ƒ†‘—–Š‡–”ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
• Impacts of Heat Wavesǣšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡‹’ƒ –•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡ʹͲͳͺ”‡ ‘”†Ǧ„”‡ƒ‹‰Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–
•‹ƒǡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– —„‡” ‘ˆ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Š‡ƒ– •–”‘‡• ‹ ƒ’ƒ ƒ† ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† Š‹‰ŠǦ
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡™ƒ”‹‰•‹Š‹ƒǤ
• Role of Anticyclonesǣ ‡ ‡– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •—‰‰‡•–• ƒ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘ —””‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡š–”‡‡ •—‡” Š‡ƒ–
‡˜‡–•‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–•‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘ˆƒ–‹ › Ž‘‡•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
Urban Heat Island Effectǣ—”‹‰Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ǡ—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘•—””‘—†‹‰”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ƒ –‘”••— Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‡•‹„Ž‡Š‡ƒ–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǡ”‡†— ‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰ǡƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”
ƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹  Š‡ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ”„ƒ ‡ƒ– •Žƒ†• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”‡† ƒ• —”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‡šŠ‹„‹– Š‹‰Š‡”
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•†—‡–‘ Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡‡‡”‰›„—†‰‡–ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Š‡ƒ–•–‘”ƒ‰‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•—”ˆƒ ‡•ǡƒ†
”‡†— ‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ



Atmospheric River
• Narrow Channels of Moistureǣ–‘•’Š‡”‹ ”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡Ž‘‰ǡƒ””‘™ ‘””‹†‘”•‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡–Šƒ–ˆ‡””›˜ƒ•–
“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘”ˆ”‘–”‘’‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ
• Moisture Powerhousesǣ Š‡•‡ ”‹„„‘• ‘ˆ ‘‹•–—”‡ ƒ •–”‡– Š ˆ‘” –Š‘—•ƒ†• ‘ˆ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ƒ† ƒ”‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š™ƒ–‡”˜ƒ’‘” ‘–‡–Ǥ
• Rainmakers and Troublemakersǣ –‘•’Š‡”‹  ”‹˜‡”• ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ”–Š̵• ™ƒ–‡” › Ž‡ǡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‹‰
‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ —’‘ ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ Žƒ†ǡ –Š‡› ƒ —Ž‡ƒ•Š Š‡ƒ˜› ”ƒ‹ ƒ† •‘™ˆƒŽŽǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”†ƒƒ‰‹‰™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡š–”‡‡•Ǥ
CRYOSPHERE AND CLIMATE CHANGE
• Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‘•‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• •—”ˆƒ ‡ ™Š‡”‡ ™ƒ–‡” ‹• ‹ •‘Ž‹† ˆ‘”ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •‘™ ‘˜‡”ǡ
‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡ‹ ‡ ƒ’•ǡ‹ ‡•Š‡‡–•ǡ•‡ƒ‹ ‡ǡˆ”‘œ‡Žƒ‡•ƒ†”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ†’‡”ƒˆ”‘•–ȋ’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ˆ”‘œ‡‰”‘—†ȌǤ
•  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‡’‘”– ‘ the Ocean and
Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC)ǡ ‹ ”‡ ‡– †‡ ƒ†‡•ǡ –Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡ Šƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
”‡†— –‹‘•†—‡–‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡•Š”‹‹‰‘ˆ‹ ‡•Š‡‡–•ƒ†‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡ†‹‹‹•Š‡†•‘™ ‘˜‡”ǡ
†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡š–‡–ƒ†–Š‹ ‡••‘ˆ” –‹ •‡ƒ‹ ‡ǡƒ†”‹•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹’‡”ƒˆ”‘•–”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
IMPACTS OF CRYOSPHERE ON GLOBAL CLIMATE:
• Albedo EffectǣŠ‡„”‹‰Š–ǡ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹˜‡•—”ˆƒ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡„‘— ‡•—Ž‹‰Š–„ƒ ‹–‘•’ƒ ‡ǡ‡‡’‹‰ƒ”–Š ‘‘ŽǤ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡Ž–‹‰‹ ‡‡š’‘•‡•†ƒ”‡”•—”ˆƒ ‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Š‡ƒ–ƒ„•‘”’–‹‘ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
• Rising Seasǣ‡Ž–‹‰‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ƒ†‹ ‡•Š‡‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘”‹•‹‰•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡ–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š
ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ǡ‡”‘•‹‘ǡƒ††‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–Ǥ
• Ocean Disruptionǣ ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ ‡Ž–‹‰ ‹ ‡ †‹•”—’–• ‘ ‡ƒ •ƒŽ‹‹–› ƒ† –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‹’ƒ –‹‰ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
‹” —Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ–‡”‹‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Feedback LoopsǣŠ‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡‹–‡”ƒ –•™‹–Š‘–Š‡” Ž‹ƒ–‡•›•–‡•Ǥ‡Ž–‹‰‹ ‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡•–”ƒ’’‡†‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡
‰ƒ•‡•ǡƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ”‹‰‹ƒ˜‹ ‹‘—• › Ž‡Ǥ
• Water ReservoirǣŠ‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡•–‘”‡•˜ƒ•–ƒ‘—–•‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ƒ•‹ ‡ƒ†•‘™ǤŠƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡
ƒ†‹•”—’–™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”Š—ƒ ‘•—’–‹‘ǡƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†Š›†”‘’‘™‡”ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘• ƒ” ‹–›ƒ† ‘ˆŽ‹ –•Ǥ
• Habitat Lossǣ‡Ž–‹‰‹ ‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡•’‘Žƒ”‡ ‘•›•–‡•ƒ†•’‡ ‹‡•”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘ ‘Ž† ‘†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•†‹•”—’–•‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
„ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†”‡†— ‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF CRYOSPHERE
• Climate Regulationǣ›”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰•—Ž‹‰Š–ǡ–Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡ ‘‘Ž•–Š‡’Žƒ‡–ƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• Sea Level ControlǣŠ‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡Š‡Ž’•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡ’”‡˜‡–‹‰ ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹ ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰‘ˆ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Water Securityǣ‡Ž–‹‰‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”‡ ‘•›•–‡•ƒ†Š—ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•†‘™•–”‡ƒǤ
• Climate FeedbackǣŠƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒƒ’Ž‹ˆ› Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ž‘‘’•Ǥ
• Biodiversity SupportǣŠ‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡•—•–ƒ‹•—‹“—‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•ƒ† ‘Ž†Ǧƒ†ƒ’–‡†•’‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
• Weather PatternsǣŠ‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰•–‘”•ǡ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
‡š–”‡‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
INITIATIVES TO PROTECT CRYOSPHERE
PACER (Polar Science and Cryosphere Research):
• Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž›‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•–Š‡’‘Žƒ””‡‰‹‘•ƒ†ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆˆ”‘œ‡ƒ”–Š•—”ˆƒ ‡•Ǥ•—’’‘”–•”‡•‡ƒ” Š
‘’‘Žƒ” Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ‹ ‡•Š‡‡–•ǡ‰Žƒ ‹‡”•ǡƒ†’‡”ƒˆ”‘•–ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰• ‹‡–‹•–•ƒ†‹•–‹–—–‹‘•–‘
„—‹Ž†ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡‘–Š‡•‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
ACROSS (Atmosphere and Cryosphere through the Earth System Science Research Program):
• Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†‡•• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”›‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ  ƒ‹• –‘
‹’”‘˜‡‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆŠ‘™–Š‡•‡–™‘•›•–‡•‹–‡”ƒ –ƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•ǡƒ†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ
FUJIWHARA EFFECT
• Definitionǣ Š‡ —Œ‹™Šƒ”ƒ ˆˆ‡ – ‹• ƒ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‹ ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰› ™Š‡”‡ –™‘ ‡ƒ”„› › Ž‘‹  •›•–‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ•
–”‘’‹ ƒŽ › Ž‘‡•‘”Š—””‹ ƒ‡•ǡ”‘–ƒ–‡ƒ”‘—†ƒ ‘‘ ‡–”‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ —”•™Š‡
–Š‡ › Ž‘‡•ƒ”‡ Ž‘•‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”̵•‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Conclusion:
In essence, climatology not only deepens our scientific comprehension of Earth's climate systems but also empowers
us to make informed decisions to safeguard our planet's future. As we continue to face the realities of a changing
climate, the importance of ongoing research, education, and international cooperation in climatology cannot be
overstated. Through a collective effort, we can better understand, predict, and respond to the climatic changes that
shape our world.


Keywords: Intra-Seasonal Oscillation; monsoon's "active" and "break" periods; Surface-level ozone (Ground Ozone);
Magnetic dipole Uneven warming and cooling; Short wave and long wave Radiation; Climate forcings; highly
reflective blanket; albedo; Decline in Arctic Sea Ice; Coastal community on risk; Permafrost; Polar vortexes, etc.


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

1. Troposphere is a very significant atmosphere layer that determines weather processes. How? 2022
2. The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. 2019
3. How does the cryosphere affect global climate? 2017
4. Discuss the concept of air mass and explain its role in macro-climatic changes. 2016
5. Tropical cyclones are largely confined to the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal and Gulf of Mexico. Why? 2014
6. ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡——•—ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‹ Šƒ’’‡‹‰•ƒ”‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ŽǦ‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ‘›‘—ƒ‰”‡‡ǫ 2014
7. Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. 2013
What do you understand about the phenomenon of temperature inversion in meteorology? How does it
8. 2013
affect the weather and the habitants of the place?



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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

3 OCEANOGRAPHY

Oceans cover more than 70% of the earth's surface. Its health, humanity's well-being, and the living environment that
keeps us all alive are all intricately interwoven. Despite this, ocean acidification, climate change, polluting activities,
and over-exploitation of marine resources have made oceans one of the most endangered ecosystems on the planet.
OCEAN RELIEFS
• Continental Shelf:ŠƒŽŽ‘™•—„‡”‰‡†
‡š–‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘–‹‡–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡
‘–‹‡–ƒŽŠ‡ŽˆǤ
• Continental slopeǣ Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•
•Ž‘’‹‰ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‹‡–ƒŽ
ƒ”‰‹ǡ‡š–‡†‹‰†‘™–‘–Š‡†‡‡’•‡ƒ
ˆŽ‘‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„›••ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹ǡ ‹• ‘™ ƒ•
‘–‹‡–ƒŽŽ‘’‡Ǥ
• Abyssal plains: Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡
‡š–”‡‡Ž›ˆŽƒ–ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡Ž‡••’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ
–Š‡†‡‡’‘ ‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ
• Submarine Trenches:  ‡ƒ‹ 
–”‡ Š‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‘‹‡–ǡ Ž‘‰ǡ ƒ””‘™
–‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  †‡’”‡••‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‡ƒ
ˆŽ‘‘”Ǥ
SALINITY
Salinity refers to the amount of dissolved salts (in grams) per kilogram of seawater. It's a crucial factor influencing
ocean behavior and climate.
WHY IS SALINITY IMPORTANT?
• Ocean Circulation:ƒŽ‹‹–›ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ†‡–‡”‹‡••‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”†‡•‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š†”‹˜‡•‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•
–Šƒ––”ƒ•’‘”–Š‡ƒ–ƒ”‘—†–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Water Cycle:‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›”‡ˆŽ‡ –•ƒ”–Š̵•™ƒ–‡” › Ž‡ǡ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Š‡„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‡–‡”‹‰
ȋ’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‹˜‡”•Ȍƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ȋ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•Ǥ
FACTORS AFFECTING SALINITY
• Evaporation: ‹‰Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘‹™ƒ”ǡ†”›”‡‰‹‘•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡••ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ
• Freshwater Input:”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ†‹ ‡„‡”‰•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ȌǤ
• Ocean Current Mixing: Ž‘•‡†•‡ƒ•™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†‹š‹‰Šƒ˜‡Š‹‰Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ˆ”‡‡Ž› ‹” —Žƒ–‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡
Ž‘™‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ
• Climate Change:‹•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ž‡ƒ†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›Ǥ
DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY
• Vertical:ƒŽ‹‹–›‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•™‹–Š†‡’–Šƒ–Š‹‰ŠŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ’‡ƒ•ƒ”‘—†͵ͷ‡–‡”•‹‹†ǦŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡƒ†
–Š‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”Ǥ
• Horizontal: Ž‘„ƒŽ‘ ‡ƒ•ƒŽ‹‹–›”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘͵͵–‘͵͹‰”ƒ•’‡”‹Ž‘‰”ƒǤŠ‡Š‹‰Š‡•–•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹•‘„•‡”˜‡†„‡–™‡‡
ͳͷ郐†ʹͲιŽƒ–‹–—†‡•ǡ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘”–Š™ƒ”†Ǥ
REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN SALINITY
• Pacific Ocean:ƒŽ‹‹–›˜ƒ”‹‡•†—‡–‘‹–•˜ƒ•–•‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ’‡Ǥ
• Atlantic Ocean:˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹•ƒ”‘—†͵͸Ǧ͵͹‰”ƒ•’‡”‹Ž‘‰”ƒǤ
• Indian Ocean:˜‡”ƒ‰‡•ƒŽ‹‹–›‹•͵ͷ‰”ƒ•’‡”‹Ž‘‰”ƒǤŠ‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽŠƒ•Ž‘™‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›†—‡–‘–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•
‹˜‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒŠƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›†—‡–‘Š‹‰Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Other Seasǣ
o Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ™‹–‡••‡•Š‹‰Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›†—‡–‘‘”‡•ƒŽ‹‡™ƒ–‡”‹ˆŽ—š„›–Š‡‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹ ”‹ˆ–Ǥ
o Š‡ƒŽ–‹ ‡ƒŠƒ•Ž‘™•ƒŽ‹‹–›†—‡–‘–Š‡ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆ”‹˜‡”™ƒ–‡”•‹Š—‰‡ƒ‘—–•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‡ƒ•Š‘™•Š‹‰Š‡”•ƒŽ‹‹–›„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹‰Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Žƒ ‡ƒ”‡ ‘”†•Ž‘™•ƒŽ‹‹–›†—‡–‘Š—‰‡ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‹ˆŽ—š„›”‹˜‡”•Ǥ 
IMPACT OF SALINITY
• ‹”•–ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ –Š‡› †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒˆˆ‡ – •‡ƒ™ƒ–‡” †‡•‹–› ȋ•ƒŽ–› ™ƒ–‡” ‹• †‡•‡” –Šƒ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”Ȍ ƒ†
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡–”‘’‹ •–‘–Š‡’‘Ž‡•Ǥ
• Sea surface salinity is closely linked to Earth’s overall water cycle ƒ†–‘ˆŽ‘™‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‹ƒ†‘—–‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ•
–Š”‘—‰Š‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• › Šƒ‰‡•ȋ•ƒŽŽ‘”„‹‰Ȍ‹•ƒŽ‹‹–›ƒ†‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•can affect the climate of the region and marine life.
MOVEMENT OF OCEAN WATERS
The movement of ocean water takes place in three forms which are waves, tides, and currents.
WAVES
•  ‡ƒ ™ƒ˜‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† „› ™‹† –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰ ‡‡”‰› –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹  ”‹•‡ ƒ† ˆƒŽŽ ‹
‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‘”›‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ
• ƒ˜‡•‘˜‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰›–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ‘––Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹–•‡ŽˆǤ
• Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–’‘‹–‘ˆƒ™ƒ˜‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡ ”‡•–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡Ž‘™‡•–’‘‹–‹• ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡–”‘—‰ŠǤ
TIDES:
• ‹†‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡‰—Žƒ””‹•‡ƒ†ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǡ‘ —””‹‰‘ ‡‘”–™‹ ‡†ƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡‰”ƒ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—ŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ǡ•—ǡ
ƒ†ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ˆ‘” ‡•†”‹˜‹‰–‹†‡•Ǥ‹†‡•ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†„ƒ•‡†‘ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†—Ǧ‘‘Ǧƒ”–Š
Ž‹‰‡–ǣ
• Based on Frequencyǣ
o Semi-diurnal tides:™‘Š‹‰Šƒ†–™‘Ž‘™–‹†‡•‘ —”‹ƒ†ƒ›Ǥ
o Diurnal tides:Ž›‘‡Š‹‰Šƒ†‘‡Ž‘™–‹†‡‘ —”‹ƒ†ƒ›Ǥ
• Based on Sun-Moon-Earth Alignmentǣ
o Spring tides: ‹‰Š‡•–ƒ†Ž‘™‡•––‹†‡•‘ —”™Š‡–Š‡•—ǡ‘‘ǡƒ†ƒ”–Šƒ”‡‹ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ȋ‡™‘‘
‘”ˆ—ŽŽ‘‘ȌǤ
o Neap tides:‡••†”ƒƒ–‹ Š‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™–‹†‡•‘ —”™Š‡–Š‡•—ƒ†‘‘ƒ”‡ƒ–”‹‰Š–ƒ‰Ž‡•–‘ƒ”–Šȋˆ‹”•–
ƒ†–Š‹”†“—ƒ”–‡”•ȌǤ
OCEAN CURRENTS
• Š‡‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•ƒ”‡–Š‡Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽˆŽ‘™‘ˆƒ‘ ‡ƒ‹ ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‹”‡ –‹‘‘˜‡”ƒŽ‘‰†‹•–ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡
Ž‹‡ƒˆŽ‘™‹‰”‹˜‡”™‹–Š‹–Š‡‘ ‡ƒǤ

FORCES DRIVING OCEAN CURRENT:

• Primary forces, which initiate water movementǣ
o Sun's Heat (Insolation):ƒ”‡”‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•‡š’ƒ†ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–„—Ž‰‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ ‘‘Ž‡”‹†Ǧ
Žƒ–‹–—†‡™ƒ–‡”•ǡ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
o Wind's Influence:—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”‹•†”ƒ‰‰‡†„›™‹†ˆ”‹ –‹‘ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘” ‡ȋ†‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰™‹†•†—‡–‘
ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ȍ•Šƒ’‹‰ —””‡–†‹”‡ –‹‘ȋ”‹‰Š–™ƒ”†‹–Š‡‘”–ŠǡŽ‡ˆ–™ƒ”†‹–Š‡•‘—–ŠȌǤšƒ’Ž‡•‹ Ž—†‡
–Š‡ —Žˆ–”‡ƒȋ‘”–ŠȌƒ†–Š‡”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ—””‡–ȋ•‘—–ŠȌǤ
o Landmasses as Obstacles:ƒ†ƒ••‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡–‹’‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”‹ ƒ†‹˜‡”– —””‡–•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡”—˜‹ƒ
—””‡–Ǥ
• Secondary factors, which impact current flowǣ
o Temperature and Salinity: ‡•‡”ǡ •ƒŽ–‹‡” ™ƒ–‡” •‹•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Ž‹‰Š–‡” ™ƒ–‡” ”‹•‡•ǡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ
‘˜‡‡–™‹–Š‹ —””‡–•Ǥ
o Climate Change Impact:‹•‹‰•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•†—‡–‘‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•ƒ›†‹•”—’–ƒŒ‘” —””‡–•
Ž‹‡–Š‡–Žƒ–‹ ‡”‹†‹‘ƒŽ˜‡”–—”‹‰‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ȋȌǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒŽ–‡”‹‰‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
Effects of Ocean Current:
• Climate Controlǣ  ‡ƒ —””‡–• ’Žƒ› ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡•Ǥ ƒ” —””‡–• ”ƒ‹•‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹‡ƒ”„›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘Ž† —””‡–•Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘‘Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹ ”‹ˆ–™ƒ”‹‰‰Žƒ†ǡ
ƒƒ”›—””‡– ‘‘Ž‹‰’ƒ‹ƒ†‘”–—‰ƒŽȌ
• Rainfall and Deserts: ƒ” —””‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ƒŽ‘‰ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡• ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‹Žƒ† ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ ‘Ž† —””‡–• ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡†‡•‡”–•‘–Š‡™‡•–‡”•‹†‡•‘ˆ ‘–‹‡–•‹•—„–”‘’‹ ƒŽœ‘‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Fishing Zone:Š‡ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ† ‘Ž† —””‡–• ”‡ƒ–‡•‹†‡ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”’Žƒ–‘‰”‘™–Šǡ™Š‹ Š‹

–—”•—’’‘”–•ƒ„—†ƒ–ˆ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•’”‹‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰‰”‘—†•Ǥ
• Navigation: ‡ƒ —””‡–• ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•Š‹’ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡•‡ —””‡–•ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
–”ƒ˜‡Ž”‘—–‡•Ǥ
• Temperature Moderation:›”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‰Š‡ƒ–ǡ —””‡–•Š‡Ž’”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡
™ƒ”‘”–Š–Žƒ–‹ ”‹ˆ–‡‡’•–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–‘ˆ‰Žƒ†‹Ž†ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒƒ”›—””‡––‡’‡”•–Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆ’ƒ‹
ƒ†‘”–—‰ƒŽǤ
GYRE, DRIFT, AND STREAM:
Features Description
Large system of rotating ocean current, with large wind movements is called a Gyre. Force - Coriolis
Gyre
force.
When the huge ocean water moves forward because of the prevailing wind, it is called a Drift. E.g.
Drift
North Atlantic Drift.
Ocean water moving in a definite path like a river on the continent is called a Stream. They are
Stream
speedier than drifts. E.g. Gulf Stream
CLIMATE CHANGE AND OCEAN CIRCULATION
The vast network of ocean currents plays a critical role in regulating Earth's climate. These currents transport heat,
impacting everything from local weather patterns to global climate stability. Changes in ocean circulation due to climate
change can have far-reaching consequences:
• Disrupted Marine Ecosystems:Š‹ˆ–•‹™ƒ–‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ† —””‡–• ƒ†‹•”—’–•’ƒ™‹‰‰”‘—†•ƒ†ƒŽ–‡”
–Š‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‹‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰ˆ‹•Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
• Altered Carbon Cycle:‡Ž–‹‰•‡ƒ‹ ‡ ƒ—•‡†„›™ƒ”‹‰™‹†•†‹•”—’–•–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒŽ‰ƒ‡ǡ™Š‹ Š’Žƒ›•ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ
”‘Ž‡‹ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ǤŠ‹• ƒˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Fisheries at Risk:Šƒ‰‹‰ —””‡–’ƒ––‡”• ƒ†‹•”—’––Š‡”‡ ”—‹–‡–‘ˆˆ‹•Š•–‘ •ǡŒ‡‘’ƒ”†‹œ‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡ —”‹–›
ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ˆ‘”‹ŽŽ‹‘•™Š‘†‡’‡†‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ
• Multiple Threats: ‹•‹‰ ‘ ‡ƒ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ƒ ‹†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† †‡ Ž‹‹‰ ‘š›‰‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ —Ž–‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ
–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘ƒ”‹‡Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†–Š‡†‡Ž‹ ƒ–‡„ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǥ
CORAL REEFS
• ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡—†‡”™ƒ–‡”•–”— –—”‡•„—‹Ž–„›–‹› ‘”ƒŽƒ‹ƒŽ• ƒŽŽ‡†’‘Ž›’•Ǥ —†”‡†•–‘–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆ’‘Ž›’•
™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡˆ‘”‹‰ ‘Ž‘‹‡•–Šƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡–Š‡•‡˜‹„”ƒ–‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǤǤ
• India has three major types of coral reefsǣ
o Fringing Reefs:‘”†‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰•ŠƒŽŽ‘™Žƒ‰‘‘•Ǥ
o Barrier Reefs:—‹‰’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡•Š‘”‡ƒ–ƒ†‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
o Atolls:‹‰Ǧ•Šƒ’‡†”‡‡ˆ•‡ ‹” Ž‹‰ƒŽƒ‰‘‘ǡˆ‘—†‹‹†Ǧ‘ ‡ƒǤ

IDEAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR CORALS TO GROW:

• Sunlightǣ‘‘šƒ–Š‡ŽŽƒ‡ƒŽ‰ƒ‡™‹–Š‹’‘Ž›’•‡‡†•—Ž‹‰Š–ˆ‘”’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹•Ǥ
• Solid Foundation:Šƒ”†•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ––ƒ Š‡–ƒ†”‡‡ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Warm, Clear Water: †‡ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ”‘—†ʹͲι™‹–Š‰‘‘†™ƒ–‡” Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ
• Salinity:‘”ƒŽ•‡š–”ƒ – ƒŽ ‹—ˆ”‘•ƒŽ–›™ƒ–‡”–‘„—‹Ž†–Š‡‹”•‡Ž‡–‘•Ǥ
• Nutrients:•–‡ƒ†›•—’’Ž›‘ˆ—–”‹‡–••—’’‘”–•Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‘”ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CORAL LIFE SYSTEM:
• ‹•‹‰‘ ‡ƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡƒ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰ǡ’‘•‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––Š”‡ƒ––‘ ‘”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‹•™ƒ”‹‰
–”‹‰‰‡”• ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒ’Š‡‘‡‘™Š‡”‡ ‘”ƒŽ‡š’‡Ž•–Š‡˜‹–ƒŽƒŽ‰ƒ‡Ž‹˜‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡ǡ ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡–‘–—”
™Š‹–‡ƒ†™‡ƒ‡Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣ ”‡ƒ–ƒ””‹‡”‡‡ˆ‹—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ
• ‘”ƒŽ„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰‹•„‡ ‘‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›•‡˜‡”‡ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡–†—‡–‘Š‡ƒ–•–”‡••Ǥ
FACTORS CAUSING CORAL BLEACHING:
• Ocean Warming:Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› —Ž’”‹–Ǥ
• Pollution:—‘ˆˆǡ•–‘”Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡††‡„”‹•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–• ƒŠƒ” ‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Excessive Sunlight: ‹‰Š•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„Ž‡ƒ Š•ŠƒŽŽ‘™Ǧ™ƒ–‡” ‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Low Tides:š–‡†‡†‡š’‘•—”‡–‘ƒ‹”†—”‹‰Ž‘™–‹†‡• ƒ„Ž‡ƒ Š•ŠƒŽŽ‘™ ‘”ƒŽ•Ǥ

SIGNIFICANCE OF CORAL REEF FOR OCEAN ECOSYSTEM:
• Economic Powerhouseǣ‡‡ˆ••—’’‘”–ˆ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ƒ†–‘—”‹•ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰Œ‘„•ƒ†”‡˜‡—‡Ǥ
• Biodiversity Hotspot:‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•–‡‡™‹–Šƒ”‹‡Ž‹ˆ‡ǡŠ‘—•‹‰ƒ”‘—†ͶǡͲͲͲˆ‹•Š•’‡ ‹‡•ƒ† ‘—–Ž‡••‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Natural Barrier:‡‡ˆ•’”‘–‡ – ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡•„›ƒ„•‘”„‹‰™ƒ˜‡‡‡”‰›ǡ”‡†— ‹‰‡”‘•‹‘ƒ†•–‘”†ƒƒ‰‡
CONSERVATION OF CORALS:
• Sustainable practices and a reduction in human impactƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘’”‡˜‡–ˆ—”–Š‡”†ƒƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ‘™ ‘”ƒŽ
”‡‡ˆ•–‘”‡ ‘˜‡”Ǥ
• Legal Safeguards: †‹ƒŠƒ•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†˜ƒ”‹‘—•Žƒ™•–‘’”‘–‡ – ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ
o Š‡‹Ž†‹ˆ‡”‘–‡ –‹‘ –ǡͳͻ͹ʹȋ Š‡†—Ž‡ Ȍ
o Š‡˜‹”‘‡–”‘–‡ –‹‘ –ǡͳͻͺ͸ȋȌ
o ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘‘‡‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ȋȌͳͻͻͳ—†‡”–Š‡
o ƒ”‹‡”‘–‡ –‡†”‡ƒ•ȋ•Ȍ

OCEAN POLLUTION
Ocean pollution is a growing threat which encompasses a variety of contaminants, including toxic metals, chemicals,
plastics, waste, and agricultural runoff. These pollutants disrupt delicate marine ecosystems and pose a risk to human
health.
IMPACT OF OCEAN POLLUTION:
• Hazard of Microplastics: ‹ ”‘’Žƒ•–‹ •ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ•–‹ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡••ƒŽŽ‡”–Šƒͷ‹ŽŽ‹‡–‡”•ǡƒ”‡ƒƒŒ‘” ‘ ‡”ǤŠ‡›
ƒ ‘—– ˆ‘” ‘˜‡” ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ ‘ ‡ƒ †‡„”‹•Ǥ ƒ”‹‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹‰‡•–• –Š‡•‡ ‹ ”‘’Žƒ•–‹ •ǡ ‹•–ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘†Ǥ Š‹•
‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž•—’–Š‡ˆ‘‘† Šƒ‹ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡ƒ Š‹‰Š—ƒ•™Š‘ ‘•—‡•‡ƒˆ‘‘†Ǥ
• Harmed Marine Life: ‰‡•–‹‘‘ˆ‹ ”‘’Žƒ•–‹ • ƒ”‡†— ‡ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†Šƒ”ƒ”‹‡‘”‰ƒ‹••Ǥ˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ
‘ ‡ƒ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘†‹•”—’–•‡ ‘•›•–‡•ƒ††‡•–”‘›•Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•Ǥ
• Oxygen Depletion: ‡ ‘’‘•‹‰ †‡„”‹• †‡’Ž‡–‡• ‘š›‰‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ •—ˆˆ‘ ƒ–‹‰ ƒ”‹‡ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡ǣ
ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‡ƒ†œ‘‡•
• Human Health Risks:‡•‡ƒ” Š•—‰‰‡•–•‘ ‡ƒ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ƒŠƒ”Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š–Š”‘—‰Š ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†•‡ƒˆ‘‘†
ƒ†•‡ƒ•’”ƒ›ƒ‡”‘•‘Ž• ‘–ƒ‹‹‰’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•Ǥ

MARINE POLLUTION – MITIGATION:

• Climate Change Actionǣ ‡†— ‹‰ ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ• ‡‹••‹‘• ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ –‘ ‘„ƒ– Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ ƒŒ‘”
‘–”‹„—–‘”–‘‘ ‡ƒ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ
• Enhanced Monitoring:‡––‡”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ††ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‘š›‰‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”
‘ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Raising Awareness:—„Ž‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•‡›–‘ Šƒ‰‹‰Š—ƒ„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‘—”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ•Ǥ
INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS:
• Regulations and Treaties: ‡˜‡”ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‰”‡‡‡–•Ž‹‡ƒ†ƒ‹–‘ ‘–”‘Ž’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘
ˆ”‘•Š‹’•ƒ†’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ƒ”‹‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǤŠ‡•‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•”‡“—‹”‡ ‘–‹—‡†‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡‹‰Ǥ


FACT-WISE
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǡŽƒ•–‹ ™ƒ•–‡ƒ‡•—’ͺͲΨ‘ˆƒŽŽƒ”‹‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ”‘—†ͺ–‘
ͳͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘‡–”‹ –‘•‘ˆ’Žƒ•–‹ ‡†—’‹–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• ‡•‡ƒ” Š•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ǡ„›ʹͲͷͲǡ’Žƒ•–‹ ™‹ŽŽŽ‹‡Ž›‘—–™‡‹‰ŠƒŽŽˆ‹•Š‹–Š‡•‡ƒǤ
MARINE RESOURCES
Marine resources encompass a vast array of valuable materials found in the ocean, from living organisms (fish, coral)
to minerals (oil, gas) and even tourism potential. These resources take millions of years to form, like oil and gas deposits
from decayed marine life.
MARINE WEALTH COMES IN MANY FORMS:
• Biological resources:Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ‹ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ȋˆ‹•Šǡ•Š‡ŽŽˆ‹•Šǡ‡– ǤȌǡ’Žƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡ȋ’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘ǡ•‡ƒ‰”ƒ••Ȍǡƒ† ‘”ƒŽ
”‡‡ˆ•Ǥ

18
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Mineral resources:Š‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ†ƒ†‰”ƒ˜‡Ž†‡’‘•‹–•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ˆ—‡Ž‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡‘‹Žƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ

HUMAN ACTIVITIES THREATEN THESE VITAL RESOURCES:
• ”‡ ‡–”‡’‘”–‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–‘˜‡”͸ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵• ‘”ƒŽ”‡‡ˆ•ƒ”‡—†‡”–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ
• ƒ”‹‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†—•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‹•Š‹‰’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”‡†ƒ‰‡”ƒ”‹‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•
CONSERVATION MEASURES:
• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ Blue Carbon Initiative ƒ† Blue Nature Alliance ’”‘‘–‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ”‹‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǥ
• ”‘‰”ƒ•Ž‹‡̶Magical mangroves̶”ƒ‹•‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‰”‘˜‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• ̶Blue infrastructure development" ‹ ‘—–Š‡ƒ•– •‹ƒ •‡‡• –‘ „ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‹–Š ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ


FACT-WISE
• •’‡” Ž‘„ƒŽ‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Outlook 5 (GBO-5) 2020 ‘”‡–Šƒ60 percent of the world’s coral reefs biodiversity
ƒ”‡—†‡”–Š”‡ƒ–Ǥ
• ʹͲͳ͸ƒ”‹‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ ”‘••‘”–Š—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒŽ‡†–‘•‡˜‡”‡„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒ””‹‡”‡‡ˆǡŽ‡†–‘ƒ‰”‘˜‡
†‹‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ•‹–Š‡‰—Žˆ‘ˆƒ”’‡–ƒ”‹ƒǤ
• Š‡’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹•Š•–‘ •ˆ‹•Š‡†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž›‹•†‘™„›5 percent since 2010.
ATLANTIC MERIDIONAL OVERTURNING CIRCULATION (AMOC)
The AMOC is a massive system of ocean currents transporting warm tropical waters northward. This circulation is
crucial for regulating global climate as it redistributes heat, impacting weather patterns worldwide.
AMOC'S INFLUENCE:
• Fluctuations and Impacts:Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›ˆŽ— –—ƒ–‡•ǡ„—–ƒ™‡ƒ‡‹‰ ‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ
‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡  ƒ•–‘ƒ•– ‹‰Š– ˆƒ ‡ ”‹•‹‰ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ —”‘’‡ ‘—Ž† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ Šƒ”•Š‡” ™‹–‡”• ƒ† ‘”‡
‡š–”‡‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡ ‘—Ž†•‡‡ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹‹–‡•‡•–‘”•Ǥ
• Indian Ocean's Role: –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ”‡ ‡–”‡•‡ƒ” Š•—‰‰‡•–•”‹•‹‰–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰Š–ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›
Š‡Ž’„›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ†™ƒ–‡” ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•‹–Š‡–Žƒ–‹ Ǥ


Understanding the AMOC's complex dynamics and potential influences like the Indian Ocean is crucial for predicting
future climate patterns and mitigating their potential impacts.


Global Overturning Circulation (GOC)

• Ž‘„ƒŽ‘˜‡”–—”‹‰ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ‹•–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”™ƒ”†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘Ž†ǡ†‡‡’™ƒ–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡’‘Ž‡™ƒ”†
–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ”ǡ‡ƒ”Ǧ•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ
• Importanceǣ – ‘–”‘Ž•‘ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒ–†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ–Š—•’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ
”‘Ž‡‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
DEEP OCEAN EXPLORATION INITIATIVES
The vast expanse of the deep ocean remains largely unexplored, holding immense potential for resource discovery and
scientific understanding. Let's have a look into three key initiatives:
• Deep Ocean Mission (DOM):ƒ— Š‡†„› †‹ƒǡ–ƒ Ž‡•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡†‡‡’•‡ƒǤ –•
ˆ‘ —•ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡—†‡”™ƒ–‡”˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‘•‡ˆ‘”’‘Ž›‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‘†—Ž‡•ǡƒ†
‡˜‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‘•—Ž–‹‰•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǤŠ‹•‹••‹‘ƒ‹•–‘—Ž‘ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡•™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ̵•š Ž—•‹˜‡
 ‘‘‹ ‘‡ƒ†„‘‘•––Š‡ƒ–‹‘̵•„Ž—‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
• Seabed 2030:Š‹• ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‘Œ‡ –•–”‹˜‡•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹˜‡ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡‘ ‡ƒˆŽ‘‘”„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ›
‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰‡š‹•–‹‰„ƒ–Š›‡–”‹ †ƒ–ƒǡ‡ƒ„‡†ʹͲ͵Ͳ‘ˆˆ‡”• ”— ‹ƒŽ‹•‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ ‡ƒ
‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ”‹‡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‘”– ‡’‘™‡”• ‹ˆ‘”‡† †‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰
”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘‘ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ‘—”’Žƒ‡–ƒ†‹–•’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• O-STORMS:Š‹• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡’”‘‰”ƒ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ†ƒ–ƒ‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•ǤǦ
ˆ‘ —•‡•‘‹’”‘˜‹‰‘ ‡ƒ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ••‡••‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†
‘†— –‹‰ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ › ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ”‘„—•– ‘ ‡ƒ ‘†‡Ž•ǡ Ǧ ƒ‹• –‘ •—’’‘”– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†‹ˆ‘”’‘Ž‹ ›†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ

19
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
Conclusion:
 ‡ƒ‘‰”ƒ’Š›‹•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†–Šƒ–‡Šƒ ‡•‘—”—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•‘ ‡ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘˜‡”‘˜‡”͹ͲΨ‘ˆƒ”–Š̵•
•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡•–—†›‘ˆ‘ ‡ƒ —””‡–•ǡƒ”‹‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡƒ†‘ ‡ƒ‹ ’”‘ ‡••‡•‘–‘Ž›‡”‹ Š‡•‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ
ƒ–—”ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡ƒ„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–•–Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ ‡ƒ•’Žƒ›‹”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡƒ†
•—•–ƒ‹‹‰Š—ƒŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ•™‡ˆƒ ‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ–Š‡‹•‹‰Š–•‰ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘‘ ‡ƒ‘‰”ƒ’Š›
ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘’”‘–‡ –‘—”‘ ‡ƒ•ƒ†‡•—”‡–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ‘—”’Žƒ‡–
ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


Keywords: Ocean Acidification, Salinity, Continental Shelf, Ocean Currents, Tides, Waves, Coral Reefs, Marine
Pollution, Marine Resources, Phytoplankton, Seagrass, Microplastics, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
(AMOC), Deep Ocean Exploration, Bathymetric Data, Blue Economy, Seabed 2030, O-STORMS, Sustainable
Management, Climate Change


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION (MAINS)

Discuss the causes of depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in
1. 2019
maintaining coastal ecology.
How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the
2. 2019
coastal environment? Give suitable examples?
3. Assess the impact of global warming on coral life system with examples. 2019

4. What are the consequences of spreading ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystem? 2018
Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents. How do they influence
5. 2015
regional climates, fishing and navigation?
Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to meet
6. 2015
the resource crisis in the world.


UPSC OPTIONAL COURSE 2025



 

Hinglish / �ह�ी

Anthropology PSIR History

Sociology Geography Public Administration

Mathematics �ह�ी सा�ह�

At Just COUPON CODE FOR

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₹ 8,999/- PWOIAS500 DISCOUNT

20
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

4 INDIAN CLIMATE

India's climate significantly impacts its people's lives. The tropical monsoon climate, with its hot and humid summers
and monsoonal rains, shapes everything from economic activities to clothing choices. However, this weather is highly
variable, with extreme events like droughts, floods, and cyclones disrupting lives and livelihoods. These events are
expected to worsen due to climate change.


FACT-WISE
• Four seasonsǣ‹–‡”ȋ‡ ‡„‡”–‘ ‡„”—ƒ”›Ȍǡ•—‡”ȋƒ” Š–‘ƒ›Ȍǡ‘•‘‘ȋ —‡–‘‡’–‡„‡”Ȍǡƒ†’‘•–Ǧ
‘•‘‘‘”ƒ—–—ȋ –‘„‡”ƒ†‘˜‡„‡”ȌǤ
• Extreme temperaturesǣ„‘˜‡ͷͲ鋐•—‡”‹Š—”—ȋƒŒƒ•–ŠƒȌƒ†‹™‹–‡”Ǧ45℃ in Drass (Ladakh).
• Regional variationǣ ‘–Ȁ ‘Ž†‹–Š‡‘”–Šǡ‘†‡”ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ǡƒ”‹†‹–Š‡™‡•–ǡƒ†Š—‹†‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–Ǥ
• Varying rainfall patternsǣ ‡ƒ˜› ‘ –Š‡ ™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–ǡ ™‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ ‹‰Š‡•– ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‘ —”• ‹
Š‡””ƒ’—Œ‹ȋ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒȌƒ”‘—†ͳͲͺͲƒ†‹ ƒ‹•ƒŽ‡”ȋƒŒƒ•–ŠƒȌ”‡ ‘”†•‡”‡Ž›ƒ„‘˜‡ͻǤ
• Cyclonesǣ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•’”‘‡–‘ › Ž‘‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽǤ
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF INDIAN CLIMATE
INDIA'S CLIMATE IS A COMPLEX INTERPLAY OF SEVERAL FACTORS:
• Geographic Diversityǣ‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǡ†‹•–ƒ ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ƒǡƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‡ˆˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ƒŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ
˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Multiple Seasonsǣ †‹ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Š”‡‡’”‹ƒ”›•‡ƒ•‘•ȋ™‹–‡”ǡ•—‡”ǡ‘•‘‘Ȍ„—– ƒ„‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹˜‹†‡†
‹–‘•‹š„ƒ•‡†‘•—„–Ž‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”•Š‹ˆ–•Ǥ
• Seasonal Wind Reversalǣ ‹†• Šƒ‰‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ ™‹–‡” ȋ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– –‘ •‘—–Š™‡•–Ȍ ƒ† •—‡”
ȋ•‘—–Š™‡•––‘‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ȌǤ
• Monsoonal Rainfallǣ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȋͺͲΨȌ‘ —”•‹•Š‘”–„—”•–•†—”‹‰–Š‡•—‡”‘•‘‘Ǥ
• Pressure Systemsǣ ‹‰Šƒ†Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡•›•–‡•‘˜‡”Žƒ†‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ™‹–Š•—‡”Š‡ƒ– ”‡ƒ–‹‰
Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Natural CalamitiesǣŠ‡‘•‘‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ‡• †‹ƒ’”‘‡–‘ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǧ
”‡Žƒ–‡††‹•ƒ•–‡”•Ǥ
• Jet Stream InfluenceǣŠ‡—’’‡”ƒ‹” ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡•–‡”Ž› ‡––”‡ƒǡ‹’ƒ –™‹–‡”™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ
• Latitudinal Variationǣ‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǡ Ž‘•‡”–‘–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›Š‘–ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡‘”–Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘Ž†‡”
™‹–‡”•†—‡–‘‹–•–‡’‡”ƒ–‡œ‘‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Keywords: Weather patterns; Sea level rise; Reversal of winds; Seasonal and Variation of rainfall; Diversity of Indian
Climate; Plurality of seasons; Surface pressure and wind; Jet stream and upper air circulation; Western Cyclonic
Disturbance and Tropical Cyclones; Impact of High and Low pressure over the land; Distances from the Sea –
Continentality; Distribution of air pressure and winds; Inflow of western cyclones.

FACTORS DETERMINING THE CLIMATE OF INDIA

LOCATION AND RELIEF
• Himalayan MountainsǣŠ‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•„Ž‘  ‘Ž†” –‹ ™‹†•ǡ•Šƒ’‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Land and Water Distributionǣ‡˜‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡•†‹•–‹ –•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽƒ‹”’”‡••—”‡œ‘‡•Ǥ
• Coastal Proximityǣ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ̵• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹Žƒ†
”‡‰‹‘•ˆƒ ‡‡š–”‡‡•Ǥȋ‡Ǥ‰ǤǡŠ‡‘ƒ ‘ƒ•–Šƒ•‘†‡”ƒ–‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„—–ƒ’—”ƒ†”‹–•ƒ”ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›
‡š–”‡‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ȌǤ
• Altitudeǣ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡™‹–Š‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‹” ‘‘Ž•†—”‹‰ƒ• ‡–Ǥ
• Varied Reliefǣ †‹ƒ̵• †‹˜‡”•‡ –‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‹’ƒ –• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ‹” ’”‡••—”‡ǡ ™‹† ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ƒ† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ
AIR PRESSURE AND WINDS
• Pressure and Wind Systemsǣ ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ”–Š̵• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ƒ‹” ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ† ™‹†
’ƒ––‡”•ǡ†”‹˜‹‰ƒ‹”ˆŽ‘™ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š–‘Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡œ‘‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Jet Streamsǣ’’‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž™‹† —””‡–•ȋŒ‡–•–”‡ƒ•Ȍ”‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‰Ž‘„‡Ǥ

• Air Massesǣ‹•–‹ –ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ǡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†„›–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†‘‹•–—”‡ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ ™‹–‡”ǡ
™‡•–‡” › Ž‘‡• „”‹‰ ”ƒ‹ –‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •‘—–Š™‡•– ‘•‘‘ –”‹‰‰‡”• ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †—‡ –‘
–”‘’‹ ƒŽ†‡’”‡••‹‘•ƒ”‹•‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡™ƒ” †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤ


These factors have different mechanisms with reference to the winter and summer season of the year separately
INDIAN MONSOON
• Š‡–‡”‘•‘‘‹•†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Arabic word ‘Mausam’ meaning ‘season’Ǥ –‹•ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡‘ ƒ—•‡†
„›•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ™‹†”‡˜‡”•ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‘•‘‘”ƒ‹•‘ —”‹‘—–Š•‹ƒǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› †‹ƒǡ
›ƒƒ”ǡ”‹ƒƒǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†Š—–ƒǤ
• ‘” †‹ƒǡ–Š‡‘•‘‘‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽǡ„”‹‰‹‰•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹•–Šƒ–•Šƒ’‡‹–•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‡ ‘‘›ǡƒ†™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡
ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǡ†—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‡•‹–›ǡƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ˜‹–ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ
THE THERMAL THEORY OF MONSOONS
• ƒŽŽ‡›̵•Š‡”ƒŽŠ‡‘”›ƒ––”‹„—–‡•–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•‘‘–‘–Š‡—‡˜‡Š‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒ ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡•—̵•
ƒ’’ƒ”‡–‘”–Š™ƒ”†‘˜‡‡–Ǥ™‘‡›ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡•–”‘‰‘•‘‘•‹ †‹ƒǣŠ‡˜ƒ•–•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•—„ ‘–‹‡–ƒ†•—””‘—†‹‰•‡ƒ•ǡƒ†–Š‡–‘™‡”‹‰ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•Ǥ
• ƒŽŽ‡›̵•–Š‡‘”›‡š’Žƒ‹•–Š‡‡ Šƒ‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
o Solar Shiftǣˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ” Š‡“—‹‘šǡ–Š‡•—ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘‘˜‡‘”–Šǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”
Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤ
o Intense HeatingǣŠ‹•”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘Š‡ƒ–•–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒŽƒ”‰‡Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡„‡Ž–•–”‡– Š‹‰
ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–’Žƒ‹•–‘–Š‡‡ƒ•– ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
o Low Pressure SystemǣŠ‹•Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ƒ –•Ž‹‡ƒƒ‰‡–ǡ†”ƒ™‹‰‹‘‹•–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡
•—””‘—†‹‰‘ ‡ƒ•Ǥ
O Monsoon OnsetǣŠ‡‹ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•–”‹‰‰‡”•–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘‹ †‹ƒǤ

ORIGIN OF INDIAN MONSOON

The Indian monsoon, driven by differential heating of land and sea, is influenced by several other key factors:
• Jet Streamsǣ
o Sub-Tropical Jet Streamǣ‡ƒ‡•ƒ†•Š‹ˆ–•‘”–ŠǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‘•‘‘™‹†•–‘‘˜‡‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒ†„”‹‰
”ƒ‹Ǥ
o Tropical Easterly Streamǣ —‹†‡• ‘‹•–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡ †‡’”‡••‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ ƒ† ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒǡ
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
o Subtropical Westerly Jet StreamǣŽƒ›•ƒ”‘Ž‡‹™‹–‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ„›„”‹‰‹‰™‡•–‡” › Ž‘‹ †‹•–—”„ƒ ‡•Ǥ
• The Himalayas and Tibetan Plateauǣ
o ‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Žƒ†ƒ••‡•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡‘•‘‘ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š Ž‘ ™‹•‡ƒ‹”‘˜‡‡–ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡”‘’‹ ƒŽƒ•–‡”Ž› ‡––”‡ƒƒ†–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ•‹ƒ‡•–‡”Ž› ‡––”‡ƒǤ
• El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO)ǣ  ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ˆŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ ‹ˆ‹   ‡ƒǡ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ –‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™‡ƒ–Š‡”’ƒ––‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•‘‘Ǥ
o El Niñoǣƒ”‡”ƒ ‹ˆ‹ ™ƒ–‡”•†—”‹‰Ž‹Ó‘Ž‡ƒ†–‘†”‹‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ††‡ˆ‹ ‹‡–‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹ †‹ƒǤ
o La Niñaǣƒ‹Óƒ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›„”‹‰••–”‘‰‡”Ǧ–ŠƒǦ‘”ƒŽ‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–‘ †‹ƒǤ
• Walker Circulationǣ
o ”‡••—”‡ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒ”‡‰‹‘•†”‹˜‡–Š‡ƒŽ‡” ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o •–”‘‰‡” †‹ƒ ‡ƒ„”ƒ Š†—”‹‰ƒ‹ÓƒŽ‡ƒ†•–‘‘”‡‹–‡•‡‘•‘‘™‹†•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š‡”
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
O ‡ƒ‡”‘•‘‘™‹†•ƒ”‡‘„•‡”˜‡††—”‹‰Ž‹Ó‘‡˜‡–•Ǥ
JET STREAMS
‡–•–”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆƒ•–Ǧ‘˜‹‰ —””‡–•‘ˆƒ‹”Š‹‰Š‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡–™‡‡͸ƒ†ͻ‹Ž‡•ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”–Š̵•
•—”ˆƒ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡ —””‡–•ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡†„›•–”‘‰™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž›ˆ”‘™‡•––‘‡ƒ•–ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š̵•
—‡˜‡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› „‡–™‡‡ ™ƒ” ƒ† ‘Ž† ƒ‹” ƒ••‡•ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡• –Š‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ –Šƒ– ˆ—‡Ž• Œ‡–
•–”‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Factors Influencing Flow:
• Landmassesǣƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡•ˆ”‹ –‹‘ƒ††‹•”—’–•–Š‡•‘‘–ŠˆŽ‘™‘ˆŒ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡–‘‡ƒ†‡”Ǥƒ”–Š̵•
”‘–ƒ–‹‘•–”‡‰–Š‡•–Š‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ̵• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ™ƒ˜›’ƒ––‡”Ǥ

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• Coriolis EffectǣŠ‹•’Š‡‘‡‘†‡ˆŽ‡ –•‘˜‹‰ƒ‹”ƒ••‡•ǡ•Šƒ’‹‰–Š‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ̵• —”˜‡†’ƒ–ŠǤ –†‡ˆŽ‡ –•ƒ‹”

–‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ƒ†Ž‡ˆ–‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
Key Features:
• Flow and Locationǣ ‡– •–”‡ƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ˆŽ‘™ ™‡•– –‘ ‡ƒ•–ǡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „›ƒ”–Š̵• ”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ‡ ‹” Ž‡ –Š‡
‰Ž‘„‡ǡ ‘‘Ž›ˆ‘—†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’‘Ž‡•ƒ†ʹͲ†‡‰”‡‡•Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹„‘–ŠŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥ
• Meandering PathǣŠ‡‹”’ƒ–Š‹•‘–ƒ•–”ƒ‹‰Š–Ž‹‡ǡ„—–ƒ™ƒ˜›’ƒ––‡”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Wind SpeedsǣŠ‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›‘ˆͳʹͲ‹Ž‘‡–”‡•’‡”Š‘—”‹™‹–‡”ƒ†ͷͲ’‡”Š‘—”
‹•—‡”ǤŠ‡•–”‘‰‡•–™‹†•ƒ”‡–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†ƒ––Š‡ ”‡•–•ƒ†–”‘—‰Š•‘ˆ–Š‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒǤ
• Seasonal ShiftsǣŠ‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ̵•’‘•‹–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡•™‹–Š•‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ™‹–‡”ǡ‹–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡•‘—–Š‡”•Ž‘’‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‹•—‡”ǡ‹–•Š‹ˆ–•‘”–Š†—‡–‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹Žƒ†ƒ†‘ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹‰’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
Types of Jet Streams:
• Subtropical Jet Streamsǣ‘ ƒ–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡͵Ͳ†‡‰”‡‡•Žƒ–‹–—†‡‹„‘–ŠŠ‡‹•’Š‡”‡•ǡ–Š‡•‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‡ƒ‘”‡
‘•‹•–‡–™‡•–Ǧ–‘Ǧ‡ƒ•–ˆŽ‘™†—‡–‘ƒ”–Š̵•”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Mid-Latitude or Polar Front Jet Streams: ‘—†„‡–™‡‡‘Žƒ”Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡ͷͲǦ͸Ͳ†‡‰”‡‡Žƒ–‹–—†‡
Ž‹‡•‹„‘–Š‘”–Š‡”ƒ†•‘—–Š‡”Š‡‹•’Š‡”‡•Ǥƒ–‹–—†‡ǡ–Š‡•‡Œ‡–•–”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡ ‘Ž†’‘Žƒ”ƒ‹”‡‡–•™ƒ”
–”‘’‹ ƒŽ ƒ‹”Ǥ Š‡› ‘˜‡ ‡ƒ•– „—– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ •—„–”‘’‹ ƒŽ Œ‡– •–”‡ƒ• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡
†›ƒ‹ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‘Žƒ”ˆ”‘–Ǥ
NATURE AND IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF MONSOON
• ›•–‡ƒ–‹  •–—†‹‡• ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–Š •‹ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹–‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•‘‘ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰ǣ
o •‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘
o ƒ‹Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰•›•–‡•
o ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‘•‘‘
o ‡–”‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘
ONSET OF THE MONSOON:
The arrival of the monsoon in India is influenced by several key factors:
• Land and Sea Temperature Contrastǣ—‡”̵•‹–‡•‡Š‡ƒ– ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒŽ‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡œ‘‡‘˜‡”‘”–Š™‡•– †‹ƒǤ
Š‹•̶•— –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –̶ƒ––”ƒ –•‘‹•–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•––”ƒ†‡™‹†•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰–Š‡‘•‘‘̵•
Œ‘—”‡›Ǥ
• Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on the Moveǣ Š‡ ǡ ƒ „‡Ž– ‘ˆ Ž‘™ ’”‡••—”‡ ™Š‡”‡ –”ƒ†‡ ™‹†•
‘˜‡”‰‡ǡ•Š‹ˆ–•‘”–Š™ƒ”†™‹–Š–Š‡•—̵•ƒ’’ƒ”‡–‘˜‡‡–ǤŠ‹••Š‹ˆ–ƒŽ‹‰•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘‹
†‹ƒǤ
Additionally, some other specific conditions also influence the southwest monsoon's onset:
• Low-Pressure Systemsǣ‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘”†‡’”‡••‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒƒ”‘—†
Žƒ–‡ƒ›‘”‡ƒ”Ž› —‡ ƒ‹ •–ƒ”––Š‡‘•‘‘̵•ƒ‹Žƒ†ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǤ
• Cyclonic ActivityǣŠ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ › Ž‘‹ ˜‘”–‹ ‡•‡ƒ”‡”ƒŽƒƒ†ƒ•Šƒ†™‡‡’ ƒ’—•Š–Š‡‘•‘‘ —””‡–
‘”–Š™ƒ”†ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡™‡•– ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
• Temperature-Driven Troughsǣ‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•„‡–™‡‡Žƒ†ƒ†•‡ƒ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ̶–”‘—‰Š̶‘ˆˆ–Š‡™‡•–
‘ƒ•–ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ†‡Žƒ›‡†‘”™‡ƒ‡‡†‘•‘‘‘•‡–Ǥ
• Crossing the EquatorǣŠ‡–”ƒ†‡™‹†•ˆ”‘–Š‡‘—–Š‡” ‡‹•’Š‡”‡ ”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǡ–Š‡›„”‹‰ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
•—”‰‡‘ˆ‘•‘‘™‹†•–‘™ƒ”†• †‹ƒǤ
RAIN-BEARING SYSTEMS:
The southwest monsoon, splits into two branches upon reaching the southern tip of the Indian peninsula: the Arabian
Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.
Arabian Sea Branch:
This branch divides into three streams upon reaching mainland India.
• Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–”‡ƒ•–”‹‡•–Š‡™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–Š‡ƒ†Ǧ‘ǡ ƒ—•‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‡š ‡‡†‹‰ʹͷͲ ƒ—ƒŽŽ›†—‡–‘–Š‡
‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•™‹†• ƒ””›‹‰‘‹•–—”‡”‹•‡‘˜‡”–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ ƒ—•‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‘
–Š‡™‹†™ƒ”†•‹†‡ȋ—’–‘ͷͲͲ Ȍƒ†ƒ†”ƒƒ–‹ ”‡†— –‹‘‘–Š‡Ž‡‡™ƒ”†•‹†‡ȋƒ”‘—†͵ͲǦͷͲ ȌǤ
• Š‡•‡ ‘†•–”‡ƒ–”ƒ˜‡Ž•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”ƒ†ƒǦƒ’‹–”‘—‰Š•ǡƒƒ””‘™˜ƒŽŽ‡›•›•–‡‹ ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒǤ
• Š‡–Š‹”†•–”‡ƒ‘˜‡•ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ƒ‰‡™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹’ƒ –Ǥ
Bay of Bengal Branch:
This branch also splits into two distinct streams.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–”‡ƒ ”‘••‡•–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒǦ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ†‡Ž–ƒƒ†”‡ƒ Š‡•‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ‡ ‘—–‡”‹‰–Š‡‘”‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ –

‘ ‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ‹–‡•‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ™‹–Š Š‡””ƒ’—Œ‹ ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ƒ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ͳǡͳͲʹ  ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ƒ†
ƒ™•›”ƒŠ‘Ž†‹‰–Š‡”‡ ‘”†ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–›‡ƒ”Ž›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ–ͳǡʹʹͳ Ǥ
• Š‡ •‡ ‘† •–”‡ƒ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™• –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•ǡ †‡ˆŽ‡ –‡† ™‡•–™ƒ”† „› –Š‡ ‘—–ƒ‹ ”ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† „”‹‰•
™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡ ƒ‰‡•Žƒ‹Ǥ
BREAK IN THE MONSOON:
• —”‹‰–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘’‡”‹‘†ƒˆ–‡”Šƒ˜‹‰”ƒ‹‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‡™†ƒ›•ǡ‹ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒ‹Ž•–‘‘ —”ˆ‘”‘‡‘”‘”‡™‡‡•ǡ
‹–‹•‘™ƒ•ƒ„”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‘•‘‘ǤŠ‡•‡†”›•’‡ŽŽ•ƒ”‡“—‹–‡ ‘‘†—”‹‰–Š‡”ƒ‹›•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
RETREAT IN MONSOON:
• •‹’Ž‡™‘”†•ǡ”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ•™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽǤ‘ǡ–Š‡™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘™‹†•ˆ”‘–Š‡•‹‡•‘ˆ
‘”–Š †‹ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡‘–Š•‘ˆ –‘„‡”ƒ†‘˜‡„‡”‹•‘™ƒ•–Š‡”‡–”‡ƒ–‹‰‘•‘‘ǤŠ‡™‹–Š†”ƒ™ƒŽ‹•
‰”ƒ†—ƒŽƒ†–ƒ‡•ƒ„‘—––Š”‡‡‘–Š•Ǥ
INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE (IOD) AND INDIAN MONSOON
• Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹’‘Ž‡ȋ Ȍ‹•ƒ Ž‹ƒ–‡’Š‡‘‡‘ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”ȋƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽȌƒ†™‡•–‡”ȋ”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒȌ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǤ
• Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ‹’‘Ž‡ȋ ȌŠƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•‘‘ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†
‹–‡•‹–›‘ˆ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ ”‘••–Š‡ †‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–Ǥ
• Š‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’Šƒ•‡•‘ˆ–Š‡  ƒŠƒ˜‡ ‘–”ƒ•–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ


• Warmer West, Cooler Eastǣƒ”‡”•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡™‡•–‡” †‹ƒ  ‡ƒ

ƒ† ‘‘Ž‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•– ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’Šƒ•‡Ǥ
• Enhanced MonsoonǣŠ‹•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’ƒ––‡”•–”‡‰–Š‡•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•–Šƒ–ˆƒ˜‘”
Positive IOD ‘•‘‘ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‘‹•–—”‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡””ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹
‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒǤ
• Increased Rainfallǣ „•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡• ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
†—”‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Cooler West, Warmer Eastǣ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ —”•™Š‡–Š‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‰”ƒ†‹‡–”‡˜‡”•‡•ǡ
™‹–Š ‘‘Ž‡”™ƒ–‡”•‹–Š‡™‡•–ƒ†™ƒ”‡”™ƒ–‡”•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•–Ǥ
• Weaker MonsoonǣŠ‹•†‹•”—’–•–Š‡‘•‘‘ ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ™‡ƒ‡”ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
Negative IOD †‡Žƒ›‡†‘•‘‘ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǤ
• Drought Riskǣ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡  ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘†”‘—‰Š– ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†
‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒǡ†—‡–‘„‡Ž‘™Ǧƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ

EL- NINO AND INDIAN MONSOON

El Nino, a Pacific Ocean warming phenomenon, significantly affects the Indian monsoon. Warmer central and eastern
Pacific waters disrupt global atmospheric circulation patterns, impacting the Indian subcontinent's rainfall. Some key
points regarding El-Nino:
• Weakened MonsoonǣŽ‹Ó‘†‹•”—’–•ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘ǡ”‡†— ‹‰‘‹•–—”‡ˆŽ‘™ƒ ”‘••–Š‡‡“—ƒ–‘”ǤŠ‹•
–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡•–‘™‡ƒ‡”‘•‘‘•ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
• Delayed Arrivalǣ Ž ‹Ó‘ ƒ †‡Žƒ› –Š‡ ‘•‘‘̵• ƒ””‹˜ƒŽǡ ‹’ƒ –‹‰ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡ –‘”•†‡’‡†‡–‘–‹‡Ž›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
• Uneven Distributionǣ Ž ‹Ó‘̵• ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ˜ƒ”› ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ ‡–”ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ •—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡ –‘
„‡Ž‘™Ǧƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ††”‘—‰Š–†—”‹‰Ž‹Ó‘›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Regional VariationsǣŽ‹Ó‘ ƒ†‹•”—’–”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††‡ˆ‹ ‹–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™‹–Š
Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡†ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰ǤŠ‡•‡˜‡”‹–›†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡Ž‹Ó‘̵••–”‡‰–Šƒ†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
LA-NINA AND INDIAN MONSOON
• ƒ‹Óƒ‹•ƒ Ž‹ƒ–‡’ƒ––‡” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„› ‘‘Ž‡”–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†‡ƒ•–‡”
‡“—ƒ–‘”‹ƒŽƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š Šƒ‰‡•‹ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•Ž‹‡™‹†•ǡ’”‡••—”‡ǡƒ†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
IMPACT ON INDIAN MONSOONS:
• Enhanced Monsoonal Rainfallǣ ƒ ‹Óƒ ‘†‹–‹‘• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘—–Š™‡•–
‘•‘‘ȋ —‡Ǧ‡’–‡„‡”Ȍ‘˜‡” †‹ƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Reduced Winter Rainfallǣ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ ‹Óƒ Šƒ• ƒ ƒ†˜‡”•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ‘•‘‘ ȋ‡ ‡„‡”Ǧ
‡„”—ƒ”›Ȍǡ„”‹‰‹‰Ž‡••”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–‘–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
• Cyclone Activityǣ ƒ ‹Óƒ ›‡ƒ”• –‡† –‘ •‡‡ Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ •›•–‡• ƒ† › Ž‘‡• ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒŽ
’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”‘”–Š–Šƒ—•—ƒŽǤ
• Reduced Rainfall in Southern Indiaǣ —‡ –‘ –Š‹• ‘”–Š™ƒ”† •Š‹ˆ–ǡ –Š‡•‡ •›•–‡• –‡† –‘ ”‡ —”˜‡ ȋ„‡† „ƒ 
‡ƒ•–™ƒ”†Ȍ‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘˜‹‰™‡•–™ƒ”†Ǥ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ•‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒ”‡‰‹‘•Ž‹‡ƒ‹Žƒ†—”‡ ‡‹˜‡Ž‡••”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
†—”‹‰ƒ‹Óƒ‡˜‡–•Ǥ

WHY CYCLONES ARE RARE DURING PEAK MONSOON MONTHS (JULY & AUGUST) ?
Tropical cyclones require specific environmental conditions for formation. These include:
• Warm Ocean Watersǣ—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ʹ͸Ǥͷι–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‡’–Šȋƒ”‘—†
ͷͲ‡–‡”•ȌǤ
• Moist LayersǣŠ‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‡‡†•–‘„‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‘‹•–ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ–ƒ”‘—†ͷ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
• Low Wind Shearǣ‹‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘‹™‹†•’‡‡†ƒ††‹”‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ƒ†—’’‡”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹•
”— ‹ƒŽǤ
However, during the peak monsoon months of July and August, certain factors reduce the likelihood of cyclone
formation:
• Strong Surface Windsǣ‘•‘‘™‹†•„Ž‘™ˆ”‘–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡•–‘”™‡•–ƒ––Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
‘•‘‘–”‘—‰ŠǤƒ•–‡”Ž›‘”•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›™‹†•’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘—‰Šǡƒ†–Š‡•‡™‹†•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›•–”‘‰‡”
‘˜‡”–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ–ŠƒŽƒ†Ǥ
• Upper-Level Windsǣ ’’‡”ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ™‹†• ƒŽ•‘ ‡šŠ‹„‹– ƒ ™‡•–‡”Ž› ‘” •‘—–Š™‡•–‡”Ž› †‹”‡ –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •‘—–Š ƒ† ƒ
•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›‘”‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›†‹”‡ –‹‘–‘–Š‡‘”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘–”‘—‰ŠǤŠ‡•‡™‹†•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹•’‡‡†™‹–ŠƒŽ–‹–—†‡Ǥ
‡•–‡”Ž›™‹†•”‡ƒ Šƒƒš‹—‘ˆʹͲǦʹͷ‘–•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‡ƒ•–‡”Ž›™‹†••–”‡‰–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ǡ”‡ƒ Š‹‰•’‡‡†•‘ˆ
͸ͲǦͺͲ‘–•‘˜‡”–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‡‹•—ŽƒǤ
• High Wind ShearǣŠ‡ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•–”‘‰ƒ†˜ƒ”›‹‰™‹†•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒŽ–‹–—†‡• ”‡ƒ–‡•Š‹‰Š˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ™‹†
•Š‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š†‹•”—’–•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•–‘”•›•–‡ǡƒ‹‰ › Ž‘‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘—ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡

†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡‘–Š•Ǥ
While the monsoon season provides the warm ocean temperatures and moist atmosphere necessary for cyclones, the
strong and variable wind patterns prevalent during July and August create high wind shear, hindering the development
of these powerful storms.
IMPACT OF CYCLONES/ ANTI-CYCLONES ON MONSOON
• Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•‘‘ƒ›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”†‡Žƒ›•ƒ†™‡ƒ‡‹‰†—‡–‘–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒƒ–‹ › Ž‘‡‹–Š‡
”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǡƒ › Ž‘‡‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‡ƒǡƒ†ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–›’Š‘‘‹–Š‡ƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ƒǤ
• Š‡ƒ–‹ › Ž‘‡ƒ†–›’Š‘‘ ƒŠ‹†‡”–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ‘•‘‘™‹†•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ‹Žƒ†ǡ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‹’ƒ –‹‰
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ† ƒ—•‹‰†‡Žƒ›•‹–Š‡‘•‘‘‘•‡–Ǥ
• ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡’ƒ”–‡–Šƒ•”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡•‡•’‡ —Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
‘ ‡ƒ‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘–Š‡‘•‘‘‹•‘–• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›•—’’‘”–‡†Ǥ
• Š‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž ‹Ó‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ˆƒ –‘” –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ ‘•‘‘ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ‹–• ‹’ƒ – ‹• †‡‡‡† –‘ „‡
‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–„›–Š‡ Ǥ
• Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ™‡ƒ‡”ƒ††‡Žƒ›‡†‘•‘‘Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›•Š‘™‹–•‹’ƒ –‘‡ƒ”Ž› ”‘’•‘™‹‰ǡ™‹–Šƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
‹”‹ ‡ƒ ”‡ƒ‰‡Ǥ

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL
KEY FACTORS DETERMINING DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL:
• Relief Featuresǣ‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ†’Žƒ–‡ƒ—•’Žƒ›ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡Ǥ”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡™‹†™ƒ”†•‹†‡ȋˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡
™‹†•Ȍ”‡ ‡‹˜‡‘”‡”ƒ‹–Šƒ–Š‡Ž‡‡™ƒ”†•‹†‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•”‡ ‡‹˜‡Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”
™‹†™ƒ”†’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
• Cyclonic DepressionsǣŠ‡•‡Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡•›•–‡•„”‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•ƒ•–Š‡›‘˜‡ƒ ”‘••–Š‡
‘—–”›ǤŠ‡‡ƒ•–‡” ‘ƒ•–•ƒ††‡Ž–ƒ•‘ˆ–‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†—‡–‘†‡’”‡••‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ
‡‰ƒŽǤ
• Direction of WindsǣŠ‡†‹”‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘‹•–—”‡ǦŽƒ†‡™‹†••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›‹’ƒ –•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ
–Š‡”ƒ˜ƒŽŽ‹ ‹ŽŽ•„Ž‘ –Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒ„”ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘•‘‘ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Ž‘™”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
RAINFALL PATTERNS:
• Decreasing Northwardǣ ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡• ƒ• ™‡ ‘˜‡ ‘”–Š ˆ”‘ ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ ȋ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• Š‹‰Š
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽȌ–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ ƒ”›ƒƒƒ†—Œƒ„Ǥ
• ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ–‘ –‡”‹‘”‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ǣ‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‘”–Šǡ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ–‡†•–‘†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ•›‘—‘˜‡‹Žƒ†
ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
• Altitude Increaseǣ  –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ™‹–Š ƒŽ–‹–—†‡ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ™•›”ƒ ȋŽ‘ ƒ–‡† ‘ ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ƒ—Ȍ
”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰‡š ‡’–‹‘ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǤ
RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION:
• High Rainfall (Above 200 cm)ǣ‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ•—„Ǧ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǡƒ†–Š‡ ƒ”‘ǡŠƒ•‹ǡƒ†
ƒ‹–‹ƒŠ‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǤ
• Moderate Rainfall (100-200 cm)ǣƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•ǡ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡ†‹•Šƒǡ‹Šƒ”ǡƒ†•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Low Rainfall (60-100 cm)ǣƒ”–•‘ˆ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǡƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”‡ ƒŽƒ–‡ƒ—Ǥ
• Inadequate Rainfall (Less than 60 cm)ǣ‡•–‡”ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ†ƒŠǡƒ†’ƒ”–•‘ˆ•‘—–ŠǦ ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒǤ
CHANGING RAINFALL PATTERN IN THE COUNTRY
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) analyzed monsoon rainfall patterns across India using data from the past
30 years (1989-2018) at both state and district levels. Key findings are:
• Decreasing Rainfallǣ ‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‡• Ǧ ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ‹Šƒ”ǡ ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽǡ ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ‰ƒŽƒ† Ǧ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– †‡ Ž‹‡• ‹ •‘—–Š™‡•– ‘•‘‘ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †—”‹‰ –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ —ƒŽ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹ –Š‡•‡ •–ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š
”—ƒ ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•Šƒ† ‹ƒ ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•ŠǡƒŽ•‘•Š‘™•ƒ†‘™™ƒ”†–”‡†Ǥ
• State-Specific Variationsǣ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •–ƒ–‡• •ƒ™ ƒ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ǡ ‘–Š‡” ”‡‰‹‘• Šƒ˜‡̵– •Š‘™ ƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
Šƒ‰‡•‹•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–‹‡ˆ”ƒ‡Ǥ
• District-Level Analysisǣ šƒ‹‹‰ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ– –Š‡ †‹•–”‹ – Ž‡˜‡Ž ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ‘”‡ —ƒ ‡† ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ ‡˜‡”ƒŽ
†‹•–”‹ –•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•‹„‘–Š•‘—–Š™‡•–‘•‘‘ƒ†ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘˜‡”
–Š‡’ƒ•–͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Increase in Heavy Rainfall Eventsǣ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡ˆ”‡“—‡ ›‘ˆŠ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†ƒ›•Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›
‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ—”ƒ•Š–”ƒ Ƭ —– Šǡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—ǡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ †‹•Šƒǡ
ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– †‹ƒǡ‘ƒƬ ‘ƒǡƒ†––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ
KOEPPEN’S CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATIC REGIONS OF INDIA
• Koeppen identified a close relationship between the distribution of vegetation and climate. Koeppen’s
Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‹  ‡‰‹‘• ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ‡’‹”‹ ƒŽ
Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ƒ ‘–ŠŽ›
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘†ƒ–ƒǤ
• Koppen climatic groups are subdivided into typesǡ
†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† „› •ƒŽŽ Ž‡––‡”•ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ
• Climate Classification and Climate Region are as followsǣ
• ‘•‘‘–›’‡™‹–Š–Š‡•Š‘”–†”›•‡ƒ•‘ȋ™ȌǣŠ‡™‡•–‡”
‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•‘—–Š‘ˆ ‘ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
o Monsoon type with dry season in summers (AS)ǣŠ‡
”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‡š–‡†• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡
‘”‘ƒ†‡Ž ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
o Tropical Savanna type (Aw)ǣ Ž‘•– –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡
’‡‹•—Žƒ” ”‡‰‹‘ ‡š ‡’– ˆ‘” •‘‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–•
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ
o Semi-arid steppe climate (BShw)ǣŠ‹• Ž‹ƒ–‹ ”‡‰‹‘
‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹–‡”‹‘”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‹•—Žƒ”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—ƒ†
•‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ —Œƒ„ ƒ†
ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”Ǥ
o Hot desert type (BWhw)ǣŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•ˆ‘—†
‘Ž›‹–Š‡™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǤ
o Monsoon type with dry winters (Cwg)ǣ ƒ”‰‡Ž›
‘”–Š‡”’Žƒ‹•‘ˆ †‹ƒ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Cold-humid winter type with short summer (Dfc)ǣŠ‹• Ž‹ƒ–‡‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ•Š‘”–•—‡”•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
Š‹•”‡‰‹‘ ‘˜‡”•–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
o Polar type (E)ǣŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†‹ ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”ƒ†–Š‡‡‹‰Š„‘—”‹‰‘—–ƒ‹”ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
MONSOON AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF INDIA
• Agricultural Dependenceǣ˜‡”͸ͶΨ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘”‡Ž‹‡•‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡
‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽǤŠ‹••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”ˆ‘”•–Š‡„ƒ „‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ › Ž‡Ǥ
• Diverse Cropsǣ †‹ƒ̵• Ž‹ƒ–‡ǡ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ
”‘’•–‘„‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ‘—–”›ȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ™Š‡”‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–Ž›Ž‘™ȌǤ
• Rainfall Challengesǣ‡˜‡‘•‘‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘†”‘—‰Š–•‘”ˆŽ‘‘†•‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Irrigation and Rainfallǣ‹‡Ž›ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ†‹•–”‹„—–‡†”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•— ‡••Ǥ‡‰‹‘•™‹–ŠŽ‹‹–‡†
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ˆƒ‹Ž‡†‘•‘‘•Ǥ
• Seasonal Benefitsǣ ‹–‡” ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ˆ”‘ –‡’‡”ƒ–‡ › Ž‘‡• ‹ ‘”–Š †‹ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‹•–—”‡ ˆ‘” ”ƒ„‹
”‘’•ȋ ”‘’••‘™‹™‹–‡”ƒ†Šƒ”˜‡•–‡†‹•’”‹‰ȌǤ
• Climatic Impactǣ †‹ƒ̵•†‹˜‡”•‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ•Šƒ’‡†„›–Š‡‘•‘‘ǡƒ”‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•˜ƒ”‹‡†
ˆ‘‘†’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ Ž‘–Š‹‰•–›Ž‡•ǡƒ†Š‘—•‹‰–›’‡•Ǥ

CONCLUSION
• Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹• —†‡”‰‘‹‰ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡•ǡ ™‹–Š ”‹•‹‰ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ™ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ  ‡ƒǡ
Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† †”‘—‰Š– ˆ”‡“—‡ ›ǡ •‡ƒǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ”‹•‡ǡ ƒ† •Š‹ˆ–‹‰ › Ž‘‡ ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ Š‡•‡
Šƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘Š—ƒǦ‹†— ‡†ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ•— Šƒ•‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‡”‘•‘Žˆ‘” ‹‰Ǥ –
‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” †‹ƒ –‘ ‘–‹—‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ† •–—†›‹‰ –Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡• –‘ „‡––‡” —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹’ƒ –• ƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•
‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ‡ ‘‘›ǡƒ†•‘ ‹‡–›‹–Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ


Keywords: Monsoon, Jet Streams, El Nino, Southern Oscillation (ENSO), ITCZ, Monsoon Break, Indian Ocean Dipole
(IOD), La Nina, Koppen's Climate Classification, Monsoon Economy, Climate Change, Shifting Rainfall Patterns,
Monsoonal Floods, Climate Policy

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION 

1. Why is the South-West monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in the Bhojpur Region? How has this 2023
directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of the region?
2. Why is the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) needed? How does it help in 2018
navigation?
3. What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 per cent 2017
of the won population residing in Monsoon Asia?
4. In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development.” Discuss 2017

5. How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing 2015
landscapes? Discuss.
6. The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called “Phailin”. How are the tropical cyclones named 2013
across the world?
7. There is no formation of deltas by rivers of the Western Ghat. Why? 2013

 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

5 POPULATION AND MIGRATION IN INDIA

• Š‡‘”Ž† ‡ƒŽ–Š”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ†‡ˆ‹‡•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡•‡–‘ˆ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•”‡•‹†‹‰‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 

Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ „‡ ‹– ƒ ‘—–”›ǡ –‡””‹–‘”›ǡ ‘” ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‹• †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ƒ ‡ ‘’ƒ•• –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘” „‡
„”‘‡†‘™„›ˆƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡•‡šƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ‰‡‰”‘—’ƒ–ƒ‰‹˜‡‘‡–Ǥ


POPULATION: FACT-WISE
• Total Populationǣ•‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ʹͲʹͶǡ †‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳǤͶͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡƒ‹‰‹––Š‡‘•–’‘’—Ž‘—•
‘—–”›‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡŠƒ˜‹‰‘˜‡”–ƒ‡Š‹ƒ‹‹†ǦʹͲʹ͵
• Population growth Rateǣ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒ‹ʹͲʹͶŠƒ•‰”‘™ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆͲǤͺͳΨˆ”‘ʹͲʹ͵Ǥ
• Sex Ratioǣ•‘ˆ–Š‡‡†‘ˆʹͲʹ͵ǡ–Š‡•‡š”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ”‘—†ͻ͵ͻˆ‡ƒŽ‡•’‡”ͳǡͲͲͲƒŽ‡•Ǥ
• Population Densityǣ Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †‡•‹–› ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹ ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲʹͶ ‹• ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› Ͷ͵ͻ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ’‡” •“—ƒ”‡
‹Ž‘‡–”‡Ǥ
• Rural-Urban PopulationǣŠ‡”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—–͸ͷΨ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‡•—’
ƒ„‘—–͵ͷΨ
SIGNIFICANCE OF POPULATION STUDIES
• Economic Powerhouse:Š‡›ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ȋ•‹œ‡ǡ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •Ȍ–‘‹ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘‹ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†
ƒ••‡••ƒ”‡–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘•—‡”„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†’—” Šƒ•‹‰’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Social Safety Net:›‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ȋ Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ‡Ž†‡”Ž›ǡŽ‘™Ǧ‹ ‘‡Ȍǡ–Š‡•‡•–—†‹‡•‹ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ
™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Promoting Well-being: †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ‘–”ƒ ‡’–‹˜‡ —•‡ǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‘†— –‹˜‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒŽŽ‘™•
’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‡”•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›’Žƒ‹‰ǡ”‡†— ‹‰ƒ–‡”ƒŽȀ‹ˆƒ–‘”–ƒŽ‹–›ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ
™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ
• Policy Foundations: ˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‡• ‘ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ •–—†‹‡• –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡†•ǡ
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ
• Planning for the Future: ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ †‡•‹–›ǡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‰”‘™–Š ’ƒ––‡”• ‹ˆ‘”• ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
’Žƒ‹‰ȋ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‘—•‹‰ǡ—–‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ȍƒ†‰—‹†‡•”‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ
TRENDS IN POPULATION GROWTH
Period of Stagnant High birth rates were offset by high death rates, resulting in slow or even negative
Population population growth. The year 1921 marks a turning point, known as the "Demographic
(1901-1921) Divide," due to this period's low growth.

Period of steady Birth rates remained high, but mortality rates began to decline due to improvements in
growth health, sanitation, and food distribution systems. This period's growth was driven by a
(1921-1951) decrease in deaths.

Period of rapid high

Mortality rates declined while birth rates remained high, leading to a period of rapid
growth
population growth. This "explosion" was fueled by continued high fertility.
(1951-1981)

Period of high
growth with definite The highest-ever growth rate of 22.2 % was recorded in 1971-1981 followed by a gradual
signs of slowing decline. The 2021 census showed a lower population increase compared to the previous
down decade, indicating success in family planning efforts and a shift towards smaller families.
(1981-2011)

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH POPULATION GROWTH IN INDIA

• High Fertility Rates:Ž–Š‘—‰Š†‡ Ž‹‹‰•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›ǡ †‹ƒ̵•ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›”ƒ–‡”‡ƒ‹•ƒ„‘˜‡”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž•
ȋʹǤͲ Š‹Ž†”‡’‡”™‘ƒȌǤȋ Ǧͷ†ƒ–ƒǣʹǤͲ‹ʹͲͳͻǦʹͳȌ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Declining Mortality Rates: ’”‘˜‡†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ† —–”‹–‹‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†”‘’‹‘”–ƒŽ‹–›”ƒ–‡•ǡ

‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”‹ˆƒ–•ȋ ƒ–͵ͷ’‡”ͳǡͲͲͲŽ‹˜‡„‹”–Š•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ǦͷȌǤŠ‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡•–‘ƒŽ‘‰‡”Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒˆ‘”
–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Limited Family Planning Access:‡•’‹–‡’”‘‰”‡••ǡ‘Ž›ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆƒ””‹‡†™‘‡—–‹Ž‹œ‡‘†‡” ‘–”ƒ ‡’–‹˜‡•ǡ
Š‹†‡”‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‘Ž‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ
• Poverty and Education: ‘˜‡”–› ƒ† Ž‘™ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡† –‘Š‹‰Š‡” ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ• •‡‡ ‹ †‹ƒ̵•
ʹ͹ǤͷΨ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ž‹˜‹‰„‡Ž‘™–Š‡’‘˜‡”–›Ž‹‡ȋ‡•—•ʹͲͳͳ†ƒ–ƒȌǤ
• Cultural and Social Influences: —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ˆ‘” Žƒ”‰‡” ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ƒ† •‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡• ’Žƒ› ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹
•Šƒ’‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›•‹œ‡†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ
IMPLICATIONS OF HIGH POPULATION GROWTH
ISSUES
• Resource Strain:‹•‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•’”‡••—”‡‘˜‹–ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ž‹‡ˆ‘‘†ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡŠ‘—•‹‰ǡƒ†‡‡”‰›Ǥ
• Infrastructure Overload:š‹•–‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘„‡ ‘‡•
‘˜‡”„—”†‡‡†Ǥ
• Job Market Strain: ‹‰Š ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Š ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ —‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ† —†‡”‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ˆ Œ‘„ ”‡ƒ–‹‘
†‘‡•̵–‡‡’’ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Increased Social Needs: ”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•†‡ƒ†‘”‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• Environmental Degradation:˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ž‹‡†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡†‡’Ž‡–‹‘™‘”•‡Ǥ
POTENTIAL BENEFITS
• Economic Growth:Žƒ”‰‡”†‘‡•–‹ ƒ”‡–ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‘•—‡”†‡ƒ† ƒ•–‹—Žƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Demographic Dividend:‹–Š’”‘’‡”‹˜‡•–‡–‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ›‘—‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ƒ†
–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS
• Social Welfare: ”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡• ƒ† ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• „‡ ‘‡• ‘”‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ™‹–Š ƒ Žƒ”‰‡”
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Unplanned Urbanization:ƒ’‹†—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘•–”ƒ‹‘—”„ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†—’Žƒ‡†‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Sustainable Development: ‘‰Ǧ–‡” ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION AND ITS DENSITY
Uneven distribution is an important aspect of India's population. High-density pockets have developed around
urbanised, developed areas and plains regions. Backward areas and hilly, desert regions are sparsely populated.
REASONS PERTAINING TO UNEQUAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION:
• Terrain: Žƒ–’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡‘”‡ ‘†— ‹˜‡–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”•ǡƒ†‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Š‹‰Š‡”
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›Ǥȋ‰ǣ ‹‰Š†‡•‹–›‹ ƒ‰‡•’Žƒ‹˜•ǤŽ‘™†‡•‹–›‹”—ƒ ŠƒŽ”ƒ†‡•ŠȌ
• Climate:”‡ƒ•™‹–Š‡š–”‡‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•‘”• ƒ” ‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡Ž‘™‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥȋ‰ǣŠ‡
‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†Šƒ”†‡•‡”–Ȍ †‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›‹””‘”•‹–•”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• Mineral Resources:‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡•–‡–ǡ ”‡ƒ–‡Œ‘„•ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡‹‹‰Ȍǡƒ†
Ž‡ƒ†–‘Š‹‰Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›Ǥȋ‰ǣŠ‘–ƒƒ‰’—”’Žƒ–‡ƒ—‹ Šƒ”Šƒ†Ȍ
• Fertile Soil:ƒ†™‹–Šˆ‡”–‹Ž‡•‘‹Ž•—’’‘”–•’”‘†— –‹˜‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”••‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡƒ••‡‡‹–Š‡†‡•‡Ž›
’‘’—Žƒ–‡† ƒ‰‡•’Žƒ‹•™‹–ŠƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹ŽǤ
• Urbanization: ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†Œ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•†”ƒ™’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ‹–‹‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹Š‹‰Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥȋ‰ǣƒŒ‘”‡–”‘•Ž‹‡‡ŽŠ‹ǡ—„ƒ‹ǡ‘Žƒ–ƒǡ‡‰ƒŽ—”—ǡƒ†Š‡ƒ‹Ȍ


DISTRIBUTION: SOUTHERN Vs NORTHERN INDIA

• Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Šƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‹ †‹ƒ‹•†‹”‡ –Ž›’”‘’‘”–‹‘ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž
‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ††— ƒ–‹‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›’‹ŽŽƒ”•™Š‹ Š†‡ ‹†‡–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
’›”ƒ‹†‘ˆƒ›”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
•  †‹ƒ•‘—–Š‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†•–ƒ–‡••Š‘™‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ––”‹„—–‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘”–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• ‘—–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡‡–‡”‡†‹–‘–ƒ‰‡Ͷ‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘‘†‡ŽŠƒ˜‹‰Ž‘™†‡ƒ–Šƒ†Ž‘™„‹”–Š
”ƒ–‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘Ž‘™‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡‘–ƒŽˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›”ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•–ƒ–‡•‹•„‡Ž‘™”‡’Žƒ ‡‡–Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆʹǤͳǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
POPULATION CENSUS IN INDIA
• Definition: • ‘—–Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ ǡ ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡•—• ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‘ŽŽ‡ –•ǡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•ǡ ƒ† †‹••‡‹ƒ–‡•
†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘—–ƒƒ–‹‘̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ–ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‘‹–‹–‹‡Ǥ
• Importance: ‡•—• †ƒ–ƒ ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ †‹ƒ̵• ’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ – •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ ˜‹–ƒŽ –‘‘Ž –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ‘—–”›̵• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †›ƒ‹ • ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”
‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧƒ‹‰Ǥ
• A Historical Endeavour:Š‡first population census‹ †‹ƒ†ƒ–‡•„ƒ –‘ͳͺ͹ʹ—†‡”‘”†ƒ›‘̵•”—Ž‡ǡƒ‹‹‰
–‘‰ƒ–Š‡” ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘””‹–‹•Š †‹ƒǤŠ‹•ƒ”‡†–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆƒ†‡ ‡‹ƒŽȋ‡˜‡”›–‡›‡ƒ”•Ȍ ‡•—•
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–Šƒ– ‘–‹—‡•–‘–Š‹•†ƒ›ǤŠ‡second census–‘‘’Žƒ ‡‹ͳͺͺͳ„›‘”†‹’’‘ ƒ† ‘–‹—‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡
†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‹•‹‰Š–•–‘ƒ‹†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†’‘Ž‹ ›ƒ‹‰‡˜‡”›†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ
• Independent India's Commitment: Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‡•—• ƒˆ–‡” ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡† ‹ ͳͻͷͳǡ ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡
•‡˜‡–Š‹–Š‹•‘‰‘‹‰•‡”‹‡•ǤŠ‹• ‘–‹—‹–›—†‡”• ‘”‡• †‹ƒ̵• ‘‹–‡––‘—•‹‰ ‡•—•†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
’”‘‰”‡••Ǥ
WORKING POPULATION
Labour Force For the period October-December 2023, the LFPR in urban areas rose to 49.9%, up from
Participation Rate: 48.2% in the same period of the previous year. The overall LFPR for individuals aged 15
years and above reached 54.6% for 2022-23

Female Labor Force The female labor force participation rate saw a significant rise, reaching 37.0% in 2023
Participation Rate: according to the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022-23.

Worker-population The WPR for urban areas increased from 44.7% in October-December 2022 to 46.6% in
ratio: October-December 2023

Unemployment The overall unemployment rate in urban areas decreased to 6.5% for October-December
rate: 2023, down from 7.2% in the same quarter of the previous year. For rural areas, the
unemployment rate was reported as 2.4% for 2022-23

DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND: WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITIES

• United Nations Population Fund (UNPF): ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ‹˜‹†‡†‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
–Šƒ– ƒ”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‡•–”— –—”‡™Š‡”‡•Šƒ”‡•‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‹‰ƒ‰‡ȋͳͷǦ͸Ͷ›‡ƒ”•Ȍ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ‘Ǧ™‘”‹‰ƒ‰‡•Šƒ”‡Ǥ
• †‹ƒ™‘—Ž†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‹•phase between 2018 - 2055ǤŠ‹•’Šƒ•‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––‹‡•‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
•  ‘—–”› ™‹–Š „‘–Š ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ —„‡” ‘ˆ ›‘—‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† †‡ Ž‹‹‰ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ”‡ƒ’ ƒ
†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ †‹˜‹†‡†Ǥ
• Increase in labour force leads to increase in economic productivity → increase in GDP → increase in living standard
ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡–‹  • ‘”‡Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND (DD):
• Economic Boom:  Žƒ”‰‡” ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡• –‘ Š‹‰Š‡” ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ †”‹˜‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š ƒ† ƒ”‡–
‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
• Innovation Hub:›‘—–Šˆ—Ž’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„”‹‰•ˆ”‡•Š‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”•‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•Ǥ
• Social Upliftment:Š‡†‹˜‹†‡†’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ™‹†‘™–‘‹˜‡•–‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›•›•–‡•ǡ
”‡†— ‹‰’‘˜‡”–›ƒ†‡’‘™‡”‹‰ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰”‘—’•Ǥ
• Sustainable Future: ‹–Š ƒ •‹ŽŽ‡† ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ† ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ Š—ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ –Š‡ †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ 
†‹˜‹†‡†‡’‘™‡”•ƒƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘™–Šƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
• India's Advantage: †‹ƒ ‹• ’‘‹•‡† –‘ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‹‡•‡Ž› ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ ™‹–Š ‹–• Žƒ”‰‡ ™‘”‹‰Ǧƒ‰‡
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ˜ƒ•– ‘•—‡”ƒ”‡–ƒ†ƒ•–”‘‰Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
CHALLENGES:
• Social Issues:
o Limited Opportunities:ƒ ‘ˆƒ ‡••–‘“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‡“—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘‡
”‡•–”‹ –•Š—ƒ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ
o Brain Drain:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‡ƒ‡•ƒ ‘—–”›̵•Š—ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ„ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Economic Concerns:
o Job Market Woes: •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Œ‘„•ƒ†—‡“—ƒŽ‹ ‘‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ †‹•’ƒ”‹–›Ǥ
o Underinvestment:ƒ ‘ˆ‹˜‡•–‡–‹ ”— ‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”•Š‹†‡”•‰”‘™–Šƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Political Obstacles:
o Short-Sighted Policies:  ‘•‹•–‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡŽƒ ‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”’Žƒ‹‰ǡƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ™‹ŽŽ–‘’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡
Š—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‡ƒ–‡”‘ƒ†„Ž‘ •Ǥ
o Governance Issues:‘””—’–‹‘ƒ†‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Š‹†‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”‡ˆ‘”•Ǥ
• Environmental Threats:
o Climate Change: ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹’ƒ –
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰
• Technological Hurdles:
o Digital Divide:‡“—ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ ›™‹†‡••‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰ƒ’•Ǥ
o Job Displacement:—–‘ƒ–‹‘‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡•”‡•‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ†—’•‹ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡–‘ƒ††”‡••Œ‘„†‹•”—’–‹‘•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Investing in Youth:”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ††‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ ›–‘’”‡’ƒ”‡›‘—‰’‡‘’Ž‡
ˆ‘”–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Jobs and Enterprise: ”‘‘–‡ ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ ƒ† •—’’‘”– •ƒŽŽ „—•‹‡••‡• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡–
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Empowering Women:•—”‡‡“—ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–ˆ‘”™‘‡–‘—Ž‘ –Š‡‹”ˆ—ŽŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ
• Social Safety Nets:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•–”‘‰•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘•›•–‡•–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Global Knowledge Sharing:‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘„‡•–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
–”ƒ•ˆ‡”Ǥ
By focusing on these key areas, India can effectively capitalise on its demographic dividend and create a brighter future
for all.


DIGITAL DIVIDE
• Definitionǣ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹˜‹†‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ †‡’”‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘™ƒ”†•
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ •ƒ†”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Accessibilityǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘šˆƒ †‹ƒ ‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‡’‘”–ʹͲʹʹǡŽ›ʹǤ͹’‡” ‡–ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘‘”‡•–ʹͲ’‡” ‡–
Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‹ †‹ƒǡŠƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘ƒ ‘’—–‡”ƒ†ͺǤͻ’‡” ‡––‘‹–‡”‡–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Digital literacyǣŽ›͵ͺ’‡” ‡–‘ˆŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ƒ”‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽŽ›Ž‹–‡”ƒ–‡ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
• Usage of the Internetǣ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‹–‡”‡–—•ƒ‰‡‹• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Ž‘™‡”‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š‘Ž›͵ͳ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡ –‡”‡–ǡ‹ ‘–”ƒ•––‘͸͹’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Lack of access to Marginalisedǣ‡”‡Ž›Ͷ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ•–—†‡–•„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•Šƒ†ƒ ‡••
–‘„‘–Š ‘’—–‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹–‡”‡–ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ƒ ”‘•• ƒ•–‡‰”‘—’•Ǥ
• SDG goalsǣ ‡••–‘ ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•ȋ •Ȍˆ‘”ʹͲ͵Ͳ
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): —ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• ̶–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‡Žƒ”‰‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵•
Š‘‹ ‡•̶ǡ•ƒ‹† Š‘‹ ‡•ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘̶Ž‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š›Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ–‘„‡‡†— ƒ–‡†ǡ–‘‡Œ‘›ƒ†‡ ‡–•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ
Ž‹˜‹‰̶ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•̶’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽˆ”‡‡†‘ǡ‘–Š‡”‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹‰”‡†‹‡–•‘ˆ•‡ŽˆǦ”‡•’‡ –̶Š‡
–‡” Development indicates qualitative change ™Š‹ Š ‹• value positive ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧ
‡—–”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡–‡” ”‘™–Š

FACT-WISE
• Literacy Rate In India:•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–”‡’‘”–„›–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽˆˆ‹ ‡ȋȌǡ–Š‡Ž‹–‡”ƒ ›”ƒ–‡‹ †‹ƒ
•–ƒ†•ƒ–͹͹Ǥ͹Ψ‹ʹͲʹ͵Ǥ
• Life Expectancyǣ –‹•͹ͲǤͳͻ›‡ƒ”•‹ʹͲʹʹƒ†‡š’‡ –‡†–‘”‡ƒ ŠͺʹǤͲ„›ʹͳͲͲƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ȋ Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›
‹–‹•͹ʹǤ͸›‡ƒ”•ȌǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Human Development Index: †‹ƒ”ƒ•ͳ͵Ͷ‘—–‘ˆͳͻͳ ‘—–”‹‡•‹  ʹͲʹͶǤ

• Global Hunger Indexǣͳͳͳ‘—–‘ˆͳʹͳ ‘—–”‹‡•‹ʹͲʹ͵Ǥ
• Gender Gap Index:ͳʹ͹‘—–‘ˆͳͶ͸‹–Š‡ʹͲʹ͵”‡’‘”–Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Sustainable Livelihoods:  ‡› ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ Š—ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹• ”‡ƒ–‹‰ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ‘‡Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ǡˆ‘”ƒ‘”‡•‡ —”‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
• Building a Skilled Nation: —ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ˆ‘•–‡”•ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡ†”‹˜‹‰’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
†‹ƒ̵• ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡†‰‡‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–Ǥ
• Alignment with Global Goals: †‹ƒ̵• Š—ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡ ̵• —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•ȋ •Ȍ„›–ƒ Ž‹‰’‘˜‡”–›ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰‡†‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡•—”‹‰‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Health for All:”‹‘”‹–‹•‹‰“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹•ƒ ‘”‡”•–‘‡‘ˆŠ—ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ‡•—”‹‰‹’”‘˜‡†
Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘—– ‘‡•ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤ
• Empowering the Vulnerable: —ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ™‘”• –‘™ƒ”†• —’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹•‡† ‰”‘—’•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
™‘‡ǡ Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ„›‡•—”‹‰‡“—ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


VARIOUS INDICES TO MEASURE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Human Development Index It is the most commonly used index published by UNDP, which combines three
(HDI) basic dimensions of human development: Life Expectancy, Education and Gross
National Income (GNI) per capita.
Gender Gap Index Published by World Economic Forum. This index measures gender disparities by
incorporating gender-specific data into the HDI calculation. It takes into account
the differences in life expectancy, education, and income between men and women.
India ranks 135 among 146 countries
The GII highlights gender-based inequalities in reproductive health,
Gender Inequality Index empowerment, and labour market participation. It considers indicators such as
(GII) maternal mortality rate, adolescent birth rate, educational attainment, and
representation in parliament. India ranks 122 among 190 countries in 2021
Inequality-adjusted Human This index adjusts the HDI for inequality within a country. It is part of the HDR. It
Development Index (IHDI) takes into account disparities in health, education, and income distribution among
the population.
Multidimensional Poverty The MPI considers multiple dimensions of poverty, including health, education,
Index (MPI) and standard of living. It identifies individuals who experience simultaneous
deprivations in various aspects of their lives. India ranks First in 2022.
KEY CHALLENGES FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• Poverty:‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›ȋͳ͸ǤͶΨƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ȌŽ‹‹–•ƒ ‡••–‘„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Education:—ƒŽ‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹”—”ƒŽƒ†ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ”‡ƒ‹•ƒŠ—”†Ž‡Ǥ
• Healthcare:‹‹–‡†ƒ ‡••–‘“—ƒŽ‹–›Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ȋͳǤͶ„‡†•’‡”ͳǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡͳ†‘ –‘”
’‡”ͳǡͶͶͷ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡͳǤ͹—”•‡•’‡”ͳǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡ȌǤ
• Gender Inequality:‡”•‹•–‡–†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•‹‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”™‘‡Ǥ
• Unemployment: ‹‰Š—‡’Ž‘›‡–”ƒ–‡ȋͺǤͳͳΨ‹’”‹ŽʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘‰›‘—–ŠǤ
• Digital Divide:”‹†‰‹‰–Š‡‰ƒ’‹ƒ ‡••–‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Population Growth:ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ȋ•—”’ƒ••‡†Š‹ƒƒ–ͳǤͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍƒ†‹–•‹’ƒ –‘”‡•‘—” ‡•
ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Empower Individuals:”‘‘–‡•‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒŽ‹‰‡†™‹–Š‹†—•–”›‡‡†•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•
ˆ‘”‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’–‘‡Šƒ ‡‡’Ž‘›ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ •‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
• Strengthen Social Safety Nets: ’Ž‡‡–”‘„—•–•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ž‹‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‹ ‘‡•—’’‘”–ǡƒ†
—–”‹–‹‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•–‘’”‘–‡ –˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡†— ‡‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Promote Gender Equality:’‘™‡”™‘‡–Š”‘—‰Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŒ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǧ
ƒ‹‰–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Ensure Environmental Sustainability: –‡‰”ƒ–‡‰”‡‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’Žƒ•ǡˆ‘ —•‹‰‘”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡”‰›ǡ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ™ƒ•–‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Drive Innovation: ‘—”ƒ‰‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǡ‹†—•–”›ǡƒ†‰‘˜‡”‡––‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’

‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡•‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
INITIATIVES BY GOVERNMENT TO INCREASE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
• Skill Development:ƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͷǡ–Š‡‹ŽŽ †‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹••‹‘ȋȌ
ƒ‹–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡’Ž‘›ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡–Š”‘—‰Š•‹ŽŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ
• Clean Energy and Health:Š‡”ƒ†Šƒƒ–”‹ŒŒ™ƒŽƒ‘ŒƒƒȋȌȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍ’”‘˜‹†‡• Ž‡ƒ ‘‘‹‰ˆ—‡Žȋ Ȍ
–‘Ž‘™Ǧ‹ ‘‡Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡™ƒ ŠŠŠƒ”ƒ–„Š‹›ƒȋŽ‡ƒ †‹ƒ‹••‹‘ȌȋʹͲͳͶȌ’”‘‘–‡••ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
Š›‰‹‡‡ „› ‡”ƒ†‹ ƒ–‹‰ ‘’‡ †‡ˆ‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š ‹••‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‹’”‘˜‹‰
Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ ‡••ƒ†”‡†— ‹‰ƒ–‡”ƒŽƒ† Š‹Ž†‘”–ƒŽ‹–›”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Rural Development and Livelihoods: Š‡ ƒŠƒ–ƒ ƒ†Š‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —”ƒŽ ’Ž‘›‡– —ƒ”ƒ–‡‡  –
ȋ  ȌȋʹͲͲͷȌ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡•”—”ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ͳͲͲ†ƒ›•‘ˆ™‘”’‡”›‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘‹••‹‘
ȋ „Š‹›ƒƒȌȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍ–ƒ Ž‡•ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ‘‰™‘‡ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ
CHINA AND INDIA: CONTRASTING POPULATION TRENDS
POPULATION GROWTH:
• †‹ƒ̵• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ •—”’ƒ••‡† Š‹ƒ ‹’”‹Ž ʹͲʹ͵ǡ ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳǤͶʹ͸ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
‹–‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
•  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ Š‹ƒ̵• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ’‡ƒ‡† ‹ ʹͲʹʹ ƒ† Šƒ• •–ƒ”–‡† –‘ †‡ Ž‹‡Ǥ ”‘Œ‡ –‹‘• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– Š‹ƒ̵•
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†ˆƒŽŽ„‡Ž‘™ͳ„‹ŽŽ‹‘„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡–—”›†—‡–‘Ž‘™ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›”ƒ–‡•ƒ†ƒƒ‰‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
FERTILITY RATES:
• Š‹ƒ̵• •–”‹ – ˆƒ‹Ž› ’Žƒ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ȋ‘‡Ǧ Š‹Ž† ’‘Ž‹ ›Ȍ Ž‡† –‘ ƒ •Šƒ”’ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› †‡ Ž‹‡ǡ ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ͳǤʹ „‹”–Š• ’‡”
™‘ƒ‹ʹͲʹʹǤ
• †‹ƒ̵•ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›”ƒ–‡‹•†‡ Ž‹‹‰‘”‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›ȋʹǤͲ„‹”–Š•’‡”™‘ƒ‹ʹͲʹʹȌƒ†‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘’‡ƒƒ”‘—†
ʹͲ͸Ͷ„‡ˆ‘”‡†‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ǥ
IMPACT OF POLICIES:
• Š‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•–”— –—”‡‹••Š‹ˆ–‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‘Ž†‡”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†—‡–‘‹–•Ž‘™ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›”ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• †‹ƒ̵• ˆ‡†‡”ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ˜ƒ”›‹‰ ‹’ƒ –• ‘ˆ ˆƒ‹Ž› ’Žƒ‹‰ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹ˆ–Ǥ
CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS:
• ‘–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ˆƒ ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™‹–Šƒ‰‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡’Žƒ‹‰ˆ‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ
• ‡š”ƒ–‹‘‹„ƒŽƒ ‡•ƒ–„‹”–Š†—‡–‘•‘’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡’‡”•‹•–‹„‘–Šƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
• Š‹ƒ ƒ† †‹ƒ̵• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ •‹œ‡ ƒ† ‰”‘™–Š •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’ƒ – –Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ —•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
• •—”‹‰–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•‹•˜‹–ƒŽˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‘‘‡„‡Š‹†Ǥ
MIGRATION
• ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡”•‘•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ—•—ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ ”‘••ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
„‘”†‡”‘”™‹–Š‹ƒ ‘—–”›Ǥ –‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ•— Šƒ•‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”™‘”ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ‹Ž›
”‡—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”Š—ƒ‹–ƒ”‹ƒ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
• International Organisation for Migration (IOM): ‹‰”ƒ–‹•ƒ’‡”•‘™Š‘‘˜‡•ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘Š‹•‘”Š‡”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ
—•—ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‹ƒ ‘—–”›‘”ƒ ”‘••ƒ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‘”†‡”ǡ–‡’‘”ƒ”‹Ž›‘”’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ
˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
• ”‘ƒ†Ž›‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†‹˜‹†‡†ƒ•Internal Migration and External Migration.
INTERNAL MIGRATION
• –‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•–Š‡movement of people within the country ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡ƒ•‘••— Šƒ•Œ‘„
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡†Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• – contributes to urbanization and economic growth ™Š‹Ž‡ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘ˆ Š‘—•‹‰ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

FACT-WISE
• Number of Internal MigrantsǣŠ‡ʹͲͳͳ ‡•—•”‡ ‘”†‡†–Š‡ —„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–•‹ †‹ƒƒ–ͶͷǤ͵͸
”‘”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”͵͹Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ––Šƒ––‹‡Ǥ
• Annual Net Migrant Flowsǣ Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ ‡– ‹‰”ƒ– ˆŽ‘™• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ‘—–‡† –‘ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡
™‘”‹‰Ǧƒ‰‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• World Migration Report 2024ǣ
o †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–—„‡”‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ȋ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍǡ™‹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡
†‹ƒ•’‘”ƒ•‹ ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ǡƒ†ƒ—†‹”ƒ„‹ƒǤ
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡’‘”–ǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Š‹‰Š‡”•Šƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹‹‰”ƒ–•–ŠƒƒŽ‡•Ǥ‘—–”‹‡•™‹–Šƒ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Š‹‰Š’”‘’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒŽ‡‡‹‰”ƒ–•‹ Ž—†‡ †‹ƒǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Šƒ†ƒ‹•–ƒǤ
TYPES OF INTERNAL MIGRATION:
• Inter-State Migration:‡‘’Ž‡‘˜‡ƒ ”‘•••–ƒ–‡„‘”†‡”••‡‡‹‰„‡––‡”Œ‘„•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Rural-Urban Migration: ”‹˜‡ „› ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹’”‘˜‡† ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ ”—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘
‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”Œ‘„•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡Ǥ
• Urban-Rural Migration: Š‹• ‘—–‡”ǦˆŽ‘™ǡ –Š‘—‰Š Ž‡•• ‘‘ǡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• •‡‡‹‰ ƒ “—‹‡–‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ
”‡–—”‹‰ƒˆ–‡””‡–‹”‡‡–ǡ‘”’—”•—‹‰•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”—”ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘•Ǥ
• Seasonal Migration:‡’‘”ƒ”›‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ™‘”‡”•ǡ ‘‘‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™••‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•ˆ‘”Žƒ„‘”
ƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Educational Migration:–—†‡–•‹‰”ƒ–‡–‘’—”•—‡Š‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ—‹˜‡”•‹–‹‡•ǡ‘”‹•–‹–—–‡•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†
‹ ‹–‹‡•‘”‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Reverse Migration: †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•‘”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•”‡–—”–‘–Š‡‹”’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ‘”‹‰‹†—‡–‘Œ‘„Ž‘••ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ Šƒ”†•Š‹’ǡ‘”
’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR INTERNAL MIGRATION:
• Economic factors:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹•‘ˆ–‡†”‹˜‡„›–Š‡•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”„‡––‡”‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡŠ‹‰Š‡”™ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†
‹’”‘˜‡†Ž‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǤŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒ–”‡†‘ˆ”—”ƒŽǦ—”„ƒ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‡Œ‘„•ƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Social factors: ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ ‡•• –‘ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘”• ȋˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ‘—‹–›Ȍ ƒ”‡
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” ™‘‡ •‡‡‹‰ •’‘—•ƒŽ ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ ‘” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Demographic factors: ‹‰Š’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›ǡŽ‹‹–‡†”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‰‡ȋ›‘—‰‡”ˆ‘”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ȀŒ‘„•ǡ‘Ž†‡”ˆ‘”
”‡–‹”‡‡–ȀŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡Ȍ ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ
• Environmental factors: ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‹•ƒ•–‡”•ǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ȋ™ƒ–‡” • ƒ” ‹–›ǡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ȍǡ ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ‰‡ ƒ’—•Š’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”„‡––‡”Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†”‡†— ‡†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Political factors: ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ǡ ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ȋ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ȍ ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•ƒˆ‡–›‘”‡ ‘‘‹ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE OF INTERNAL MIGRATION:
• Economic Push: –‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ‘–‘”ˆ‘”‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šǡ•—’’Ž›‹‰Žƒ„‘”–‘„‘‘‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•
ƒ†—”„ƒ ‡–‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Š•–‹—Žƒ–‡•’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Bridging the Divide: – Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ Ž‡••‡ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‹„ƒŽƒ ‡• „› ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ†
‹’”‘˜‹‰Ž‹˜‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹Ž‡••Ǧ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Urban Transformation: –‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ‡›†”‹˜‡”‘ˆ—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰Œ‘„•ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘
‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘•–‡”•‡ ‘‘‹ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Upward Mobility: †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‹–‡”ƒŽ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  •–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ –
‘’‡•†‘‘”•–‘„‡––‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Cross-Pollination of Ideas:Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•–Š‡‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ•ǡ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡
‹†‡ƒ•ǡ‡”‹ Š‹‰–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Investing in People: › ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ ‡•• „‡––‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •‹ŽŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ
‹–‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‡Šƒ ‡•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••ǡ’”‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
CHALLENGES:
• Strained Urban Infrastructure:ƒ’‹†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘„—”†‡•—”„ƒ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‘˜‡” ”‘™†‡†•Ž—•™‹–Š
‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Social Disadvantage:‹‰”ƒ–•‘ˆ–‡ˆƒ ‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡š Ž—•‹‘ǡ†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Ž‹‹–‡†ƒ ‡••–‘‡••‡–‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•

Ž‹‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡• Š‡‡•Ǥ
• Economic Insecurity:‹‹–‡†Œ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ•‡ –‘”ǡŽ‡ƒ†–‘Ž‘™™ƒ‰‡•ǡ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ†’”‡ ƒ”‹‘—•™‘” ‘†‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–•Ǥ
• Vulnerability to Abuse: ‹‰”ƒ– ™‘‡ ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ”‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹‰ǡ ƒ†
ˆ‘” ‡†Žƒ„‘”†—‡–‘ƒŽƒ ‘ˆŽ‡‰ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡƒ™ƒ”‡‡••ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–Ǥ
• Social Disruption:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†‹•”—’–•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”•ǡ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›‹’ƒ ––Š‡‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ†’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‘˜‡†‘‡•Ǥ
• Limited Healthcare: ‹‰”ƒ–•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ ‹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ •‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ˜‡ Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ ‡•• –‘ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Integrated Approach: ’Ž‡‡– ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡—”„ƒ’Žƒ‹‰–Šƒ–‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ
„ƒ•‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ƒƒ‰‡‡–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ
• Equality and Inclusion:•—”‡‡“—ƒŽƒ ‡••–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡ ‘„ƒ–‹‰†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Empowerment and Opportunity: Šƒ ‡ Œ‘„ ’”‘•’‡ –• ˆ‘” ‹‰”ƒ–• –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’•—’’‘”–ǡƒ†•‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ
• Safeguarding Rights:–”‡‰–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽ’”‘–‡ –‹‘•ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–•ǡƒ††”‡••‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹‰ǡƒ†‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š
•—’’‘”–•›•–‡•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡‹”‡‡†•Ǥ
• Social Integration:‹‹‹œ‡ˆƒ‹Ž›•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘„›ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰”‡—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–‡–™‘”•–‘
’”‘‘–‡‹‰”ƒ–™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ
Bridging the Gap: ’”‘˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰ŠŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•—’’‘”–ǡ•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡††‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ
ƒ†‹‰”ƒ–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

Key Terms: Out-Migration and In-Migration; Seasonal Migration; Reverse Migration; Brain drain; Social
Remittances; Internal Migration; Pull and Push Factors; Demographic Consequences; Migrant Workers; etc.

EXTERNAL MIGRATION
External migration refers to the movement of people from one country to another for the purpose of changing their
place of residence. It involves crossing international borders and can be either voluntary or forced. External migration
has a significant impact on both the sending and receiving countries.
TYPES OF EXTERNAL MIGRATION:
• Emigration from India to various parts of the world: Š‹•”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‘–Š‡”
‘—–”‹‡•ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ•— Šƒ•‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ‹Ž›”‡—‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”•‡‡‹‰„‡––‡”
Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Immigration of people from different countries to India: Š‹• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘—–”‹‡•
‘˜‹‰–‘ †‹ƒˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•’—”’‘•‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ„—•‹‡••ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”Œ‘‹‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•™Š‘
ƒ”‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›”‡•‹†‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Refugee Migration: Š‹•–›’‡‘ˆ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™Š‘ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘ˆŽ‡‡–Š‡‹”Š‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•†—‡–‘
’‡”•‡ —–‹‘ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ‘”‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡Ǥ

FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR EXTERNAL MIGRATION:

• Economic Factors: ‡‘’Ž‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‡ •‡‡‹‰ „‡––‡” Œ‘„•ǡ Š‹‰Š‡” ™ƒ‰‡•ǡ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡† Ž‹˜‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• ‹ ‘–Š‡”
‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Education: –—†‡–• ƒ† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ‹‰”ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† †‡‰”‡‡•ǡ ‘” •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† –”ƒ‹‹‰
ƒ„”‘ƒ†Ǥ
• Safety and Security:‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ’‡”•‡ —–‹‘ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ—”‡•– ƒ’—•Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–‘•‡‡”‡ˆ—‰‡
‡š–‡”ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Environmental Concerns:ƒ–—”ƒŽ†‹•ƒ•–‡”•ǡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ ƒˆ‘” ‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘
‹‰”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ•ƒˆ‡”ƒ†‘”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Global Opportunities: Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”Žƒ„‘”‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡ –‘”•ǡƒ––”ƒ –‹‰‹‰”ƒ–•–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ•‹ŽŽ
‰ƒ’•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Seeking Equality: ‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”ƒ ‡ǡ ‡–Š‹ ‹–›ǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ †”‹˜‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘”‡
–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ƒ†‹ Ž—•‹˜‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
• Healthcare Needs: ‡‘’Ž‡‹‰”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”ƒ ‡•• –‘„‡––‡”Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†–”‡ƒ–‡–•ǡ‘” ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†
‡†‹ ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡—ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ
• Improved Quality of Life:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡†”‹˜‡„›ƒ†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ǡ„‡––‡”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ
ƒ†ƒ ‡••–‘ƒ‡‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Resource-Based Migration: ‡‰‹‘• ™‹–Š •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘
‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹‹‹‰ǡ‘‹Žƒ†‰ƒ•ǡ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
EXTERNAL MIGRATION: A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD
Positive Impacts:
• Economic Boost: ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ—‡Ž• ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š ‹ „‘–Š •‡†‹‰ ƒ† ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‡‹––ƒ ‡•ǡ
‹˜‡•–‡–•ǡƒ†•‹ŽŽ•–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Cultural Diversity:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘•–‡”•˜‹„”ƒ– —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡ǡ‡”‹ Š‹‰•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡‹†‡ƒ•ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ
ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ
• Skilled Workforce: ‹‰”ƒ–• ‰ƒ‹ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ •‹ŽŽ• ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„”‘ƒ†ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ —–‹Ž‹œ‡ „ƒ  Š‘‡ǡ
‡Šƒ ‹‰Š—ƒ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ
• Innovation Hubs: ‹‰”ƒ–• ‘ˆ–‡ „”‹‰ ˆ”‡•Š ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† ‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ •’‹”‹–ǡ †”‹˜‹‰ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
„—•‹‡••‰”‘™–Š‹Š‘•– ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Filling the Gap:š–‡”ƒŽ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Š‡Ž’•ƒ††”‡••Žƒ„‘”•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ††‹˜‡”•‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”
Š‘•– ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Global Network:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘•–”‡‰–Š‡•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹‘•ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ ”‘••„‘”†‡”•ƒ†„‡‡ˆ‹–‹‰
–”ƒ†‡ǡ†‹’Ž‘ƒ ›ǡƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Negative Impacts:
• Brain Drain:‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ƒ†‡’”‹˜‡•‡†‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•‘ˆ–ƒŽ‡–ƒ†‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡŠ‹†‡”‹‰
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Vulnerable Populations: ‹‰”ƒ–• ƒ ˆƒ ‡ ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‘•‡ Žƒ ‹‰ Ž‡‰ƒŽ
’”‘–‡ –‹‘•ƒ†•—’’‘”–•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Remittance Reliance: ˜‡”†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ ”‡‹––ƒ ‡• ”‡ƒ–‡• ‡ ‘‘‹  ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‹ •‡†‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ
ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Social Friction:—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡƒ†Œ‘„†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–ˆ‡ƒ”• ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ–‡•‹‘•
„‡–™‡‡‹‰”ƒ–•ƒ†Š‘•– ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Lost Investment: ‡†‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡• Ž‘•‡ –Š‡ ‹˜‡•–‡– ƒ†‡ ‹ ‡†— ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ‹‹‰ ‹‰”ƒ–• ™Š‘ •‡––Ž‡
’‡”ƒ‡–Ž›ƒ„”‘ƒ†Ǥ
• Social Disruption: ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ˆƒ‹Ž› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •—’’‘”– •›•–‡•ǡ ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹
ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Facilitate Integration: ’Ž‡‡–•–”‘‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•–‘Š‡Ž’‹‰”ƒ–•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡‹–‘–Š‡‹”‡™ ‘—‹–‹‡•ȋŠ‘—•‹‰ǡ
Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡– ǤȌǤ
• Improve Migrant Well-being: ”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •‡ —”‹–› ˆ‘” ‹‰”ƒ–•ǡ –ƒ Ž‹‰ ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ ’‘‘” Š‘—•‹‰ǡ
‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‘”ǡ ƒ† Žƒ  ‘ˆ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ ƒ ‡••Ǥ ‡˜‡Ž‘’ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† •—’’‘”– ’”‘‰”ƒ• Ž‹‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ƒ†
Š‘—•‹‰’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• Protect Migrant Rights:•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡ Šƒ‹••‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡‹‰„ƒ•‹ ”‹‰Š–•ˆ‘”‹‰”ƒ–™‘”‡”•‹„‘–Š–Š‡‹”Š‘‡
ƒ††‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Invest in Skills and Opportunities: ƒ”–‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡ –‘” –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ ‹‰”ƒ– •‹ŽŽ• ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡
‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”‹ƒŽ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• International Cooperation: ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‡”• –‘ ƒ††”‡•• •Šƒ”‡† ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ
’”‘–‡ – ‹‰”ƒ– ”‹‰Š–•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ •ƒˆ‡ ƒ† ‘”†‡”Ž› ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†
’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Ǥ


External migration presents both opportunities and challenges. By acknowledging its inevitability, implementing
effective integration policies, and fostering international cooperation, we can harness its benefits for inclusive and
sustainable development.

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
Conclusion:
The dynamics of population and migration are pivotal in shaping the social, economic, and environmental landscapes
both nationally and globally. Population trends, including growth, decline, and age structure, influence resource
allocation and development strategies. Migration, driven by various push and pull factors, transforms both origin and
destination regions, impacting cultural diversity, economic opportunities, and social structures. Understanding these
patterns is crucial for policymakers to address challenges such as urbanization, labor market needs, and social
integration. As the world continues to evolve, a comprehensive grasp of population and migration processes remains
essential for fostering sustainable and inclusive development.

Keywords: Crude literacy rate; Effective literacy rate; Human Productivity; Demographic Dividend; Demographic
disaster; Demographic Bulge; Financial inclusion; Inclusive growth; Online Fraud; Up-skilling; Digital divide; Digital
inequality; 5C approach for Financial Literacy: Content + Capacity + Community + Communication + Collaboration.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION (MAINS)
1. Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India 2023
2. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in 2021
India in detail. 
3. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. 2020
4. Mention core strategies for the transformation of aspirational districts in India and explain the 2018
nature of convergence, collaboration and competition for its success.
5. Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause 2015
of population increase in India.
6. Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four 2015
decades.


 

ETHICS AND ESSAY

CRASH COURSE 2024
24 June,2024
60 Hours

ATUL GARG SIR PRICE: KAPIL SIKKA SIR

ETHICS ₹15000 (OFFLINE), ₹10000 (ONLINE) ESSAY

ETHICS DISCUSSION IN THEME WISE COVERAGE OF 150+ ETHICS 2 ETHICS AND 2 ESSAY FULL
QUESTION-ANSWER FORMAT ESSAY COVERAGE AND 50+ ESSAY QUESTIONS LENGTH TESTS WITH EVALUATION

EVALUATION BY ONE-TO-ONE SESSIONS WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON : TIME MANAGEMENT,

FACULTY FACULTY FOR PERSONAL DOUBTS TACKLING PHILOSOPHICAL ESSAYS, CASE STUDIES

37
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

6 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND ASSOCIATED ISSUES

• ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›a settlement, locality or populated place is a community in which people live. Š‡complexity
of a settlement ƒ ”ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ •ƒŽŽ —„‡” ‘ˆ †™‡ŽŽ‹‰• ‰”‘—’‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‘ˆ ‹–‹‡• ™‹–Š
•—””‘—†‹‰—”„ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o ‡––Ž‡‡–•ƒ›‹ Ž—†‡ŠƒŽ‡–•ǡ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ–‘™•ƒ† ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o Settlements can broadly be divided into two types – rural and urban.

CLASSIFICATION OF SETTLEMENTS
URBAN SETTLEMENT
• Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹ ‹–‹‡•™‘”‹‘Ǧ’”‹ƒ”›‹†—•–”‹‡•Ž‹‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘†‡•‹–›‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•‹•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›Š‹‰Š—‘”‡–ŠƒͶͲͲ’‡”•‘•’‡”•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
• ‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒ—”„ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ƒ”‡—•‡†‹ †‹ƒ–‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡—”„ƒ•‡––Ž‡‡–•ǣ
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡2011 censusǡ–Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰–Š‡”‡Ǥ
o –Ž‡ƒ•–͹ͷΨ‘ˆ™‘”‹‰‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‡’Ž‘›‡†‹‘Ǧ’”‹ƒ”›‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
o Š‡–‘™ƒ”‡ƒ ‘‹––‡‡•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡‹ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒǡ™Š‹ Š•Š‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘” ƒ–‘„‘ƒ”†Ǥ
o ‘”‡–ŠƒͶͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†Ž‹˜‡‹‡ƒ Š•“—ƒ”‡Ǥ
RURAL SETTLEMENTS
• Š‹•‹•”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‘‡•‘™ƒ•̶˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•̶
ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Žƒ†‡ƒ”„›™Š‡”‡”‡•‹†‡–•‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‘‘†Ǥ
• ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹ †‹ƒǡƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡‹•ƒ̶’ƒ” ‡Ž‘ˆ‰”‘—†™‹–Š†‡ˆ‹‹–‡
„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘””‡˜‡—‡’—”’‘•‡•™‹–Š‘—– Ž‡ƒ”ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡–
”‡‰ƒ”†ˆ‘”‹–•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ̶ƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•ƒ̶ƒ—œƒ̶‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤ
•  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ ”‡˜‡—‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ †‹•–‹ –
ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–‹–› –Šƒ– ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ‘‡ ‘” ‘”‡ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ
‰”‘—’•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡Žƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›‘™Ǥ
DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES IN INDIA

• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡͸ͶͲǡͺ͸͹˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•‹ †‹ƒƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ʹͲͳͳ‡•—•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‘–‹Šƒ„‹–‡†Ǥ‘”‡–Šƒ

–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”͸ͺǤͺͶΨǡ”‡•‹†‡•‹‘”‡–Šƒ͸ǤͶŽƒŠ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ‡•—•†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘
ʹͲͳͳǤ ‘”‡ –Šƒ ͳ͸Ǥ͸Ψ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ƒ”‡ ‹ ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ Šƒ†‹‰ƒ”Š ‘Ž› Šƒ• ƒ „ƒ”‡ ‹‹— ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ

URBANIZATION IN INDIA
• Definition: Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ˆ”‘”—”ƒŽ–‘—”„ƒ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰†‡ Ž‹‡‹–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰
‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†–Š‡‡–Š‘†•„›™Š‹ Š•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ƒ†Œ—•––‘–Š‹•–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Status of Urbanisation in India: Urbanization in India was mainly a post-independence phenomenonǡ†—‡–‘
–Š‡ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹š‡†•›•–‡‘ˆ‡ ‘‘›„›–Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ™Š‹ Š‰ƒ˜‡”‹•‡–‘–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
o Š‡—”„ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ †‹ƒƒ––ƒ‹‡†ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆͶ͹ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡‹ʹͲʹͳǤ
o ʹͲʹͳǡ †‹ƒ̵•—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡™ƒ•ͳǤ͵ͶΨǤ ʹͲʹͳǡ †‹ƒ̵•—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡ Ž‹„‡†ͳǤͷΨ›‡ƒ”‘˜‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥ
Š‡‹†‹ ƒ–‘” Ž‹„‡†„›ͳͻǤ͸Ψˆ”‘ʹͲͳͲ–‘ʹͲʹͳǤ
o ‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳͲƒ†ʹͲʹͳǡ †‹ƒ̵•—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘”ƒ–‡™ƒ•ƒ–‹–•Š‹‰Š‡•–‹ʹͲʹͳƒ†ƒ–‹–•Ž‘™‡•–‹ʹͲͳͲǤ
REASON FOR INCREASING URBANIZATION
• Economic Opportunitiesǣ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–‡‘ˆˆ‡”‘”‡Œ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”™ƒ‰‡• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

68% of the world population is projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN

• ›ʹͲͷͲǡ͸ͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ—’ˆ”‘ͷͷΨ–‘†ƒ›ǡ‹•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–‘”‡•‹†‡‹ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

•  ‘”†‹‰–‘’”‘Œ‡ –‹‘•ǡ„›ʹͲͷͲǡ–Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ʹǤͷ„‹ŽŽ‹‘‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡†—‡–‘

—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘”—”ƒŽ–‘—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• ‡ƒ”Ž›ͻͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‹•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Š™‘—Ž†‘ —”‹•‹ƒƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒǤ
• Access to Services and Amenities: ”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡ „‡––‡” ƒ ‡•• –‘ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡ
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‡‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ǡ•Š‘’’‹‰ǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
ƒŽ•‘ƒ––”ƒ –•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Improved Infrastructureǣ‹–‹‡•–›’‹ ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡„‡––‡”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‘ƒ†•ǡ’—„Ž‹ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡ
ƒ†‹–‡”‡– ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Rural-to-Urban Migration: ‡‘’Ž‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‡ ˆ”‘ ”—”ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• –‘ ‹–‹‡• ‹ •‡ƒ” Š ‘ˆ ƒ „‡––‡” “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ†
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Population Growth and Urban Sprawl:ƒ–—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Š ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘–Š‡‡š’ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• ‹–‹‡•‰”‘™ǡ–Š‡›‡š’ƒ†‘—–™ƒ”†ǡ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰•—””‘—†‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡—”„ƒˆƒ„”‹ ǡƒ’Š‡‘‡‘‘™
ƒ•—”„ƒ•’”ƒ™ŽǤ
PROBLEMS WITH INDIA’S URBANIZATION
• Overcrowding and Housing Shortages:ƒ’‹†—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‘˜‡” ”‘™†‡† ‹–‹‡•™‹–Š‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Š‘—•‹‰ǡ
”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •Ž—• ƒ† ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ •‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ ƒ› —”„ƒ ”‡•‹†‡–• ˆƒ ‡ ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ Ž‹˜‹‰
‘†‹–‹‘•ǡŽƒ ‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘„ƒ•‹ ƒ‡‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡ Ž‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Infrastructure Strain: ”„ƒ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‘ƒ†•ǡ ’—„Ž‹  –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ •‡™ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡ ‘ˆ–‡
•–”—‰‰Ž‡•–‘‡‡’’ƒ ‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•”‡•—Ž–•‹–”ƒˆˆ‹  ‘‰‡•–‹‘ǡˆ”‡“—‡–’‘™‡”‘—–ƒ‰‡•ǡƒ†
‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡™ƒ•–‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Environmental Degradationǣ  ”‡ƒ•‡†—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ‹”ƒ†™ƒ–‡”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡŽ‘••‘ˆ‰”‡‡•’ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†
Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘Ž‹†™ƒ•–‡Ǥ
• Social Inequalityǣƒ›—”„ƒ’‘‘”Žƒ ƒ ‡••–‘“—ƒŽ‹–›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ
’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‹‰ › Ž‡•‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›Ǥ
• Resource Scarcityǣ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡•ǡ‘˜‡”Ǧ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ‘”
Žƒ†ǡƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰„‘–Š—”„ƒƒ†”—”ƒŽ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Problems Caused by the Pandemic: The Covid-19 pandemic Šƒ•™‘”•‡‡†–Š‡’Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‡—”„ƒ’‘‘”ƒ†•Ž—
”‡•‹†‡–•ǤŽ—†™‡ŽŽ‡”•̵ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›–‘‡ƒ”ƒŽ‹˜‹‰™ƒ••‡”‹‘—•Ž›Šƒ”‡†„›–Š‡•—††‡‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡
‘˜‹†•Š—–†‘™Ǥ
THE FAULTY PATTERN OF URBANIZATION:
• Due to overpopulation and better pull factorsǡ–Š‡—”„ƒ ‹–›‰‹˜‡•”‹•‡–‘‡™ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†•—„—”„•ǤBut due to
unplanned urbanization and suburbanization, –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ’‘ ‡–• ‘ˆ •Ž—• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‹ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ E.g.
Sanjay Colony ‹•ƒ•Ž—‹‘—–Š‡ŽŠ‹•‹–—ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ŠŽƒ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ
SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS:
• Gated communitiesǣŠ‡”‹•‡‘ˆ‰ƒ–‡† ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‹–‘ ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ”‡ƒ••—””‘—†‡†„›Ž‘™‡”Ǧ‹††Ž‡Ǧ
Žƒ••ǡ’‘‘”‰Š‡––‘•Ȁ•Ž—•ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒŠ—‰‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹˜‹†‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Mental Healthǣ —‰‡‡–ƒŽ„ƒ””‹‡”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ•Ž—•ƒ†•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡† ‹˜‹ŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣ–Š‡”‡
‹•ƒˆ‡‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ‹ˆ‡”‹‘”‹–› ‘’Ž‡š‹•Ž—Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•–Š—•‹Š‹„‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”‰”‘™–Šƒ•’”‘’‡”Š—ƒ•Ǥ
• Social ImmobilityǣŽƒ ‘ˆ‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰Š‡––‘•‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•
‹ƒŽƒ ‘ˆ—’™ƒ”†•‘ ‹ƒŽ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Education and Public healthǣŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡–‘”‡Ž›‘’—„Ž‹ • Š‘‘Ž•ƒ†Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•™Š‹ ŠƒŒ‘”Ž›ƒ”‡‹ƒƒ” Šƒ‹
•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•‘–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘† ‘˜‡–•ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ʹͶȀ͹™‹–Š™‘”Ž†Ǧ Žƒ••ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Water supply and sewerage problemǣŽ—†™‡ŽŽ‡”•Šƒ˜‡–‘”‡Ž›‘–ƒ‡”•™Š‹ Š‹•ƒŽ•‘‘–”‡‰—Žƒ”ƒ†–Š‡
‹••—‡‘ˆ–ƒ‡”ƒˆ‹ƒ•‡š‹•–•Ǥ •’‹–‡‘ˆ™ƒ Š ŠŠƒ”ƒ–„Š‹›ƒǡ„ƒ•‹ •‡™‡”ƒ‰‡‹••—‡’‡”–ƒ‹•Ǥ
• Urban crimeǣ—‡–‘Žƒ ‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ ƒ‡‹–‹‡•ǡ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ–Š‡›‘—–Š
ƒ”‡‘”‡’”‘‡–‘ ”‹‡‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ
MEASURES/SUGGESTIONS:
• In-situ Slum rehabilitation programs (2013): –™‹ŽŽ”‡‘˜‡–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ”‡‘˜ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡‹”•‹–‡•‡Ǥ‰Ǥ™ƒ•
Yojana, “Jahaan Jhuggi Wahin Makan” scheme of Delhi Government, etc.
• AMRUT (2015): ••—”‹‰ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡”› ˆƒ‹Ž› Šƒ• ƒ ‡•• –‘ ƒ –ƒ’ ™‹–Š ƒ ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡† •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ƒ •‡™‡”
‘‡ –‹‘‹•–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ˆ‘””„ƒ‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”„ƒ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Pradhan Urban Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY-U: 2015): ›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ”‡„ƒ–‡‘–Š‡ –‡”‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ ‘‡‘ƒ
†—”‹‰‡’ƒ›‡–˜‹ƒ ǡ‹–ƒ‡• ‘‡‘ƒ•ˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”„ƒ‘‘”Ǥ
• Smart City Mission Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡’‘˜‡”–›‹–Š‡ ‹–‹‡•ƒ•‹–ƒ‹•–‘–ƒ”‰‡–„ƒ•‹ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡
‹ƒŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ƒ‡”Ǥ
• Gender-sensitive infrastructure •Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’”‹‘”‹–›ƒ•‹–Šƒ•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‹Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ ‘‡ǡƒ†
Š‘—•‹‰‹•Ž—ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ ƒ†–Š‹•„‡‡‹’Žƒ ‡ǡ•Ž—•Ž‹‡Šƒ”ƒ˜‹™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‹–Š‡‡™•ˆ‘”„‡‹‰ƒ Ǧͳͻ
Š‘–•’‘–Ǥ
• Urban Waterbody Information System (UWAIS): ”‘˜‹†‡”‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•’”‡ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”ƒŽŽ
–Š‡™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›—•‹‰ƒ—–‘ƒ–‡†ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•Ǥ
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND WATER POLLUTION
• ‹–Š ”ƒ’‹† —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ‹• ˆƒ ‹‰ ƒ ƒ••‹˜‡ ™ƒ•–‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ ˜‡” ͵͹͹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ —”„ƒ
’‡‘’Ž‡ Ž‹˜‡ ‹ ͹ǡͻ͵ͷ –‘™• ƒ† ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ͸ʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ –‘‡• ‘ˆ —‹ ‹’ƒŽ •‘Ž‹† ™ƒ•–‡ ’‡” ƒ—Ǥ
Lakes/water bodies are battlingǣƒ•–‡†‹•’‘•ƒŽǡ†‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ƒ†‘–‹—‘—•†‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡Šƒ˜‡
severely depleted the lake’s water quality


The National Green Tribunal (NGT) expressed dissatisfaction over the response of Central Groundwater Authority's
(CGWA) to the widespread issue of toxic arsenic and fluoride in groundwater across India. Groundwater
contamination due to arsenic is prevalent in 230 districts across 25 states of India while that caused due to fluoride
is prevalent in 469 districts across 27 states.
DISMAL SITUATION OF URBAN WATER BODIES IN INDIA
In the National Capital Territory of Delhi alone, due to haphazard urbanization, as many as 232 Water bodies are
already off the recovery list.
Bangalore lost at least 66 Water bodies between 1973 and 2007.
Chennai has fared the worst in conserving Water bodies. All that remains in the name of a wetland ecosystem in
the city, is the Pallikaranai marsh, which has shrunk to a tenth of its size since 1965.

SIGNIFICANCE OF URBAN WATER BODIES CAUSES OF URBAN WATER BODIES POLLUTION

• Reduce urban heat island effectǣ ƒ–‡” ‹ ƒ–‡” • Rapid Unplanned Urbanization: ƒ’‹†
„‘†‹‡•™‹ŽŽƒ„•‘”„‘”‡Š‡ƒ–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•—””‘—†‹‰ —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡”‡ ‡–†‡ ƒ†‡•Šƒ•
„‡‰‹• –‘ ‰‡– ™ƒ”‡” ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‰‹˜‡”‹•‡–‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡••— Šƒ•
—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –•‘Žƒ””ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž›ǡ ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡” ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–•
‰‹˜‹‰ƒ‘†‡”ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ–”‡ƒ–‡–ƒ††‹•’‘•ƒŽǤ
• Water bodies stabilize the microclimate • Discharge of untreated sewage: ‡ƒ”Ž›ͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡
parameters: •— Š ƒ• ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡ —‹†‹–›ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™ƒ–‡” •—’’Ž‹‡† ˆ‘” †‘‡•–‹  —•‡ ’ƒ••‡• ‘—– ƒ•
ƒ† ƒ‹” ‘˜‡‡–• ‡– Ǥ ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‘•– ƒ•‡•ǡ–Š‹•™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”‹•Ž‡–‘—–
†‹—”ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‹” –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– —–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ƒ—•‡• Žƒ”‰‡ • ƒŽ‡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ„‹‡–Ǥ •—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
• Carbon Sequestration: •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ƒ”„‘ • Limitations of State authoritiesǣ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹•ƒ•–‡”
†‹‘š‹†‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ ’Žƒ– ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ŽƒŠƒ•ƒŽ‹‹–‡†• ‘’‡™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘
•‘‹Ž•”‡–ƒ‹ ƒ”„‘Ǥ ‹–‡”˜‡‹‰ ‹ ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ —’Žƒ‡† —”„ƒ
• Employment Generation: Š”‘—‰Š ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ƒ†—”„ƒ•‡™ƒ‰‡
ˆ‹•Š‹‰ǡ‡– Ǥ •›•–‡•Ǥ
• Daily Water Requirement: —‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š’‡” ƒ’‹–ƒ • Religious and Social Practices: ƒ” ƒ••‡•‘ˆ ƒ––Ž‡
‘•—’–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ—”„ƒ™ƒ–‡” ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ”‡†‹•’‘•‡†‘ˆ‹”‹˜‡”•‘”™ƒ–‡”
„‘†‹‡•‹•Š—‰‡Ǥ „‘†‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ† „‘†‹‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”
• Religious Purpose: ƒ–‡” Šƒ• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ „‘†‹‡•Ǥƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ›„—”–„‘†‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆŽ—‰‹–‘–Š‡
™‘”•Š‹’‡†‹ †‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•Ǥ

WAY FORWARD TO IMPROVE THE CONDITIONS OF URBAN WATER BODIES
• Improving the capacity of urban drainage systemsǣ•‘‹–™‘—Ž†ƒƒ‰‡™ƒ•–‡†‹• Šƒ”‰‡ƒ†—‹ ‹’ƒŽ™ƒ•–‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Restricting encroachment ƒ†ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—”„ƒ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•Ǥ

• Ensuring planned Urbanization •‘ –Šƒ– ‹– –ƒ‡• –Š‡ †‡Ž‹‡ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ– Š‡– ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡
Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŽƒ‡•ǡ’‘†•‡– Ǥ
• Stakeholder participation and capacity building ˆ‘”„‡––‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ—”„ƒ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•Ǥ
• Proper monitoring of industrial waste –Š”‘—‰Š‡ˆ‘” ‹‰–Š‡˜‹”‘‡–”‘–‡ –‹‘ –ǡͳͻͺ͸Ǥ


Water bodies act as detoxifiers to purify the environment and as a sponge and sluice to protect the urban ecosystem
from hazards posed by numerous anthropogenic and geomorphological factors.
HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND AIR POLLUTION
Along with urbanization comes industrialisation, vehicular pollution and the burning of fossil fuel. Noxious industrial
fumes or dust from various industries such as VPT or for that
matter vehicular pollution, the geographical location of the city India has been identified as the world’s third most
is acting as a catalyst for the rapid growth of air pollutants. polluted country, as per the World Air Quality
 Report 2023 by IQAir. 9 out of the top 10 most
IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTION polluted cities in the world are from India.
• Urban heat island effect: “Rapid urbanization has led to the
‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‘ ”‡–‡ Œ—‰Ž‡ ƒ† „Žƒ –‘’ ”‘ƒ†•Ǥ Ž‘•– ͺͷ ’‡” ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —”„ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹• ‘˜‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‘ ”‡–‡
•–”— –—”‡• ƒ† ‡–ƒŽ ”‘ƒ†•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• trapping the solar
energy and results in the creation of the Urban Heat
Island (UHI) phenomenonǤ
• Health Issuesǣ ‘‰Ǧ–‡” ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ ‘—–†‘‘” ƒ†
Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘‘˜‡”ͳǤ͸͹‹ŽŽ‹‘
ƒ—ƒŽ †‡ƒ–Š• ˆ”‘ •–”‘‡ǡ Š‡ƒ”– ƒ––ƒ ǡ †‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ Ž—‰
ƒ ‡”ǡ Š”‘‹  Ž—‰ †‹•‡ƒ•‡• ƒ† ‡‘ƒ–ƒŽ †‹•‡ƒ•‡• in
India in 2019, according to the State of Global Air
2020Ǥ
• Mental Health: Š”‘‹ ‡š’‘•—”‡–‘’‘ŽŽ—–‡†‡˜‹”‘‡–• ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘•–”‡••ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›Ǥ
• Agricultural Impactǣ ‹” ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‰”‘—†ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž ‘œ‘‡ǡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› ƒˆˆ‡ –• ”‘’ ›‹‡Ž†•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘
‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‘••‡•‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Regarding Biodiversity: ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‡‹••‹‘•̵†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‘–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘
ƒ”–ŠǤ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡʹƒ†‡‹••‹‘•‹–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡—†‡”‰‘‘š‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘‹•–†‡’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ
™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ƒ ‹†”ƒ‹Ǥ –—”ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–acid rain ƒ›Šƒ”‘—”„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
• On Buildings and Materials: ‹••‹‘• ‘ˆ  ƒ†  ƒ †ƒƒ‰‡ ’Žƒ– ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
•—”ˆƒ ‡•ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ—•‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡•Ǥ‡•— Š‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘‹• †‹ƒ̵•white-marble Taj Mahalǡ™Š‹ Š
‹•–—”‹‰›‡ŽŽ‘™ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ ‹†”ƒ‹ƒ†‡‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
• Burning of urban wasteǡ†‹‡•‡Ž•‘‘–ǡ˜‡Š‹ —Žƒ”‡šŠƒ—•–ǡ”‘ƒ†ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘†—•–ǡƒ†’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Unplanned urbanization: Šƒ’Šƒœƒ”†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Ž—•ƒ†’‘‘”’—„Ž‹ 
–”ƒ•’‘”– Šƒ• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† –Š‡ „—”†‡ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ‘ –Š‡ ”‘ƒ†Ǥ ƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ• —•‡† ˆ‘” ™ƒ•–‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒŽ•‘
”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•‹–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǥ
• Vehicle Emissions: EšŠƒ—•– ˆ”‘ ƒ”•ǡ –”— •ǡ ƒ†„—•‡• ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡• ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–• Ž‹‡ ‹–”‘‰‡ ‘š‹†‡• ȋšȌǡ ƒ”„‘
‘‘š‹†‡ȋȌǡƒ†’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ƒ––‡”ȋȌ
• Agricultural Activities:•‡‘ˆ’‡•–‹ ‹†‡•ǡˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡƒ†„—”‹‰‘ˆ ”‘’”‡•‹†—‡•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡Šƒ”ˆ—Ž Š‡‹ ƒŽ•ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”Ǥ
• Poor governance: –Š‡‹••—‡‘ˆ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‹••–‹ŽŽ–‘‰‡––Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›’”‹‘”‹–›‹–†‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ
• Fireworks: ‹”‡ ”ƒ ‡”•™‡”‡‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••—•‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›†—”‹‰‹™ƒŽ‹†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡„ƒǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹‰Š–‘–
„‡–Š‡ƒ‹”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ‹–—†‘—„–‡†Ž›Š‡Ž’•‹––‘„—‹Ž†—’Ǥ
STEPS TO COMBAT AIR POLLUTION
• National Clean Air Programme (NCAPȌǣ – ™ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ „—‹Ž† ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š‡ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› –‘
‘‹–‘”ƒ‹”“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒǤ
• Prana Portal: –™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†‹‘Ǧ––ƒ‹‡–‹–‹‡•ȋȌǡ‘” ‹–‹‡•–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†‘–•ƒ–‹•ˆ›–Š‡„‹‡–‹”
—ƒŽ‹–›–ƒ†ƒ”†•—†‡”ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ‹””‘‰”ƒ‡ȋȌǤ
• Flue Gas Desulphurization: †—•–”‹‡•‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•—•– ‘’Ž›™‹–Š†‡•—Ž’Š—”‹•ƒ–‹‘‘”•Ǥ

41
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• BS VI Vehicle: “—ƒ–—Œ—’ˆ”‘ –‘ ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–‡Ž‡ –”‹ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•–‡’‹–Š‡”‹‰Š–

†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Vehicle scrapping policy: –™‘—Ž†ƒ””‡•––Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ˆ”‘‘Ž†˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•‹ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
™ƒ›Ǥ
• National ambient air quality standards: ‘–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†—•–”›Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡‹••‹‘ƒ†‡ˆˆŽ—‡–Ž‹‹–•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ„‹‡–ƒ‹”“—ƒŽ‹–›•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON COASTAL INDIAN CITIES
• Seal level Rise: ʹ͹‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡‹—„ƒ‹ƒ›„‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„› Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡„›ʹͲ͵ͷǡ™‹–ŠƒŠ‹‰Š”‹•‘ˆˆŽ‘‘†‹‰
ƒ†•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž”‹•‡Ǥ
• Saltwater Intrusionǣ ‹•‹‰ •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ •ƒŽ–™ƒ–‡” ‹–”—•‹‘ ‹–‘ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ƒ“—‹ˆ‡”•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡
“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ǤŠ‹•‹–”—•‹‘–Š”‡ƒ–‡•‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ› ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ
‹–‹‡•”‡Ž›‘ˆ‘”†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡• ƒŽ‡ƒ†–‘Š‡ƒŽ–Š
”‹••ƒ†‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›‹••—‡•‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›†‡•‡Ž›’‘’—Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Erosion and Coastal DegradationǣŽ‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡• ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ’‘•‹‰ƒ–Š”‡ƒ––‘–Š‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
•Š‘”‡Ž‹‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ  †‹ƒ ‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡ ‘ƒǡ‡”‘•‹‘‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ ‡”ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰„‡ƒ Š‡•ǡ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ
ƒ† ‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǥ • •‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ”‹•‡ ƒ† •–‘”• „‡ ‘‡ ‘”‡ ˆ”‡“—‡– ƒ† •‡˜‡”‡ǡ ‡”‘•‹‘ ”ƒ–‡• ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ǡŒ‡‘’ƒ”†‹œ‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ–‘—”‹•–ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘•ǡƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•̵Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ
• Economic Vulnerabilityǣ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‡ ‘‘‹ Š—„•™‹–Š‡›‹†—•–”‹‡••— Šƒ••Š‹’’‹‰ǡˆ‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ†
–‘—”‹•ǤŽ‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡‹’ƒ –•Ž‹‡•‡ƒǦŽ‡˜‡Ž”‹•‡ǡ‡š–”‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•ǡƒ† ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡”‘•‹‘ ƒ†‹•”—’––Š‡•‡
‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‘••‡•ƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘’”‘–‡ – ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•ˆ”‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡”‹•• ƒ•–”ƒ‹Ž‘ ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„—†‰‡–•ǡ
ˆ—”–Š‡”‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
CLIMATE SMART CITIES ASSESSMENT AND ITS IMPACT
To inculcate Climate-Sensitive Approach to Urban Planning and Development the Climate Smart Cities Assessment
framework, for 100 smart cities, was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. The framework has 30
diverse indicators, across 5 sectors, that monitor and guide the cities to help them to assess their own preparedness to
tackle the issue of climate change as well as degrading air quality.
MANDATE
• Energy and Green Buildingsǣ –ƒ‹•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡‡”‰›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•–”‡‡–Ž‹‰Š–‹‰‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǡ‰”‡‡„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ†‘’–‹‘
ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‘Ǥ‹–Š–Š‹•‡‡”‰›†‡ƒ†‘ˆ ‹–‹‡•‹•‡–‹ƒ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ›•‘–Šƒ–’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‹•‹‹‹œ‡†Ǥ
• Mobility and Air Qualityǣ †‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ —„Ž‹  ”ƒ•’‘”– ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡•—”‡† ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‹• Ž‡ƒ
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• •Šƒ”‡† ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ’”‘‘–‡† •‘ –Šƒ– ‹‹— ˜‡Š‹ —Žƒ” ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ ‘ —”•Ǥ Š—• ’Š‡‘‡ƒ Ž‹‡
–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ‘ƒŽ›ǡ—”„ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹•Žƒ†•ƒ†ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ƒ”‡–ƒ Ž‡†‹—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Waste Managementǣ –ƒ‹•–‘ƒƒ‰‡Žƒ†ˆ‹ŽŽ•ƒ††—’•‹†‡•‘• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ Ž‹‡••‘–Šƒ–ƒ‹‹—ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
–‘š‹ ‰ƒ••‡•ƒ†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‰‰ƒ••‡•‰‡–†‹• Šƒ”‰‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡”†”›™ƒ•–‡‹•”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†Ƭ”‡ › Ž‡†
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘™ƒ•–‡‹‹‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Urban Planning, Green Cover & Biodiversityǣ  ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‰”‡‡ ‘˜‡” ’”‘‘–‡• „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹•
‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ„ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ –™‹ŽŽƒ‡ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Š‡ƒ–•‹‹ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹—”ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡’ƒ––‡”•™‘—Ž†‘–
‰‡–ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‹•ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽƒ‡ ‹–‹‡•†‹•ƒ•–‡””‡•‹Ž‹‡–Ǥ
• Water Resource Managementǣ ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ƒ–‡” ‡•‘—” ‡• ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡‡”‰›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–
™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡‡•—”‡•–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ’‘–ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”ƒ†”‡†— ‡•–Š‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ǤŠ—•
‹– ™‹ŽŽ •—’’‘”– Ž‘ ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡• ƒ† ˆŽ‘”ƒ ƒ† ˆƒ—ƒ –Š‡”‡Ǥ —”–Š‡” ˆŽ‘‘†Ȁ ™ƒ–‡” •–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ”‹• ™‘—Ž† „‡
‹‹‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ


SUSTAINABLE CITIES INDIA PROGRAM

• Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ”„ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ȋ Ȍƒ†–Š‡‘”Ž† ‘‘‹  ‘”—Šƒ˜‡•‹‰‡†ƒ‡‘”ƒ†—‘ˆ
†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ȋ‘Ȍ–‘™‘”–‘‰‡–Š‡”‘ƒŒ‘‹–Ž›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†̶—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‹–‹‡• †‹ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ̶
• Objective: ̵—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‹‡• †‹ƒ̵ ƒ‹• –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‹–‹‡• –‘ †‡ ƒ”„‘‹œ‡ ‹ ƒ ‡–Š‘†‹ ƒŽ ƒ†
•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ•Š‹‘ –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ Ž‘™‡” ‡‹••‹‘• ƒ† ’”‘†— ‡ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– ƒ† ‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ —”„ƒ ‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǥ Š‹•
’”‘‰”ƒ‡™‘”•Šƒ†‹Šƒ†™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵•’Ž‡†‰‡ƒ–ʹ͸–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–œ‡”‘‡‹••‹‘•„›ʹͲ͹ͲǤ

42
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Components:  ˆ‹˜‡ –‘ •‡˜‡ †‹ƒ ‹–‹‡• ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –™‘ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡ ‘”— ƒ†   ™‹ŽŽ ƒ†ƒ’– –Š‡
‘”—̵•‹–›’”‹–’”‘ ‡••ƒ†‘‘Ž„‘š‘ˆ‘Ž—–‹‘•ˆ‘”†‡ ƒ”„‘‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o City Sprint Process: •‡”‹‡•‘ˆ™‘”•Š‘’•‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘„—•‹‡••ǡ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡƒ† ‹˜‹Ž
•‘ ‹‡–›‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–›’”‹–‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ‹•–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡†‡ ƒ”„‘‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š”‘—‰Š Ž‡ƒ
‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‹” —Žƒ”‹–›Ǥ
o Toolbox Solution: – ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ™‹–Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ ʹͲͲ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ „‡•– ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ
‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ ƒ† •ƒ”– ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‹ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ‡‡”‰› •›•–‡•ǡ ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹–› ˆ”‘ ‘”‡
–ŠƒͳͳͲ–‘™•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ

CONCLUSION
• –’”‡•‡– †‹ƒ‹••‡‡‹‰ƒŠ‹‰Š’ƒ ‡‘ˆ—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘„—–‹–•—’Žƒ‡†ƒ–—”‡ƒ††‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‡ƒ–‡†
•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ˆ—”–Š‡”™‘”•‡‡††—‡–‘‹–•‹–‡”™‘˜‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ƒ”– ‹–‹‡• ••‡••‡– ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” „”‡ƒ• –Š‹• ‹–”‹ ƒ–‡ „‘†‹‰ ƒ† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‘ƒŽͳͳȋ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‹‡•ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•Ȍ ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ
WAY AHEAD FOR SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
• Inclusive Citiesǣ  ‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡’‘‘”ƒ†Ž‘™‡”Ǧ‹ ‘‡‰”‘—’•—•–„‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒǤŠ‡’Žƒ‹‰
•Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ ‘—––Š‡‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‰”‘—’•ǡ•— Šƒ•Š‘—•‹‰ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
‘–Š‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ–”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’”‹ ‹‰Ǥ
• Affordable housingǣ –‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ ‡”ˆ‘”Ž‘™Ǧ‹ ‘‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡‘†‡Ž
–Šƒ–‡‡–•–Š‡‹”‡‡†•ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ–ƒ Ž‡–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡„›‡ƒ –‹‰ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹ ‡–‹˜‡•–Šƒ–™‘—Ž†
„”‹†‰‡–Š‡’”‹ ‡Ǧƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‰ƒ’Ǥ
• Delivery of ServicesǣŠ‡ƒŒ‘”Œ‘„‘ˆ••Š‘—Ž†„‡–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ƒ†•‡™‡”ƒ‰‡•›•–‡ǤŠ‡›
•Š‘—Ž†„‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹–Š‡‹”‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŒ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™
•‘—” ‡•‘”–Š”‘—‰Š ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š’ƒ”ƒ•–ƒ–ƒŽ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•Ǥ
• Integrationǣ‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‹‡•‘”‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ”‡‰‹‘•ǡƒ†‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡—”„ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†
”‡Žƒ–‡†’”‘‰”ƒ‡•ƒ––Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽǡ•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ
• India must make urban planning a centralǣ›”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†ˆ— –‹‘„›‹˜‡•–‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡–‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ǡƒ”‹‰‘”‘—•ˆƒ –
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡—”„ƒ†‡•‹‰Ǥ
In recent years, the government has launched a number of initiatives targeted at urban planning and administration,
including Smart City, AMRUT, Digital India, Swach Bharat, and HRIDAY. For these programmes to succeed, they need a
solid foundation of effective planning and management.
Conclusion:
Human settlements are complex and dynamic systems influenced by a myriad of social, economic, and environmental
factors. Understanding the distribution, structure, and functions of settlements helps in addressing urban and rural
challenges, such as housing shortages, infrastructure deficits, and environmental degradation. Sustainable
development practices and effective urban planning are crucial to mitigate these issues and enhance the quality of life.
As populations continue to grow and migrate, adaptive strategies must be implemented to ensure that human
settlements remain resilient and inclusive, fostering harmonious coexistence with the natural environment.

KEYWORDS:
Inclusive Cities, Resource Management, Gender-sensitive, Resource Scarcity, Social Immobility, Toolbox Solution,
Financial Mismanagement. 

 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

7 LAND USE PATTERN AND ITS CHANGING TREND

• †‹ƒ̵•Žƒ†—•‡’ƒ––‡”‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ƒ†‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‡ –‘”•Ǥ

o Agriculture ‹•ƒ†‘‹ƒ–•‡ –‘”ǡ™‹–ŠŽƒ†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”‰”‘™‹‰ˆ‘‘† ”‘’•Ž‹‡”‹ ‡ǡ™Š‡ƒ–ǡƒ†’—Ž•‡•ǡ
ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ• ƒ•Š ”‘’••— Šƒ• ‘––‘ǡ•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ǡƒ†‘‹Ž•‡‡†•Ǥ
o Forests cover ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—–”›ǡ •‡”˜‹‰ ƒ• Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ˆ‘” ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ –‹„‡”ǡ ƒ†
‘–”‹„—–‘”•–‘„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Urban areas ƒ”‡‡š’ƒ†‹‰”ƒ’‹†Ž›ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†”—”ƒŽŽƒ†‹–‘”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽǡ
‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽœ‘‡•Ǥ †—•–”‹ƒŽŽƒ†‹•†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• These land use sectors interact with each otherǡƒ†–Š‡†›ƒ‹ ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•Žƒ†—•‡”‡ˆŽ‡ –•–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•
—‹“—‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •Ǥ


SDG 15: Life On Land

By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought
and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world.
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡•—•‘ˆʹͲͳͷǦͳ͸ǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›
™ƒ•ƒ”‘—†ͳͶ͸‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡ –ƒ”‡•ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡–•‘™ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͶͲǤͲͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡ –ƒ”‡•Ǥ
•  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ †‹ƒ –ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‘”‡•– ‡’‘”– ʹͲʹͳǡ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ˆ‘”‡•– ‘˜‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”› ™ƒ• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡
ƒ”‘—†͹ǡͳ͵ǡ͹ͺͻ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹͳǤ͹ͳΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ
†‹ƒǤ
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡™ƒ•–‡Žƒ†ƒ’’‹‰‡š‡” ‹•‡ ‘†— –‡†„›–Š‡Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)ǡ
–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ™ƒ•–‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡ƒ”‘—†ͷͷǤ͹͸‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡ –ƒ”‡•Ǥ

LAND USE PLANNING

Land Use planning encompasses the development of policies to effectively regulate the usage of land. This is to be done
for maximizing the use of the available resources and achieving more desirable outcomes in both social and
environmental areas.
IMPORTANCE OF LAND USE PLANNING
• Conservation of Natural Resources: – ‘–”‹„—–‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ
™‡–Žƒ†•ǡƒ†™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŽƒ†—•‡’Žƒ•ƒ›‹ Ž—†‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ”‹’ƒ”‹ƒœ‘‡•–‘•ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†™ƒ–‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Sustainable Development: –’”‘‘–‡••—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„›‡•—”‹‰–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–—•‡‘ˆŽƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•
ƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‹– ƒˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ†• ˆ‘” ˆ‘‘† ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ’”‘–‡ – ƒ–—”ƒŽ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ƒ† ‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ ƒ† ‰—‹†‡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–‘‹‹‹œ‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•Ǥ
• Climate Change Adaptation: –’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘„› ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•–‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡”‹••Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŽƒ†—•‡’Žƒ•ƒ›‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‡ƒ•—”‡••— Šƒ•‰”‡‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
‘”™‡–Žƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘–‘‡Šƒ ‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ†”‡†— ‡–Š‡‹’ƒ –•‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•Ǥ
• Economic Development and Investment: ƒ†—•‡’Žƒ‹‰’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒˆ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰‹˜‡•–‡–•ƒ†
’”‘‘–‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡŽƒ†—•‡’Žƒ•ƒ›†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’ƒ”•–‘
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Disaster Risk Reduction: – ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ƒƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹•• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ
†‹•ƒ•–‡”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‹– ƒ†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•ƒ•‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‡•—”‡’”‘’‡”†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡•ǡƒ†
”‡•–”‹ –†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹Š‹‰ŠǦ”‹•œ‘‡•’”‘‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘”Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•Ǥ
IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE
• Increases pressure on land: —ƒ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ Žƒ† ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ‹• ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‹‰ †—‡ –‘ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘
‰”‘™–Šƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘‘†”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹–‡•‹–›’—–•’”‡••—”‡‘Žƒ†”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†–Š‡
‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

44
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Water Cycle Disruption: Šƒ‰‡• ‹ Žƒ† —•‡ ƒŽ–‡” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ˆ‹Ž–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”—‘ˆˆ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰
‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡””‡ Šƒ”‰‡ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡”‹•‘ˆˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ††”‘—‰Š–•Ǥ
• Developmental displacement: ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ͷͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡††—‡–‘̵†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•̵
‹ †‹ƒ‘˜‡”ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‹ Ž—†‡•’”‘Œ‡ –••— Šƒ•†ƒ•ǡ‹‡•ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡƒ†–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡•ƒ –—ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”•Ǥ
• Loss of livelihood: ƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆƒ ‡••–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽƒ†•ǡˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡƒ†‰”ƒœ‹‰Žƒ†•ǡ
‹’ƒ –‹‰Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡ƒ”•ƒƒ•–‡–‡‡•ƒ ‘ƒŽ ‹‡‹ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ
™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•ƒŽƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡‘ˆʹǡ͹ͳͳǤͲ͵ͶŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•ƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•‘ˆ–”‹„ƒŽƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–
†™‡ŽŽ‡”•
• Climate Change ǣ ‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† Žƒ† ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† —”„ƒ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ȋʹȌƒ†‘–Š‡”‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ••‡•Ǥ
• Causes environmental degradation and pollution: ƒ† —•‡ Šƒ‰‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ƒ †‡ Ž‹‡ ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡ ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡” ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ –•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘‰ǦŽƒ•–‹‰
‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ
CHANGING TRENDS IN LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA
Land-use in a region, to a large extent, is influenced by the nature of economic activities carried out in that region.
However, while economic activities change over time, land, like many other natural resources, is fixed in terms of its
area. There are three types of changes that an economy undergoes, which affect land use.
1. The size of the economy: Grows over time as a result of increasing population, change in income levels, available
technology and associated factors. As a result, the pressure on land will increase with time and marginal lands would
come under use.
2. Composition of Economy: The secondary and the tertiary sectors usually grow much faster than the primary
sector, specifically the agricultural sector.
3. Dependency of a particular sector like agriculture: Though the contribution of agricultural activities reduces
over time, the pressure on land for agricultural activities does not decline.
LAND USE CLASSIFICATION
Land can be classified on the basis of ownership as – private land and community land.
1. Private land is owned by individuals.
2. Community land is owned by the community for common uses like a collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal
herbs. These community lands are also called common property resources.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LAND USE: CLASSIFICATION
• Forests:Š‹•‹ Ž—†‡•ƒŽŽŽƒ†• Žƒ••‡†ƒ•ˆ‘”‡•–—†‡”ƒ›Ž‡‰ƒŽ‡ƒ –‡–†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Šˆ‘”‡•–•‘”ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡†ƒ•
ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡†‘”’”‹˜ƒ–‡ǡƒ†™Š‡–Š‡”™‘‘†‡†‘”ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†ƒ•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‡•–Žƒ†ǤŠ‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ
”‘’•”ƒ‹•‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ†‰”ƒœ‹‰Žƒ†•‘”ƒ”‡ƒ•‘’‡ˆ‘”‰”ƒœ‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–••Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹‹ Ž—†‡†
—†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒǤ
• Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc. :This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net area
sown’ but is put to some agricultural uses. Lands under Casurina trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other
groves for fuel, etc. which are not included under ‘Orchards’ should be Žƒ••‡†—†‡”–Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ
• Net area Sown:Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•‘™™‹–Š ”‘’•ƒ†‘” Šƒ”†•Ǥ”‡ƒ•‘™‘”‡–Šƒ‘ ‡‹–Š‡
•ƒ‡›‡ƒ”‹• ‘—–‡†‘Ž›‘ ‡Ǥ

HOW DOES CHANGES IN LAND USE PATTERN OCCUR AND WHAT IS ITS IMPACT
Causes Impact

• ”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǣ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘”ƒ–—”ƒŽ • ‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘••ǣ ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ‡•‹–

Žƒ† ‹–‘ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽǡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽǡ ƒ† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”•’‡ ‹‡•–‘•—”˜‹˜‡ƒ†”‡’”‘†— ‡Ǥ
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ • ‘‹Ž ‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡‰”ƒ†‡† •‘‹Ž• ‹’ƒ – ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
• ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ š’ƒ•‹‘ǣ ”‹˜‡ „› –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ‘‘†’”‘†— –‹‘–‘‡‡––Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆƒ • ƒ–‡” › Ž‡ ‹•”—’–‹‘ǣ ”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‰”‘™‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ †‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ Žƒ†̵• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ”‡–ƒ‹ ƒ†
ˆ‹Ž–‡”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• †—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡“—‹”‡• Žƒ”‰‡ –”ƒ –• ‘ˆ Žƒ† ƒ† • Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡ǣƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡•‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡
‘ˆ–‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‡š‹•–‹‰Žƒ†—•‡•Ǥ Šƒ‰‡‹’ƒ –••— Šƒ•–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡”‹•‡ƒ†‡š–”‡‡
• ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”‘ƒ†•ǡ ™‡ƒ–Š‡”‡˜‡–•Ǥ
Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•ǡ ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ –‘ • ‡†— ‡† ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǣ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
•—’’‘”–—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•†‡‰”ƒ†‡•‘‹ŽŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ”‡†— ‹‰ ”‘’›‹‡Ž†•ƒ†
• ‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǣˆ–‡†”‹˜‡„›‡ ‘‘‹ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• –Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰ˆ‘‘†•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ
ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” Žƒ† ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ†
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

LINK BETWEEN LAND USE CHANGE AND CLIMATE CHANGE

• Impact of Land Use Change on GHG Emissions: ƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡Žƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ•— Šƒ•†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘” Šƒ‰‡•‹ ”‘’’‹‰’ƒ––‡”•ǡ†‹”‡ –Ž›‹’ƒ –‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ
• Shift in Land Use and Zoonoses: Š‡‘˜‡–‹‘–‘‘„ƒ–‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ȋȌŠƒ•ƒ†˜‹•‡†”‡˜‡”•‹‰
Žƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡•–‘’”‡˜‡–œ‘‘‘–‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ž‹‡ ǦͳͻǤ›’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘•›•–‡•ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ
„ƒŽƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ†™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ǡ–Š‡”‹•‘ˆœ‘‘‘–‹ †‹•‡ƒ•‡–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ƒ„‡”‡†— ‡†Ǥ
• Land as a Source and Sink of Carbon: ƒ†ƒ –•ƒ•„‘–Šƒ•‘—” ‡ƒ†ƒ•‹‘ˆ ƒ”„‘‹–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ”„‘ › Ž‡Ǥ
‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ •‘‹Žǡ –”‡‡•ǡ ’Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘”‡•–• ƒ„•‘”„ ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ’Š‘–‘•›–Š‡•‹•ǡ ƒ –‹‰ ƒ• ƒ”„‘
•‹•ƒ†”‡†— ‹‰ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ ‘–‡–Ǥ
• Emission of GHGs: ”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ••‡•ȋ •Ȍ•— Šƒ• ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡ȋʹȌǡ‡–Šƒ‡ȋ ͶȌǡƒ†‹–”‘—•‘š‹†‡
ȋʹȌƒ”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‘”ƒ„•‘”„‡†–Š”‘—‰ŠŽƒ†—•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ž‹‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ƒ––Ž‡”‡ƒ”‹‰ƒ”‡ƒŒ‘”
•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‡ƒ†‹–”‘—•‘š‹†‡‡‹••‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’‘–‡–‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ••‡•Ǥ
• Feedback Loops and Climate Feedbacks: ƒ†—•‡ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ˆ‡‡†„ƒ Ž‘‘’•–Šƒ–ƒ’Ž‹ˆ› Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ• –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ”‹•‡ †—‡ –‘ ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ• ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ ‹– ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ Žƒ† ‘˜‡” ƒ†
˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘’ƒ––‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•ǡ†‹‡„ƒ ‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ‘”•Š‹ˆ–•‹˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘œ‘‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•
ˆ—”–Š‡””‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ƒ”„‘‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǡ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ


IPCC’S SPECIAL REPORT ON LAND AND CLIMATE CHANGE: LAND USE AS A TOOL AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING
• Sustainable Practices: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǧ•ƒ”– ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ”‘’Žƒ† ƒ† Ž‹˜‡•–‘ 
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›ǡ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‘‹Ž ‘”‰ƒ‹  ƒ”„‘ ‘–‡– ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ‡ ‘•›•–‡
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Creation of Green Walls and Dams: ˆˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–”‡‡’Žƒ–‹‰ǡƒ†‡ ‘•›•–‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡
™‹†„”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–”‡†— ‡†—•–ƒ†•ƒ†•–‘”•ǡ’”‘–‡ –‹‰Žƒ†ˆ”‘†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Prevention and Reversal: ˜‘‹†‹‰ǡ ”‡†— ‹‰ǡ ƒ† ”‡˜‡”•‹‰ †‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹’”‘˜‡• •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•
ƒ”„‘•–‘”ƒ‰‡‹•‘‹Ž•ƒ†„‹‘ƒ••ǡƒ†‡Šƒ ‡•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†ˆ‘‘†•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ
• Grassland Development: šƒ’Ž‡•Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ‹”‡‰‹‘‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–•Š‘™–Šƒ–Žƒ†”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†
„›†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‰”ƒ••Žƒ†•ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰‹†‹‰‡‘—•–‡ Š‹“—‡•‹†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Biodiversity Protection: ƒ† ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ —”‰‡–Ž› ƒ††”‡•• Žƒ† —•‡
Šƒ‰‡–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡†‹˜‡”•‡‡ ‘•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Responsible Land Governance: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡Žƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ”‡ƒ–‡•ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‡˜‹”‘‡–
ˆ‘”‡ ‘•›•–‡”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡŽƒ†—•‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰•ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ˆƒ”‡”•̵
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•Ǥ
• Waste Land Management: ”‘’‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ™ƒ•–‡ Žƒ†•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘–”‘Ž ‘ˆ ‹‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ†
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†‹• Šƒ”‰‡ƒ††‹•’‘•ƒŽ‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆŽ—‡–•ƒ†™ƒ•–‡•ƒˆ–‡”–”‡ƒ–‡–ǡ”‡†— ‡•Žƒ†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”
†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‹‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ†•—„—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

WAY AHEAD
• Sustainable Land Management: ”‘‘–‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ†ƒƒ‰‡‡–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–ƒ‹–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡ƒ†”‡•–‘”‡
‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ ‹‹‹œ‡ Žƒ† †‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡Šƒ ‡ •‘‹Ž Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ ’Ž‡‡– ‡ƒ•—”‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ‰”‘ˆ‘”‡•–”›ǡ
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†’”‡ ‹•‹‘ˆƒ”‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽˆ‘‘–’”‹–‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Land Use Planning and Regulation: ’Ž‡‡– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡ œ‘‹‰ǡ Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ••‡••‡–ǡ ƒ†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –ƒ••‡••‡–’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘‰—‹†‡Žƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–†‡ ‹•‹‘•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• International Cooperation: —’’‘”– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ‰‡ ȋ Ȍǡ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘• ‘˜‡–‹‘ –‘ ‘„ƒ– ‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋȌǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‘
‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‹–›ȋȌ–‘ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ†•Šƒ”‡„‡•–’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
DESERTIFICATION
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ǡ†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•̶Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ”‹†ǡ•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†ƒ††”›•—„ǦŠ—‹†ƒ”‡ƒ•
”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ̶ –”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡••„›™Š‹ Š
ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡Žƒ†„‡ ‘‡•†‡‰”ƒ†‡†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ†‡ Ž‹‡‹’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡”Ǥ‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘ˆƒ –‘”••— Š ƒ•†”‘—‰Š–ǡ †‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘˜‡”‰”ƒœ‹‰ǡ‹’”‘’‡”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡
Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Causes:
o Climate Changeǣ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‡ ’ƒ––‡”•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ’”‘Ž‘‰‡† †”‘—‰Š–• ƒ† ”‡†— ‡† ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ƒ
ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„›†”›‹‰‘—––Š‡•‘‹Žƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Deforestation: Š‡ ”‡‘˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –”‡‡• ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘˜‡”ǡ ‘ˆ–‡ ˆ‘” ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ Ž‘‰‰‹‰ǡ ‘”
ˆ—‡Ž™‘‘† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ǡ”‡†— ‡•‘‹•–—”‡”‡–‡–‹‘ǡƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
Žƒ†–‘†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Overgrazingǣ š ‡••‹˜‡ ‰”ƒœ‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡•–‘  „‡›‘† –Š‡ ƒ””›‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –Š‡
†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘‹Ž ‘’ƒ –‹‘ǡƒ†‡”‘•‹‘ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡Žƒ†‘”‡•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Unsustainable Agricultural Practicesǣ ‘‘” Žƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘
–‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ‡š ‡••‹˜‡—•‡‘ˆ Š‡‹ ƒŽˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ƒ†’‡•–‹ ‹†‡•ǡ‘‘ ”‘’’‹‰ǡƒ†‹’”‘’‡”•‘‹Ž ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ ƒ†‡‰”ƒ†‡–Š‡•‘‹Žƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Land Mismanagement: ’”‘’‡” Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡ ’Žƒ‹‰ǡ ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ Žƒ† –‡—”‡ •›•–‡•ǡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ Žƒ†Ǧ—•‡
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡƒ†— ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†Žƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒƒŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Žƒ††‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Mining and Extractive Industries:”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†‹‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ”‹†ƒ†•‡‹Ǧƒ”‹†”‡‰‹‘•ǡ ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†–‘•‘‹Ž†‹•–—”„ƒ ‡ǡ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†Ž‘••‘ˆ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‹‰†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Poverty and Population Pressureǣ‘˜‡”–›ǡ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Šǡƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰†‡ƒ†ˆ‘””‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ
Ž‡ƒ† –‘ —•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ‘˜‡”‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡– ‹–‘ ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ
Žƒ†•ǡƒ† ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ†‰”ƒ••Žƒ†•‹–‘ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‘”•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ


Achieving the dual objectives of safeguarding both human well-being and the environment will be unattainable unless
developed nations assume the primary responsibility for significantly reducing emissions. This is because their
historical and ongoing contribution to global warming is the most substantial. Additionally, landscape restoration goes
beyond mere tree planting; it necessitates recognizing the value of indigenous and local wisdom in conjunction with
scientific and technological advancements, while also integrating the needs of local communities.



INDIA and UNCCD

Established in 1994, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is a legally binding
international agreement that uniquely connects the environment and development to promote sustainable land
management. It is the only convention that originated from a direct recommendation of the Rio Conference's Agenda
21.
• †‹ƒ”ƒ–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡‘˜‡–‹‘–‘‘„ƒ–‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹‡ ‡„‡”ͳͻͻ͸Ǥ
• Š‡‘†ƒŽ‹‹•–”›ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ‘”‡•–ƒ†Ž‹ƒ–‡Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
• †‹ƒˆƒ ‡•ƒŠ—‰‡†‡•‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘’”‘„Ž‡ǤʹͲͳ͸ ”‡’‘”–•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ʹͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•†‡‰”ƒ†‡†Ǥ


KEYWORDS:
Efficient Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF); Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN); Regulate usage of
land; Modern land use goals; Optimize use of Scarce Land; Sustainable land management; Life on Land; Displacement
and dispossession; Diversion of Forests Land; Community land; Culturable Waste Land; Deforestation and Land
Erosion and degradation; Unregulated human interference.


Conclusion:
The analysis of land use patterns and their evolving trends highlights the dynamic nature of human-environment
interactions. Rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, and industrial development are primary drivers of change,

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
often leading to significant environmental impacts. Understanding these patterns is crucial for sustainable land
management and planning. Effective policies and innovative approaches are needed to balance development with
conservation, ensuring that land use changes meet the needs of growing populations while preserving ecological
integrity. The ongoing study of land use trends will be essential in adapting to future challenges and fostering resilient,
sustainable communities. 


PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION 

The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce human miseries. Explain 2018

Mention the advantages of the cultivation of pulse because of which the year 2016 was declared the 2017
International Year of Pulses by the United Nations.
The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand reached the limits of their ecological 2015
carrying capacity due to tourism. Critically evaluate.




 

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9920613613 pwonlyias.com

48
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

8 LOCATION OF PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY SECTOR

INDUSTRIES
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘Section 2(j) of the Industrial Disputes Act of 1947ǡ̶‹†—•–”›̶ ‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ›„—•‹‡••ǡ–”ƒ†‡ǡ
—†‡”–ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡ǡ ‘” ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡”•ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ› ƒŽŽ‹‰ǡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ Šƒ†‹ ”ƒˆ–ǡ ‘”
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘”Š‘„„›‘ˆ™‘”‡”•Ǥ
• Š‡industrial sector of the economy ‹• ‘ ‡”‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡‘ˆˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –•ȋ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ǡ’”‘ ‡••‡†
ˆ‘‘†•Ȍƒ†‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡‹–‡•ȋ‹”‘ǡ•–‡‡Žǡƒ Š‹‡”›ȌǤ
• ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡core part of the industrial sector –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡†‘™‡–
’”‹ƒ”› ‘‘†‹–‹‡•‘ˆ—–‹Ž‹–›–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡƒ••‡„Ž‹‰ƒ†”‡’ƒ‹”‹‰Ǥ

(Base year 2011-2012)

At 2011-12 prices, the Agriculture & allied, Industry, and Services sector's composition is 14.45%, 30.82%, and
54.73%, respectively.
PRIMARY ACTIVITIES
• ”‹ƒ”›•‡ –‘””‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Šƒ–•‡ –‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›™Š‹ Š—•‡•ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘’”‘†— ‡‰‘‘†•ǤŠ‡’”‹ƒ”›
•‡ –‘”†‘‹ƒ–‡•‹—†‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
FACTS:
• Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›̵•’”‹ƒ”›•‡ –‘”ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ͳͺǤʹͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ
• „‘—–ͶͺǤͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡‹•‡’Ž‘›‡†‹–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›•‡ –‘”‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ
• Status in India:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡20th Livestock census, †‹ƒ‹•
o World’s highest livestock owner at about 535.78 million
o ‹”•–‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ„—ˆˆƒŽ‘’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†–ͳͲͻǤͺͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘„—ˆˆƒŽ‘‡•
o ‡ ‘†‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‰‘ƒ–•–ͳͶͺǤͺͺ‹ŽŽ‹‘‰‘ƒ–•
o ‡ ‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–’‘—Ž–”›ƒ”‡–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†
o Š‡•‡ ‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”‘ˆˆ‹•Šƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–ƒ“—ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†
o Š‹”†‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•Š‡‡’ȋ͹ͶǤʹ͸‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ
o ‹ˆ–Š‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†— •ƒ† Š‹ ‡•ȋͺͷͳǤͺͳ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ
o ‡–Š‹ ƒ‡Ž’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†–ʹǤͷŽƒŠ•
• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳͶΨˆ‘”ƒŽŽ”—”ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•ǡŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ‡•—’ƒ”‘—†ͳ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‡—‡‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ
ˆƒ”Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‡’Ž‘›•”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͺǤͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹†—•–”›ƒ‡•—’ʹͷǤ͸Ψ‘ˆƒŽŽƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡•
ͶǤͳͳΨ–‘–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

PASTORALISM: HUNTING AND GATHERING: COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK

Domestication for subsistence:  This economic activity depends on REARING:
Pastoralism undertakes the domestication their immediate environment for In rural India, raising animals
of animals for subsistence. People living in their sustenance. is regarded as a business
different climatic conditions selected and Hunters and gatherers subsist on: related to agriculture. Animal
domesticated animals found in those Animals which they hunted. The husbandry is a crucial part of
regions. edible plants gathered from forests Indian agriculture and
Status of practice: Depending on in the vicinity. provides a living for over 55%
geographical factors, and technological Geographical regions: Tribal belt of of rural residents.
development, animal rearing today is Central India and Hilly regions of Products: Important animals
practiced either at the subsistence or at the North East and Eastern India. In include sheep, cattle, goats and
commercial level. India largely tribal groups horses. Products such as
Nomadic herding or pastoral nomadism particularly PVTGs are engaged in meat, wool, hides and skin
is a primitive subsistence activity, in which hunting and gathering. E.g. Onges, are processed and packed
the herders rely on animals for food, Jarawas, Shompen of Andaman and scientifically and exported to
clothing, shelter, tools and transport. Nicobar; Bondas of Odisha, Katkaris different world markets.
Geographical regions: In mountain of Maharashtra. Major countries: New
regions, such as the Himalayas, Gujjars, Commercial opportunities: In Zealand, Australia, and the
Bakarwals, Gaddis and Bhotiyas migrate modern times some gathering is United States of America are
from plains to the mountains in summer market-oriented and has become important countries where
and to the plains from the high-altitude commercial.  commercial livestock rearing
pastures in winter. Such seasonal migration TRIFED: The institution is working is practiced.
is known as transhumance. to provide remunerative prices for
the products gathered by tribes

AGRICULTURE SECTOR IN INDIA

• Economic Survey 2022-23ǣŠ‡ †‹ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡•‡ –‘”Šƒ•„‡‡‰”‘™‹‰ƒ–ƒaverage annual growth rate of
4.6 per cent †—”‹‰–Š‡Žƒ•–•‹š›‡ƒ”•Ǥ –‰”‡™„›͵ǤͲ’‡” ‡–‹ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘͵Ǥ͵’‡” ‡–‹ʹͲʹͲǦʹͳǤ
o ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡˜‡‰‰‹‡•ǡ †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡‘‡–Šƒ–’”‘†— ‡•–Š‡most potatoes, ginger, okra, onions, brinjal, etc.
o ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•top producer of jute, cashews, papaya, spices, coconut, mango, bananas,
and other products.
o Š‡largest cotton exporter ‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹• †‹ƒǤ
o  †‹ƒǡanimal husbandry ‹•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘’‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†—•–”›Ǥ –‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘˜‡”
͵ʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‘—–’—–
TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

Subsistence agriculture is one Plantation agriculture was introduced MIXED FARMING: This form of
in which the farming areas by the Europeans in colonies situated agriculture is found in the highly
consume all, or nearly so, of the in the tropics. Some of the important developed parts of the world, e.g.
products locally grown. It can be plantation crops are tea, coffee, cocoa, North-western Europe, Eastern
grouped into two categories — rubber, cotton, oil palm, sugarcane, North America, parts of Eurasia
Primitive Subsistence bananas and pineapples. It is a type of and the temperate latitudes of
Agriculture and Intensive commercial farming where monoculture Southern continents.
Subsistence Agriculture. is practiced having strong linkages with Mixed farms are moderate in size and
• Primitive Subsistence industries. usually the crops associated with
Agriculture: Primitive Geographical areas: They are largely them are wheat, barley, oats, rye,
subsistence agriculture ‘” confined to tropical areas. In India maize, fodder and root crops.
•Š‹ˆ–‹‰ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹•™‹†‡Ž› plantation agriculture has developed in • Components: ‘††‡” ”‘’•ƒ”‡ƒ
’”ƒ –‹ ‡†„›ƒ›–”‹„‡•‹ hilly areas of the northeast e.g. Tea ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ ‹š‡†
–Š‡–”‘’‹ •ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ plantation, Nilgiri, Annamalai , Baba ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ Crop rotation and
ˆ”‹ ƒǡ•‘—–Šƒ†‡–”ƒŽ Budan and Cardamom hills etc having intercropping play ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–
‡”‹ ƒƒ†‘—–Š‡ƒ•–•‹ƒǤ plantation of coffee , rubber etc. ”‘Ž‡‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰•‘‹Žˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
E.gǤ Š—‹‰‹‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡” Challenges:

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‹Ž’ƒ‹ • ‘‘ —Ž–—”‡ • “—ƒŽ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‹• Žƒ‹† ‘ ”‘’
‡–”ƒŽ‡”‹ ƒƒ†‡š‹ ‘ • ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǣ Š‡ •‡ –‘” ‹• —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽŠ—•„ƒ†”›Ǥ
ƒ†ƒ†ƒ‰‹ †‘‡•‹ƒƒ† •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘†‹•–‘”–‡†’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†ƒ ‹ƒŽ•Ž‹‡ ƒ––Ž‡ǡ•Š‡‡’ǡ’‹‰•ƒ†
ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǤ Žƒ ‘ˆŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”˜‹•‹‘Ǥ ’‘—Ž–”› ’”‘˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‹ ‘‡
• Intensive Subsistence • ƒ ‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ”‘’•Ǥ
Agriculture: —‡ –‘ •ƒŽŽ • ’ƒ –‘ˆ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ • ƒ•‡•–—†›ǣ ƒ”‡”•‹–Š‡ ƒ••ƒ
Žƒ†Š‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† Š—‰‡ • ƒ ‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ †‹•–”‹ – ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡
’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †‡•‹–› ƒ”‘—† • Žƒ–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ‹• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ —’ †ƒ‹”› ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘ ‘—–
ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• Š‘Ž† •ƒŽŽ †‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ ˆƒ”• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ–
ƒ† ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ Žƒ†•Ǥ ‡ ‡ –‡†‹‰ –‘ Ž‹˜‡•–‘  ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘
–Š‡›ƒ”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹‹–‡•‹˜‡ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ”‡˜‡—‡ ˆ”‘
•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ  ‘ ‘—––”‡‡•Ǥ
–Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ the
yield per unit area is high
but per labor productivity
is low.

COOPERATIVE FARMING IN INDIA

It is an organization of farmers where farming is done collectively however each member remains the owner of his
land individually. They share their profit in the ratio of their land holdings. Cooperative movement in India started
during British rule however it gained strength due to reforms after independence and favorable policies.


SIGNIFICANCE: CHALLENGES

• Institutionalising Principle of Mutual Help:  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ • ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ˆƒ‹Ž‡† –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ
’Žƒ‹‰ ‘‹••‹‘ǡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡• ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ ˆ”‘–ƒŽƒ––ƒ ‘–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰‹‡“—ƒŽ‹–›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ƒ†—–—ƒŽƒ‹†Ǥ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  •–”— –—”‡ ƒ• –Š‡
• Economies of scale:  †‹ƒǡ ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ”‡ •ƒŽŽ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• †‹•–‹ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ†
ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ. Land pooling enables the mechanization of farming ‘™‡”•ǡ Žƒ†Ž‡•• Žƒ„‘”‡”• ƒ†
and precision irrigation –Š—•‹’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› •Šƒ”‡ ”‘’’‡”•ƒ”‡•–‹ŽŽ„‡‹‰ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
‘ˆŽƒ†ǤŠ‹•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡’‡” ƒ’‹–ƒ‘—–’—–‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•Ǥ • ‡ Šƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡–Š”‘—‰Š ‘Ǧ
• Combination of inputs: –’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”™Š‡”‡ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆƒ”‹‰™‹ŽŽ•“—‡‡œ‡–Š‡• ‘’‡
‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ†share efficient and scientific methodologies ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ƒ† ‹• Ž‹‡Ž› –‘ ƒ‡
thus modern practices ƒ „‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡†Ǥ — Š ™‘”‡”•”‡†—†ƒ–‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‡š Šƒ‰‡of ideas, capital , labor , and livestock • ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ‘Ž›
™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘”‡ƒ’–Š‡ƒš‹—‘—–’—–ˆ”‘ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ ‡–Š‘†–‘”ƒ‹•‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Access to credit: Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ ”‡†‹––‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•‹•‡ƒ•› Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ „‡––‡”
†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘„‹‡† ”‡†‹–™‘”–Š‹‡••‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•Ǥ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ 
• Doubling farmer's Income: ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡‡†•ǡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•ǡ ‹’Ž‡‡–• ‡– Ǥ ˆ‘”
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Š‡†‘—„Ž‹‰‘ˆ•ƒŽŽˆƒ”‡”•̵ ”ƒ‹•‹‰–Š‡’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
‹ ‘‡Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• — ‡••‘ˆ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘˜‡‡–Šƒ•„‡‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒˆ‡™•–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǥ–ƒŽŽ †‹ƒ
Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘’—–ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –Ǥ—‡–‘’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‘Žƒ† ‘””—’–‹‘‹–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
• FPCǣ
o –‹•ƒŠ›„”‹†„‡–™‡‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž‹‹–‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†—†‡”–Š‡ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ –Ǥ –™‘—Ž†
’Ž—‰–Š‡•–”— –—”ƒŽ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
o •™‘—Ž†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆƒ”‡”̵• ‘–”‘Ž ‘˜‡”–Š‡ ‘’ƒ›—†‡”•–ƒ–—–‘”›’”‘˜‹•‹‘• –Š—• ”‡‘˜‹‰ˆŽƒ™•‘ˆ
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o — ‡•••–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•– –ƒŠ›ƒ†”‹ˆƒ”• ƒ„‡”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ


51
PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
RISING SHARE OF AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT

FACT-WISE

• ‡”‹‘†‹ ƒ„‘—” ‘” ‡—”˜‡›ȋ Ȍ‡’‘”–ʹͲʹͳ–ʹʹǣŠ‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡Šƒ•ˆƒŽŽ‡

ˆ”‘͸ͶǤ͸Ψ‹ͳͻͻ͵ǦͻͶ–‘ͶͷǤͷΨ‹ʹͲͳͺǦͳͻǤ
• ‘‡ƒ‡—’‘˜‡”͸͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹†—•–”›‘ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ͳͳǤͺΨ
‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡™‘”‡”•‹ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ

MAJOR CONSTRAINTS IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE

• Structural Constraints:
o Operational holdings: ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ʹͲͳͲǦͳͳ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‡•—•ǡthe average operational holdings size
of Indian farmers is 1.15 hectares and 85 per cent are in marginal and small farm categories of less than
2 ha.
o Subsistence agriculture: †‹ƒƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹•largely subsistence-oriented ™Š‹ Š†‡’”‹˜‡•‡ ‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ
• ƒŽ‡†—‡–‘•ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰•ƒ†‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘’”ƒ –‹ ‡‡ Šƒ‹œ‡†ˆƒ”‹‰Ǥ
o Forward and backward linkagesǣ Due to a lack of forward linkages value addition and primary
processing to farm products is very low ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Financial Constraints:
o Lack of credit: Poor access to credit and farmers trapped under the clutches of unorganized creditors
ˆ‘” ‡•–Š‡–‘†‹•–”‡•••ƒŽ‡™‹–ŠŽ‘™”‡—‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Ineffective Flow of Funds:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘— ‹Žˆ‘”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘‘‹ ‡Žƒ–‹‘•Ǧ
”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘‘‹ ‘Ǧ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȋ  ǦȌ”‡’‘”–ǡ†‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ƒ„—†ƒ ‡‘ˆ
’”‘‰”ƒ‡•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†–‘ƒ••‹•–ƒ†•—„•‹†‹œ‡ †‹ƒˆƒ”‡”•ǡ”‡‰”‡••‹˜‡ƒ”‡–‹‰’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•Šƒ•”‡•—Ž–‡†
‹–Š‡Ž‘••‘ˆˆ—†•Ǥ
• Infrastructural Constraints:
o Lack of irrigation: Lack of irrigation and erratic monsoon ƒ‡• ˆƒ”‹‰ —•‡ —”‡† ™Š‹ Š ’—•Š‡• –Š‡
›‘—‰‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‹”˜‹‰‘”ƒ†‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
o Poor infrastructure: Žƒ ‘ˆ„ƒ•‹ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’—”’‘•‡•Ž‡†–‘‡–
Ž‘••‡•ˆ‘” †‹ƒˆƒ”‡”•ǡ™Š‘™‡”‡ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›‘––ƒš‡†Ǥ
• Selective Procurement: Ž›™Š‡ƒ–ƒ†’ƒ††›ȋ”‹ ‡Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š—•–„‡’—” Šƒ•‡†‹•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ—„‡”•–‘‡‡–
–Š‡—„Ž‹ ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘›•–‡̵•ȋȌ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•‘ˆ͸ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•ǡƒ”‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡ʹ͵ ”‘’•ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡ Žƒ”‡•Ǥ
o Stagnant MSP Rates: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–̵•†‡ Žƒ”‡†‹‹—•—’’‘”–’”‹ ‡•†‘̵–”‹•‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•‹
’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘•–•Ǥ
o Unfair Access: ‘– ƒŽŽ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ† ƒŽŽ ”‘’• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ ƒ› ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡””‡‰‹‘ǡŠƒ˜‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o Non-Scientific Agricultural Practices: ”‡•—Ž–•‹‘Ǧ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–•–”‡••–Š‡•‘‹Ž
ƒ†™ƒ–‡”–‘–Š‡’‘‹–™Š‡”‡–Š‡‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”–ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡•‘‹Ž„‡ ‘‡••ƒŽ‹‹œ‡†Ǥ
• Other Constraints:
o ƒŽŽŠ‘Ž†‹‰•‘ˆˆƒ”‡”•ǡ’”‹ƒ”›ƒ†•‡ ‘†ƒ”›’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹ǡ–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–—•‡‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ”‡†— ‹‰‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ


CHANGING TRENDS IN AGRICULTURE FUTURE SCOPE FOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR

MODERNISATION

• Precision Agricultureǣ–‹Ž‹œ‡• ǡ ‘•‡•‘”•ǡƒ† • Diverse climatic zonesǣ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ICARǡ
†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›–‹ •–‘‘’–‹‹œ‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǦŽ‡˜‡Žƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ †‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ Žƒ† †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ ͳͷ
• Automation and Roboticsǣ –”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰”‘ Ž‹ƒ–‹ œ‘‡•Ǥ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ ”‘’• ƒ„‡‰”‘™
ƒ—–‘‘‘—•–”ƒ –‘”•ǡ†”‘‡•ǡƒ†”‘„‘–‹ Šƒ”˜‡•–‡”•Ǥ ‹•— Š˜ƒ”‹‡†ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ
• Genetically Modified Crops (GMOs)ǣ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ • Urbanizationǣ †‹ƒ̵• ‰”‘™‹‰ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ
”‘’• ™‹–Š ‡Šƒ ‡† –”ƒ‹–• •— Š ƒ• ’‡•– ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ —”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‹ ‘‡ǡƒ† ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ
†”‘—‰Š––‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ǡƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”—–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǥ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ”ƒ‹•‡†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”˜ƒ”‹‡–›ǡ
“—ƒ–‹–›ǡƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Water Management Technologies: ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ • Industry 4.0ǣ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆIoT, AI, and ML

‘ˆ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ •›•–‡• •— Š ƒ• †”‹’ ƒ† in agriculture, private investments in R&D,
•’”‹Ž‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ government initiatives –‘ ”‡˜‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡
• Biopesticides and BiofertilizersǣŠ‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•—•‹‰ ‘˜‡‡– –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ •ƒŽŽ Š‘Ž†‹‰•
ƒ–—”ƒŽ’‡•– ‘–”‘Ž‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”•Ǥ ƒ†•ƒŽŽ’”‘†— ‡”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ–‡”‹‰
• Climate-Smart Agriculture: †‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –Š‡ˆƒ ‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
–Šƒ–ƒ‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡”‡•‹Ž‹‡––‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ • Biotechnology: ‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘†‡” „‹‘–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
• Smart Irrigation Systems: –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‡•‘”•ƒ† ’”‘†— –•ƒ”‡‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡ–Š‡› ƒ‡Šƒ ‡
•ƒ”– ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”•–‘‘’–‹‹œ‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘• Š‡†—Ž‡•Ǥ „‘–Š ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ‹†—•–”›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™‹ŽŽ
• Biotechnology Advances: •‡ ‘ˆ   ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‹ ‘‡‘ˆ•—„•‹•–‡ ‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
‰‡‡Ǧ‡†‹–‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘” ”‘’‹’”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ • Many start-ups in agriculture by professionalsǣ –
‘˜‡›•ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‘”‘—•’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ
‹˜‡•–‹‰–‹‡ƒ†‘‡›‹–Š‹•ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

Government Initiatives:
• Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman NidhiȋǦ Ȍǣ†‡”–Š‡• Š‡‡ǡˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ•Ǥ͸ͲͲͲȀǦ’‡”›‡ƒ”
‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† ‹ –Š”‡‡ ‡“—ƒŽ ˆ‘—”Ǧmonthly installments into the bank accounts of farmers’ families across the
‘—–”›ǡ–Š”‘—‰Š‹”‡ –‡‡ˆ‹–”ƒ•ˆ‡”ȋȌ‘†‡Ǥ
• Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): ™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳ͸‹‘”†‡”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ•‹’Ž‡ƒ†
ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ ”‘’ ‹•—”ƒ ‡ ’”‘†— – –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ ”‹• ‘˜‡” ˆ‘” ”‘’• –‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒŽŽ ‘Ǧ
’”‡˜‡–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ”‹••ˆ”‘’”‡Ǧ•‘™‹‰–‘’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•–ƒ†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ Žƒ‹ƒ‘—–Ǥ
• Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF): †‡” –Š‡ • Š‡‡ǡ •Ǥ ͳ ƒŠ ”‘”‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† „› „ƒ• ƒ†
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ•Ž‘ƒ•™‹–Š‹–‡”‡•–•—„˜‡–‹‘‘ˆ͵Ψ’‡”ƒ—ƒ† ”‡†‹–‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡—†‡”
 ˆ‘”Ž‘ƒ•—’–‘•Ǥʹ”‘”‡•
• Formation & Promotion of new 10,000 FPOsǣŠ‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒŽƒ— Š‡†–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡ –‘” Š‡‡
(CSS) for “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs)” in the year 2020.

DAIRY SECTOR IN INDIA

• Contribution to the Economy: –‹•–Š‡•‹‰Ž‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‘†‹–› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ͷ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡ ‘‘›ƒ†‡’Ž‘›‹‰‘”‡–Šƒͺ ”‘”‡ˆƒ”‡”•†‹”‡ –Ž›Ǥ †‹ƒ‹•”ƒ‡†ͳ•–‹‹Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ʹ͵
’‡” ‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹Ž’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
• According to NITI Aayog, in 2033 India’s milk production would rise to 330 MMT while its milk demand would be
ʹͻʹǤŠ—•ǡ †‹ƒ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡ƒ‹ŽǦ•—”’Ž—• ‘—–”›„›ʹͲ͵͵Ǥ
• Operation Flood: —‡–‘Operation Flood after the 1960s, India’s contribution to world milk production rose from
ͷΨ‹ͳͻ͹Ͳ–‘ʹ͵Ψ‹ʹͲʹͳǤ‘†ƒ›ǡ †‹ƒ‹•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹‹Ž’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
• Rashtriya Gokul Missionǣ –™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͶ—†‡”ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ˆ‘”‘˜‹‡”‡‡†‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹”›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ †‹‰‡‘—•„”‡‡†•ƒ†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‹”‰‡‡–‹ ƒ‡—’Ǥ
• Nationwide AI (artificial insemination) program: –‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‡Šƒ ‹‰ƒ—ƒŽ‹Ž’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›—’–‘͵ͲͲͲ
‰Ȁƒ‹ƒŽǤ
• KCCǣŠ‡†ƒ‹”›ˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†‹the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) programmeǤ –‡•—”‡•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ƒ†
–‹‡Ž› ”‡†‹–•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
• MGNREGAǣƒ‹”›‹‰™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š–—†‡”  –‘ ‘’‡•ƒ–‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ ‘‡Ž‘••†—‡–‘‘˜‹†ǦͳͻǤ
• One Health Mission: Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ ‡ƒŽ–Š ‹••‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒŽ‘•– ͸ͲΨ ‡Šƒ ‡‡– ‹ ˆ—†
ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹˜‡•–‘  ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† ‹•‡ƒ•‡ ‘–”‘Ž ˆ‘” ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ›‡ƒ” ™‹ŽŽ ‡•—”‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡”
Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ƒ†ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‹‡” †‹ƒǤ


SIGNIFICANCE OF DAIRY SECTOR: CHALLENGES FACED BY THE DAIRY SECTOR:

• Diversification of income: Š‡†ƒ‹”›•‡ –‘”Šƒ• • Unorganized sector: Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‹Ž’”‘†— ‡”•ƒ”‡

ƒ—‰‡–‡†–Š‡‹ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ††—”‹‰ unorganized and thus fail to advocate their organized
†‹•–”‡•• ’‡”‹‘†• ‘ˆ †”‘—‰Š– ƒ† ˆŽ‘‘† ‹– Šƒ• demandsǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

‡•—”‡† Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘† •‡ —”‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š •–‡ƒ†› • Fragmented supply chain: ‹Ž‹•ƒhighly perishable
‹ ‘‡Ǥ product •‘ ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ †‹•’‘•ƒŽ ƒ– –Š‡
• Nutritional support: ‹Ž ’”‘†— –• ƒ”‡ ƒ ˜‹–ƒŽ —•–‘‡”̵•‡†Ǥ
’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ƒ †‹‡– –‘ ”‡†— ‡ ƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ ƒ† • Cattle feed prices: Due to the lack of sustained
—†‡”—–”‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‹ Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹Ž ’”‘†— –• availability of cattle feed and its high pricesǡ–Š‡’”‘ˆ‹–
—†‡”–Š‡ mid-day meal scheme ™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–‘ ƒ”‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡„—•‹‡••”‡†— ‡•Ǥ
”‡†— ‡•–—–‹‰ƒ†™ƒ•–‹‰‹ Š‹Ž†”‡Ǥ • Poor return to farmers: The fat-based pricing policy
• Women empowerment: – ‹• ƒ Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡ results in 20-30% less money to farmers ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘
•‡ –‘” ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒŽ‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡–’”‹ ‡•Ǥ
‘’”‹•‡• ƒ”‘—† 69% of the sector’s • Hygiene Conditions: ƒ› ƒ––Ž‡‘™‡”•†‘‘–’”‘˜‹†‡
workforce. Hence, the dairy sector’s ’”‘’‡” •Š‡Ž–‡” –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ––Ž‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‘•‡† –‘
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– †‹”‡ –Ž› ’”‘‘–‡• ™‘‡̵• ‡š–”‡‡ Ž‹ƒ–‹  ‘†‹–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ˆ—”–Š‡” Ž‡ƒ†• –‘
‡’‘™‡”‡–Ǥ ƒ•–‹–‹• ‘†‹–‹‘•.

WAY FORWARD:
• Cooperatives should strengthen their voice by uniting togetherǤ ‘˜‡”‡–•Š‘—Ž†’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹ ‡‡†•‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ –‘”‹Ǥ‡Ǥƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ Š‡ƒ’ ƒ––Ž‡ˆ‡‡†ǡ—’‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹‡–™‘”ƒ† ‘Ž†•–‘”ƒ‰‡„›„‘‘•–‹‰
’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹˜‡•–‡–—†‡”–Š‡‘†‡ŽǤ
• Use of ICT technologies and promotion of start-ups ƒ••‹•–‡† „› ‰‘˜‡”‡– • Š‡‡• ™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡ ‡™
‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡–ƒ‹‡™‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‹••‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Milk processing industry is a sunrise industry •‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•—•–˜‡–—”‡‹–‘ Š‡‡•‡ǡ›‘‰—”–ǡƒ†‹ ‡ ”‡ƒ
’”‘†— –•–‘”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡—–ƒ’’‡††‡ƒ†ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡‘”‡”‡–—”•–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ
AGRO-BASED AND AGRO-PROCESSING INDUSTRIES
• ‰”‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘’ƒ‹‡•ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–•‘—” ‡–Š‡‹”„ƒ•‹ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ„‘–Š’Žƒ–•
ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡›‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‘—–’—–„›’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹–ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‹‰‰‘‘†•–Šƒ– ƒ
„‡•‘Ž†ƒ†—•‡†Ǥ †‹ƒ̵•–‡š–‹Ž‡ǡ•—‰ƒ”ǡ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡‘‹Žǡ–‡ƒǡ ‘ˆˆ‡‡ǡƒ†Ž‡ƒ–Š‡”‰‘‘†••‡ –‘”•ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ
ƒ‰”‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ


Present Status

• ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”‘ˆˆ”—‹–•ƒ†˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒˆ–‡”Š‹ƒǡŒ—•–ʹΨ‘ˆ–Š‡

”‘’‹•’”‘ ‡••‡†Ǥ
• †‹ƒŠƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–Ž‹˜‡•–‘ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ™‹–ŠͷͲΨ‘ˆ„—ˆˆƒŽ‘‡•ƒ†ʹͲΨ‘ˆ ƒ––Ž‡ǡ›‡–Œ—•–ͳΨ‘ˆ–Š‡
‘—–”›̵•–‘–ƒŽ‡ƒ–’”‘†— –‹‘‹•–—”‡†‹–‘‹–‡•™‹–Š˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡†Ǥ
• Ž–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•‹œƒ„Ž‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰„ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰‹•Ž‹––Ž‡ȋŽ‡••–ŠƒͳͲΨȌǤ„‘—–ʹΨ‘ˆˆ”—‹–•ƒ†
˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡•ǡͺΨ‘ˆƒ”‹‡‰‘‘†•ǡ͵ͷΨ‘ˆ‹Žǡƒ†͸Ψ‘ˆ’‘—Ž–”›ƒ”‡’”‘ ‡••‡†Ǥ
• Sunrise industryǣ    ›‘‰ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‘‘† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ• –Š‡ •—”‹•‡ ‹†—•–”› Šƒ˜‹‰ Š—‰‡
†‘‡•–‹ †‡ƒ†™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—’Ž‹ˆ––Š‡—‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†•‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Contribution to GDP: The food processing sector's contribution to India’s GDP is less than 2%. Š—• ‡‡†
’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ†‡™•–ƒ”–Ǧ—’•–‘‡š’Ž‘‹–‹–•–”—‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ

SIGNIFICANCE GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:

• Income diversificationǣ Š‡•‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ Policies:

’”‘˜‹†‡ ’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡ †‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ”—”ƒŽ • Agro Processing Cluster: Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ‡“—‹’’‡†
ƒ”‡ƒ•™Š‹ Š‡•—”‡•ƒŽŽǦ”‘—†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–Š •—’’Ž› Šƒ‹ ƒ† —––‹‰Ǧ‡†‰‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ‹– ƒ‹• –‘
‹–Š‡”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘‡ –‰”‘—’•‘ˆ’”‘†— ‡”•‘”ˆƒ”‡”•–‘–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘”•
• Employmentǣ Š‡ Annual Industrial Survey, ƒ†ƒ”‡–’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ
2016-17 showed that the agro-industries • Mega Food Park: Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ‹–‡†• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡
contribute about 36 per cent of the industrial ‘†‡” ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ† •Šƒ”‡† ƒ‡‹–‹‡• –‘ ƒ––”ƒ –
employmentǤ

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• Forward and Backward linkagesǣ „—•‹‡•• ‰”‘—’‹‰• –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ˆ‘‘† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ —‹–•
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‹ƒ‰‡•‹ post-harvest —•‹‰ƒ Ž—•–‡”‹‰‡–Š‘†Ǥ
management , warehouses , cold storages , • Creation/ Expansion of Food Processing/ Preservation
logistics facilities etc ™‘—Ž†•Š‹ˆ–•—”’Ž—•Žƒ„‘” Capacities (Unit Scheme): Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ”‹‰ •‡ –‘” –‘ ‘”‡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‡  Š‡‡ ‹• –‘ „—‹Ž† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ†‘†‡”‹œ‡Ȁ‡š’ƒ†‡š‹•–‹‰ˆ‘‘†’”‘ ‡••‹‰—‹–•™‹–Š
• Reduce food waste:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ǡͶͲΨ –Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ‹•‹‰’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ž‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†ƒ††‹‰˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ
‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹•Ž‘•–ǤŠ‡ƒ—ƒŽ’‘•–ǦŠƒ”˜‡•– ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ”‡†— ‡™ƒ•–‡Ǥ
Ž‘••‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„›  ƒ›‘‰–‘„‡ Institutional Set-ups:
Ž‘•‡–‘•ͻͲǡͲͲͲǤ • Ministry of Agriculture: – †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š „ƒ‡”‹‡•ǡ ‘Ž†
• Curbing Food Inflation: ‘‘† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡ•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ•ǡ‘‹Ž‹ŽŽ•ǡƒ†‹ŽŽ•ˆ‘””‹ ‡Ǥ
‡š–‡†•–Š‡•Š‡ŽˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’•–‘ • Khadi And Village Industries Board.
‡‡’ •—’’Ž‹‡• ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š †‡ƒ† ƒ† ”‡†— ‡ • Agro-Industries Development Corporation: ƒ Š•–ƒ–‡̵•
ˆ‘‘†‹ˆŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡˆ”‘œ‡ƒˆƒŽ’‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ ‰”‘Ǧ †—•–”‹‡• ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›
‘ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ”Ž‘‰Ǥ ’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆƒ”‡”•™‹–Šƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡“—‹’‡–ǡ‹’—–•ǡƒ†
• Boosts Trade and Earns Foreign exchange: – ‘•—Ž–ƒ ›•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
•‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰ • Small Industry Development Organisation: Š‹•
‡š Šƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹††Ž‡ ƒ•–‡” ƒ–‹‘• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ™‘”• ™‹–Š •ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‘Ǧ‹†—•–”‹‡• •— Š ƒ•
Šƒ˜‡ƒŠ‹‰Š†‡ƒ†ˆ‘” †‹ƒƒ•ƒ–‹”‹ ‡Ǥ Š‘•‹‡”›ǡ„‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡˆ‘‘†ƒ†ˆ”—‹–’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–‘‘Žƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Enhance agriculture marketing framework: To increase farmers’ price realization through policy changes. Direct
ƒ”‡–‹‰–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ”‡”Ǧ’”‘†— ‡”‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ„‡’”‘‘–‡†Ǥ
• Formulate an Integrated Agriculture Export Mission: ‘ • ƒŽ‡ —’ ˆ‘‘† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ƒ† ‡š’‘”–• „› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ˆ”‘ͳͲΨ–‘ͷͲΨǤ
• Integrated Approach:  ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ ™‹–Š ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ „ƒ ™ƒ”† ƒ† ˆ‘”™ƒ”†
‘‡ –‹‘•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡•‡ –‘”̵•‡ ‘‘‹ ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• PPP:  ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‘”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡‹†—•–”›̵•‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰
ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ”‹• •Šƒ”‹‰ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” „—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ˆ‘” Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •ǡ
•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ
• Uniform implementation of APMC Act: ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ –‹•‹’Ž‡‡–‡†—‹ˆ‘”Ž›–‘‡Šƒ ‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡
•‡ –‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡ –ƒš•–”— –—”‡‹•Šƒ”‘‹œ‡†–‘’”‡˜‡–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡•‹’”‹ ‡•Ǥ
According to the Economic Survey (2022-23), Indian agriculture has to be reoriented in view of a number of issues,
including the negative effects of climate change, fragmented landholdings, inadequate farm mechanization, low
productivity, covert unemployment, growing input costs, etc. For the nation's economy to thrive and create jobs, the
agriculture sector's performance must continue to be strong.
MINING SECTOR IN INDIA
The mining sector in India is termed to be one of the core industries of the Indian economy for it provides basic raw
materials to many important industries. Mining is the process of extracting valuable geological components from the
planet and other celestial bodies.


Status of Indian Mining (MoSPI)

• Contribution to Economy: ‡•’‹–‡ ‘Ž› ˜ƒ”›‹‰ „‡–™‡‡ ʹǤʹΨ ƒ† ʹǤͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •‡ –‘”̵• ǡ –Š‡
‹‹‰•‡ –‘”̵•  ‘–”‹„—–‹‘”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ͳͲΨ–‘ͳͳΨǤ
• EmploymentǣŠ‡‹‹‰‹†—•–”›ǡ™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘‡’Ž‘›•‘˜‡”ͷǤͷ ”‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ†‹†‹”‡ –Ž›‡’Ž‘›•
”‘—‰ŠŽ›ͳǤͳ ”‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Revenue: I†‹ƒ̵• ˆ”‘‹‹‰”‘•‡ˆ”‘͸ͶͷǤͻͶ „‹ŽŽ‹‘‹–Š‡–Š‹”†“—ƒ”–‡”‘ˆʹͲʹʹ–‘͹ͺ͹Ǥ͵ʹ „‹ŽŽ‹‘
‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š“—ƒ”–‡”Ǥ –‹•’Žƒ‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡‹‹‰̵• ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘•ͺŽƒŠ ”‘”‡„› ʹͶ–ʹͷǤ

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THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK OF MINING SECTOR IN INDIA
• Central List: Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‘™–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ †‹ƒ̵•„›–Š‡‡–”›ƒ–
•‡”‹ƒŽ‘ǤͷͶ‘ˆ‹•– ȋ‡–”ƒŽ‹•–ȌǤŠ‡‹‡•ƒ†‹‡”ƒŽ•ȋ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ȌȋȌ –‘ˆͳͻͷ͹
™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‹•Ǥ
• State List: TŠ‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘‘™–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ•ˆ‘—†™‹–Š‹‹–•„‘”†‡”•—†‡”–Š‡‡–”›ƒ–•‡”‹ƒŽ
‘Ǥʹ͵‘ˆ‹•– ȋ–ƒ–‡‹•–Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
• International Seabed Authority: š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹‹‰‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‰‘˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ„‡†
—–Š‘”‹–›ȋ ȌǤ
o – ‹• ‰‘˜‡”‡† „› ƒ  –”‡ƒ–›ǡ –‘ ™Š‹ Š †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ’ƒ”–›Ǥ †‹ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰”ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •‘Ž‡ ”‹‰Š– –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡
’‘Ž›‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‘†—Ž‡••’”‡ƒ†ƒ ”‘••͹ͷǡͲͲͲ•“—ƒ”‡‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒ ‡ƒƒ•‹Ǥ
SIGNIFICANCE:
• Growth:According to the government’s own assessment, one percentage point growth in mining pushes up the
growth rate of industrial production by 1.2-1.4 percentage points.
• ’Ž‘›‡–ǣ‡†‹”‡ –Œ‘„‹–Š‡•‡ –‘” ”‡ƒ–‡•ͳͲ‹†‹”‡ –Œ‘„•Ǥ
• It is a labor-intensive industry ™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡•‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Žƒ”‰‡Ž›–‘—•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”‡”•Ǥ
• ProductionǣIndia is the world’s second-largest coal producer ƒ†„‡‹‰–Š‡ͷ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•– ‘—–”›‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ
†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ –‹•ƒnet exporter of finished steel ƒ†Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ Šƒ’‹‘‹ ‡”–ƒ‹‰”ƒ†‡•‘ˆ•–‡‡ŽǤ
• Gross Value Addition: The mining and quarrying industry’s contribution (at current prices) to GVA accounted for
about 2.4% in the year 2021-22.
• •’‡”ʹͲͳͻ†ƒ–ƒǡthe mineral sector’s contribution to the GDP is 1.75 percent.


NATIONAL MINERAL POLICY 2019

It envisages increasing the production of major minerals by 200 percent and reducing the trade deficit in the
mineral sector by 50 per cent in seven years. The policy aims to attract private investment through
concessions like a financial package, right of first refusal at the time of auction etc. 
Features:
• Revenue sharing model: –ƒ†‘’–‡†a revenue-sharing model –‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡Ǥ
• Transfer of mining leases: Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ•provision for the transfer of mining leases and the creation of
dedicated mineral corridors to boost private sector mining areas.
• Export-Import policyǣ –’”‘˜‹†‡•emphasis on a long-term export-import policy ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‡”ƒŽ•‡ –‘”–‘
‰‹˜‡•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‹˜‡•–‹‰‹Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Exclusive Mining Zonesǣ‘Ž‹ ›Šƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡† the concept of ‘Exclusive Minnes’ ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ ‘‡™‹–Š‹Ǧ
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•–ƒ–—–‘”› Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”ƒ–‘ˆ‹‹‰Ž‡ƒ•‡Ǥ
• Easy clearanceǣŠ‡’‘Ž‹ ›™‘—Ž†simplify the process of clearance ƒ†™‘—Ž†ƒ‡‹–ƒ–‹‡Ǧ„‘—†’”‘ ‡••
ˆ‘”‹‡”ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ† ‘‡ ‡‡–‘ˆ‹‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• No-go Areas: ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‘—Ž†„‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒ•no-go areas or inviolate areas ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡
‡ ‘•›•–‡Ǥ
• District Mineral Fund: Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡•‘proper utilization of the District Mineral Fund to ensure
the welfare ‘ˆ‹‹‰Ǧƒˆˆ‡ –‡†’‡‘’Ž‡„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‡Šƒ„‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•‡––Ž‡‡––‘ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Intergenerational Equity: Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › Šƒ• ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡ concept of Intergenerational Equity in mineral
resource exploitation.

Government Initiative:
• FDI up to 100%:†‡”–Š‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ”‘—–‡‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹ Žƒ—•‡•Ǥ
• PLI schemeǣ  Šƒ•‰‹˜‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‘‹–”‘†— ‡–Š‡”‘†— –‹‘Ǧ‹‡†  ‡–‹˜‡ȋ Ȍ Š‡‡‹’‡ ‹ƒŽ–›–‡‡Ž
ˆ‘”Enhancing India’s Manufacturing Capabilities and Enhancing Exports.
• Mission Purvodayaǣ – ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† —Ž‘ ‹‰ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ –‘ ˆ—‡Ž –Š‡ ‡š– ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• District Mineral Foundation Fundǣ –Šƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ‹‹‰Ǧƒˆˆ‡ –‡†’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• KABIL:‘‡•—”‡–Š‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•–‘ †‹ƒ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
• PM Khanij Kshetriya Kalyan Yojana (2015):‘‡•—”‡–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡‹’ƒ –‡†„›‹‹‰ƒ†
–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„› Ǥ
• National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET), 2004: ‘””‡‰‹‘ƒŽƬ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ


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Mines & Minerals (Regulation and Development) Amendment Act, 2021

• Removal of restriction on end-use of minerals: ‡‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ǣ
 ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡„‹ŽŽǡ‘‹‡™‘—Ž†„‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ˆ‹ƒŽ—•‡Ǥ
• Sale of minerals by captive mines:ƒ’–‹˜‡‹‡”•ƒ›•‡ŽŽ—’–‘ͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”›‡ƒ”Ž›‹‡”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘‘–Š‡
‘’‡ƒ”‡–ƒˆ–‡”‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™‡‡†•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽȋ‡š Ž—†‹‰ƒ–‘‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ȌǤ
• Auction by the central government in certain cases:  •‘‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ›
‘†— –ƒƒ— –‹‘Ǥ ˆ•‘ǡ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡•‹––Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘†‘•‘ƒˆ–‡” ‘•—Ž–‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Transfer of statutory clearancesǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡†•–ƒ–—–‘”› Ž‡ƒ”ƒ ‡•™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹‹‡ˆˆ‡ –ˆ‘”
–Š‡‡–‹”‡–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡™Ž‡••‡‡̵•Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡”Ǥ
• Allocation of mines with expired leases:‹‡•™‹–Š‡š’‹”‡†Ž‡ƒ•‡•ƒ›„‡ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–„—•‹‡••
‹ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹ŽŽǡ’”‘˜‹†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹‡•ƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡” ‘ƒŽǡŽ‹‰‹–‡ǡ‘”ƒ–‘‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ

Way forward:
• Proper rehabilitation of mining project-affected displaced personsƒ†—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹•–”‹ –‹‡”ƒŽˆ—†•ˆ‘”
–Š‡‹” ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• ƒ†ƒ–‘”› –‘ ‰ƒ‹ –Š‡ –”—•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ – will restrict them from supporting Left-wing
extremism activities.
• Effective implementation of National mineral policy 2019 ƒ†–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹‹‡”ƒŽ„Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘—•–„‡
ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
• ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘†— – of Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) and Social Impact Assessment (SIA) —•– „‡
‡•—”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ›’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ
• NGT guidelines —•– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› •‡•‹–‹˜‡ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥ ‡ ‡–Ž›   Šƒ•
‘”†‡”‡†–Š‡‰‘˜––‘–ƒ‡”‡‡†‹ƒŽƒ –‹‘•–‘ —”„‹ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ•ƒ†‹‹‰Ǥ
• Single window and time-bound environment, forest clearance ™‹ŽŽ„‡‡›–‘–Š‡–‹‡Ž›ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ„Ž‘ •ƒ†
‡‡–‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”•Ǥ
Conclusion:
• †‹ƒŠƒ•huge mineral potential but the explored area is very minimal ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ™Š‹ Š
Šƒ• ƒ—•‡†ƒŠ—‰‡‹‡”ƒŽ•‹’‘”–„‹ŽŽǤ—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ”•—’’Ž›‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ•‹• key to the uninterrupted
functioning of the industrial sector which is the growth engine of any economy. †‹ƒŠƒ•‘”‘‘–‘‹••‹–•
‹‡”ƒŽ•‡ –‘”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Š‡ ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ˆ— –‹‘‹‰’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡š’‡ –‡†‘—–’—–—•– maintain a growth rate of
8- 9% per year.


SECONDARY SECTOR
• ‡ ‘†ƒ”›•‡ –‘”‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”™Š‹ Šprocesses natural raw materials and converts them into
finished products.
• ‡ ‘†ƒ”›•‡ –‘”‹•–Š‡„ƒ „‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‘‘›™Š‹ Šprovides employment to people who moved from the
primary sector and have gathered certain skills.
• ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‡ –‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”›•‡ –‘”accounts for 14% of all employment ‹
–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”›•‡ –‘” ‘–”‹„—–‡•ƒŽ‘•–a quarter of the GDPǤ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹†—•–”›ƒ”‡–Š‡
–™‘„‡•–‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‹•‹†—•–”›Ǥ
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN THE INDIAN CONTEXT
• Economic:
• Provide Employment: Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •‡ –‘” Šƒ• ƒ†‡ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ Œ‘„•Ǥ ’Ž‘›‡–
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‰”‘™ ƒ• ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ–—”‡Ǥ › ‰‹˜‹‰ Œ‘„• –‘ ͳͳ ”‘”‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡‡• ‹ †‹ƒǡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• Ž‹‡ •
’Žƒ›‡†ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’ƒ”–‹ƒ„•‘”„‹‰ƒ•‡‹Ǧ•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Trickle-Down Effect: ”‘™–Š‹–Š‡‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡•‰”‘™–Š‹‘–Š‡”•‡ –‘”•Ž‹‡ǣ
o ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡
o ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
o ‡ŽˆǦ•—•–ƒ‹‡†‰”‘™–Šǣ
o Š‡ „‘‘‹‰ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‰‘‘†• •‡ –‘” ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡• –Š‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ƒ†
‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•‡ –‘”•Ǥ
o –ƒŽ•‘‡†•‘—””‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡•—’’Ž›‘ˆ‡ ‡••‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Data (Index of Industrial Production): †‹ƒ̵• †‡š ‘ˆ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‘†— –‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ͷǤ͹Ψ ‹
‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ —’ ˆ”‘ ͵ǤͺΨ ‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‹•–”› ‘ˆ –ƒ–‹•–‹ • ƒ† ”‘‰”ƒ‡
’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘ ȌǤ‡ ‡„‡”ʹͲʹ͵•ƒ™ƒͶǤʹΨ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘•‡„›͹ǤͷΨ›‡ƒ”Ǧ‘Ǧ›‡ƒ”
ȋ‘Ȍ‹ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘͸ǤͻΨ‹ ƒ—ƒ”›Ǥ
• Political:
o Increased International Clout: Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‡‹•ƒ‹†‡†„›‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
‹’ƒ – ‘ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡Ǥ ”ƒ†‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡• ‘”‡ –Šƒ ‹– †‘‡• Ž‡•• ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
o Stability:  ‡ ‘‘› ™‹–Š ˆƒ•– ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–Š ‹• Ž‡•• ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’”‡••—”‡• Ž‹‡ ‹˜‹Ž ™ƒ” –Š—•
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Social:
o Poverty alleviationǣ Š‹• •‡ –‘”ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ •‡ –‘” is a precondition for the
eradication of unemployment and poverty.  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡UNDP report †‹ƒŠƒ•’—ŽŽ‡†ƒ”‘—†ʹͷ ”‘”‡
’‡‘’Ž‡‘—–‘ˆ’‘˜‡”–›”ƒ‹•‹‰Œ‘„•–ƒ†ƒ”†•‹‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”•Ǥ
o Equitable growthǣ – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‹‡† at bringing down regional disparities „› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ‹
–”‹„ƒŽƒ†„ƒ ™ƒ”†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤǤ‰ǤPromotion industries in backward areas Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†‹†‹•–”‹„—–‹‰ˆ”—‹–•‘ˆ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆVidarbha region of Maharashtra.
o Demographic dividendǣ †‹ƒ‹•‰‘‹‰–‘™‹–‡••–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ †‹˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡ ‘‹‰†‡ ƒ†‡ǤŠ‡
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰•‡ –‘”‹•˜‹–ƒŽƒ•‹– ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡Žƒ„‘”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡Œ‘„•ƒ† ƒ’”‘‘–‡ƒ‹’”‘˜‡†•–ƒ†ƒ”†‘ˆ
Ž‹˜‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǤǤ‰ǤTextile, Automobile sectors Šƒ˜‡Š—‰‡†‡ƒ†ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡
‡™Œ‘„•Ǥ
• Technological:
o Innovation and Collaboration:  ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ Ƭ •–”‡‰–Š‡• ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡• plug-and-play
technology –Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š‡”‡†— ƒ–‹‘‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
o Industry 4.0: ‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ †—•–”›ͶǤͲ‹–Šƒ•‘’‡‡†–Š‡• ‘’‡ˆ‘”–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›‹‘–Š‡”
•‘ ‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”•–Š—•ƒ‹‰ƒ•’‹ŽŽ‘˜‡”‡ˆˆ‡ –Ǥ
• Security:
o Increased National Security: —” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ’”‘†— ‡ †‡ˆ‡•‡ ƒ Š‹‡”› ƒ† ‡“—‹’‡– †‘‡•–‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ•
ƒŽŽ‘™‡†—•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†’ƒ›‹‰‡š’‡•‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡š Šƒ‰‡–‘‹’‘”–‹–ǡ–Šƒ•–‘–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ‘—”„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ
o Economic Security: – ƒ‡• —• ‘Ǧ†‡’‡†‡– ‘ ‡•–‡” ‘—–”‹‡• ™Š‹ Š —•‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –‘‘Ž• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘‹–
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡthe US PL-480 ProgramǤ
TYPES OF INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing Industries can be classified based on various grounds. The following are some basic classifications of
the industries:


Depending on the Strength of Labour (Size): Depending on Raw-Material and Finished

Large Scale: Businesses that employ numerous workers in Goods
each unit are referred to as large-scale businesses. Large-scale Heavy: The term "heavy industries" refers to those
enterprises include the cotton and jute textile industries. that manufacture goods from the same type of
Medium Scale: Medium-scale industries are defined as those heavy and bulky raw materials. Heavy industries
that neither employ a very large nor a very small number of are well-represented by the iron and steel sector.
workers. Examples of medium-sized enterprises are the Light: Light industries create Light finished goods
bicycle, radio, and television industries. and utilize Light raw materials. Light industries
Small Scale: Individually owned and operated businesses that include sewing machines and electric fans.
only hire a few workers are referred to as small- scale
businesses.

Depending on the Source of the Raw Material Depending on the Ownership

Agro-based: Industries that rely on agriculture as a source of Private Sector: Industries located in Jamshedpur
raw materials are known as agro-based industries. Sugar, that are owned by people or companies like Bajaj
vegetable oil, jute textile, cotton textile, and cotton textile are Auto or TISCO are referred to as private sector
examples of agro-based industries. industries.

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Mineral-based: This group includes businesses like iron and Public Sector: Companies like Bharat Heavy
steel, aluminum, and cement that principally rely on minerals Electricals Ltd and Durgapur Steel Plant that are
for their raw materials. owned by the government.
Based on pastoral agriculture: These sectors rely on animals Joint Sector: Businesses like Gujarat Alkalies Ltd.
as a source of raw materials. Some pastoral-based industries and Oil India Ltd. which are jointly owned by the
include those that produce shoes, dairy, hides, skins, bones, state and/or its agencies are examples of joint
horns, and so on. sector businesses.
Forest-based industries: They include those that produce Cooperative: These are jointly owned and
paper, cardboard, lac, rayon, resin, tanned leather, wooden operated by a group of individuals who typically
tools, and baskets. provide the raw materials for a certain industry,
such as a sugar mill that is jointly owned and
operated by farmers, are referred to as co-
operative sector businesses.
Multinational: A multinational corporation
(MNC) has locations and additional assets in at
least one nation aside from its own.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES

There are a range of factors influencing the location of the industry which can be divided into two broad categories,
Geographical factors and Non-geographical factors.


GEOGRAPHICAL NON-GEOGRAPHICAL

• Powerǣ ‘•‹•–‡–’‘™‡”•—’’Ž›‹•ƒ”‡“—‹”‡‡– • Capitalǣƒ’‹–ƒŽǦ‹–‡•‹˜‡‘†‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•†‡ƒ†

ˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–•Ǥ
• Raw Materials: ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ most • Government Policiesǣ E.g. Gujarat’s industrial
fundamental †‡ ‹†‹‰ˆƒ –‘”‘ˆ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ policy has attracted the Nano plant of TATA ˆ”‘
• Labourǣ Ž‡•• –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ƒ”‰—‡–• –‘ ‡•–‡‰ƒŽ†—‡–‘ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡‰‘˜‡”‡–’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ƒ†
–Š‡ ‘–”ƒ”›ǡ‘„‘†› ƒ†‹•’—–‡–Šƒ––Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•Ǥ
ƒŽƒ„‘”ˆ‘” ‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–‹•ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘‹†—•–”›Ǥ • Access to agglomeration Economies: ‡‡ˆ‹–• ƒ”‡
• Marketǣ Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Ž‹ƒ‰‡• ™Š‹ Š ‡š‹•– „‡–™‡‡
—•‡Ž‡•• —–‹Ž –Š‡ ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ‰‘‘†• ”‡ƒ Š –Š‡ ƒ”‡–Ǥ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
Transportǣ Š‡ ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ • Industrial Inertia: †—•–”‹‡•–‡†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒ––Š‡
•ƒŽ‡‘ˆˆ‹‹•Š‡†‰‘‘†•„‘–Š”‡“—‹”‡–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘„› ’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”original establishment due to inertia
Žƒ†‘”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ of the region. Ǥ‰Ǥ‘  †—•–”›ƒ–Ž‹‰ƒ”ŠǤ
• Water: †—•–”‹‡• Ž‹‡ textile, chemical and iron- • Historical Factors: Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai
steel ”‡“—‹”‡ Š—‰‡ ƒ‘—–• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” locations ƒ”‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›‘—” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ’ƒ•–Ǥ
ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ Š‡ ‡ ’”‘š‹‹–› –‘ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡• ‹• • Banking and credit Facilities: Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ
„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‹†—•–”‹‡•ǤǤ‰ǤŠ‡ —–‡‹†—•–”› ‹†—•–”›‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡•–Š‡†ƒ‹Ž›‡š Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ
‹‡‰ƒŽ‹•„‡‡ˆ‹–‡††—‡–‘–Š‡ Ž‘•‡‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ —‰Ž‹ ”—’‡‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘Ž› ƒ†‡ ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ „› „ƒ‹‰
‹˜‡”Ǥ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ


INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS (IC) IN INDIA

• Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †—•–”‹ƒŽ‘””‹†‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ȋ Ȍ‹•ƒ’‡ ‹ƒŽ—”’‘•‡‡Š‹ Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒŽ‘ˆ
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘””‹†‘” ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
”‘‰”ƒ‡Ǥ
• Objectivesǣ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡† along the main transport routes giving special thrust to industrial
development. – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ‡š’‘”–•ǡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒƒ‰‡‡–‡– Ǥ
• Present Status: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Šƒ• •ƒ –‹‘‡† ƒ† ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ‡‹‰Š– ȋͺȌ ’”‘Œ‡ –• —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †—•–”‹ƒŽ
‘””‹†‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ† ’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘”—•–ȋ  ȌǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
o Completed Project: Š‡ ƒŒ‘” –”—
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ™‘”• ˆ‘” ˆ‘—” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–
’”‘Œ‡ –•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‹‹•Š‡†Ǥ
▪ Š‡ –‡‰”ƒ–‡† †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘™•Š‹’ ‹
”‡ƒ–‡”‘‹†ƒǡ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•ŠǢ
▪ Š‡ Š‘Ž‡”ƒ ’‡ ‹ƒŽ ˜‡•–‡– ‡‰‹‘
‹ —Œƒ”ƒ–Ǣ
▪ Š‡ Š‡†”ƒ ‹†‹ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ‹
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǢƒ†
▪ Š‡ –‡‰”ƒ–‡† †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘™•Š‹’Ǧ
‹”ƒ†›‘‰’—”‹‹ƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ
o Projects in Process: Š‡‘–Š‡”Ͷƒ’’”‘˜‡†
’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ”‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ȁ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‹•‰‹˜‡ƒ•„‡Ž‘™ǣ
▪ Tumakuru Node in Karnataka under Chennai Bengaluru Industrial Corridor (CBIC)
▪ Krishnapatnam Node in Andhra Pradesh under CBIC:
▪ Integrated Multi Modal Logistics Hub at Nangal Chaudhary in Haryana under Delhi Mumbai
Industrial Corridor (DMIC)
▪ Multi-Modal Logistics/Transport Hub at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh under DMIC.
SIGNIFICANCE OF INDUSTRIAL CORRIDORS
• It includes 4 key components: ”ƒ•’‘”–ǡƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰ǡ ‘”™ƒ”†‹‰ƒ†ƒŽ—‡ƒ††‡†Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •Ǥ
• Economic growthǣ †—•–”‹ƒŽ ‘””‹†‘”• ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ– –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ world-class transportation ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘‡ –‹‰
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Ž—•–‡”•Ǥ High capacity dedicated freight corridors ™‘—Ž† ƒ – ƒ• ƒ „ƒ „‘‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–†‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Logistic improvementǣ ™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’to facilitate the multi-modal movement of cargo ‘’ƒ”™‹–Š‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‘‰‹•–‹ •
•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ –™‹ŽŽ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆŽ‘‰‹•–‹ •ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ †‹ƒ‰‘‘†•Ǥ
• Ease of doing businessǣ ™‘—Ž†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ˆƒ•–‡”clearance to start a business , deal with construction permits,
and register propertyǤ –™‹ŽŽƒ––”ƒ –‘”‡„—•‹‡••ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ
• Employment creation: provides both forward and backward linkages to the industries ƒ†Š‡ ‡Šƒ•™‹†‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡‡’Ž‘›‡–ƒ ”‘••–Š‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ••‡ –‘”ǡƒ†™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‹‰•‡ –‘”Ǥ –™‘—Ž†„‘‘•–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ”‡ƒ–‹‰Œ‘„•‹ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†•‡ –‘”•Ǥ


STRATEGY OF REGIONAL RESOURCE-BASED MANUFACTURING AND MANAGEMENT

Industries which are located near raw material utilizes local inputs and transforms them into final material. This
also helps in the creation of employment and overall regional development. This strategy helps in backward area
development and the promotion of equitable development. It promotes local products and artifacts and tries to
convert them into national and Global brands. Under this strategy industries are attracted based on the availability
of natural resources and provided with other facilities like transportation, electricity etc.

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO HARNESS IMPACT OF REGIONAL RESOURCE-BASED

REGIONAL POTENTIAL MANUFACTURING

• Odisha Industrial Development Plan: Vision • Functional Specialization: ‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•‹ŽŽ

2025: –ˆ‘ —•‡•‘ˆ‹˜‡‹†—•–”‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ •‡–•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘™‘”‹‹†—•–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡‘‡–›’‡
Ž—”‹‰ •Ǥ ʹǤͷ ŽƒŠ ”‘”‡ ‹ ‹˜‡•–‡–• ƒ† ‘ˆ”‡•‘—” ‡‹•–Š‡ƒ‹ˆ‘ —•Ǥ
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰͵ͲŽƒŠ†‹”‡ –ƒ†‹†‹”‡ –Œ‘„•Ǥ • Establishing auxiliary industries: Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”
• Products with GI tags: Š‡› ƒ „‡ ’”‘†— ‡† –›’‡ ‘ˆ ‹†—•–”› ‹• ˆ‘—†‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ǡ
Ž‘ ƒŽŽ›ƒ†•‘Ž†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ–‡•ƒ† —‡”‘—••—„•‹†‹ƒ”›‡–‡”’”‹•‡•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ•
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ • Secondary Employment:  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‹†‡
• One Station One Product: ƒ” ŠʹͷǡʹͲʹʹǡ–Š‹• ‹†—•–”‹‡•–Šƒ–•—’’‘”––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‹†—•–”›ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•
’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ™ƒ• ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ– ͳͻ †‹ƒ ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• •‡ ‘†ƒ”›Œ‘„•Ǥ
•–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ • Developed Supply Chain: Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ
•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘’‡•—’‘”‡‡’Ž‘›‡–
Šƒ ‡•

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• One District , One Product Scheme of the UP • Decreased Transportation cost: Š‡ ’”‘š‹‹–› ‘ˆ
government •–”‹˜‡•–‘’”‘‘–‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• ƒ† ”ƒ™ •—’’Ž‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ Ž‘™‡”
‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡š’‡•‡•Ǥ
• North East Industrial development scheme • Diversity in Demand: Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ƒ†
‹ ‡–‹˜‹•‡• ‹†—•–”‹‡• –‘ •‡– —’ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ‘”‡˜ƒ”‹‡††‡ƒ†ˆ‘” ‘•—‡”‰‘‘†•ǤŠ‹••–ƒ”–•ƒ
”‡‰‹‘Ǥ › Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ
• Mission Purvodayaǣ – ™ƒ• Žƒ— Š‡† ‹ ʹͲʹͲ ˆ‘” †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ†•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘†ƒ”›ƒ†–‡”–‹ƒ”›
–Š‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‡ƒ•–‡” †‹ƒ •‡ –‘”•Ǥ
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† •–‡‡Ž
Š—„Ǥ
CHALLENGES:
• Lack of infrastructureǣ ‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ”‹ Š ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡ Šƒ”Šƒ† ǡ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Š ǡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•– ”‡‰‹‘ ˆƒ‹Ž –‘ ƒ––”ƒ –
‹†—•–”‹‡•†—‡Žƒ ‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Lack of skills and modernisationǣ‘ ƒŽ ”ƒˆ–•‡ˆƒ‹Ž–‘‘†‹ˆ›Ž‘ ƒŽƒ”–‹ˆƒ –•ƒ•’‡”‰Ž‘„ƒŽ†‡ƒ†•†—‡–‘ƒŽƒ 
‘ˆ‘†‡”‡“—‹’‡–Ǥ
• Lack of vision in policy formulation: —‡–‘’‘‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†’‘‘”ƒ”‡–‹‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’”‘†— –•
Šƒ˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹–‘”‡ ‘‰‹•‡†„”ƒ†•Ǥ
By 2022, the National Manufacturing Policy had aimed for manufacturing to account for 25% of the nation's GDP.
However, it has been seen that some areas experience extraordinarily quick development because of their favorable
geographic position and high level of industrialisation, while other regions lag behind. In this sense, regional
manufacturing becomes very important.
TEXTILE INDUSTRIES
• The domestic apparel & textile industry in India contributes approx. 2.3 % to the country’s GDP, 13% to industrial
’”‘†— –‹‘
• Employment: ‡‹‰–Š‡•‡ ‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–‡’Ž‘›‡”‹ †‹ƒƒˆ–‡”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹• ”— ‹ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•
‡ ‘‘›Ǥ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ†‹†‹”‡ –Ž›‡’Ž‘›•ƒ„‘—–ͳͲǤͷ ”‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Export: †‹ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵••‡ ‘†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”ƒ†‡š’‘”–‡”‘ˆ–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡Žǡƒ ‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”ͷΨ‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡Ǥ ʹͲͳͺ–ͳͻǡ‹–ƒ†‡—’ͳʹΨ‘ˆƒŽŽ‡š’‘”–•ˆ”‘ †‹ƒǤ
• Market: Š‡–™‘„‹‰‰‡•–‡š’‘”–ƒ”‡–•ˆ‘” †‹ƒ–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•‹ƒ
ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡‹††Ž‡ƒ•–Ǥ
• Valuation: Š‡ †‹ƒ–‡š–‹Ž‡ƒ†ƒ’’ƒ”‡Žƒ”‡–•‹œ‡‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ”‘—†̈́ͳ͸ͷ‹ʹͲʹʹǡ™‹–Š†‘‡•–‹ ƒ”‡–
‘•–‹–—–‹‰̈́ͳʹͷƒ†‡š’‘”–• ‘–”‹„—–‹‰̈́ͶͲǤ
• Š‡ƒ”‡–•‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹†—•–”›‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘‰”‘™ƒ–ƒͳͲΨ –‘”‡ƒ Š̈́͵ͷͲ„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
o Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹•†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘„‘‘•–‹‰ †‹ƒ̵•–‡š–‹Ž‡‡š’‘”–•ˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡–̈́ͶͶǤͶ„‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘̈́ͳͲͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘
‘˜‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Climatic Condition: ”‘•–Ǧˆ”‡‡ Ž‹ƒ–‡•ǡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR GROWTH OF
„‡–™‡‡ ʹͲ ƒ† ͵Ͳ †‡‰”‡‡• ‡Ž•‹—•ǡ ƒ† Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ—ƒŽ COTTON INDUSTRY:
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡŽƒ •‘‹Ž‘”ƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹ŽǤ • Historical Factor: Š‡Industrial
• Area under Cultivation: ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹– —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡•–Š‡‘•– Revolution and later the First and Second
‘––‘ǡ ƒ ‘—–‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͷΨ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Žƒ† World Warsǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ†‡•Š‹ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ƒ†
™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– ‘––‘Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰ •–ƒ–‡• ‹ †‹ƒ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ– ‘ˆ ˆ‹• ƒŽ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ”ƒ’‹†Ž›
‹ Ž—†‡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǡ ’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‹•‹†—•–”›Ǥ
—Œƒ„ǡ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ ƒ† ƒ‹Ž • Locational factors: Post-independenceǡ
ƒ†—ǤIndia's cotton basket, ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ –Š‡‹†—•–”›ƒŽ•‘–‡†‡†–‘shift from areas
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ† ‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǡ of high labor cost to those with low labor
’”‘†— ‡•‘˜‡”–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵• ‘––‘Ǥ cost. Š‡ Žƒ„‘” ‘•– ˆƒ –‘” ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ
• Share: Power looms account for the largest share (around ”‘Ž‡‹‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰–Š‹•‹†—•–”›ƒ–ƒ†—”ƒ‹ǡ
80%) ‹ ‘––‘–‡š–‹Ž‡’”‘†— –‹‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›Šƒ†Ž‘‘•ƒ† ‹”—‡Ž˜‡Ž‹ǡ ƒ† ‘‹„ƒ–‘”‡Ǥ Important
‹ŽŽ•Ǥ –‹•ƒƒ‰”‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‹†—•–”›†‡’‡†‹‰—’‘’—”‡”ƒ™ centers: —„ƒ‹ǡ Š‡†ƒ„ƒ†ǡ ‘‹„ƒ–‘”‡ǡ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ †‘”‡ǡƒ’—”‡– Ǥ

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BACKBONE OF INDIAN EMPLOYMENT Problems:

• Contribution to Economy: Š‡†‘‡•–‹ ƒ’’ƒ”‡ŽƬ–‡š–‹Ž‡ • Obsolete Equipment: Ž›ͳͺ–‘ʹͲ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ

industry in India contributes approx. 2.3 % to the country’s Ž‘‘•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ͺ͵–‘
ǡ ͳ͵Ψ –‘ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ† ͳʹΨ –‘ ‡š’‘”–•Ǥ ͹͸ ’‡” ‡– ‹ ‘”™ƒ›ǡ ͹Ͳ –‘ ͹Ͳ ’‡” ‡– ‹
†‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ ͶΨ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡ ‹ –‡š–‹Ž‡• ƒ† —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǡ͸Ͳ’‡” ‡–‹ƒ‹•–ƒǡƒ†Ͷͷ–‘ͷͲ
ƒ’’ƒ”‡ŽǤ ’‡” ‡–‹Š‹ƒǤ
• Second Largest Employer: ‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–‡’Ž‘›‡” • Scarcity of Raw Cotton: ƒ™ ‘––‘‹• • ƒ” ‡
ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ƒ†Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡‡‘—‰Š–‘‡‡–†‡ƒ†Ǥ
• Employment number:  ‘”†‹‰–‘‰‘˜‡”‡–•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ǡ • Low Labour Productivity: ™‘”‡”‹ †‹ƒ
–Š‡ ‹†—•–”› †‹”‡ –Ž› ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ„‘—– ͶǤͷ ”‘”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒƒ‰‡• –™‘ Ž‘‘•ǡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘
‹†‹”‡ –Ž›•—’’‘”–•ƒ‘–Š‡”͸ ”‘”‡Œ‘„•Ǥ‘‡ƒ‡—’ –Š‹”–›‹ ƒ’ƒƒ†•‹š–›‹–Š‡Ǥ
–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ǡƒ‹‰—’„‡–™‡‡͸ͲΨƒ† • Strikes: ƒ„‘—” †‹•’—–‡• ƒ”‡ ’”‡˜ƒŽ‡– ‹ –Š‡
͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‹”‡Žƒ„‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ•‡ –‘”ǡ„—––Š‡ ‘––‘–‡š–‹Ž‡‹†—•–”›
• Rural Areas: –Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– •—ˆˆ‡”• ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ”‡‰—Žƒ” ™‘”‡”
‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—” ‡•‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡–ˆ‘””—”ƒŽ”‡•‹†‡–•Ǥ •–”‹‡•Ǥ
• PLI Scheme: Š‡ ”‘†— –‹‘ ‹‡†  ‡–‹˜‡ ȋ Ȍ • Rising Cotton Prices: ‘ˆ ‘––‘Šƒ•„‡‡
 Š‡‡ǡ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹œ‡†‹‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲʹͳ ˆ‘”–Š‡ ˆ‹š‡† ƒ– •Ǥ ͸ͲͺͲ ’‡” “—‹–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ȋ‡†‹—
–‡š–‹Ž‡•‡ –‘”ƒ†‹•ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ††ƒ„‘—–͹ǤͷŽƒŠ‡™ –ƒ’Ž‡Ȍ ƒ† ƒ– •Ǥ ͸͵ͺͲ ’‡” “—‹–ƒŽ ˆ‘” ȋ‘‰
Œ‘„• †‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ† ƒ ˆ‡™ ŽƒŠ• ‘”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •—’’‘”–‹‰ –ƒ’Ž‡Ȍˆ‘”ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

GROWING IMPORTANCE IN GLOBAL TRADE GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

• Extensive Network: —‡–‘‹–•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‡–™‘” • Extension for RoSCTL:  ‘”†‡” –‘ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡
‘ˆ„‘–Š•ƒŽŽƒ†ƒŒ‘”ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ǡ‡š’‘”–‡”•ǡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹ƒ –‡š–‹Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ‘ –Š‡
ƒ† –”ƒ†‡”•ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ –‡š–‹Ž‡ •‡ –‘” ‹• “—‹–‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–ǡ–Š‡‘• Š‡‡Šƒ•„‡‡‡š–‡†‡†ˆ‘”
‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡Ǥ ‡š’‘”–•‘ˆƒ’’ƒ”‡ŽȀ‰ƒ”‡–•ƒ†ƒ†‡Ǧ—’•Ǥ
• Stimulate Local Manufacture: Š‡ ̶ƒ‡ ‹ • PM MITRA scheme: Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ •‡˜‡
†‹ƒǡ̶ ̶ƒ–ƒ‹”„Šƒ” Šƒ”ƒ–ǡ̶ ƒ† ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ”ƒ†Šƒ ƒ–”‹ ‡‰ƒ –‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‡š–‹Ž‡ ‡‰‹‘ ƒ†
‹‡†  ‡–‹˜‡• ȋ Ȍ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š •‡‡ –‘ ’’ƒ”‡Žȋ Ȍƒ”•Ǥ
•–‹—Žƒ–‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ • ATUFS - Amended Technology Upgradation Fund
‡š’‘”–•ǡŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ Schemeǣ – ™ƒ• Žƒ— Š‡† ‹ ʹͲͳͷ ˆ‘” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
• Enhanced Quality: ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ †‹ƒ‹•‘™ƒ„Ž‡ —’‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–› –‡š–‹Ž‡• –Šƒ– •ƒ–‹•ˆ› • SITP - Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks: ‘
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ†ƒ”†• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’”‘˜‹†‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǧ Žƒ•• •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒ”– ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•
•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ„”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š•Ǥ –‘•ƒŽŽƒ†‡†‹——‹–•™‹–Šƒ Ž—•–‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ
• Diverse Goods: Š‡•‡ –‘”‡š’‘”–•ƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–› • SAMARTH- Scheme for Capacity Building In the
‘ˆ ‰‘‘†•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ–‘Ǧ™‡ƒ” Ž‘–Š‹‰ ƒ† Textile Sector: Š‡• Š‡‡‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ††”‡••‹‰–Š‡
–‡š–‹Ž‡•ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡†‘ˆ ‘––‘Ǥ •Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†Žƒ„‘”•‹–Š‡–‡š–‹Ž‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Brand India: Š‡ „—•‹‡•• ‘—‹–› ‹• • PLIS - Production Linked Incentive scheme: Š‡
†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ”‡–‹‰̶”ƒ† †‹ƒ̶‘ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–› • Š‡‡ ‹• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹†—•–”‹‡• –Šƒ– ‹˜‡•– ‹
‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”—•ǡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰ ‹–• –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒǦƒ†‡ ˆ‹„‡” ƒ’’ƒ”‡Ž ǡ ƒǦƒ†‡
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ‹ Žƒ„‘” •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǡ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ˆ‹„‡”ˆƒ„”‹ •ƒ†–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–‡š–‹Ž‡•‡‰‡–•Ǥ
‹” —Žƒ”‹–›ǡ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ•‘—” ‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ

WAY AHEAD FOR TEXTILE SECTOR:

• Capacity Building: ‹‰Š‡”†‹•’‘•ƒ„Ž‡‹ ‘‡‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ•–”‘‰‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ˜ƒ•–†‘‡•–‹ ƒ”‡–Šƒ•
„‡‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹’”‘†— –†‡ƒ†Ǥ—‹Ž†‹‰–Š‡•‹ŽŽ•ƒ† ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‡’Ž‘›‡‡•ƒ†
„—•‹‡••‘™‡”•‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ†‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
• Investment in Value Added Services: ”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ –‘”–‘‰”‘™‹•‹˜‡•–‡–‹˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡†•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ
•— Šƒ•ƒ”‡–‹‰ǡ™ƒ”‡Š‘—•‡”‡–ƒŽ•ǡ•Š‹’’‹‰ǡ ‘—”‹‡”ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’”‘†— –ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡– ‘•–•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Modernization: – ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ „‘‘•– ‘—–’—–ǡ •ƒ˜‡ ‘•–•ǡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ’‘™‡” ‹ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ –ƒ••ǡ Ž‘™‡”
ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡƒ†‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡‡‡”‰›‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Research & Development: ‘˜‡”‡–Ƭ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘—‰Š––‘™‘”‘”‡ Ž‘•‡Ž›
™‹–Š„—•‹‡••‡•ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‹Ƭ–Šƒ–‹•‘”‡’‡”–‹‡––‘–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘––‘–‡š–‹Ž‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• Revamping the MSP Scheme: Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ™‘—Ž† •’‡† Ž‡•• ‘‡› ƒ† ‘––‘ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‘—Ž† ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ –Š‡
•ƒ‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ˆƒ’Žƒ ‘—Ž†„‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹”‡ ––”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ•—„•‹†‹‡•–‘–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
„‡–™‡‡ƒ”‡–’”‹ ‡•ƒ†•™Š‡‡˜‡”ƒ”‡–”ƒ–‡•ˆƒŽŽ„‡Ž‘™•Ǥ
• Market related strategy: Š‡ ‘––‘ •‡ –‘” —•– •‡– Š‹‰Š ’”‹ ‡•ǡ –ƒ”‰‡– •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ’”‘†— –• ƒ† ƒ”‡–•ǡ ƒ†
”‡†‡•‹‰ ’”‘†— –• ˆ‘” ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˜ƒŽ—‡Ǧƒ††‡† ƒ”‡–•Ǥ ‘” •—•–ƒ‹‡† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ‹– ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• –‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ ‘
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ† Ž—•–‡”•—„•‹†‹‡•ǡ–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›—’‰”ƒ†‡•ǡƒ†–ƒŽ‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•—„•‹†‹‡•Ǥ
CONCLUSION
• ”‘‰”ƒ•Ž‹‡Skill India, Make-in-India, and Aatmanirbhar Bharat ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ ‘–‹—‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†
‰”‘™–Š‘ˆƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘•—Ž–‹‰ˆ‹”•‹ †‹ƒˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡƒ”‡ƒ••‹•–‹‰‹–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ
–‡š–‹Ž‡ ‹†—•–”›Ǥ Š‡ –‡š–‹Ž‡ ‹†—•–”› ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ƒ”‡– ‹ˆ ‹– Šƒ† access to skilled
manpower and a good market ˆ‘” ‹–• ’”‘†— –•Ǥ ‹–Š proper market entry strategies ‹ ’Žƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
„‡Š‡‘–Š•ǡ–Š‡ †‹ƒ–‡š–‹Ž‡‹†—•–”›̵•ˆ—–—”‡Ž‘‘•„”‹‰Š–ǡ„—‘›‡†„›„‘–Š•–”‘‰†‘‡•–‹ ƒ†‡š’‘”–†‡ƒ†Ǥ
JUTE INDUSTRY

• Climatic Condition: – ‹• „‡•– –‘ ‰”‘™ Œ—–‡ ‹ Š‘–ǡ Š—‹† ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ ‹‰Š Š—‹†‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ ͺͲ –‘ ͻͲ ’‡” ‡–ǡ
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆͳʹͲ–‘ͳͷͲ ǡƒ†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„‡–™‡‡ʹͶƒ†͵ͷ郔‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ
• Productionǣ †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”‘ˆ —–‡’”‘†— –•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ ”‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š
–ƒ‡•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†ƒ ‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡Ǧfourths of the global jute exports in comparison to India’s 7%.
• Employment: Š‹• ‘’ƒ›•—’’‘”–•ƒ”‘—†ͶͲŽƒŠˆƒ”‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ††‹”‡ –Ž›‡’Ž‘›•ͳǤͶŽƒŠ–‡”–‹ƒ”›
™‘”‡”•ƒ†ʹǤ͸ŽƒŠƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰™‘”‡”•Ǥ
• Process of Production: Š‡ Œ—–‡ ‹†—•–”›̵• ’”‘†— –‹‘ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’Šƒ•‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• –Š‡
’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—–‡ˆ‹„‡”•ǡ•’‹‹‰ǡ™‡ƒ˜‹‰ǡ„Ž‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ†›‡‹‰ǡˆ‹‹•Š‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ”‡–‹‰‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ†‹–•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†’”‘†— –•Ǥ
• Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŒ—–‡‹ŽŽ•ƒ†‘—–’—–ǡ‘”‡–ŠƒͺͲΨ‘ˆ–‘–ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹West Bengal.
• ‹–ŠͳͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‹†—•–”›‹Andhra Pradesh ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, –Š‡•‡ –‘”
Šƒ••’”‡ƒ†™‡•–™ƒ”†Ǥ
• Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆŒ—–‡‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒ•ƒŽŽǡͳͲͲǦ‹Ž‘‡–‡”ǦŽ‘‰„‡Ž–ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡Hugli River within a 64-
kilometer radius of CalcuttaǤŠ‹•„‡Ž–‹•‘Ž›͵™‹†‡Ǥ
• ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‡•–‡‰ƒŽǡŒ—–‡‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹—”‡ƒǡƒ–‹Šƒ”ǡƒƒ•–‹’—”ǡƒ”„Šƒ‰ƒǡƒ† ƒ›ƒ‹‹Šƒ”ǡ
ƒ‹‰ƒ”Š‹ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ—––ƒ ‹”‹••ƒǡƒ† —–—”ǡ‹•ƒŠƒ’ƒ–ƒǡ‡ŽŽ‹ƒ”ŽƒǡŠ‡ŽŽ‹˜‡Ž•ƒǡ„—”—ǡƒ†‰‘Ž‡
‹†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘‡Œ—–‡‹ŽŽ‡ƒ Š‹”‹’—”ƒƒ†••ƒ

Favorable Condition for West Bengal

• Temperatureǣ —–‡†‡ƒ†•ƒ™ƒ”ǡŠ—‹† Ž‹ƒ–‡™‹–Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•„‡–™‡‡ʹͷƒ†͵ͷιǤ

• Rainfallǣ‡•–‡‰ƒŽ”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳͷͲ–ʹͷͲ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰”‘™–Š
‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‘’Ǥ†‡“—ƒ–‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”Œ—–‡’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
• Soilǣ —–‡–Š”‹˜‡•‘ˆ‡”–‹Ž‡ǡƒŽŽ—˜‹ƒŽ•‘‹Ž–Šƒ–‹•Š‹‰Š‹‘”‰ƒ‹ ƒ––‡”ƒ†Šƒ•ƒ‰‘‘†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘”‡–ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
• Landǣ —–‡‡‡†•–‡””ƒ‹–Šƒ–‹•Ž‡˜‡Ž‘”‰‡–Ž›•Ž‘’‹‰ǡ™‡ŽŽǦ†”ƒ‹‡†ǡƒ†Šƒ•ƒŠ‹‰Š™ƒ–‡””‡–‡–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǤŠ‡
•–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ‡•– ‡‰ƒŽ Šƒ• ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ ƒƒŽ• ƒ† ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”• –Šƒ– ƒ‡ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ‹–•
†‡Ž–ƒ‹ ’Žƒ‹•ƒ”‡™‡ŽŽǦƒ†ƒ’–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŒ—–‡Ǥ
• LabourǣŽ‘–‘ˆŽƒ„‘”‹•”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘”Œ—–‡ˆƒ”‹‰ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†—”‹‰Šƒ”˜‡•–ƒ†’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ

INDIA’S JUTE ECONOMY IS FALTERING WHILE BANGLADESH’S IS FLOURISHING

•  ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ2021 report by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)ǡ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͲǦͲͳƒ†
ʹͲͲͻǦͳͲǡ –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ —†‡” Œ—–‡ ™ƒ• ͲǤͺʹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ ŠƒǤ ‡–™‡‡ ʹͲͳͲ–ͳͳ ƒ† ʹͲͳͻ–ʹͲǡ –Š‹•
†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ͲǤ͹͵‹ŽŽ‹‘ŠƒǤ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

Indian Case Bangladesh Case

• Falling Pricesǣ – †”‘’’‡† –‘ • ʹͷǡͲͲͲ ƒ –‘‡ ‹ • Advantageous Positionǣ Ž‘™ ‘•– ‘ˆ ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ
ʹͲͳͲ–ʹͲͳͳ ˆ”‘ • ͵ͲǡͲͲͲ–ͶͲǡͲͲͲ ’‡” –‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆ—‡Ž‡† „› Ž‘™‡” •ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ǡ ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ’‘™‡”
Žƒ–‡ ʹͲͲͲ•Ǥ Š‹• „ƒ”‡Ž› ‘˜‡”‡† –Š‡ ‡š’‡•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ•Š •—„•‹†‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡š’‘”–ǡ ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡† ˆ‹„‡”
‹’—–Ǥ “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Central ProcurementǣͻͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—–‡„ƒ‰•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡ • Better Qualityǣ †‹ƒ̵•Œ—–‡’”‘†— –‹‘Šƒ••–”—‰‰Ž‡†ǡ
–‘ –Š‡ ‘‘† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ †‹ƒ̵• Œ—–‡ ‹†—•–”› •—ˆˆ‡”•
’”‘ —”‡‡–‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰ͳͲΨ ˆ”‘‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡”‡––‹‰‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ•–‡’
ƒ”‡‡š’‘”–‡†‘”•‘Ž††‹”‡ –Ž›Ǥ ƒˆ–‡” ”‘’Šƒ”˜‡•–‹‰Ǥ
• India’s Share:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ †‹ƒ • Various Subsidiesǣ ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š Šƒ• –Š”‡‡ –‘ ˆ‘—”
ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘—–• ˆ‘” „ƒ”‡Ž› ͹Ψ ‘ˆ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Œ—–‡ ‡š’‘”–•ǡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ•—„•‹†‹‡•ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’•‹–†‘™‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͹ͷΨˆ‘”ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•ŠǤ ‡š’‘”–ƒ”‡–Ǥ
• Decreasing area under cultivation: ʹͲͳͻ–ʹͲǡ–Š‹• • Diversificationǣ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ –‘” ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘̵•
†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†–‘ͲǤ͹͵‹ŽŽ‹‘ŠƒǤ •— ‡•• ‹• ‹–• ƒ’–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡– ˆ‘” †‹˜‡”•‡ Œ—–‡
’”‘†— –•ǡ
• ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒ•‹œƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ

CHALLENGES FACED BY JUTE INDUSTRY GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:

• Raw material: ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡Œ—–‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡––‘ • Anti-Dumping Duty: ʹͲͳ͹ǡIndia introduced

ƒ‰Žƒ†‡•Š”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒƒ —–‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ a protectionist anti-dumping duty –‘ ’”‘–‡ –
‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ “—ƒŽ‹–› ”ƒ™ Œ—–‡ ƒ† •Š”‹‹‰ ‹–•Ž‘ ƒŽŒ—–‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
ƒ ”‡ƒ‰‡ • Jute SMARTǣ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡
• Obsolete Machinery: ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ• ƒ”‡ ‘Ž† ™‹–Š ’”‘ —”‡‡– ‘ˆ Œ—–‡ ’”‘†— –• ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡•
‘„•‘Ž‡–‡ƒ Š‹‡”›™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‘™’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ† –”ƒ•’ƒ”‡ ›‹–Š‡Œ—–‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
‹ˆ‡”‹‘” “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘ˆ ‘†‡”‹œ‹‰ • Jute ICAREǣ –Š‡Ž’•ˆƒ”‡”•„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ™‹–Š ‡”–‹ˆ‹‡† •‡‡†•ǡ ƒ‹Ž ™‡‡†‡”• ˆ‘” ’‡”‹‘†‹
• ‡™Ž› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† Œ—–‡‹ŽŽ•™‹–Š advanced technology ™‡††‹‰•ǡƒ†•‡‡††”‹ŽŽ•–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡Ž‹‡•‘™‹‰Ǥ
in Bangladesh ’”‘†— ‡„‡––‡”“—ƒŽ‹–›Œ—–‡’”‘†— –•ƒ–ƒ • ‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ†ƒ–‘”›packaging of
Š‡ƒ’‡””ƒ–‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ †‹ƒŒ—–‡’”‘†— –•Ǥ 100% food grains and 20% sugar in jute bags.
• Infrastructural bottlenecks: ‘™‡”ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ† • MSPǣ —–‡ ‹• ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹–‘ the MSP regime –‘
ƒ’‹–ƒŽƒŽ•‘’‘•‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ–•–‘–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹ ‡–‹˜‹•‡ˆƒ”‡”•ˆ‘”Œ—–‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
—–‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ • Jute Geo-Textiles (JGT): – Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹ Ž—†‡†
• High pricesǣ‹ŽŽ•ƒ”‡’”‘ —”‹‰”ƒ™Œ—–‡ƒ–’”‹ ‡•Š‹‰Š‡” —†‡”–Š‡‡ Š‹ ƒŽ‡š–‹Ž‡•‹••‹‘Ǥ ‹•‘‡
–Šƒ™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡•‡ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ƒ–ƒˆ–‡”’”‘ ‡••‹‰Ǥ ‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹‡†Œ—–‡’”‘†— –•Ǥ –
• Poor Quality of Jute Fibersǣ ƒ–—”ƒŽ †‹•ƒ•–‡”• •— Š ƒ• ƒ „‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ ƒ› ˆ‹‡Ž†• Ž‹‡ ‹˜‹Ž
› Ž‘‡’Šƒǡ Ž‘‘†• ƒ—•‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‹‰‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•Ǥ ‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ ‘–”‘Žǡ”‘ƒ†’ƒ˜‡‡–
—‡–‘–Š‹•ǡˆƒ”‡”•Šƒ”˜‡•––Š‡ ”‘’•’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž›Ǥ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ”‹˜‡”„ƒ•Ǥ

Jute Business Sprouts New Shoots As Global Demand For Green

• Contextǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ —–‡‹ŽŽ•••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ„‹‰„”ƒ†•„—›•Š‘’’‹‰„ƒ‰•™‘”–Š‘”‡–Šƒ•ͳǡͲͲͲ

”‘”‡‡ƒ Š›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Quantum JumpǣŠ‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•Œ—–‡„ƒ‰‡š’‘”–•™ƒ•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›•͵ͷͲ ”‘”‡‹ʹͲͳ͸ǡ„—–„›–Š‡‡†‘ˆ
–Š‡”‡ ‡–ˆ‹• ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ʹͲʹͳǡ–Šƒ–ƒ‘—–Šƒ•‡ƒ”Ž›–”‹’Ž‡†–‘•ͳǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡Ǥ
• NoteǣŒ—–‡•Š‘’’‹‰„ƒ‰̵•Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒ‹•͸ͲͲ–‹‡•Ž‘‰‡”–Šƒƒ’Žƒ•–‹ ‘‡Ǥ

SUGAR INDUSTRY
The sugar business in India uses sugarcane, a bulky, low-value, perishable raw material. Any crop that produces sugar,
such as sugar beet or sugarcane, can be used to make sugar. India's main source of sugar, on the other hand, is
sugarcane. After the cotton textile industry, this is the second-largest agricultural sector in the world.

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FACT-WISE

• Production: †‹ƒŠƒ•‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”ƒ† ‘•—‡”‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•ʹ†

Žƒ”‰‡•–‡š’‘”–‡”‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”ƒˆ–‡””ƒœ‹Žǡ‹—‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ȋ –Ǧ‡’ȌʹͲʹͳǦʹʹǤ
• Consumptionǣ Š‡ †‘‡•–‹  †‡ƒ† ‹• ”‘—‰ŠŽ› ʹ͹ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ –‘‡• ’‡” ›‡ƒ”Ǥ —‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡
‡–Šƒ‘Ž‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘•—‰ƒ”Ǥ
• Employmentǣ Š‡ •—‰ƒ”‹†—•–”› ‹• ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ‰”‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡† „—•‹‡•• ™‹–Š ͷͲ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ˆƒ”‡”• ƒ†
ƒ”‘—†ͷŽƒŠ†‹”‡ –Ž›‡’Ž‘›‡†™‘”‡”•‹•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ•Ǥ

LOCATIONAL FACTORS Geographical Distribution:

Geographical Conditions for the Sugar industry has two major areas of concentration-
Sugar Production: • Northǣ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡ‹Šƒ”ǡ ƒ”›ƒƒǤ
• Temperature: ‡–™‡‡ʹͳǦʹ͹ι • SouthǣƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ‹Žƒ†—Ǥ
• Climate: ‘–ƒ†Š—‹† Ž‹ƒ–‡Ǥ • Maharashtra: – Šƒ• ’”‘‰”‡••‡† –‘ –Š‡ –‘’ ’‘•‹–‹‘ •—”’ƒ••‹‰ Ǥ
• Rainfall: ’’”‘šǤ͹ͷǦͳͲͲ Ǥ ’‘”–ƒ– ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡Š‡†ƒ‰ƒ”ǡƒ†‘ŽŠƒ’—”Ǥ
• ‘‹Žǣ‡‡’”‹ ŠŽ‘ƒ›•‘‹ŽǤ • Uttar Pradesh: – Šƒ•‘”‡•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ•–Šƒ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡
• Top Sugarcane Producing •ƒŽŽ‡”‹•‹œ‡Š‡ ‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹•Ž‡••‡”–Šƒ‹ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǤ ’‘”–ƒ–
States: ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒε––ƒ” ‡–‡”•ƒ”‡‡‡”—–ƒ† ‘”ƒŠ’—”Ǥ
”ƒ†‡•Šεƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ • Tamil Nadu: – Šƒ• •Š‘™ Š‹‰Š ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ’‡” ƒ ”‡ ‘ˆ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ǡ
Š‹‰Š‡”•— ”‘•‡ ‘–‡–ǡƒŠ‹‰Š”‡ ‘˜‡”›”ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘‰ ”—•Š‹‰•‡ƒ•‘
™Š‹ Š‡ƒ„Ž‡†‹––‘‘„–ƒ‹–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–›‹‡Ž†‹ †‹ƒǤ ’‘”–ƒ– ‡–‡”•
ƒ”‡‘‹„ƒ–‘”‡ǡƒ”—”Ǥ

MAHARASHTRA OVERTOOK UTTAR PRADESH TO RE-EMERGE AS TOP SUGAR PRODUCER

Factors Driving Maharashtra's Massive Reason for reduced Sugar Production in Uttar Pradesh
Sugar Production
• Abundant water supply: —‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ‹• ƒ • Diversion for Ethanolǣ‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ––ƒ”
”‘’ –Šƒ– ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ”ƒ†‡•Š̵••—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ”‘’™ƒ••Š‹ˆ–‡†–‘–Š‡‡–Šƒ‘Ž‹†—•–”›ǡ
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”‹ƒ ˆƒ”‡”• ™‡”‡ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š Šƒ• ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘̵• –‘’ ’”‘†— ‡” ‘ˆ
‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š”‘—‰Š ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽǡ ™ƒ–‡” ‡–Šƒ‘ŽǤ
”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•ǡ ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† • Excessive RainǣŠ‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Š‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ƒŒ‘”
‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ Ž‘••‡• ‹ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ”‘’• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ ”ƒ‹ ƒ†
• Cane production is underreported: Š‡ ™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‹‰‹••—‡•Ǥ
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ • Using Single Varietyǣ•‹‰Ž‡–›’‡‘ˆ•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ȋ‘ǦͲʹ͵ͺȌ‹•
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ̵• ”‡ƒŽ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‰”‘™‘–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†‹––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Š̵••—‰ƒ” ƒ‡
™ƒ•‘–‡–‹”‡Ž› ‘””‡ –Ǥ –Š‡‡†ǡ–Š‹•Ž‡† ”‡‰‹‘ ȋͺ͹ΨȌǤ Š‹• •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› †‘‡•̵– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡
–‘ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ —•‡† ˆ‘” ›‹‡Ž†Ǥ
•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ”‘ ͳͳǤͶʹ ŽƒŠ –‘ • Fungal DiseaseǣŠ‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—‰—•”‡†”‘–‘
ͳʹǤͶŽƒŠŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•Ǥ –Š‡ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ”‘’ ƒ”‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ˆƒ –‘” ‹ ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š̵•
†‡ Ž‹‹‰•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES in INDUSTRY:

• Multiple Links: ”‘ ƒ‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ • Low yieldǣ †‹ƒŠƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡
’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ •—‰ƒ” ƒ† ƒŽ ‘Š‘Žǡ –Š‡ •—‰ƒ” ‹†—•–”› —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘„—––Š‡yield per hectare is very low. 
”‡Ž‹‡• Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‘ Žƒ„‘”Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ • Short crushing seasons: —‰ƒ” ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ‹• a
‡’Ž‘›‡–‹—‡”‘—• †‹•–”‹ –•‹––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šǡ seasonal phenomenon varying from 4-7 months
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ƒ‹Ž ƒ†—ǡ ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ ƒ† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ in a year. 
‘–Š‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ • High cost of production: Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ cost of
sugarcane is one of the highest in the world. Š‡

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• By-products: •‹‰ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ƒ• ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› ”ƒ™ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘•– ƒ „‡ ”‡†— ‡† „› —–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ „›Ǧ
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǡ’”‘†— ‡”• ƒ‘™’”‘†— ‡•—‰ƒ”ǡ‡–Šƒ‘Žǡ ’”‘†— –•Ž‹‡„ƒ‰ƒ••‡ƒ†‘Žƒ••‡•Ǥ
’ƒ’‡”ǡ‡‡”‰›ǡ‡– Ǥ • Old and Obsolete machineryǣ ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘”–Š
• For Livestock Feeding: —‡ –‘ ‹–• ‰”‡ƒ– —–”‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‹ƒ ‹ŽŽ• —•‡ old machinery having poor
˜ƒŽ—‡ǡ•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡‘Žƒ••‡•‹•—–‹Ž‹œ‡†ˆ‘”„‘–Š ƒ––Ž‡ productivity. –Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘’‘‘”’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ‹ŽŽ•
ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰‘ˆƒŽ ‘Š‘ŽǤ ƒ†”‡†— ‡†’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
• Biofuel: —‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ‘Žƒ••‡•ǡ ƒ „›Ǧ’”‘†— – ‘ˆ •—‰ƒ” • ‘˜‡”‡– ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǣ ‡ –‘” ‹• •—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ˆ”‘ the
’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‹•—•‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡˜ƒ•–ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ government’s control and populist policies.
‡–Šƒ‘Ž ‘•—‡†‹ †‹ƒǤ ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡’”‹ ‹‰ ƒ—•‡†–Š‡•—‰ƒ” › Ž‡–‘
• Bagasse: Š‡’”‹ƒ”›—•‡‘ˆ„ƒ‰ƒ••‡‹••–‹ŽŽƒ•ƒˆ—‡ŽǤ ‘• ‹ŽŽƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡•—”’Ž—•ƒ†•‡˜‡”‡•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• ƒ ‰‘‘† ”ƒ™ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡
’ƒ’‡”‹†—•–”›Ǥ

The Rangarajan Committee formula:
• –™ƒ•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ʹͲͳʹ–‘ƒ‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡•—‰ƒ”„—•‹‡••Ǥ
• Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ“—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘–”‘Ž•‘•—‰ƒ”‹’‘”–ƒ†‡š’‘”–Ǣ–Š‡‹””‡’Žƒ ‡‡–™‹–Š•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•Ǥ
• –ƒ–‡••Š‘—Ž† Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”Žƒ™•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡‹ŽŽ•–‘—•‡„ƒ‰ƒ••‡Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‡‡”‰›Ǥ
o Š‡‘‹––‡‡Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒˆ‘”—Žƒ–‘ˆ‹š–Š‡ ƒ‡’”‹ ‡ˆƒ –‘”‹‰‹–Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”ƒ†‘–Š‡”„›Ǧ
’”‘†— –•Ǥ
o ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”—ŽƒǦ„ƒ•‡† ƒ‡’”‹ ‡†”‘’•„‡Ž‘™™Šƒ––Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘•‹†‡”•ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡’ƒ›‡––Š‡
–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ„”‹†‰‡–Š‡‰ƒ’„›ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ˆ—†–Š”‘—‰Š ‡••Ž‡˜‹‡•Ǥ
o  ‹‹— ”ƒ†‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ͳͷ  —•– ‡š‹•– „‡–™‡‡ ƒ› –™‘ •—‰ƒ” ‹ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
o ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•ǡ –Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘ ‘ ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘•–• ƒ† ”‹ ‡• ȋȌ ”‡ ‘‡†‡† ƒ Š›„”‹†
•–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡’”‹ ‡ˆ‹š‹‰–Šƒ–‹ Ž—†‡•ƒˆƒ‹”ƒ†”‡—‡”ƒ–‹˜‡’”‹ ‡ȋ ȌǤ

GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
• Encouragement of Ethanol Production: ‘Š‡Ž’•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ•ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•—”‰‡†
–Š‡–‘•Š‹ˆ–‡š ‡•••—‰ƒ”–‘‡–Šƒ‘Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†‡š’‘”––Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰•—‰ƒ”Ǥ
• Ethanol Blending with Petrol (EBP) Programme:  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘Ž‹ ›‘‹‘ˆ—‡Ž•ʹͲͳͺǡ–Š‡–Šƒ‘Ž
Ž‡†‡†‡–”‘ŽȋȌ”‘‰”ƒ̵••—‰‰‡•–‡†–ƒ”‰‡–ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ‘Ž„Ž‡†‹‰‹•ʹͲΨ„›ʹͲʹͷǤ
• Fair and remunerative Price (FRP): ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ••‹•–•—‰ƒ”ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ†’ƒ›‘ˆˆ–Š‡‹”‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ‡†‡„–•ǡ–Š‡
‹‘ ‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ•ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡–Š‡‹‹—‡ŽŽ‹‰”‹ ‡ȋȌ‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”ˆ”‘•Ǥʹͻ–‘•Ǥ͵ͳˆ‘”–Š‡ʹͲͳͻ–
ʹͲˆ‹• ƒŽ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• State Advised Price: –ƒ–‡‰‘˜‡”‡–•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘†‡–‡”‹‡ƒ–ƒ–‡†˜‹•‡†”‹ ‡–Šƒ–ƒ•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ—•–
’ƒ›–‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–•‡–•–Š‡ Ǥ


Karnataka HC: Ethanol manufacturing unit cannot be established within a 15-km radius of a sugar factory

• •ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡•ǡƒˆƒ –‘”›’”‘†— ‹‰‘Ž›‡–Šƒ‘Ž‹•‘™ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•ƒ̶•—‰ƒ”ˆƒ –‘”›ǡ̶ƒ†

–Š‡Žƒ™̵•’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‘‘„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ‘–Š‡”̶•—‰ƒ”ˆƒ –‘”›̶™‹–Š‹ͳͷ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‘ˆƒƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰‘‡•–‹ŽŽ
ƒ’’Ž‹‡•–‘•— Š‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‹‰Š‘—”–‘ˆƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ
• ˆ–‡”‡šƒ‹‹‰–Š‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ȋ‘–”‘ŽȌ”†‡”„‡–™‡‡ͳͻ͸͸ƒ†ʹͲʹͳǡ–Š‡ ‘—”–†‡–‡”‹‡†–Šƒ–
•–ƒ”–‹‰ ‹ ʹͲʹͳǡ Œ—•– –Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‹–Š‡” •—‰ƒ” ‘” ‡–Šƒ‘Ž™ƒ• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ› ƒ• ƒ ̶ˆƒ –‘”› ‘” •—‰ƒ”
ˆƒ –‘”›̶ˆ‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ–Š‹••–ƒ–—–‡Ǥ

WAY FORWARD:
• Sugarcane Mappingǣ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ǡˆ‘‘†ƒ†‡‡”‰›•‡ –‘”•‹ †‹ƒǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡
‘ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ƒ’• ˆ‘” ”‡ ‡– ›‡ƒ”• ƒ† ‹ –‹‡ •‡”‹‡•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡‡† –‘ †‡’Ž‘› ”‡‘–‡ •‡•‹‰
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘ƒ’•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Innovation: ‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ƒ Š‡Ž’ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ Ž‘™ ›‹‡Ž† ƒ† Ž‘™ •—‰ƒ”
”‡ ‘˜‡”› ”ƒ–‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ʹͲͳ͸Ǧͳ͹ǡ ƒ ‡™ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ •—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ (CO 238Ȍ ™ƒ• †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” —•‡ ‹ ––ƒ”
”ƒ†‡•ŠȋȌǤ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• The ethanol option: ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Šƒ‘Ž ‘’–‹‘Ǧ ‘blending ethanol with petrol for use as auto fuel’ is implemented
properly, it will offer the required cash flow to sugar mills, ensure better prices for farmers, enhance India’s energy
•‡ —”‹–›ƒ†”‡†— ‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ
• Sugar Pricing: –Š‹• ‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ”ƒŒƒ‘‹––‡‡Šƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†ƒ‡˜‡—‡Šƒ”‹‰ ‘”—Žƒˆ‘”—Žƒ–‘ˆ‹š
ƒ‡’”‹ ‡•„›ˆƒ –‘”‹‰‹–Š‡’”‹ ‡‘ˆ•—‰ƒ”ƒ†‘–Š‡”„›Ǧ’”‘†— –•Ǥ
ETHANOL BLENDING PROGRAMME
Significance: Challenges

• Energy Security: †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡–Š‹”†ǦŽƒ”‰‡•– ‘•—‡” • Fuel Efficiencyǣ ‘••‹Ž —‡Ž• ’”‘†— ‡ ‘”‡ ‡‡”‰›
‘ˆ‡‡”‰›‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒˆ–‡”Š‹ƒƒ†–Š‡Ǥ–Šƒ‘Ž –Šƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‹‘ˆ—‡Ž•Ǥ
™‹ŽŽ‡•—”‡‡‡”‰›•‡ŽˆǦ†‡’‡†‡ ›–‘•‘‡‡š–‡–Ǥ • Unregulated emissions: Š‡ —”‡‰—Žƒ–‡† ƒ”„‘›Ž
• Support for the agricultural sectorǣ –™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–Š‡ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ƒ ‡–ƒŽ†‡Š›†‡ ‡‹••‹‘ ™‡”‡
•—‰ƒ”‹ŽŽ‘™‡”–‘’ƒ›ˆƒ”‡”•–Š‡‹”’‡†‹‰ ˆ‘” Š‹‰Š‡”™‹–ŠͳͲƒ†ʹͲ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘”ƒŽ’‡–”‘ŽǤ
•—‰ƒ” ƒ‡Ǥ • Water use: ƒ••‹˜‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†
• Ecological Benefitǣ Š‹• ˆ—‡Ž Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ ˆ‘”’”‘’‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—‰ƒ” ƒ‡ ”‘’•Ǥ
”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ Šƒ”ˆ—Ž ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ••‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ • Expensive: Š‡•‡ˆ—‡Ž•ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Šƒ”‡ Ž‡ƒ‡”„—–Šƒ˜‡
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‹‰Š‡” ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ ˆ—‡Ž –ƒ• ƒ†
• Entrepreneurial Opportunityǣ †‹ƒ ‹• ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ †‹•’‡•‹‰‡“—‹’‡–ǤŠ‡”‡„›ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ‘•–Ž›Ǥ
‡‡†ͳͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘Ž‹–‡”•‘ˆ‡–Šƒ‘Žƒ—ƒŽŽ›–‘‡‡––Š‡ • Regulatory clearance: – ’”‡•‡–ǡ –Šƒ‘Ž
ʹͲΨ „Ž‡†‹‰ –ƒ”‰‡– ‹ ʹͲ͵Ͳ ‹ˆ ’‡–”‘Ž ‘•—’–‹‘ production plants/distilleries fall under the “Red
‘–‹—‡•–‘‰”‘™ƒ––Š‡ —””‡–’ƒ ‡Ǥ category” and require environmental clearance under
• Effective waste managementǣ ‹‘‡–Šƒ‘Ž ƒ „‡ –Š‡ ‹” ƒ† ƒ–‡”  –• ˆ‘” ‡™ ƒ† ‡š’ƒ•‹‘
’”‘†— ‡† ˆ”‘ ˆ”—‹– ƒ† ˜‡‰‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ•–‡ǡ ”‘’ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
”‡•‹†—‡•ǡ ™‘‘† ’—Ž’ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ ™ƒ•–‡ ‘” ‰ƒ”„ƒ‰‡ ‹ • Grain availability: ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ †‹•–‹ŽŽ‡”‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ •›•–‡ ˆ‘”
• Increasing farmer incom‡ǣ–Šƒ‘Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ •—„•‹†‹œ‡† ˆ‘‘† ‰”ƒ‹• ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†˜‡”•‡
†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ”‡”•Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ


FACTS:
In the last 10 years, sugar mills have earned revenue of more than ₹ 94,000 crores from sale of ethanol which has
added to the bottom line of sugar mills.
Production of ethanol has led to proportionate reduction in the import of petroleum or crude oil which has resulted
in saving of foreign exchange for India. In 2022-23, with production of about 502 crore liters of ethanol, India has
saved about ₹ 24,300 crores of foreign exchange and improved India’s energy security.
Way Forward
• Making Vehicle manufacturers future-readyǣŠ‡‹†—•–”›ƒ†’‡–”‘Ž’—’•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†‡”‡ƒ†›ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–
’—•Š‡•Ž‹‡ͺͷƒ†ͳͲͲ
• Refocus on ethanol made from waste: †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‘’’‘”–—‹–›Š‡”‡–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
„‹‘ˆ—‡Ž•’‘Ž‹ ›‹ˆ‹– Š‘‘•‡•–‘”‡ˆ‘ —•‘‡–Šƒ‘Žƒ†‡ˆ”‘™ƒ•–‡Ǥ
• Water-friendly Crops: The new ethanol policy should ensure that it doesn’t drive farmers toward waterǦ‹–‡•‹˜‡
”‘’•ƒ† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ™ƒ–‡” ”‹•‹•‹ƒ ‘—–”›™Š‡”‡‹–••Š‘”–ƒ‰‡‹•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ —–‡Ǥ


Government has aimed to double the growth rate of the manufacturing sector by 2022 which requires foreign
investment, promotion of the latest technologies like ‘Industry 4.0’ and effective implementation of government
schemes: India is bestowed with a potential demographic dividend. Structural reforms in economy and
infrastructure development accompanied by skilled human capital would form a win-win situation to accomplish
the goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat.


TERTIARY SECTOR
• ‡”–‹ƒ”›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•‡ –‘”ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–‡”–‹ƒ”›–ƒ••ƒ”‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„› ‘•—Ž–ƒ–•ǡ
’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•™‹–Šˆ‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰ǡƒ†ƒ•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”ˆ‘” ‡Ǥ
• Š‡ –‡”–‹ƒ”› •‡ –‘” ‘ˆˆ‡”• ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ˜‡Žǡ „ƒ‹‰ǡ ‹•—”ƒ ‡ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ –”ƒ†‡ǡ
–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ”ƒ™ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ‹– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽ
‘‘†‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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FACTS:
• †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡fifteenth largest country ‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹–‡”•‘ˆ•‡”˜‹ ‡•̵‘—–’—–Ǥ
• EmploymentǣŠ‹••‡ –‘”’”‘˜‹†‡•‡’Ž‘›‡––‘ʹ͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ƒ†‹•–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•–‰”‘™‹‰•‡ –‘”ǡ™‹–Š
ƒ‰”‘™–Š”ƒ–‡‘ˆ͹ǤͷΨ‹ͳͻͻͳ–ʹͲͲͲǤ
• Tertiary sector depends on scientific research and innovative developments to increase productivityǤ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ‘—–”‹‡•‡’Ž‘›‘”‡–ŠƒͺͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡••‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Service sector accounts for around 60% of the total size of the economyǡabout 38% of total exports and
two- thirds of the total FDI inflows into India.
• Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡••‡ –‘”‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–•‡ –‘”‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ ”‘••ƒŽ—‡††‡†ȋ Ȍƒ– —””‡–’”‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡••‡ –‘”
‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–ͳͶ͸Ǥ͵ͷŽƒŠ ”‘”‡ ‹ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͶǤ
• Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡••‡ –‘”ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”ͷͶǤͺ͸Ψ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• ‘ˆʹ͸͸Ǥ͹ͺŽƒŠ ”‘”‡ †‹ƒ”—’‡‡•Ǥ‹–Š ‘ˆ•Ǥ͹͵ǤͷͲ
ŽƒŠ ”‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ †—•–”›•‡ –‘” ‘–”‹„—–‡•ʹ͹ǤͷͷΨǤ
• Global exportsǣŠƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‡ –‘”‹‰Ž‘„ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‡š’‘”–•‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ”‘͵Ǥ͵Ψ–‘
ͶǤʹΨˆ‘”ʹͲʹʹǤ

SIGNIFICANCE OF INDIAN SERVICES SECTOR Challenges

• Robust demandǣ †‹ƒŠƒ•‡‡”‰‡†ƒ•ƒ‡š’‘”–Š—„ˆ‘” • Skill Gaps and Workforce ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣŠ‡”‡‹•

•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ †‹ƒ •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ ‹†—•–”› ‹• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •‹ŽŽ• ’‘••‡••‡† „›
expected to reach US $1 trillion by 2030.  –Š‡ ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ† –Š‡ •‹ŽŽ• †‡ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡
• Employmentǣ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• employment opportunities •‡”˜‹ ‡•‡ –‘”Ǥ
to 25% of the labor force of IndiaǤ Tourism, • Infrastructure Deficiencies: Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹•
healthcare, educationǤ Ǥ‰Ǥ Healthcare Tourism and ’”‘‰”‡••ǡ ƒ› ƒ”‡ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ Žƒ  ”‘„—•– †‹‰‹–ƒŽ
Yoga Tourism ƒ”‡ ƒ––”ƒ –‹‰ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –‘—”‹•–• †—‡ –‘ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ •‡ –‘”• Ž‹‡ ǡ ‡Ǧ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ayurveda, Hatha yoga, ‘‡” ‡ǡƒ†–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Vipassana etc • Regulatory and Policy Hurdles: ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‰
• Competitive advantageǣ †‹ƒ̵• Š‹‰ŠŽ› •‹ŽŽ‡† –Š”‘—‰Š †‹ƒ̵• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ƒ „‡
ƒ’‘™‡” ƒ† †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹  †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ– Ž‘™ —„‡”•‘‡ǡ ™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡š ƒ† ‘ˆ–‡ Šƒ‰‹‰
‘•– Šƒ• ƒ––”ƒ –‡† BPO, KPO, Business processing Žƒ™•‹’ƒ –‹‰„—•‹‡••‡•Ǥ
industries India. • Competition and Market Saturation: ‡ –‘”•
• Policy support: ‘˜‡”‡–‡ˆˆ‘”–•‘ˆ‘ —••‹‰ƒ‡ Ž‹‡  ƒ† ”‡–ƒ‹Ž ˆƒ ‡ ‹–‡•‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ „‘–Š
 †‹ƒǡ ‹‰‹–ƒŽ †‹ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ †‹ƒ̵• †‘‡•–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡ ’—––‹‰ ’”‡••—”‡ ‘
‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’ƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•‡ –‘”•Ǥ ’”‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‰‹•Ǥ
• Communication: ‡”‰‹‰ †–‡ Š ‘’ƒ‹‡• Ž‹‡ • Technological Disruptionǣ ƒ’‹† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
 •ǡ ƒ ƒ†‡› „‡‡ˆ‹–‡† ˆ”‘ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹ Šƒ‰‡•ǣ ‘•–ƒ– ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–• ‹ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ••—”‹•‡‹†—•–”‹‡• ”‡“—‹”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•–‘ ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›‹‘˜ƒ–‡
ƒ†ƒ†ƒ’–ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ„‡”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡Ǥ

QUATERNARY SECTOR/ KNOWLEDGE BASED INDUSTRIES

Knowledge-based and requiring particular knowledge and technical abilities, this area of the service sector is
knowledge- oriented. 


SIGNIFICANCE CHALLENGES

• Innovation: Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡† ‹†—•–”› uses • Labour Intensive: Š‡ †‹ƒ‡ ‘‘›‹••–‹ŽŽa
modern Information & Communication Technologies labor intensive economyǤ †‹ƒ Šƒ• ƒ huge
principles, innovation and research,•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‹ŽŽ• amount of unskilled laborers and untrained
–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ǡ†‹••‡‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’’Ž›‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ – workers. Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹†—•–”‹‡• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‡†
• Industry 4.0ǣ ‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡– ‘ˆ ‡™‡” ƒ† ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‹ŽŽ‹’ƒ”–ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• Ž‹‡ ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ ȋ Ȍǡ ƒ Š‹‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
‡ƒ”‹‰ ȋȌ ƒ† –‡”‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‰• ȋ Ȍǡ • Lack of Skilled Professional: —‡ –‘
conventional manual jobs would easily get replaced. †‹• ”‡’ƒ ‹‡•‹–Š‡ †‹ƒ‡†— ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡ǡthe

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Newer jobs requiring specialized skills will be knowledge industry doesn’t have the right
created.  amount of highly skilled professionals ƒ‹Ž›
• IT sectorǣ †‹ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡‘•‡–‘ˆ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡhaving a „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ  ‘ˆ •‹ŽŽ „ƒ•‡† –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ†
youth population and massive growth in the IT sector ƒ ƒ†‡‹ • ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ ”‘–‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ
ƒ‡• ‹– ƒ •–”‘‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ –‘ —•Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‹‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
„ƒ•‡†‹†—•–”›Ǥ • Problem of Unemployment: ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡†
• Enhancing incomeǣ ‹–Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ „ƒ•‡† ‹†—•–”‹‡• ƒ”‡ likely to cause problems like
‹†—•–”›•Šƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡ ‘‘› †‹ƒ‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘rise over unemployment ƒ• ‹– ™‘—Ž† ‘Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡ Š‹‰Š
the problems of middle income trap and income •‹ŽŽ‡†Œ‘„•Ǥ
inequality.

QUINARY SECTOR
It includes creation, re-arrangement and interpretation of ideas , data interpretation , business analysis , critical
thinking , evaluation and upgradation of new technologies. The term "gold collar" is frequently used to describe senior
company executives, government officials, research scientists, financial and legal experts, and other professionals in
this group Sector includes Senior business personnel, CEO’s, MD’s, Scientist, Higher government officials, Financial and
legal experts etc.


SIGNIFICANCE CHALLENGES

• Employment: Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ • Poor education: Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡
–Š‡—‹ƒ”›•‡ –‘”‹•Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡growth of this sector ‘—–”› †‡ ‹†‡• –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ “—‹ƒ”› •‡ –‘” ‹
ensures employment generation in other sectors –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
which are skilled , semiskilled or unskilled. E.g. • Poor quality of higher education: – ‘’‡Ž•— Š
”‘™–Š ‘ˆ –”‡’”‡‡—”• ™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡ more ‘ˆ –Š‡ talent visiting foreign universitiesǤ Š‡›
enterprises creating new jobs. ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹””‡•‡ƒ” Š™‘”•‘—–•‹†‡‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ— Š
• Š‡ sector ensures the pace of technological exports of Indian talent —•– „‡ ”‡–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡
advancement™Š‹ Š†‹”‡ –•–Š‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ ‘—–”›Ǥ Ǥ‰Ǥ ƒ› • ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Šƒ˜‡ †‹ƒ
–Š‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ •ǤSundar Pichai is CEO of Alphabet Inc.
• High share in GDPǣŠ‡•‡ –‘”’”‘˜‹†‡•‡’Ž‘›‡– • Poor innovation: The research and development
–‘ Š‹‰ŠŽ› •‹ŽŽ‡† ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• –Š—• share in ecosystem in India is very poor and the quality of
employment generation is very low ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ innovation is secondary to global innovations. 
–‹‡ contributing to GDP is very high †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ • Entrepreneurship effortsǣ  †‹ƒ
Š‹‰Š˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†•‡”˜‹ ‡•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡Ǥ –”‡’”‡‡—”•Š‹’‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡‘Ž› ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡
• Knowledge houseǣ Š‡ •‡ –‘” ‹ Ž—†‡• Š‹‰ŠŽ› ITES sectorǤ ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ —–‘‘„‹Ž‡ǡ Ž‡ –”‘‹ •
“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡‹” •‡ –‘”•ƒ”‡‘–‡š’Ž‘”‡†„›‡™‡–”‡’”‡‡—”•ǤŠ‡•‡
guidance and knowledge sharing helps to reap •‡ –‘”• ƒ”‡ Žƒ‰‰‹‰ „‡Š‹† ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒŽ
dividends from newer generations. E.g. ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ
–”ƒ•ˆ‡” ˆ”‘ ˜‡–‡”ƒ †‘ –‘”• Š‡Ž’• –Š‡‹” Œ—‹‘”• to • Policy absenceǣ ‘˜‡”‡–‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ”‡‘––ƒ”‰‡–‡†
bring out the best doctors. –‘„‘‘•––Š‹••‡ –‘”ǤThe national policy to promote
• developed countries the quinary sector is highly the quinary sector has not been formulated yet.
evolved ƒ† ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ E.g.
‡•‹‰ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹  ƒ”•

WAY FORWARD
• Increasing budgetary allocation to the education system: Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†–‘„”‹‰change in the attitude of
student•ǤŠ‡›—•–„‡‹•’‹”‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡Œ‘„•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒˆ‹†‹‰ƒŒ‘„Ǥ
• Promotion of innovation culture since early educationǣ”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆŠƒ†Ƭby providing stipends and
provision of advanced laboratories and world class instruments.
• Diversification of entrepreneurship: Š”‘—‰Š‹ ‡–‹˜‡•–‘‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ•ǣ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡŽ‡ –”‘‹ •‡– Ǥ


Conclusion:
The various sectors of the economy—primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, and quinary—play distinct but
interconnected roles in shaping the economic landscape. Understanding these sectors helps in comprehending how
resources are extracted, transformed, and utilized to provide goods and services. It also highlights the evolving nature

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
of economies as they transition from primary-based activities to more advanced, service-oriented, and information-
driven processes. Analyzing these sectors provides valuable insights into economic development, employment trends,
and global trade patterns, enabling better policy-making and strategic planning for sustainable growth and
development.


KEYWORDS:
Primitive Subsistence Agriculture; Intensive Subsistence Agriculture; Plantation Agriculture; Mixed Farming;
Climate Resilient Practices; Climate Resilient Agriculture; Climate-Smart Agriculture; Co-operative Farming; Organic
farming; Zero Budget Natural Farming; Collective Farming; Feminisation of agriculture; Red Collar Jobs; Hidden
Unemployment; Disguised Unemployment; etc.



PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

Discuss the factors for localization of agro-based food processing industries of North-West India. 2019
What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identify industrial corridors, explain their main 2018
characteristics.
Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually by-pass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good 2014
availability of water?
Do you agree that there is a growing trend of opening new sugar mills in the Southern states of India? Discuss 2013
with justification
Analyze the factors for highly decentralized cotton textile industry in India 2013





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for Mains Answer Writing based Questions

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Examples and Case Studies Comprehensive Answers

Enriched Material with Model Approach

Our Offline Centres

Karol Bagh Mukherjee Nagar Lucknow Patna

9920613613 pwonlyias.com

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

9 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

‹‡”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘ —””‹‰ ‹‘”‰ƒ‹  •—„•–ƒ ‡• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”–Š̵• ”—•–Ǥ Š‡› ’‘••‡•• ƒ †‹•–‹ – Š‡‹ ƒŽ
‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘”†‡”‡† ƒ–‘‹  ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹ ƒ ”›•–ƒŽŽ‹‡ •–”— –—”‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ •—„•–ƒ ‡• ƒ
‘•‹•–‘ˆ•‹‰Ž‡‘”—Ž–‹’Ž‡‡Ž‡‡–•ƒ†‡šŠ‹„‹–ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆˆ‘”•ǡ ‘Ž‘—”•ǡƒ†Šƒ”†‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡†„›–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡’Š›•‹ ƒŽƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡƒ‹‰–Š‡‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ††ƒ‹Ž›
Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ“—ƒ”–œ‹•™‹†‡Ž›—•‡†‹‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ •ƒ†™ƒ– Š‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‰›’•—‹•ƒ‡›‹‰”‡†‹‡–‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡ ‡– ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–• ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡‹”
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ†”‹˜‹‰‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–ŠǤ


FACT-WISE

As of 2024, the mining sector in India continues to contribute around 2.2% to 2.5% to the country's Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). When considering the total industrial sector's GDP, the mining industry contributes around 10% to
11%.

TYPES OF MINERAL RESOURCES

• Ferrous Minerals:
o Iron Oreǣ †‹ƒŠƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–”‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡‹•‹ƒǤŠ‡–™‘ƒ‹–›’‡•‘ˆ‘”‡ˆ‘—†‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡Š‡ƒ–‹–‡
ƒ†ƒ‰‡–‹–‡Ǥ„‘—–ͻͷ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡•‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡–ƒ–‡•‘ˆOdisha, Jharkhand,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Goaǡ ‡– Ǥ Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽŽ‹  ‹‡”ƒŽ• ’”‘†— ‡† ‹ ʹ͵ ”‡ƒ Š‡†
ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳ͵ʹǡ͹Ͷ͹ ”‘”‡Ǥ
o Manganese: ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ˆ‘—†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ”‡’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š
–Š‡ Šƒ”™ƒ” •›•–‡Ǥ ‡ƒ†‹‰ ’”‘†— ‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ƒ”‡ Odisha, Karnataka, Telangana, Goaǡ ƒ†
Šƒ”Šƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ‘”‡ ƒ– ʹǤ͹Ͳ ‹ŽŽ‹‘ –‘‡• ‹ ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† „› ƒ„‘—– ͲǤʹ͹Ψ
‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Non-Ferrous Minerals:
o Bauxite: †‹ƒ”ƒ•ˆ‘—”–Š‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†‹–‡”•‘ˆ„ƒ—š‹–‡”‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ –‹•
ƒ‹Ž›ˆ‘—†‹–‡”–‹ƒ”›†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŽƒ–‡”‹–‡”‘ •ǤƒŒ‘”
’”‘†— ‡”• ‘ˆ „ƒ—š‹–‡ ƒ”‡ †‹•Šƒǡ Jharkhand, Gujarat, and Chhattisgarh.
Š‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ„ƒ—š‹–‡ƒ–ʹʹǤͶͻ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•‹ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›
ͳͲǤ͵͹Ψ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”Ǥ
o Copper:‘’’‡”†‡’‘•‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ‹Ž›ˆ‘—†‹Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh,
and Rajasthan. ‘’’‡” ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽ ‹†—•–”› ˆ‘”
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰™‹”‡•ǡ‘–‘”•ǡ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡”•ǡƒ†‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡’”‘†— –‹‘
‘ˆ ‘’’‡” ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ƒ–ͳͳͶǤͶʹ–Š‘—•ƒ†–‘‡•‹ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›
ƒ„‘—–ͷǤʹͷΨƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Non-Metallic Minerals:
o Š‡˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ’”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ•ƒ–•ͳͲ͸Ͳ͸ ”‘”‡†—”‹‰
ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†„›ͳͶǤͺ͵Ψƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”Ǥ
o Mica:‹ ƒ‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ—•‡†‹–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ƒŽƒ†
‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ –‹•ˆ‘—†‹•–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ Šƒ”Šƒ†ǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ
‡Žƒ‰ƒƒǡ‡– Ǥ
o Other non-metallic minerals: ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ †‘Ž‘‹–‡ǡ ƒ† ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ ‘–Š‡” •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘Ǧ‡–ƒŽŽ‹ 
‹‡”ƒŽ•‹ †‹ƒǤ
DISTRIBUTION OF KEY MINERAL RESOURCES IN INDIA
Mineral Belts in India: India is geologically rich and has several mineral belts across the country. These mineral belts
are regions that are known for their significant mineral deposits.

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Belts Area/Region Potentials

This mineral belt extends • –‹•‘™ˆ‘”‹–•”‹ Š†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ ‘ƒŽǡ‹”‘‘”‡ǡ ‘’’‡”ǡŽ‡ƒ†ǡƒ†
The North from the Aravalli range in œ‹ Ǥ
Eastern Rajasthan in the west to • Coalǣ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ Šƒ• ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‘ƒŽ ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ
Peninsular Belt the Chotanagpur Plateau •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ
in Jharkhand and Odisha —•‡Ǥ
in the east. • Iron OreǣŠ‡„‡Ž–Šƒ••—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ‹”‘‘”‡†‡’‘•‹–•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰
–‘ †‹ƒ̵•‹”‘ƒ†•–‡‡Ž‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• Copper, Lead, and ZincǣŠ‡•‡‡–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ
ƒ† ƒ„‡‡š–”ƒ –‡†ˆ‘”˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
The South Located in the states of • Š‹• „‡Ž– ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• ƒ„—†ƒ– ”‡•‡”˜‡• ‘ˆ ‹”‘ ‘”‡ǡ
Western Belt Karnataka, Goa, and parts ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ†„ƒ—š‹–‡Ǥ
of Maharashtra. • Iron OreǣŠ‡”‡‰‹‘‹•‘™ˆ‘”‹–•Š‹‰ŠǦ‰”ƒ†‡‹”‘‘”‡†‡’‘•‹–•ǡ
ƒ‹‰‹–ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘ƒ†•–‡‡Ž‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• ManganeseǣŠ‡„‡Ž–Šƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒ”‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”•–‡‡Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‘–Š‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Bauxiteǣ Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ „ƒ—š‹–‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”
ƒŽ—‹‹—’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
The North This mineral belt is spread • – ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• †‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ‰›’•—ǡ ”‘ 
Western Belt across Rajasthan and ’Š‘•’Šƒ–‡ǡŽ‹‰‹–‡ǡƒ†„‡–‘‹–‡Ǥ
Gujarat. • Limestone and Marbleǣ Š‡ „‡Ž– Šƒ• ƒ„—†ƒ– ”‡•‡”˜‡• ‘ˆ
Ž‹‡•–‘‡ ƒ† ƒ”„Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡
‘•–”— –‹‘‹†—•–”›ƒ† ‡‡–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰Ǥ
• Gypsumǣ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ Šƒ• ‰›’•— †‡’‘•‹–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‹†
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ†
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰•‡ –‘”•Ǥ
• Bentoniteǣ ‡–‘‹–‡ †‡’‘•‹–• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ —•‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‹ †”‹ŽŽ‹‰ ˆŽ—‹†•ǡ ˆ‘—†”› ‘—Ž†•ǡ ƒ†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
The Central Belt This belt is located in • –‹•‘™ˆ‘”‹–••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•†‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ
Chhattisgarh and Madhya ‹”‘‘”‡ǡ„ƒ—š‹–‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ††‘Ž‘‹–‡Ǥ
Pradesh. • Coalǣ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ Šƒ• •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ‘ƒŽ ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘
†‹ƒ̵•‡‡”‰›‡‡†•Ǥ
• Iron OreǣŠ‡„‡Ž–Šƒ•‹”‘‘”‡†‡’‘•‹–•ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰–Š‡‹”‘ƒ†
•–‡‡Ž‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• Bauxite, Limestone, and Dolomiteǣ Š‡•‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ —•‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒŽ—‹‹— ’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ
‡‡–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
The Southern Located in Tamil Nadu, • Š‹•„‡Ž– ‹•‘™ˆ‘”‹–•”‹ Š †‡’‘•‹–•‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡ǡ„ƒ—š‹–‡ǡƒ†
Belt Andhra Pradesh, and Ž‹‡•–‘‡Ǥ
Karnataka, • Iron OreǣŠ‡”‡‰‹‘Šƒ•‹”‘‘”‡†‡’‘•‹–•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”•–‡‡Ž
’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
• Bauxite and Limestoneǣ Š‡•‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —–‹Ž‹œ‡† ‹
ƒŽ—‹‹—’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ ‡‡–ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•Ǥ
The Eastern Belt This mineral belt extends • –‹•‘™ˆ‘”‹–•˜ƒ•–”‡•‡”˜‡•‘ˆ‹”‘‘”‡ǡ ‘ƒŽǡƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡƒ†
through Odisha, West Š”‘‹–‡Ǥ
Bengal, and parts of • Iron OreǣŠ‡”‡‰‹‘Šƒ•‡š–‡•‹˜‡‹”‘‘”‡†‡’‘•‹–•ǡ•—’’‘”–‹‰
Jharkhand. –Š‡‹”‘ƒ†•–‡‡Ž‹†—•–”›Ǥ
• CoalǣŠ‡„‡Ž–Šƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘ †‹ƒ̵•
‡‡”‰›”‡“—‹”‡‡–•Ǥ

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• Manganese and ChromiteǣŠ‡•‡‹‡”ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”

•–‡‡Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ǡˆ‡””‘ƒŽŽ‘›ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
The Western Located in Maharashtra • Š‹• „‡Ž– ‹• ‘™ ˆ‘” ‹–• †‡’‘•‹–• ‘ˆ ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡ „ƒ—š‹–‡ǡ
Belt and Gujarat. Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡƒ†‰›’•—Ǥ
• Manganeseǣ Š‡ „‡Ž– Šƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡
‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”•–‡‡Ž’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•Ǥ
• Bauxiteǣ Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”• ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” „ƒ—š‹–‡ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘
ˆ‘”ƒŽ—‹‹—’”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
• Limestone and Gypsumǣ Š‡•‡ ‹‡”ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”
‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡ ‡‡– ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
PRODUCTION OF MINERALS
• —”‹‰ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͶǡ ‹‡”ƒŽ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ™ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘ ͳͻ •–ƒ–‡•Ǥ‘–ƒ„Ž›ǡ ƒ”‘—† ͻ͹ǤͲͶΨ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ
˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ‹‡”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹‘™ƒ• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†‹Œ—•–•‡˜‡•–ƒ–‡•ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡
•‡ –‘”Ǥ
• Coal: †‹ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”•‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›Ǥ –Šƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ†’”‘†— ‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•
‘ˆ ‘ƒŽǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰„‹–—‹‘—•ǡ•—„Ǧ„‹–—‹‘—•ǡƒ†Ž‹‰‹–‡Ǥ‘ƒŽ‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›—•‡†ˆ‘”’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ
’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡƒ†ƒ•ˆ—‡Ž‹Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•Ǥ
• Iron Ore: Š‡‹”‘‘”‡’”‘†— –‹‘‹ †‹ƒincreased by ~14% to an all-time high of 282 million tonnes (mnt)
‹ʹͲʹ͵ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ʹͶͺ–‹ʹͲʹʹǤ
• Bauxiteǣ †‹ƒŠƒ••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–„ƒ—š‹–‡”‡•‡”˜‡•ƒ†‹•
‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”’”‘†— ‡”•‘ˆ„ƒ—š‹–‡‘”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡
’”‹ƒ”›‘”‡—•‡†ˆ‘”ƒŽ—‹‹—’”‘†— –‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘”
„ƒ—š‹–‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡†‹•Šƒǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡ
ƒ† Šƒ”Šƒ†Ǥ †‹•Šƒ ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”
Šƒ˜‹‰ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– „ƒ—š‹–‡ †‡’‘•‹–• ‹ –Š‡
‘—–”›Ǥ
• Manganeseǣ †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’”‘†— ‡” ‘ˆ
ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ ‘”‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ‹Ž› —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–‡‡Ž
‹†—•–”› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‡””‘ƒŽŽ‘›•Ǥ ƒŒ‘”
ƒ‰ƒ‡•‡Ǧ’”‘†— ‹‰ •–ƒ–‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ †‹•Šƒǡ
ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒ†Š›ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ†ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǤ
• Limestone: †‹ƒ ‹• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ –‘’ ’”‘†— ‡”• ‘ˆ
Ž‹‡•–‘‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› —•‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‡‡–
‹†—•–”›Ǥ–ƒ–‡•Ž‹‡ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǡŠƒ”‡‘ˆ–ƒ–‡•‹ƒŽ—‡
‘ˆ ‹‡”ƒŽ ”‘†— –‹‘ ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹǤ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ
†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ† —Œƒ”ƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž‹‡•–‘‡
†‡’‘•‹–•Ǥ
• Chromiteǣ †‹ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–’”‘†— ‡”•‘ˆ Š”‘‹–‡ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ‡›•‘—” ‡‘ˆ Š”‘‹——•‡†‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‹†—•–”‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ‡–ƒŽŽ—”‰›ǡ Š‡‹ ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† ”‡ˆ”ƒ –‘”‹‡•Ǥ †‹•Šƒ ƒ† ƒ”ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› Š”‘‹–‡Ǧ
’”‘†— ‹‰•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
SCOPE
• Revenue Generationǣ ‹‡”ƒŽ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• ‰‘˜‡”‡– ”‡˜‡—‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ”‘›ƒŽ–‹‡•ǡ –ƒš‡•ǡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ•‡
’ƒ›‡–•ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ—†• ƒ„‡—•‡†ˆ‘”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Infrastructure ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǣ‹‡”ƒŽ„‡Ž–•‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ž‹‡”‘ƒ†•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǡ’‘”–•ǡƒ†
’‘™‡”•—’’Ž›ǡˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Research and Explorationǣ‹‡”ƒŽ„‡Ž–•’”‘˜‹†‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‡™†‡’‘•‹–•ǡƒ••‡••‡š‹•–‹‰
‘‡•ǡƒ†‡š’ƒ†–Š‡‹‹‰•‡ –‘”–Š”‘—‰Š‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—”˜‡›•Ǥ
• Mining Operationsǣ‹‡”ƒŽ„‡Ž–•‘ˆˆ‡”ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ–†‡’‘•‹–•ǡƒ––”ƒ –‹‰‹‹‰
‘’ƒ‹‡•–‘‡š–”ƒ –‹‡”ƒŽ•Ž‹‡ ‘ƒŽǡ‹”‘‘”‡ǡŽ‹‡•–‘‡ǡ„ƒ—š‹–‡ǡƒ‰ƒ‡•‡ǡƒ† Š”‘‹–‡Ǥ

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• Industrial Developmentǣ ‹‡”ƒŽ †‡’‘•‹–• ‹ –Š‡ „‡Ž–• •’—” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ˆ‘”
‹†—•–”‹‡•Ž‹‡•–‡‡Žǡ ‡‡–ǡƒŽ—‹‹—ǡ’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Employment Generationǣ‹‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‹‹‡”ƒŽ„‡Ž–• ”‡ƒ–‡‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ǡ„‡‡ˆ‹–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ‹ŽŽ‡†‹‡”•ǡ‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ•—’’‘”–•–ƒˆˆǡƒ†•‡”˜‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡”• ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘Œ‘„ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ 
‰”‘™–Š‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
• Sustainable Developmentǣ ‹‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž–• ƒ •—’’‘”– •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ‡•—”‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ
’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ ‘—‹–›‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™Š‹Ž‡‹‹‹œ‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
‹’ƒ –•Ǥ
CHALLENGES:
• Environmental Concernsǣ‹‡†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ǡ™ƒ–‡”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡƒ†Šƒ„‹–ƒ–†‡•–”— –‹‘Ǥ
• Regulatory Frameworkǣ‘’Ž›‹‰™‹–Š ‘’Ž‡š”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰’‡”‹–•ǡƒ†‡‡–‹‰Ž‡‰ƒŽ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•
‹•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”‹‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡•†—‡–‘–Š‡‹–”‹ ƒ–‡”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”‰‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡‹‹‰•‡ –‘”‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Land Acquisition and Community Displacement
• Infrastructure Developmentǣ ‘•‡• Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›
–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”•ƒ†’‘™‡”•—’’Ž›Ǥ
• Technological Advancementsǣ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† ƒ†‘’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘†‡” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ’‘•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ˆ‘” •ƒŽŽ‡”
‹‹‰ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ƒ† ”‡‘–‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ ‹‡”ƒŽ ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘ǡ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ –•ǡ ƒ†
ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹‹‰–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ƒ†‡“—‹’‡–Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Sustainable Mining Practicesǣ –Š”‘—‰Š •–”‹ – ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ ƒ† ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘‹‹‹œ‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•ƒ†’”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ ‘—‹–›‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Strengthen Regulatory Frameworkǣ –”‡ƒŽ‹‡ –Š‡ ‹‹‰ •‡ –‘”̵• ”‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” „› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ”‡†— ‹‰„—”‡ƒ— ”ƒ ›ǡƒ†’”‘˜‹†‹‰ Ž‡ƒ” ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Infrastructure Developmentǣ ”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ ‹‡”ƒŽ „‡Ž–•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
’‘™‡”•—’’Ž›ǡƒ†™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Research and Development: ‘ —• ‘ ‡Šƒ ‹‰ ‡š’Ž‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ”‡ ‘˜‡”›ǡ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰
‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡ –‘”̵•–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•Ǥ
• Capacity Building and Skill Developmentǣ ‘ ‡•—”‡ ƒ •‹ŽŽ‡† ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡ ƒ†‡’– ƒ– ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡‹‹‰Ǥ
• Stakeholder Collaborationǣ Š‹• ƒ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ Š‘Ž‹•–‹  ƒ† ‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ ˆ‹†
‘‘•‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹‹‡”ƒŽ„‡Ž–•Ǥ


India is well endowed with natural resources, particularly minerals. They serve as raw material for many industries,
paving a path for rapid industrialisation and infrastructural development. It, in turn, will facilitate the economy’s
growth to a path of sustained growth and a five trillion-dollar economy. It ensures the sustainable growth of the
economy.
ENERGY RESOURCES
According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), energy
is defined as the ability to do work or the capacity to cause
change and perform tasks. Energy manifests in various
forms, including kinetic energy (related to motion),
potential energy (related to an object's position or state),
thermal energy (related to temperature), chemical energy
(released or absorbed during chemical reactions), and
electrical energy (associated with the flow of electric
charges). These diverse forms of energy are fundamental to
numerous processes and systems in our daily lives and the
broader environment.

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FACT-WISE

• Energy Consumptionǣ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› —–Š‘”‹–› ȋȌ ‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ –Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‡‡”‰›
‘•—’–‹‘ ‹ †‹ƒ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‹• ƒŽ ›‡ƒ” ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͲʹͶ ‹• ͳͷͷͲ „‹ŽŽ‹‘ —‹–• ȋȌǤ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›
‘•—’–‹‘ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡‡”‰›Ž‹‡‘‹Žǡ ‘ƒŽǡƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ
• Energy Mix: –‡”•‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰›‹š‹ †‹ƒ‹ Ž—†‡•˜ƒ”‹‘—••‘—” ‡•Ǥ•‘ˆʹͲʹͶǡ–Š‡
ƒŒ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‘”• –‘ †‹ƒ̵• ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘ƒŽ ȋƒ„‘—– ͸ͻΨȌǡ ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰› •‘—” ‡• ȋƒ„‘—–
ʹ͸ΨȌǡŠ›†”‘‡Ž‡ –”‹ ’‘™‡”ȋƒ„‘—–͵ΨȌǡƒ†— Ž‡ƒ”’‘™‡”ȋƒ„‘—–ʹΨȌǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘™‡”Ǥ
• Renewable Energy Capacityǣ †‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›’”‘‘–‹‰”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•Ǥ•‘ˆ’”‹ŽʹͲʹͶǡ
†‹ƒ̵• ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰› ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ”‘—† ͳͶͶǤ͹ͷ ‰‹‰ƒ™ƒ––• ȋ Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• •‘Žƒ”
’‘™‡”ȋͺʹǤ͸Ͷ Ȍǡ™‹†’‘™‡”ȋͶ͸Ǥͳ͸ Ȍǡ„‹‘ƒ••ǡƒ†•ƒŽŽŠ›†”‘’‘™‡”ǡƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†„›–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‡™
ƒ† ‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ‡”‰› ȋȌǤ ‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ ‡‡”‰› •‘—” ‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Žƒ”‰‡ Š›†”‘ ’‘™‡”ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘„‹‡†
‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆͳͻͳǤ͸͹ Ǥ

SOURCES OF ENERGY


Parameters Conventional Sources of Energy Non-Conventional Sources of Energy

Definition Conventional sources of energy refer to Non-conventional sources of energy, also known as
the traditional and widely used sources renewable or alternative sources, are derived from
for energy generation that have been in natural resources that are replenished and have a
use for a long time. minimal impact on the environment.
Examples Conventional sources include fossil fuels Non-conventional sources include solar energy, wind
such as coal, oil, and natural gas, as well energy, hydropower, biomass, geothermal energy,
as conventional nuclear power. and tidal energy.
MAJOR SOURCES OF POWER GENERATION IN INDIA
• Thermal Power:
o ‡‡”ƒ–‡†—•‹‰‘‹Žƒ† ‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡”ƒŽ’‘™‡”‹•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‹ †‹ƒǤ
o  ʹͲʹ͵ǡ †‹ƒ̵• ‘ƒŽ ‘•—’–‹‘ ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ʹ͵Ǥͳ ‡šƒŒ‘—Ž‡•ǡ ƒ‹‰ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ˆ”‘
’”‡˜‹‘—•›‡ƒ”•
• Hydroelectric Power:
o ›†”‘‡Ž‡ –”‹ ’‘™‡”Šƒ”‡••‡•–Š‡‡‡”‰›‘ˆ‘˜‹‰™ƒ–‡”–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ƒ†‹•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡
‡‡”‰›Ǥ
o •‘ˆʹͲʹͶǡ †‹ƒ̵•Š›†”‘’‘™‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ǡ™‹–Šƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ”‘—†ͳͶͺǡ͹Ͳͳ
ƒ–ƒ͸ͲΨŽ‘ƒ†ˆƒ –‘”Ǥ
o Underutilized potentialǣ †‹ƒ”ƒ•ˆ‘—”–Š‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‹–‡”•‘ˆ—†‡”—–‹Ž‹œ‡†Š›†”‘’‘™‡”’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǤ
• Nuclear Power:
o — Ž‡ƒ”’‘™‡”‹•–Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–ŠǦŽƒ”‰‡•–•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‹ †‹ƒǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘ƒŽǡ‰ƒ•ǡŠ›†”‘‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡƒ†™‹†
’‘™‡”Ǥ 
o •‘ˆʹͲʹͶǡ †‹ƒ‘™‘’‡”ƒ–‡•ʹʹ— Ž‡ƒ””‡ƒ –‘”•™‹–Šƒ–‘–ƒŽ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͹ǡͶͺͲǤ

PROBLEMS WITH INDIA' S POWER SECTOR

• Insufficient Power Supplyǣ †‹ƒ •–‹ŽŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ˆ”‡“—‡– •Š‘”–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† „Žƒ ‘—–• ‹ ƒ› ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –•
‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ǡƒ†Šƒ’‡”• ‹–‹œ‡•̵“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Inadequate Grid Infrastructure: —–†ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ’‘™‡” ‰”‹† ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‹ †‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ Š‹‰Š
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘Ž‘••‡•ǡ ƒ—•‹‰‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ‹‡•ƒ†™ƒ•–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Dependency on Fossil Fuels: †‹ƒ̵•”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘ ‘ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•ˆ‘”’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘ƒ‹”
’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ǡƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
• Financial Viability of Power Distribution Companies (Discoms): ‘™‡” †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ‹ †‹ƒ ˆƒ ‡
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‡••†—‡–‘–”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ž‘••‡•ǡ‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–„‹ŽŽ‹‰•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Pricing and Tariff Issuesǣ ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ †‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•ǡ ”‘••Ǧ•—„•‹†‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •—„•‹†‹‡•ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ
‹„ƒŽƒ ‡•ƒ†Š‹†‡”‹‰•‡ –‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ

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• Energy Access in Rural Areasǣ ƒ› ”‡‘–‡ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• •–‹ŽŽ Žƒ  ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‘‡ –‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ’‡”• •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ‘””—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
INITIATIVES TAKEN TO RESOLVE CHALLENGES
• National Infrastructure PipelineǣŠ‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡†•ǤͳͳͳŽƒŠ ”‘”‡ȋ̈́ͳǤͶ–”‹ŽŽ‹‘Ȍ—†‡”
–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹’‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘” ʹͲͳͻǦʹͷǤ
• Automatic approval of 100% Foreign Direct Investment.
• Ultra-Mega Solar PowerǣŽ–”ƒ‡‰ƒ‘Žƒ”‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡ –•‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒǡ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡƒ†ƒ††ƒŠ‹ Ƭ
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‘— ‡†Ǥ
• Ujwal Discoms Assurance Yojana (UDAY) ™ƒ• Žƒ— Š‡† „› –Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡– –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ–—”ƒ”‘—†‘ˆ–ƒ–‡Ǧ‘™‡†‘™‡”‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘’ƒ‹‡•ȋ Ȍ™‹–Šƒƒ‹–‘”‡†— ‡‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡
‡ Š‹ ƒŽƬ‘‡” ‹ƒŽȋƬȌŽ‘••‡•–‘ͳͷΨ„› ͳͻǤ
• Saubhagya Schemeǣ ‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž† ‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ”‡‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›
‘‡ –‹‘•–‘Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•„‡Ž‘™–Š‡’‘˜‡”–›Ž‹‡ƒ†•—„•‹†‹œ‡• ‘‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
• National Smart Grid Mission (NSGM): –ƒ‹•–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’•ƒ”–‰”‹†•–Šƒ–‡ƒ„Ž‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ†”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰†‡ƒ†”‡•’‘•‡
‡ Šƒ‹••Ǥ
• Energy Efficiency Programsǣ ‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ‡‡”‰› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‹ ‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ƒ†
ƒ’’Ž‹ƒ ‡•ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡”ˆ‘”ǡ Š‹‡˜‡ǡƒ†”ƒ†‡ȋȌ• Š‡‡ƒ†–Š‡‡”‰›‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘—‹Ž†‹‰‘†‡ȋȌǤ
• Green Energy Corridorsǣ‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡‡˜ƒ —ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•‹••‹‘‘ˆ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›ˆ”‘”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ”‹ Š
”‡‰‹‘•–‘ ‘•—’–‹‘ ‡–”‡•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD
• Future ProspectsǣŠ‡‡–”ƒŽŽ‡ –”‹ ‹–›—–Š‘”‹–›ȋȌ’”‘Œ‡ –• †‹ƒ™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ Šʹ͸͹ ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽǦˆ‹”‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›„›
ʹͲ͵Ͳ
• Promote Renewable Energyǣ  ”‡ƒ•‡†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘ˆ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Upgrade Grid Infrastructureǣ‘†‡”‹œ‡’‘™‡”‰”‹†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–‘ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›ƒ†”‡†— ‡
Ž‘••‡•Ǥ
• Strengthen Distribution Systemsǣ‡†— ‡Ž‘••‡•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡„‹ŽŽ‹‰ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Enhance Regulatory Frameworkǣ ’Ž‡‡––ƒ”‹ˆˆ”‡ˆ‘”•ƒ†‡•—”‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Focus on Rural Electrificationǣ”‹‘”‹–‹œ‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹ Ž—•‹˜‡‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Public Awareness and Educationǣ”‘‘–‡‡‡”‰› ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡‡‡”‰› ‘•—’–‹‘
NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
Naturally replenished and have a significantly lower environmental impact compared to conventional fossil fuels.
These sources harness energy from natural processes or phenomena and convert it into usable forms of energy without
depleting finite resources or emitting large amounts of greenhouse gases.
SOLAR POWER
According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), "Solar power refers to the conversion of sunlight
into electricity or heat using solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal technologies. 


FACT-WISE
• Installed Solar Capacity:• ‘ˆ ʹͲʹͶǡ †‹ƒ̵• ——Žƒ–‹˜‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† •‘Žƒ” ’‘™‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹–› Šƒ• ”‡ƒ Š‡†
ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͺʹǤͶ͸‰‹‰ƒ™ƒ––•ȋ ȌǤ
• Solar Park Development: •‘ˆʹͲʹʹǡ‘˜‡”ͷͲ•‘Žƒ”’ƒ”•™‹–Šƒ ‘„‹‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ‘”‡–ŠƒͶͲ ™‡”‡
‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
• Solar Rooftop Installationsǣ•‘ˆʹͲʹͶǡ–Š‡ ——Žƒ–‹˜‡‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ•‘Žƒ””‘‘ˆ–‘’•‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•ƒ”‘—†
ͳͳǤͻ Ǥ
• Largest Solar Power PlantǣŠ‡Šƒ†Žƒ‘Žƒ”ƒ”‹ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–•‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”’Žƒ–•‹ †‹ƒǤ
–Šƒ•ƒ–‘–ƒŽ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆʹǤʹͷ Ǥ
• ‘Žƒ”•›•–‡•—•‡•‘Žƒ”’ƒ‡Ž•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ•‡‹ ‘†— –‘”ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•–‘†‹”‡ –Ž› ‘˜‡”–•—Ž‹‰Š–‹–‘‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›Ǥ

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Advantages of Solar Power Disadvantages of Solar Power
• Renewable & Sustainableǣ‘Žƒ”’‘™‡””‡Ž‹‡•‘ • Intermittencyǣ ‘Žƒ” ’‘™‡” ”‡Ž‹‡• ‘ •—Ž‹‰Š–
•—Ž‹‰Š–ǡ ‹• ƒ„—†ƒ–ǡ ƒ† †‘‡•̵– †‡’Ž‡–‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ”‡“—‹”‹‰ ‡‡”‰›
”‡•‘—” ‡•‘”’”‘†— ‡‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ •–‘”ƒ‰‡‘”„ƒ —’•›•–‡•ˆ‘” ‘–‹—‘—••—’’Ž›Ǥ
• Reduced Carbon Footprint: ‘Žƒ” ’‘™‡” • High Initial Costsǣ Š‡ —’ˆ”‘– ‹˜‡•–‡– ˆ‘” •‘Žƒ”
‹‹‹œ‡•‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ǡ ‘„ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ‡Ž• ƒ† ‡“—‹’‡– ƒ „‡ ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹˜‡ǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›
Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ †‡–‡””‹‰ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ
• Energy Cost Savings: •–ƒŽŽ‹‰ •‘Žƒ” ’ƒ‡Ž• • Land and Space Requirementsǣ‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”•›•–‡•
Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •ƒ˜‹‰• ‘ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› „‹ŽŽ•ǡ ‡‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– •’ƒ ‡ǡ ’‘•‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ †‡•‡Ž›
”‡†— ‹‰”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—–‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ’‘’—Žƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•‘”™Š‡”‡Žƒ†‹•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ
• Job Creation & Economic Growthǣ ‘Žƒ” • Dependency on Sunlight: ‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡Ž‹ƒ–
‹†—•–”› ”‡ƒ–‡• ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘ •—Ž‹‰Š–ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‹– —•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ”‡‰‹‘• ™‹–Š
‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹‡•Ǥ Ž‹‹–‡†•—‘”’”‘Ž‘‰‡†‘˜‡” ƒ•–™‡ƒ–Š‡”Ǥ
• Energy Independence & Securityǣ‹˜‡”•‹ˆ›‹‰ • Energy Storage Challengesǣ –‘”‹‰ ‡š ‡•• •‘Žƒ”
‡‡”‰› •‘—” ‡• ”‡†— ‡• †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ ˆ‘••‹Ž ‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”Žƒ–‡”—•‡”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹’‡–ǡŽ‹‡
ˆ—‡Ž•ǡ‡Šƒ ‹‰•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ „ƒ––‡”‹‡•ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘•–•Ǥ
• Off-Grid Power Supplyǣ ‘Žƒ” ’”‘˜‹†‡• • Transmission and Distribution Challengesǣ
‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‹ ”‡‘–‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ™‹–Š‘—– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘‡š‹•–‹‰‰”‹†•ƒ›†‡ƒ†—’‰”ƒ†‡•–‘
‰”‹†ƒ ‡••Ǥ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡–Š‡†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”Ǥ

• ‘Žƒ” –Š‡”ƒŽ •›•–‡• —•‡ ‹””‘”• ‘” Ž‡•‡• –‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ •—Ž‹‰Š– ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ Š‡ƒ– ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒ–‹‰ǡƒ† ‘‘Ž‹‰Ǥ̶
WAY FORWARD:
• Advancements in energy storageǣ ‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ „ƒ––‡”› •–‘”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• –‘
ƒ††”‡•••‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”‹–‡”‹––‡ ›Ǥ
• Cost reductionǣ ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–•ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹‡• ‘ˆ • ƒŽ‡ǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹˜‡ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• –‘ ƒ‡ •‘Žƒ” ’‘™‡”
‘”‡ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„Ž‡Ǥ
• Grid integration and infrastructure upgradesǣ ƒ”– ‰”‹† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ƒ† –”ƒ•‹••‹‘Ȁ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘
‡Šƒ ‡‡–•ˆ‘”•‡ƒŽ‡••‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”Ǥ
• Supportive policies and incentivesǣ ‘˜‡”‡– ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• Ž‹‡ ˆ‡‡†Ǧ‹ –ƒ”‹ˆˆ•ǡ –ƒš ”‡†‹–•ǡ ƒ† •–”‡ƒŽ‹‡†
’‡”‹––‹‰’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•‘Žƒ”ƒ†‘’–‹‘Ǥ
• Continued research and developmentǣ ˜‡•–‡– ‹‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ †‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡
‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†—•‡‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”’‘™‡”Ǥ
TIDAL ENERGY
Tidal energy is a form of renewable energy that harnesses the power of tidal movements in oceans and seas to
generate electricity. It involves the use of tidal turbines or barrages, which capture the kinetic energy of tidal currents
and convert it into usable electrical energy. 


FACT-WISE

• Tidal Energy Potentialǣ †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‹†ƒŽ‡‡”‰›’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳʹǡͶͷͷ‡‰ƒ™ƒ––•ȋȌƒŽ‘‰‹–•

‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡Ǥ
• Gulf of Kutch: Š‡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ —– Š ‹ —Œƒ”ƒ– ‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ’”‘‹•‹‰ •‹–‡• ˆ‘” –‹†ƒŽ ‡‡”‰›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹ †‹ƒǤ

Advantages of Tidal Power Disadvantages of tidal Power
• Clean And Renewable: No pollution and doesn’t take • Environmental impactǣ Š‡ •›•–‡• ”‡“—‹”‡
—’ — Š ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ •’ƒ ‡ ™Š‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ ‘–Š‡” –—”„—Ž‡– ™ƒ–‡” –‘ ’‘™‡” –Š‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ Žƒ”‰‡
”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›•›•–‡•Ǥ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‡‡†•–‘„‡„—‹Ž–ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ—†‡”™ƒ–‡”
• Predictable And Reliable: ‘•– ƒ”‡ƒ• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ƒ”‡•—Ž–‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–†‡•–”— –‹‘Ǥ
–™‘Š‹‰Š–‹†‡•ƒ†–™‘Ž‘™–‹†‡•’‡”†ƒ›ǤŠ‹• › Ž‡‹•

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easily predicted and isn’t subject to unexpected • High construction Costs: —‹Ž†‹‰•–”— –—”‡••–”‘‰
Šƒ‰‡•ǡ—Ž‹‡ƒ›‘–Š‡””‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‡‘—‰Š–‘™‹–Š•–ƒ†–Š‡–—”„—Ž‡–ǡ ‘””‘•‹˜‡ƒ–—”‡
• Long-Lasting EquipmentǣŠ‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘” ‘ˆ•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹•„›‘‡ƒ•ƒ Š‡ƒ’—†‡”–ƒ‹‰
‘•––‹†ƒŽ•›•–‡•‹•͹ͷǦͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆ™‘”‹‰—•‡Ǥ  • Scarcity of suitable locationsǣ ‘– ‡˜‡”› •‡ƒ• ƒ’‡
‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ ƒ •‘Žƒ” ’ƒ‡Ž —•—ƒŽŽ› †‡‰”ƒ†‡• ƒˆ–‡” ƒ ‡ƒ”ƒ•Š‘”‡‹••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹†ƒŽ‡‡”‰›ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆʹͷǦ͵Ͳ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ • It can be very inconsistentǣ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ˆŽƒ™•ƒ†
• Effective at Low Speedsǣ ‹†ƒŽ ‡‡”‰› •›•–‡• ƒ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‡””‘”• Ž‹‡ ‡š ‡••‹˜‡ –—”„‹‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ”ƒ–‡•ǡ
’”‘†— ‡‡‡”‰›‡˜‡™Š‡–Š‡™ƒ–‡”’ƒ••‹‰‘˜‡”‘” ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ‹ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› †—”‹‰ Ž‘™ ™ƒ–‡”
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹•‘˜‹‰”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•Ž‘™Ž›Ǥ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† •–”‘‰ —””‡–• ƒ”‡ ’”‡˜‡–‹‰
–—”„‹‡• ˆ”‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘
‹ ‘•‹•–‡–„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–”‡Ž‹‡•‘–Š‡–‹†‡
HYDROGEN-BASED ENERGY
• †‹ƒ Žƒ— Š‡† National Green Hydrogen
MissionǤ„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”‡Ǧ
o ƒ‹‰ †‹ƒ ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ’”‘†— ‡” ƒ†
•—’’Ž‹‡”‘ˆ ”‡‡ ›†”‘‰‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ
o ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡š’‘”– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘”
”‡‡ ›†”‘‰‡ƒ†‹–•†‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
o ‡†— –‹‘ ‹ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ ‹’‘”–‡†
ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•ƒ†ˆ‡‡†•–‘ Ǥ
o ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹†‹‰‡‘—•
ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o ––”ƒ –‹‰ ‹˜‡•–‡– ƒ† „—•‹‡••
‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
o ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‡’Ž‘›‡–
ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
o —’’‘”–‹‰Ƭ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
• The mission outcomes projected by 2030
are:
o ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‰”‡‡Š›†”‘‰‡’”‘†— –‹‘ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͷȋ‹ŽŽ‹‘‡–”‹ ‘‡Ȍ’‡”ƒ—™‹–Š
ƒƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰› ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ††‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ„‘—–ͳʹͷ ‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
o ˜‡”•ǤͺǡͲͲǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡‹–‘–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–•Ǥ
o ”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘˜‡”‹šŽƒŠŒ‘„•Ǥ
o ——Žƒ–‹˜‡”‡†— –‹‘‹ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž‹’‘”–•‘˜‡”•ǤͳǡͲͲǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡Ǥ
o „ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͲ‘ˆƒ—ƒŽ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ

HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY

Hybrid Renewable Energy refers to the integration of two or more renewable energy sources to generate electricity. It
combines different renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass, or geothermal, in a
complementary manner to maximize energy production, improve system reliability, and optimize resource utilization. 


Advantages Disadvantages
• Continuous power supplyǣ Š‡ Š›„”‹† ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡ • Complicated controlling processǣ ‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
•›•–‡• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ’‘™‡” ‘–‹—‘—•Ž›ǡ ™‹–Š‘—– ƒ› –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› •‘—” ‡• ‹ —•‡ǡ –Š‡ •›•–‡• ”‡“—‹”‡
‹–‡””—’–‹‘ǡƒ•–Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆ•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰› ƒ„‡ •‘‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡‡”‰›
‘’‡•ƒ–‡†„›™‹†’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ •‘—” ‡•ǡ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ —•– „‡
• Utilize renewable sources in the best wayǣ • –Š‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ†‹– ƒ„‡ ‘‡ ‘’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ
„ƒ––‡”‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ •›•–‡ –‘ •–‘”‡ –Š‡ • High installation costǣŠ‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘•–‹•Ž‘™ǡ
‡‡”‰›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ™ƒ•–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š ‡•• ‡‡”‰› „—– –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‹˜‡•–‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†‘„”‹‰Š–•—›†ƒ›•ƒ††ƒ›•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š™‹† •›•–‡•‹•Š‹‰Šƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ƒ•‘Žƒ”•›•–‡Ǥ
•’‡‡†Ǥ • Less battery lifeǣ Š‡ „ƒ––‡”‹‡• ‘‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡
•›•–‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ‘™‡”Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡‡š’‘•‡†
–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•Ž‹‡Š‡ƒ–ǡ”ƒ‹ǡ‡– Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Low maintenance costǣŠ‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ • The number of instruments connectable is limitedǣ

Š›„”‹†”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›•›•–‡•‹•Ž‘™ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡† Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‡˜‹ ‡• –Šƒ– ƒ „‡ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ ƒ
–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”•™Š‹ Š—•‡†‹‡•‡Žƒ•ˆ—‡ŽǤ Š›„”‹†•‘Žƒ”‡‡”‰›•›•–‡‹•Ž‹‹–‡†Ǥ
• High efficiencyǣ ›„”‹† •‘Žƒ” ‡‡”‰› •›•–‡• ™‘”
‘”‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž› –Šƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‘”• ™Š‹ Š
™ƒ•–‡–Š‡ˆ—‡Ž—†‡” ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
GAS-BASED ECONOMY
• Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ•Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‡ ‘‘›”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ‘†‡Ž–Šƒ–”‡Ž‹‡•Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ•ƒ’”‹ƒ”›
‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”’”‘†— –‹‘ǡ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡƒ† ‘•—’–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‘†‡Ž‡ ‘’ƒ••‡•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ ”‘••
˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡ –‘”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Natural Gas in India:—””‡–Ž›ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ƒ ‘—–•ˆ‘”‘Ž›͸Ψ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•‡‡”‰›‹šǡ™Š‹ Š‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›Ž‘™‡”
–Šƒ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆʹ͵ΨǤ
• Increasing Share and Future Growth:Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–Šƒ••‡–ƒƒ„‹–‹‘—•–ƒ”‰‡––‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ
ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹–Š‡‡‡”‰›‹š–‘ͳͷΨ„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š †‹ƒ̵• —””‡–ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ• ‘•—’–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—–‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†
‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ‹–‹•’”‘Œ‡ –‡†–‘‰”‘™•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ ‘‹‰›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
• Imports: †‹ƒ‹’‘”–•ͷͷΨ‘ˆ‹–•ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹“—‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ•ȋ Ȍǡ—†‡”• ‘”‹‰–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”
‡Šƒ ‡††‘‡•–‹ ’”‘†— –‹‘ƒ††‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•—’’Ž›•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• Administration:  †‹ƒǡ ͺͲΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ’”‘†— ‡† „›   ƒ† ‹Ž †‹ƒ ‹‹–‡† ‹• •—„Œ‡ – –‘ –Š‡
†‹‹•–‡”‡†”‹ ‡‡ Šƒ‹•ȋȌǡ‡ƒ‹‰‹–•’”‹ ‡‹•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Abundance and Availability: ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹• ƒ„—†ƒ– ƒ† ™‹†‡Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‡”˜‡•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‡›
‘’‘‡–‹–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†• Ž‡ƒ‡”‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•†—‡–‘‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‘™‡” ƒ”„‘‡‹••‹‘• ‘’ƒ”‡†
–‘ ‘ƒŽƒ†‘‹ŽǤ
Properties of Natural Gas:
• Flammability:ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›ˆŽƒƒ„Ž‡ǡ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†—‡–‘‹–•Š‹‰Š‡–Šƒ‡ ‘–‡–Ǥ
• Physical Characteristics: –‹• ‘Ž‘—”Ž‡••ǡ–ƒ•–‡Ž‡••ǡƒ†‘†‘—”Ž‡••Ǥ‘†‘”ƒ–‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ††‡†–‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•ˆ‘”
Ž‡ƒ†‡–‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Density:ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•Ž‡••†‡•‡–Šƒƒ‹”ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‹––‘†‹••‹’ƒ–‡“—‹ Ž›‹–Š‡‡˜‡–‘ˆƒŽ‡ƒǡ™Š‹ Š”‡†— ‡•–Š‡
”‹•‘ˆŠƒœƒ”†‘—•ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Corrosiveness:—‡–‘‹–•Š‹‰Š‡–Šƒ‡ƒ†Ž‘™ ƒ”„‘ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ǡƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•‹•Ž‡•• ‘””‘•‹˜‡–Šƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•Ǥ
Advantages of Natural Gas Disadvantages of Natural Gas
• Natural Gas is Environmentally Clean • Limited Quantitiesǣ †‹ƒ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ˜ƒ•– ”‡•‡”˜‡• ‘ˆ
becauseǡ —Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡” ‰ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•Ǥ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•–Šƒ–‹• ‘•—‡†„›–Š‡
‡‹–• ˜‡”› Ž‡•• „›Ǧ ’”‘†— –• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Šƒ•–‘„‡‹’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•Ǥ
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ•’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•Ǥ • Natural Gas is Highly Combustibleǣ • ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹•
• It is Economicalǣ – ‹• ‘– ƒ• ‡š’‡•‹˜‡ ƒ• ‘†‘—”Ž‡••ǡ‹–‹•†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘†‡–‡ –Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽǤ
‘–Š‡”„—”‹‰ˆ—‡Ž•Ǥ • Natural Gas is a Non-Renewable Source of Energyǣš’‡”–•
• It is Convenient for cooking or electric •–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡’Ž‡–‡†‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ƒ†™‡™‹ŽŽ
purposesǡ‹– ƒ„‡†‹”‡ –Ž› ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡–‘‹’‘”–‹–ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
consumer’s house with the help of pipelines. • Natural Gas Emits Carbon Dioxideǣ –‡‹–• ƒ”„‘†‹‘š‹†‡
• Natural Gas is Safe to Useǣ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹• ™Š‹ Š‹•„ƒ†ˆ‘”‘—”ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ǤŠ‡ ‘•–ƒ–‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ
Ž‹‰Š–‡” –Šƒ ƒ‹”Ǥ  ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡ǡ ‹– ƒ”„‘ †‹‘š‹†‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ Ž‹ƒ–‡
†‹••‹’ƒ–‡•“—‹ Ž›‹–‘–Š‡ƒ‹”ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ˆ‹”‡Ǥ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒŽ•‘‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
• It is Available Abundantlyǣ•’‡”–Š‡•–—†›ǡ • Long Processing Process: • ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• Šƒ• ‘–Š‡”
–Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‹• ‘”‡ ‘’‘‡–• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ”‡‘˜‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ —•‹‰ ‹– ˆ‘”
–Šƒ ”—†‡‘‹Ž‘”‘–Š‡”•— Š’”‘†— –•Ǥ ”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‘” ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ‹––ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ–‹‡ƒ†
• Natural Gas is Easy to Deliverǣ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ’‘™‡”–‘’”‘ ‡••‹–Ǥ
–Š‡ —””‡–‘†‡‘ˆ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›‘ˆ‰ƒ•–‘Š‘‡• • Leakageǣ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š‹–‹•Ž‹‰Š–‡”–Šƒƒ‹”ƒ† ƒ†‹•’‡”•‡
‹ †‹ƒǡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‡–ƒŽ ›Ž‹†‡”• Šƒ‰‹‰ ‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǡ ƒ „‹‰ †ƒ‰‡” ™‹–Š ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‰ƒ• ‹• –Šƒ– •‹ ‡ ‹– ‹•
Šƒ†•Ǥ‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ‰ƒ•–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡† ‘Ž‘—”Ž‡••ǡ ‘†‘—”Ž‡•• ƒ† –ƒ•–‡Ž‡••ǡ •Š‘—Ž† ‹– •–ƒ”– Ž‡ƒ‹‰ǡ
ˆ‘”ƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆ’‹’‡•Ǥ †‡–‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‡ƒ‹•˜‡”›Šƒ”†Ǥ

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Despite all these disadvantages, natural gas is one of the cheapest and easily available fossil fuels in this world. It can
be considered that natural gas can serve as a viable alternative to other fossil fuels till such time as something more
efficient can be found.
FLY ASH
ADVANTAGES:
• Ž› ƒ•Š ‹• ƒ —™ƒ–‡† —„—”– ”‡•‹†—‡ ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ
‘„—•–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‘ƒŽ –Š‡”ƒŽ ’‘™‡” ’Žƒ–Ǥ – ‹•
‡‹––‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠˆŽ—‡‰ƒ•‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡„—”‹‰‘ˆ
‘ƒŽ‹ƒˆ—”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘•–ƒ–‹ 
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡ˆŽ›ƒ•Š ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‘”• ‹• ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ™‡– •Ž—””› –‘
‹‹‹•‡ˆ—‰‹–‹˜‡†—•–‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†
ƒ•Š’‘†•–Š”‘—‰Š•Ž—””›’‹’‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Ž› ƒ•Š ‹• ƒ —™ƒ–‡† —„—”– ”‡•‹†—‡ ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ
‘„—•–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‘ƒŽ –Š‡”ƒŽ ’‘™‡” ’Žƒ–Ǥ – ‹•
‡‹––‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–ŠˆŽ—‡‰ƒ•‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡„—”‹‰‘ˆ
‘ƒŽ‹ƒˆ—”ƒ ‡ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘•–ƒ–‹ 
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‘”•ǤŠ‡ˆŽ›ƒ•Š ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡Ž’‘ˆ
’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‘”• ‹• ‘˜‡”–‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ™‡– •Ž—””› –‘
‹‹‹•‡ˆ—‰‹–‹˜‡†—•–‡‹••‹‘•Ǥ
• –‹•–Š‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡†–‘–Š‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ•Š’‘†•–Š”‘—‰Š•Ž—””›’‹’‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• –‡”•‘ˆ—•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹‘ ”‡–‡ƒ†‡‡–ǣ –’”‘˜‹†‡•Š‹‰Š‡”—Ž–‹ƒ–‡•–”‡‰–Šǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡††—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ‹’”‘˜‡†
™‘”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡– Ǥ
• –‡”•‘ˆ—•ƒ‰‡ƒ•ˆŽ›ƒ•Š„”‹ •ǣ –”‡†— ‡•‡š ƒ˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Žƒ›ǡ‘™ ‘•–‘ˆ„”‹ ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ Žƒ›„”‹ ‘ˆ•ƒ‡
“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‡– Ǥ
• –Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ—•‹‰ˆŽ›ƒ•Šǣ
o ‡†— ‡••‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘„›”‡’Žƒ ‹‰–‘’•‘‹Žƒ•‹‰”‡†‹‡–•ˆ‘”‘•– ‘•–”— –‹‘‹š‡•Ǥ
o ‡†— ‡•’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•„›”‡Ǧ—•‡‘ˆ™ƒ•–‡•Ǥ
o ‡†— ‡•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•„‡‹‰ƒ††‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ
o ›†”‘’Š‘„‹ ƒ–—”‡Š‡Ž’•‹–Š‡’”‘’‡”†”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆˆ‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘”‘ƒ†•ƒ†•–”— –—”‡•Ǥ
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS:
• Groundwater contaminationǣ Ž› ƒ•Š ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘„—•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ƒŽ –Šƒ– ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ‡Šƒ ‡†
‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‡Ž‡‡–•ȋ•— Šƒ•ƒ”•‡‹ ǡ„ƒ”‹—ǡ„‡”›ŽŽ‹—ǡ‡– ǤȌǤ
• Ecologyǣ Ž›ƒ•Š †—•– ƒ „‡†‡’‘•‹–‡†‘ –‘’•‘‹Ž‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡’ ƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡’Žƒ–•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹–Š‡
•—””‘—†‹‰‡ ‘•›•–‡Ǥ
• Health Hazardǣ Ž› ƒ•Š ‘–ƒ‹• –”ƒ ‡ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ˜› ‡–ƒŽ• ȋ•— Š ƒ• ƒ†‹—ǡ „ƒ”‹—ǡ Š”‘‹—ǡ
‘’’‡”ǡŽ‡ƒ†ǡ‡” —”›‡– ǤȌ–Šƒ–ƒ”‡†‡–”‹‡–ƒŽ–‘Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ
LITHIUM RESERVES
According to the researchers at the Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMD), Department
of Atomic Energy, Government of India, potential lithium reserves have been found in the Mandya district, Karnataka.
The discovery is significant since the reserve is being touted as the country's single largest source of lithium, an element
that is increasingly finding applications in battery technology used in electric vehicles.
• ”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›ǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ‹–Š‹—”‡•‡”˜‡•‹–Š‡‡ƒ•‹†‹•–”‹ –‘ˆ ƒ—Ƭƒ•Š‹”ǡƒ‘—–‹‰
–‘ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷǤͻ‹ŽŽ‹‘–‘‡•Ǥ
CHALLENGES WITH LITHIUM MINING:
• Impact on the Fragile Himalayan Ecosystemǣ Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ „‡‹‰ ƒ ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡ ƒ† ‡ ‘Ǧ•‡•‹–‹˜‡ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡
•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘—’Žƒ‡††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Biodiversity Lossǣ ‹‹‰ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ „‡–™‡‡ Ƭǡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ž‘••Ǥ
• Š‡—‹“—‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‰‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ†˜‡”•‡Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›‹‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Adverse Environmental Impactǣš–”ƒ –‹‘‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹—ˆ”‘‹–•‘”‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰

™ƒ–‡”ǡ•‘‹Žǡƒ†ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǥ
o Š‡‡š–”ƒ –‹‘’”‘ ‡••‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›™ƒ–‡”Ǧ‹–‡•‹˜‡ǡ”‡“—‹”‹‰ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ʹǤʹ‹ŽŽ‹‘Ž‹–”‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”’‡”–‘‡
‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹—Ǥ
• Effect on River Systems: Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ˆ‘” —‡”‘—• ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒ‹‰ ƒ› ‹‹‰ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–Š”‡ƒ––‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡”‹’ƒ”‹ƒ‡ ‘•›•–‡Ǥ
o Š‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‹‰ˆ”‘‹‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒŠƒ˜‡ˆƒ”Ǧ”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Food Security Concernsǣ ‹‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘ ‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹–Š‹— ƒ ’‘•‡ ”‹•• –‘ ˆ‘‘† •‡ —”‹–› †—‡ –‘ Š‹‰Š ƒ”„‘
‡‹••‹‘•ǡ™ƒ–‡” ‘•—’–‹‘ǡƒ†Žƒ†—•‡‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
o ‘—–”‹‡•Ž‹‡Š‹Ž‡ǡ™Š‡”‡Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‘—–•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–‘›‹‡Ž†‘‡–‘‡‘ˆŽ‹–Š‹—ǡŠ‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ ™‹† ‡‡”‰› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‹† ˆƒ”• ‹ „‘†‹‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ‘ ‡ƒǤ Š‡•‡ ˆƒ”•
Šƒ”‡•• –Š‡ •–”‘‰ǡ ‘•‹•–‡– •‡ƒ ™‹†• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›Ǥ ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ ™‹† ˆƒ”• ƒ ‡’Ž‘› ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‹š‡†Ǧ
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ –—”„‹‡• ƒ Š‘”‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‡ƒ„‡† ‘” ˆŽ‘ƒ–‹‰ ™‹† –—”„‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †‡‡’‡” ™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ Š‹•
–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›–ƒ‡•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ•–™‹†”‡•‘—” ‡•‘˜‡”‘’‡™ƒ–‡”–‘’”‘†— ‡”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡‡‡”‰›ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›–‘–Š‡”‡†— –‹‘‘ˆ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡‹••‹‘•ƒ†–Š‡†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
BENEFITS OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
• Limited availability of landǣ  †‹ƒǡ™Š‡”‡ Žƒ†‹• Ž‹‹–‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ǡŽƒ”‰‡ ™‹† ˆƒ”•
’‘•‹–‹‘‡†‘˜‡”™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡˜‹–ƒŽǤ
• Efficiencyǣ ‹† •’‡‡† ‘˜‡” ™ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡• ‹• Š‹‰Š ƒ† ‘•‹•–‡– ‹ †‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ ‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ ™‹† ˆƒ”•
‰‡‡”ƒ–‡‘”‡‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›’‡”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›Ǥ
• Consistent energy generationǣ•–Š‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†‹••–”‘‰‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡†ƒ›–‹‡ǡ‹–‡•—”‡•ƒ‘”‡ ‘•‹•–‡–
ƒ†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘™Š‡ ‘•—‡”†‡ƒ†‹•ƒ–‹–•Š‹‰Š‡•–Ǥ
• Long operating hours: ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†’‘™‡”ƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‡”‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰Š‘—”•†—‡–‘‹–•Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›—–‹Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘
factor (CUF)–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ‘•Š‘”‡™‹†ˆƒ”•Ǥ
• Energy Security and Diversificationǣ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†’‘™‡”Š‡Ž’•†‹˜‡”•‹ˆ› †‹ƒ̵•‡‡”‰›‹šǡ”‡†— ‹‰
†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ˆ‘••‹Žˆ—‡Ž•ƒ†‡Šƒ ‹‰‡‡”‰›•‡ —”‹–›Ǥ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†‹†‹‰‡‘—••‘—” ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡ
”‡†— ‹‰”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡‘‹’‘”–‡†ˆ—‡Ž•Ǥ
• Infrastructure Developmentǣˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†’”‘Œ‡ –•‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•— Šƒ•’‘”–•ǡ
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘‡–™‘”•ǡƒ†‰”‹†‹–‡” ‘‡ –‹‘•Ǥ
CHALLENGES OF OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY
• High cost of generationǣˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†–ƒ”‹ˆˆ•‹ †‹ƒƒ”‡Ž‹‡Ž›–‘”ƒ‰‡„‡–™‡‡•͹Ǧͻ’‡”—‹–ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘
•ʹǤͺǦʹǤͻ’‡”—‹–ˆ‘”‘•Š‘”‡™‹†Ǥ
• Offshore wind farms require high maintenance costs †—‡–‘–Š‡†ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ˜‡•ƒ†‡˜‡Š‹‰Š™‹†•Ǥ
• Lack of supporting infrastructure Ž‹‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ •—„•–”— –—”‡ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•ǡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘• ˜‡••‡Ž• ƒ† –”ƒ‹‡†
™‘”‡”•Ǥ
• Higher installation costs of offshore wind turbines †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‘ˆ •–”‘‰‡” •–”— –—”‡• ƒ†
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ‘•Š‘”‡™‹†ˆƒ”•Ǥ
RECOMMENDATIONS ON OFFSHORE WIND ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• Renewable purchase obligationǣ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡†‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‡†‡–‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•’‘™‡”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡•ǡ
‘’‡ƒ ‡•• ‘•—‡”•ƒ† ƒ’–‹˜‡—•‡”• ƒ’—” Šƒ•‡ Ž‡ƒ‡‡”‰›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–‘–ƒŽ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ‘•—’–‹‘
–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡’—” Šƒ•‡‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Lower taxes:  †‹ƒǡ –Š‡  ƒ™ ‡š‡’–• ‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–› ƒ† ’‘™‡” •ƒŽ‡• ˆ”‘ Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•–ǡ ™‹† ’‘™‡”
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘’ƒ‹‡• ƒ‘– Žƒ‹ ‹’—– –ƒš ”‡†‹–• ™Š‡ –Š‡› ’ƒ›  –‘ ’—” Šƒ•‡ ‰‘‘†• ƒ†Ȁ‘” •‡”˜‹ ‡• ˆ‘”
•‡––‹‰—’–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ
• Feed-in tariffǣ‹• ‘• ƒƒ†‘’–ˆ‡‡†Ǧ‹–ƒ”‹ˆˆȋ ‹Ȍ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‡‹–ƒ†ƒ–‘”›–‘’”‘ —”‡‘ˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†
’‘™‡”Ǥ ˆˆ•Š‘”‡ ™‹† ’‘™‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ „‡ ’”‘‘–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ —–‹Ž ‹– „‡ ‘‡•
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Deemed generation provisionǣˆˆ•Š‘”‡™‹†’”‘Œ‡ –•‡‡†’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ‰ƒ‹•– —”–ƒ‹Ž‡– ‘ ‡”•†—‡–‘–Š‡

‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–ƒ–‡‘ƒ†‹•’ƒ– Š‡–”‡•ȋ•Ȍ–‘ƒ„•‘”„’‘••‹„Ž›‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ’‘™‡”Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•ǡ
the offshore wind can be given a “deemed generation provisioǤ
• Frame a visionary policyǣ”–‹ —Žƒ–‡ Ž‡ƒ”‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•–‘”‡†— ‡ ‘•–•ƒ†‡•—”‡Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”•‡ —”‹–›”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰‘ˆˆǦ
–ƒ‡””‹••Ǥ


KEYWORDS: Conventional and Non-conventional Sources of Energy; Energy Basket; Gas-Based Economy; Electric
Power; Thermal Power; Waste To Wealth; High and Low Ash Content; Hydroelectric Power; Underutilised potential;
Alternative system of storage; Nuclear Power; Transmission and Distribution Losses; etc.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard 2023
preparedness in these areas.
Discuss the natural resource potential of the ‘Deccan trap’.  2022
Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for its limited spatial spread. 2022
Discuss the multi-dimensional implications of the uneven distribution of mineral oil in the world. 2021
Despite India being one of the countries of the Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to 2021
its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss.

Account for the present location of iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving 2020
examples.
India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. 2020
Elaborate
Why is India taking a keen interest in the resources of the Arctic Region? 2018
How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource-rich Africa? 2015
Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in the world. 2014
With the growing scarcity of fossil fuels, atomic energy is gaining more and more significance in India. 2013
Discuss the availability of raw materials required for the generation of atomic energy in India and in the
world.

It is said that India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of the country for 2013
a quarter century. However, tapping the resources doesn’t appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss
critically the availability and issues involved.



82
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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

10 WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

• †‹ƒǡŠ‘‡–‘ͳͺΨ‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†̵•’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡŠƒ•ƒ ‡••–‘‘Ž›ͶΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‰Ž‘„ƒŽˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•ǤŠ‡’”‹ƒ”›

•‘—” ‡‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‹•–Š‡‘•‘‘ǡ™Š‹ Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”•ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆͶǡͲͲͲ„‹ŽŽ‹‘ —„‹ ‡–‡”•ȋȌǡ
‘”ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳǡͳ͹Ͳ‹ŽŽ‹‡–”‡•Ǥ
• Monsoon Dependency:Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡•ƒ”‡Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‡Ž‹ƒ–‘–Š‡‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘–‘‡‡––Š‡‹”™ƒ–‡”
‡‡†•Ǥ
• Regional Disparities: Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ ‘”–Š‡” •–ƒ–‡• ‡Œ‘› ƒ ƒ„—†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ•
ƒŒƒ•–ŠƒǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡƒ†ƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡˆƒ ‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™ƒ–‡”†‡ˆ‹ ‹–•ǤŠ‡•‡†‹•’ƒ”‹–‹‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š––Š‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‡‡†
ˆ‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ††‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›–‘‡•—”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‹•
˜‹–ƒŽ”‡•‘—” ‡Ǥ


CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION: SEVENTH SCHEDULE

• Central List (Entry 56 of List I):‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ–ƒ–‡”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡—†‡”–Š‡ ‘’‡–‡ ‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–„›ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡––Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• State List (Entry 17 of List II): –ƒ††•™ƒ–‡”–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ž‹•–ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•ǡ ƒƒŽ•ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ
†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡•ǡ™ƒ–‡”•–‘”ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†™ƒ–‡”’‘™‡”Ǥ

WATER SCARCITY
• Falkenmark Index:  ‘”†‹‰–‘‹–ǡ‹ˆƒƒ–‹‘̵•ƒ—ƒŽ”‡‡™ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”—•‡’‡”’‡”•‘‹•ǣ
o Water Stress: Š‡ ‘—–”›‹•”‡’‘”–‡†Ž›‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰™ƒ–‡”•–”‡••‹ˆ–Š‡˜‘Ž—‡‹•—†‡”ͳǡ͹ͲͲ͵Ǥ
o Water Shortage: –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•Š‘”–ƒ‰‡„‡Ž‘™ͳǡͲͲͲ͵Ǥ
o Water Scarcity: ‡Ž‘™ͷͲͲ͵ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›Ǥ


DAY ZERO
• The day when a city’s taps dry out and people have to stand in line to collect a daily quota of water.
• International Case (South Africa): ƒ’‡‘™ǡ–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –‘ˆ̶ƒ›‡”‘ǡ̶‘”–Š‡†ƒ›–Š‡™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ”—‘—–ǡ
‡š‹•–‡†„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳ͸ƒ†ʹͲͳͺǤ
• Indian Case: Chennai, one of India’s major cities facing an acute, unprecedented water shortage and witnessing
—”„ƒˆŽ‘‘†•ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (WRM)
• The World Bank defines WRM as the “process of planning, developing, and managing water resources, in terms of
„‘–Š™ƒ–‡”quantity ƒ†qualityǡƒ ”‘••ƒŽŽ™ƒ–‡”—•‡•̵Ǥ
o –‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ǡ‹ ‡–‹˜‡•ǡƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•–Šƒ–•—’’‘”–ƒ†‰—‹†‡™ƒ–‡”
ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

o –ƒŽ•‘‡–ƒ‹Ž•ƒƒ‰‹‰™ƒ–‡”Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†”‹••ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–ǡƒ† ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

FACT-WISE

• ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›’‡”’‡”•‘‹ †‹ƒ™ƒ•ͷͳ͹͹ —„‹ ‡–‡”•‹ͳͻͷͳǡ„—–‹–Šƒ••‹ ‡ˆƒŽŽ‡–‘ͳͷͶͷ —„‹ ‡–‡”•

‹ʹͲͳͳƒ†‹•’”‡†‹ –‡†–‘ˆƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž‘™‡”–‘ͳ͵ͲͲ —„‹ ‡–‡”•„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
•  ‘”†‹‰–‘NITI Aayogǡƒ‰‘˜‡”‡––Š‹–ƒǡʹͲ‘”‡ ‹–‹‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰‡‰ƒŽ—”—ǡ‡ŽŠ‹ǡƒ† ›†‡”ƒ„ƒ†ǡ
™‘—Ž†”—‘—–‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡‡š–›‡ƒ”•‹ˆ•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ™‡”‡‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ
• SDG 6: •—”‡ƒ ‡••–‘™ƒ–‡”ƒ†•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŽŽǤ ‡••–‘•ƒˆ‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š›‰‹‡‡‹•–Š‡‘•–„ƒ•‹ 
Š—ƒ‡‡†ˆ‘”Š‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰Ǥ

NEED OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

• NITI Aayogǣ  —‡ʹͲͳͺǡ  ƒ›‘‰”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†ƒ”‡’‘”––‹–Ž‡†"Composite Water Management Index (CWMI)"
o Ž‘•‡–‘͸ͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‹‰Š‹‰Š–‘‡š–”‡‡™ƒ–‡”•–”‡••Ǥ
o ʹͲͲǡͲͲͲ’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡†›‹‰ƒ—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‹•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ ‡••–‘•ƒˆ‡™ƒ–‡”Ǥ

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o „‘—– ͹ͲΨ ‘ˆ ‹–• ™ƒ–‡” „‡‹‰ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†ǡ †‹ƒ ™ƒ• ”ƒ‡† ͳʹͲ–Š ‘—– ‘ˆ ͳʹʹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”
“—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
• Central Ground Water Boardǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘•–”‡ ‡–‡–”ƒŽ ”‘—†ƒ–‡”‘ƒ”††ƒ–ƒȋˆ”‘ʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡƒ•
ƒ›ƒ•ʹͷ͸‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•͹ͲͲ†‹•–”‹ –•Šƒ˜‡†‡ Žƒ”‡†"critical"‘”"over-exploited"‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ
• Uneven Distribution: ƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‘–‹—‡–‘Žƒ ”ƒ‹ƒ†‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”†—‡–‘–Š‡—‡˜‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘
‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
• Demand for Urban Areasǣ  ‹–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ
‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‡‡† ˆ‘” ™ƒ–‡” –Šƒ –Š‡”‡ ‹• •—’’Ž›Ǥ
††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘•‡”˜‹‰™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–Šƒ–
–Š‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ Ž‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”ˆ‘”ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Social and Political Conflicts: ƒ–‡” • ƒ” ‹–› ‹•
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ Internal water crises
are also a national security concern.
• Skewed Priorities: ‹˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ
—”„ƒ‡‰ƒ ‹–›ƒ––Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽ‹‘•Ž‹˜‹‰‹
•‡‹Ǧ—”„ƒ ƒ† ”—”ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡
•—””‘—†‹‰”‡‰‹‘•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ”‘—–‹‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹ †‹ƒǤ
• Contaminated water resources: ‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡‡–•–‘†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ›‘–Š‡”™ƒ–‡”•‘—” ‡•ƒ”‡
‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š„‘–Š„‹‘ƒ† Š‡‹ ƒŽ’‘ŽŽ—–ƒ–•ǡand over 21% of the country's diseases are water-related. 
• Cyclical Rainfall: ‹ ‡ †‹ƒ̵• ”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ ‹• Žƒ”‰‡Ž› › Ž‹ ƒŽǡ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‘’• ”‡“—‹”‡• ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ƒ–‡” •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†•
™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†–Š‡‡ ‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ
• Energy Saving: Š‡”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”’‘™‡”•—’’Ž›ƒ†™ƒ–‡”Ǧ„ƒ•‡†’‘™‡”‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡
†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”–‘ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–†‡‰”‡‡Ǥ
TRADITIONAL WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN INDIA

MODERN METHODS OF WATER MANAGEMENT

• Rainwater Harvesting: ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ˜‡”›‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–™ƒ›–‘”‡’Ž‡‹•Š–Š‡‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†•ƒ˜‡
ƒ–—”ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
• Pressure Reducing Valves: ƒŠ›†”ƒ—Ž‹ •›•–‡ǡƒ’”‡••—”‡Ǧ”‡†— ‹‰˜ƒŽ˜‡‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•–Š‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ
’”‡••—”‡ǤŠ‡•‡˜ƒŽ˜‡•‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘„‡—•‡†‹•’”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†Ǥ
• Water metering: •–ƒŽŽ‹‰™ƒ–‡”‡–”‡•–‘–”ƒ ™ƒ–‡”—•ƒ‰‡‹„‘–Š”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ†„—•‹‡••„—‹Ž†‹‰•‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‡ Š‹“—‡–‘”‡†— ‡™ƒ–‡”™ƒ•–‡Ǥ – ƒƒ‹†‹Ž‡ƒ†‡–‡ –‹‘Ǥ
• Greywater recycling: – ‹• ƒ –‡ Š‹“—‡ ˆ‘” ”‡—•‹‰ —•‡† ƒ† ™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ •Š‘™‡”•ǡ ™ƒ•Š‹‰ ƒ Š‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
‹– Š‡•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‹‰•Ž‹‡ˆŽ—•Š‹‰–‘‹Ž‡–•ƒ†™ƒ–‡”‹‰’Žƒ–•Ǥ
• Water-efficient Accessories: ‡™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒ”‡ ’—•Š‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” •ƒ˜‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘’”‘‹•‹‰
—•ƒ‰‡’ƒ––‡”•ǡ•— Šƒ•ƒŽ–‡”‡†•’”ƒ›’ƒ––‡”•‹–ƒ’•ƒ†•Š‘™‡”•ƒ†‡Šƒ ‡†ˆŽ—•Š’”‡••—”‡‹–‘‹Ž‡–•Ǥ
INTEGRATED URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (IUWM)
• ‹•ƒ’”‘ ‡••™Š‹ Š‡•—”‡•™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ǡ—•‡†™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ•ƒ‹–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•–‘”™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–
ƒ„‡’Žƒ‡†‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‡ ‘‘‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†Žƒ†—•‡Ǥ
WATER USE EFFICIENCY
It is defined as the amount of carbon assimilated as biomass or grain produced per unit of water used by the crop.
It is about careful management of water supply sources, use of water serving technologies, reduction of excessive
demand and other actions. There can be the following methods to increase water use efficiency.

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Micro Irrigation
• Water utilisation efficiency: –‹•‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡†„›‹ ”‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆͷͲ–ͻͲΨǤ
• Potential: Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”†”‹’‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹•–Š‘—‰Š––‘–‘–ƒŽʹ͹‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡ –ƒ”‡•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ•
‘” ‡‘‹ ”‘Ǧ ””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ
Sprinkler irrigation
• – ‹• ƒ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž›‹‰
™ƒ–‡”Ž‹‡”ƒ‹Ǥ –‹••—‹–‡†ˆ‘”
‘•–”‘™ǡˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†–”‡‡ ”‘’•Ǥ
• ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡•’”ƒ›‡†‘˜‡”‘”
—†‡” –Š‡ ”‘’ ƒ‘’›Ǥ Š‡
•’”‹Ž‡”„”‡ƒ•—’–Š‡™ƒ–‡”
into droplets sized 0.5–4
mmǤ
Drip Irrigation
• – Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘ •ƒ˜‡
™ƒ–‡” ƒ† —–”‹‡–• „›
ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰™ƒ–‡”–‘†”‹’•Ž‘™Ž›
–‘ –Š‡ ”‘‘–• ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–•ǡ ‡‹–Š‡”
ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•‘‹Ž•—”ˆƒ ‡‘”
„—”‹‡†„‡Ž‘™–Š‡•—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ
• Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‹• –‘ ’Žƒ ‡ ™ƒ–‡”
†‹”‡ –Ž›‹–‘–Š‡”‘‘–œ‘‡ƒ†
‹‹‹œ‡ ‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡
†”‹’‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••ǡ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†—–”‹‡–•ƒ”‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹’‹’‡• ƒŽŽ‡†‘dripper lines’ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‹‰
•ƒŽŽ‡”—‹–•‘™ƒ•‘drippers’.
Sub-surface irrigation
• Š‹• ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‡• ’Žƒ–• ™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡” –Šƒ– ‹• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž̵• •—”ˆƒ ‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹ ”‘Ǧ
‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘‹•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡‘—•Ǥ
• –‘Ž›‡‡†•ƒŽ‹––Ž‡™ƒ–‡”’”‡••—”‡–‘™‘” ‘””‡ –Ž›Ǥ
Bubbler irrigation:
• –†‹•’‡”•‡•™ƒ–‡”ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–ʹ͵ͲŽ‹–”‡•’‡”Š‘—”–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹––Ž‡•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‘—–ƒ‹•Ǥ
• –‹•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†‹ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•™Š‡”‡ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†“—‹ Ž›Ǥ
Advantages of Micro Irrigation
• Helps in Saving of Water: ‹ ”‘Ǧ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡†— ‡™ƒ–‡”—•ƒ‰‡„›ʹͷ–ͶͲ’‡” ‡–ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ†
•›•–‡•ƒ†Ͷͷ–͸Ͳ’‡” ‡–ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘•—”ˆƒ ‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Uniform Water application: ‹‰Š‡” —‹ˆ‘”‹–› ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡„›ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ Ž‡•• ™ƒ•–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
™ƒ–‡”ǡ’‘™‡”ƒ†ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹•‡”•Ǥ
• Helps in saving electricity: •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”›’‹’‡•‹‹ ”‘Ǧ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•‘’‡”ƒ–‡ƒ–Ž‘™’”‡••—”‡ȋʹ–Ͷ„ƒ”ȌǤ
Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡•‡”‡“—‹”‡Ž‡••‡‡”‰›ˆ‘”’—’‹‰Ǥ
• Improves chemical application: ‹ ”‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡• ƒƒ’’Ž› Š‡‹ ƒŽ•–‘’Žƒ–•–Š”‘—‰Šfertigation units.
• Reduces weeds and diseases: Š‡› ‘’‡–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‘’•ˆ‘”—–”‹‡–•ǡ‘‹•–—”‡ƒ†•—Ž‹‰Š–ǡ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡†— ‡
–Š‡ ”‘’“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡›‹‡Ž†Ǥ
• Success story of Israel: ƒ†‡•‡”–ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›Šƒ•„‡ ‘‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”•—”’Ž—•ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–ƒ†‘’–‡†
‹ ”‘Ǧ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ –‹•‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› †”‹’ ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– •ƒ˜‡• almost three-fourths of the water used for
irrigation done through open canals.
Micro Irrigation in India:
• •‘ˆʹͲʹͶǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒaverage penetration of micro irrigation—22%—•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‘™‡”–Šƒƒ›‘–Š‡”
ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Only four Indian states—‹‹ǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒ—Šƒ˜‡‘”‡–ŠƒͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡–
—Ž–‹˜ƒ„Ž‡Žƒ† ‘˜‡”‡†„›‹ ”‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡‘‡–Ǣ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰•–ƒ–‡•Šƒ˜‡Ž‡••–ŠƒͳͷΨǤ

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• ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Š’”‘†— ‡•–Š‡‘•–sugarcane, a crop that requires a lot of water ‹–‘Ž›Šƒ•ͳǤͷΨƒ†ǡ

—Œƒ„‘Ž›Šƒ•ͳǤʹΨ‘ˆ‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ—†‡”‹ ”‘‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• ˜‡”–Š‡‡š–ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ–•–‘ ‘˜‡”100 lakh acres of land with micro-irrigation.


MICRO-WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

• ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†‹•ƒgeo-hydrological land unit –Šƒ–‰ƒ–Š‡”•™ƒ–‡”ƒ†‡’–‹‡•‹––Š”‘—‰Šƒ ‡–”ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ƒ‹
‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡† ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‹• –‘ •–‘”‡ ƒ† ”‡’Ž‡‹•Š ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡” —•‹‰ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ –‡ Š‹“—‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
’‡” ‘Žƒ–‹‘–ƒ•ǡ”‡ Šƒ”‰‡™‡ŽŽ•ǡƒ†ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ’‘†•Ǥ
• It’s one of the most efficient methods of conserving water and managing scarce Water resources with a
†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ
• ‹œ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹ ”‘™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†”ƒ‰‡•ˆ”‘ͳͲͲ–‘ͳͲͲͲ ‡ –Ǥ
• ‘ǡ‹–‰‹˜‡•• ‘’‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ”‡ƒǦ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ˆ‘”„‡––‡”™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Integration of Technologies: Watershed management is the integration of technologies within the natural
boundaries of a drainage areaˆ‘”–Š‡‘’–‹—†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŽƒ†ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡƒ†’Žƒ–”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‡‡––Š‡„ƒ•‹ 
‡‡†•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•‹ƒ•—•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ‡”Ǥ
• Classification of watershed (based on size):
o ƒ ”‘™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ȋεͷͲǡͲͲͲ ‡ –Ȍ
o —„Ǧ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ȋͳͲǡͲͲͲ–‘ͷͲǡͲͲͲ ‡ –Ȍ
o ‹ŽŽ‹Ǧ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ȋͳͲͲͲ–‘ͳͲͲͲͲ ‡ –Ȍ
o ‹ ”‘™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ȋͳͲͲ–‘ͳͲͲͲ ‡ –Ȍ
o ‹‹™ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ȋͳǦͳͲͲ ‡ –Ȍ
BENEFITS OF MICRO-WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• Increased Water use Efficiency: ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š‡–Š‘†•Ž‹‡†”‹’‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•’”‹Ž‡”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Prevention of Soil Erosion: –ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’•‹”‡˜‡–‹‰•‘‹Ž‡”‘•‹‘ǡ’Žƒ–‹‰–”‡‡•‹–Š‡™ƒ•–‡Žƒ†•ǡ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”
”‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‹Ž‘‹•–—”‡Ǥ
• Improves Quality of Life: ‹ ”‘ƒ–‡”•Š‡†ƒƒ‰‡‡–Š‡Ž’•‹ ’”‘˜‹‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡†”‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘‡
”‡‰‹‘„›–Š‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„‘–Šˆ‘”†”‹‹‰ƒ†‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ‰Ǥǡ‘‡ƒ† ‹”Ž•™‹ŽŽ
‘–Šƒ˜‡–‘–”—†‰‡Ž‘‰‡”†‹•–ƒ ‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‡– Š‹‰™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
• Corresponding Development in Vegetation:  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ —”• ‹ •‡‹Ǧƒ”‹† ”‡‰‹‘• „› ”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
• For drought-prone areasǣ ‘”– ‘—– –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” • ƒ” ‹–› ƒ† †”‘—‰Š–Ǥ ‹ ”‘Ǧ™ƒ–‡”•Š‡† ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ
’”‡˜‡–—™ƒ–‡†‡˜ƒ’‘”ƒ–‹‘„›increasing the biomass component of the area.
• Restoration of Natural Water resources:‹‡’‘†•ǤŽƒ‡•Ǥ‡– Ǥ
• Infrastructure Development: – Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡• Ž‹‡ –ƒ•ǡ ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ’‘†•ǡ Š‡ 
†ƒ•ǡ‡– Ǥ–‘•–‘”‡–Š‡”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡‘‹•–—”‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‹ŽǤ
GOVERNMENT STEPS FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
• Jal Shakti Ministry: ‘”‡†‹ʹͲͳͻ„›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–™‘™ƒ–‡”Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹‹•–”‹‡•ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–‹
–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Swajal Scheme: –‹•†‡•‹‰‡†ƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ†Ǧ†”‹˜‡ƒ†community-centred ’”‘‰”ƒ–‘’”‘˜‹†‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ ‡••
–‘†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”–‘’‡‘’Ž‡‹”—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ –‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ •ƒ†–Š‡
‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”Ǥ
• Jal Jeevan Mission (2019): ‘’”‘˜‹†‡’‹’‡†’‘–ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”–‘‡˜‡”›”—”ƒŽŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†„›ʹͲʹͶǤ –Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǡ–Š‡
ƒŽ ‡‡˜ƒ‹••‹‘Ǥ
• Interlinking of Rivers project: ‘‡•—”‡‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡“—‹–›‹–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„›‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹†”‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘‡ƒ†”ƒ‹Ǧˆ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY): ƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͻ–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡•‹•‡Ž‡ –‡†
•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• PM Krishi Sinchayi Yojana: ‘‹’”‘˜‡ˆƒ” ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›ƒ†‡•—”‡„‡––‡”—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡•‹–Š‡
‘—–”›‹Ǥ‡ǤǡPer Drop, More Crop.
• National Water Mission: ‘‡•—”‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†™ƒ–‡””‡•‘—” ‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–Š‡Ž’‹‰–‘ ‘•‡”˜‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ‹‹‹œ‡
™ƒ•–ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡•—”‡‘”‡‡“—‹–ƒ„Ž‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘„‘–Šƒ ”‘••ƒ†™‹–Š‹•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ


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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

Case Study: Anmol Jeevan Abhiyan

• Š‡̵‘Ž ‡‡˜ƒ„Š‹›ƒ̵ȋ”‡ ‹‘—•‹ˆ‡ƒ’ƒ‹‰Ȍ‹•ƒ”‡ ‡–’”‘Œ‡ –‹ƒ”‡”ǡƒŒƒ•–Šƒ–Šƒ–Šƒ•‹•’‹”‡†

”—”ƒŽ’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•ƒ†’”‘’‡”–›‘™‡”•–‘—’‰”ƒ†‡–ƒƒ•–”— –—”‡„›ƒ††‹‰Šƒ†’—’•ƒ†Ž‘ ‹‰Ž‹†•Ǥ
• –Šƒ•’—•Š‡†Š‘—•‡‘™‡”•ƒ†˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡’ƒ Šƒ›ƒ–•–‘•–”— –—”ƒŽŽ›—’‰”ƒ†‡–Š‡‹”–ƒƒ•™‹–ŠŠƒ†’—’•ƒ†
Ž‘ ‹‰ ‘˜‡”‹‰•Ǥ

INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
Initiatives About
•  ™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Ǧƒ–‡” ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ –”‹‡• –‘ „‡––‡” ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡
UN Water ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ„—•‹‡••ǡ‘’”‘ˆ‹–ǡƒ†ˆ—†‹‰‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ”‘—†ƒˆ‡™‡›™ƒ–‡”•‡ –‘”
Conference and ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ˆ‘” ƒ–‹‘• –‘ ‹˜‡•–ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ” ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹•–ƒ‡•‘ˆ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

Universal • Š‡ †‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ‹˜‹Ž •‘ ‹‡–› ’”‘Œ‡ – –‘ ‘—–Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ”‹‰Š–• –‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒŽŽ
Declaration of the ”‹˜‡”•ƒ”‡‡–‹–Ž‡†Ǥ
Rights of Rivers •  •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Šƒ‰‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡š–”ƒ –‹˜‡ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ƒ† –‘™ƒ”†• ‘‡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š
‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ •ƒˆ‡‰—ƒ”†• ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰ ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ–—”‡ ‹• „‡‹‰ Š‡”ƒŽ†‡† „› –Š‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ
–”‡†‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‹‰Š–•–‘ƒ–—”‡Ǥ

WAY AHEAD FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

• Arth Ganga Model: New govt model for the River’s Sustainable Development
o Š‡”–Š ƒ‰ƒ‘†‡Ž̵•ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‰‘ƒŽ‹•–‘ ‘‡ –’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‹˜‡”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‡ ‘‘›Ǥ
o –ƒ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͵Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ ˆ”‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡ ƒ‰ƒƒ•‹Ǥ
o –‡”˜‡–‹‘•ƒ†‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”–Š ƒ‰ƒ’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ”‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š †‹ƒ̵• ‘‹–‡–•–‘–Š‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
• Water management needs a hydro-social approach
o Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ† Šƒ‰‡• –‘ ™ƒ–‡” •›•–‡• ™ƒ• —†‡”Ž‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ IPCC's
fourth assessment report (2007).
o Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ‹• ’”‡†‹ –‡† –Šƒ– ‹ˆ —””‡– –”‡†• ‘–‹—‡ǡ –Š‡ difference between freshwater demand and
supply ‹‰Š–‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–‘ͶͲΨ„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
o Š‡”‹‰Š–˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹••–”‡••‡†‹–Š‡UN World Water Development Report, ʹͲʹͳǡ™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡•ˆ‹˜‡
˜‹‡™’‘‹–•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–Ǥ
• Holistic Water Management System
o ƒ–‡” ‘•—’–‹‘Šƒ•‰”‘™•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž›ƒ• ‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡‡š’ƒ†‡†“—‹ Ž›Ǥƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›ƒ††‡’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ”‡
ƒŒ‘”’”‘„Ž‡•–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽ•‘‘ ‘ˆ”‘–’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‡˜‡ƒ•†‡•‹”‡•†”‹˜‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‘˜‡–‘‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ••—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ„‡•‡ŽˆǦ•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‹–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ǡ™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–
‡‡†•–‘—†‡”‰‘ƒ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ
• India’s Water Vision: Roadmap for a Sustainable Future
o ‰‘˜‡”‡–’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ƒŽŽ‡† †‹ƒ̵•ƒ–‡”‹•‹‘ ƒ‹•–‘’”‘˜‹†‡ƒŽŽ †‹ƒ•™‹–Šƒ ‡••–‘ Ž‡ƒǡ•ƒˆ‡
™ƒ–‡”Ǥ
o Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡’Šƒ•‹•‡• ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡ ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ •—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ™ƒ–‡”
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
• River Cities Allianceǣ –’”‘˜‹†‡•–Š‡‡„‡” ‹–‹‡•™‹–Šƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”–‘†‹• —••ƒ†‡š Šƒ‰‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒ•’‡ –•
–Šƒ–ƒ”‡˜‹–ƒŽˆ‘”•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ—”„ƒ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
DRAFT WATER POLICY
• Š‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”‘Ž‹ ›ȋȌ•–”‹˜‡ˆ‘”ƒ—Ž–‹Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ǡ—Ž–‹Ǧ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Objectives:
• –ƒ‹•–‘’”‘‘–‡ƒ ‹” —Žƒ”‡ ‘‘›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹–›ƒ–‡”ƒŽƒ ‡Žƒˆ‘”‡ƒ Š
‹–›ˆ‘ —•‹‰‘”‡ › Ž‹‰Ȁ”‡—•‡‘ˆ–”‡ƒ–‡†•‡™ƒ‰‡ǡ”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•ƒ†™ƒ–‡” ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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• –ˆ‘ —•‡•‘ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ‹–‹‡• ‘self-reliant’ ƒ†‘water secure’Ǥ‹••‹‘ –ƒ”‰‡–•–Š‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘ˆʹǤ͸ͺ ”‘”‡–ƒ’

‘‡ –‹‘•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‹–‡†‡†‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ
Need of New Water Policy:
• Increasing Demandǣ‡ ‡–‡•–‹ƒ–‡••—‰‰‡•––Šƒ–‹ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ†‡ƒ† ‘–‹—‡•ǡƒ„‘—–ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒ‹—‡–„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
• Declining Water Availability by 2050:ƒ–‡”ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹••‡––‘™‘”•‡™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ƒ—ƒŽ’‡” ƒ’‹–ƒ™ƒ–‡”
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘ˆƒŽŽ„›͵͹Ψ„›ʹͲͷͲǤ
• Water Stress Scenario: †‹ƒ‹•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‡š–”ƒ –‘”‘ˆ‰”‘—†™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡ƒ”Ž›͸ͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ †‹ƒ•ˆƒ ‡
Š‹‰Š–‘‡š–”‡‡™ƒ–‡”•–”‡••ǡ
• Falling water table and deteriorating water quality: Š‹•Šƒ•ƒ†‡–Š‡‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘—”–‘•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•ƒ™ƒ–‡”
ƒƒ‰‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š
Salient features of Policy:
• Supply-centric approach: Š‡ ’‘Ž‹ › ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ƒ™ƒ› from a supply-centric approach to the
management of demands. For example, Crop Diversification.
• Reduce-Recycle-Reuse approachǣŠ‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡’”‘’‘•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†—”„ƒ™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ƒ†
†‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†™ƒ•–‡™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–ǡ™‹–Š–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‡–‘ˆ•‡™ƒ‰‡ƒ†‡ ‘Ǧ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—”„ƒ”‹˜‡”•–”‡– Š‡•Ǥ
• Channelising of Supply-side options: ›—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰™ƒ–‡”•–‘”‡†‹„‹‰†ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ ‘—Ž†„‡‰”‡ƒ–Ž›
‡š’ƒ†‡† ƒ– ƒ ˜‡”› Ž‘™ ‘•– „› †‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ’”‡••—”‹œ‡† Ž‘•‡† ‘˜‡›ƒ ‡ ’‹’‡Ž‹‡•ǡ ‘„‹‡† ™‹–Š —’‡”˜‹•‘”›
‘–”‘Žƒ†ƒ–ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ȋSCADAȌ•›•–‡•ƒ†’”‡••—”‹œ‡†‹ ”‘Ǧ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Nature-based solutions: Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡supply of water through “nature-based solutions” such as the
”‡Œ—˜‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ– Š‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ–‘„‡‹ ‡–‹˜‹•‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ‘’‡•ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡ ‘•›•–‡•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• National Water Commission: ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ —‹ˆ‹‡† —Ž–‹Ǧ†‹• ‹’Ž‹ƒ”›ǡ —Ž–‹Ǧ•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡” National Water
Commission (NWCȌǡ™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡ƒ‡š‡’Žƒ”ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‡•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǥ
• Use of indigenous knowledgeǣ ‡ Š‹“—‡• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘—” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹• ƒ ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ
”‡•‘—” ‡–Šƒ–—•–„‡ˆ—ŽŽ›Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡†Ǥ
DAM SAFETY ACT, 2021
The Dam Safety Act of 2021 mandates comprehensive surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance protocols
for all specified dams across India to ensure their safe and effective functioning. The legislation aims to mitigate risks
associated with dam failures, enhance structural integrity, and protect downstream communities by implementing
stringent safety measures and regular monitoring procedures.
Features
• National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”
‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ”‡•‘Ž˜‡‹••—‡•„‡–™‡‡–ƒ–‡ƒƒˆ‡–›”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘•ȋ‘”•Ȍ
ƒ††ƒ‘™‡”•Ǥ
• State Dam Safety Organisations (SDSOs) Š‡ ƒ – ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ •ǡ ƒ† –ƒ–‡
‘‹––‡‡•‘ƒƒˆ‡–›ȋ•ȌǤŠ‡Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•™‹ŽŽ‡š–‡†–‘ƒŽŽ†ƒ•‹–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• National Committee on Dam SafetyǣŠ‡ƒ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡‘ƒƒˆ‡–›
ȋȌ™Š‹ Š‹•–‘„‡ Šƒ‹”‡†„›–Š‡‡–”ƒŽƒ–‡”‘‹••‹‘‡”ȋȌǤ
• Surveillance of damsǣ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ǡ‹•’‡ –‹‘ǡ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆƒŽŽ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹‡††ƒ•
ƒ ”‘••–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Provision for PenalatyǣŠ‡ƒ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ˆ‘”•–”‹‰‡–’‡ƒŽ–‹‡•‹ ƒ•‡‘ˆ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰–™‘ ›‡ƒ”•‘ˆŒƒ‹Ž
–‡”Ǥ
Significance of the Act
• Brings UniformityǣŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–™ƒ–•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ—‹ˆ‘”‹–›‘ˆ’”‘ ‡†—”‡•™Š‹ Š‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›
ƒŽŽ†ƒ‘™‡”•ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–›’‡‘ˆŽƒ”‰‡†ƒǤ
• Provide Strict Guidelinesǣƒ–‡”‹•ƒ•–ƒ–‡•—„Œ‡ –ƒ†–Š‡ƒ –Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ƒ –
’”‘˜‹†‡•‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†Ǥ

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• Ensure QualityǣŠ‡ƒ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ‡ Šƒ‹•™Š‡”‡ƒ ”‡†‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡”‡ƒŽŽ›‰‘‹‰–‘–ƒ‡’ƒ”–

‹–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡŠƒ•–‘„‡–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡‘ˆǤ
• Securityǣ ƒ• ƒ”‡ ’”‘‡ –‘ †ƒƒ‰‡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹” •ƒˆ‡–› ‹• ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ǥ Š‡ ƒ – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ•ƒˆ‡–›•–ƒ†ƒ”†•Ǥ
Conclusion:
It is necessary to come up with new ideas for improved urban water management because population expansion and
climate change are increasing water usage. The difficulties need to be made more widely known to more people in
various local contexts. Similar adjustments are necessary for organisations like regional departments that have a
significant impact. In order to address water challenges, comprehensive and systemic solutions must be put into
practice.


KEYWORDS Unprecedented Water Shortage; Water Scarcity; Floods And Droughts; Depletion of Groundwater;
Impact of water scarcity; Water Pollution; Pesticides Use; Polluted Rivers; Unscientific Cropping Pattern; Destruction
of Wetlands and Lakes; Groundwater contamination; Water Resource Management; Judicious allocation of Water;
Preventing Unsustainable Exploitation; Need for Behavioural Change; Water as a common pool; Developing Water
Protection Zones; etc.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION
Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources?  2023

What are the environmental implications of the reclamation of the water bodies into urban land use? Explain 2021
with examples.
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of 2020
droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Critically examine.
How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? 2020

What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? 2019
“The ideal solution of depleting groundwater resources in India is water harvesting system.” How can it be 2018
made effective in urban areas?
What is water use efficiency? Describe the role of micro-irrigation in increasing their-use efficiency. 2016
Enumerate the problems and prospects of inland water transport in India. 2016
In what way do micro-watershed Development projects help in water conservation in drought-prone and 2015
semi- arid regions of India?
What is the economic significance of the discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea and its possible environmental 2015
consequences?
India is well endowed with fresh water resources. Critically examine why it still suffers from water scarcity. 2015

Bring out the relationship between the shrinking Himalayan glaciers and the symptoms of climate change in 2013
the Indian sub-continent.


 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

11 TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION IN INDIA

”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹ †‹ƒ‹•ƒ ‘’Ž‡šƒ††‹˜‡”•‡•›•–‡–Šƒ–’Žƒ›•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•‡ ‘‘›ƒ††ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ

‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰”‘ƒ†ǡ”ƒ‹Žǡƒ‹”ǡƒ†™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ
• †‹ƒ̵•ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹†—•–”›Šƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‰”‘™–Š‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ͻ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹”’‘”–•
‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Šƒ•†‘—„Ž‡†ˆ”‘͹Ͷ‹ʹͲͳͶ–‘ͳͶͺ‹ Ž—†‹‰ͳ͵͹ƒ‹”’‘”–•ǡʹƒ–‡”ƒ‡”‘†”‘‡•ƒ†ͻ ‡Ž‹’‘”–•‹
’”‹ŽʹͲʹ͵Ǥ
• ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹• ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͶǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽƒ‹”’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹ †‹ƒ‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•—”’ƒ••‡†ͳͻͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǤŠ‡
—„‡”‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ƒ‹”’ƒ••‡‰‡”•‹ †‹ƒ‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘•—”‰‡–‘͵ͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ—ƒŽŽ›„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
UTILITY OF TRANSPORTATION IN IMPROVING INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
• Moving inputs and outputs: ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ†Žƒ„‘—”–‘‹†—•–”‹‡•ƒ†
†‡Ž‹˜‡”•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ’”‘†— ––‘–Š‡ ‘•—‡”•Ǥ
• Market Access: ƒ„Ž‡•‹†—•–”‹‡•–‘–ƒ’‹–‘‡™ƒ”‡–•ǡ‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹””‡ƒ Šƒ†„‘‘•–‹‰•ƒŽ‡•ƒ†”‡˜‡—‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽǡ–Š—•†”‹˜‹‰‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Access to remote areas: ‘”‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‰ƒ•’‹’‡Ž‹‡•‡ƒ„Ž‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ’‡–”‘ Š‡‹ ƒŽ ‘’Ž‡š‡•‹ƒ”ƒ—‹ƒ†
ƒ–Š—”ƒǤƒ†–ƒ’•–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Industrial Clusters and SEZs: –”‘‰–”ƒ•’‘”–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹•˜‹–ƒŽˆ‘”•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ Ž—•–‡”•ƒ†•ǡ
‡ƒ„Ž‹‰‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹•ǡ”‡•‘—” ‡•Šƒ”‹‰ǡƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‘’–‹ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Economic growth: ‰‘‘†–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡‹•˜‹–ƒŽ–‘ƒ––”ƒ –†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡‡’Ž‘›‡–
ƒ† •’—” ‡ ‘‘‹  ‰”‘™–ŠǤ Ǥ‰Ǥ ƒ  ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘ „‡Š‹† ’‘‘” ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹”‡•‘—” ‡Ǧ”‹ Š‘”–Š‡ƒ•–‡””‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Employment generation: —”ˆƒ ‡ǡƒ–‡”ƒ†˜‹ƒ–‹‘•‡ –‘”’”‘˜‹†‡•‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•–‘‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Trade and Export Opportunities: ‡ŽŽǦ ‘‡ –‡†–”ƒ•’‘”–‡–™‘”•‡ƒ„Ž‡‹†—•–”‹‡•–‘ƒ ‡••‰Ž‘„ƒŽƒ”‡–•ǡ
‡‰ƒ‰‡‹‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ǡƒ††”‹˜‡‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š–Š”‘—‰Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‡š’‘”–•ƒ†ƒ”‡–‡š’‘•—”‡Ǥ
RAILWAY TRANSPORT SYSTEM
• Š‡ †‹ƒƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‹•–Š‡lifeline of IndiaǤ‹–Š‹–•˜ƒ•–‡–™‘”ƒ ”‘••–Š‡Ž‡‰–Šƒ†„”‡ƒ†–Š‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ‹–‹•‘–
Œ—•–ƒ‡”‡–”ƒ•’‘”–‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•ƒ†‰‘‘†•„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• †‹ƒŠƒ•–Š‡Ͷ–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•–”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•›•–‡‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡ„‡Š‹†‘Ž›ǡ—••‹ƒƒ†Š‹ƒǤŠ‡ †‹ƒƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ‘•‹•–•
‘ˆƒ–‘–ƒŽ–”ƒ Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆͳʹ͸ǡ͵͸͸™‹–Š͹ǡ͵͵ͷ•–ƒ–‹‘••’ƒ‹‰‘˜‡”͸ͺǡͲͲͲǤͷʹͶ͵‘ˆ–”ƒ Ž‡‰–Š™ƒ•
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡††—”‹‰ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ʹͻͲͻ•†—”‹‰ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹǤ
• › ‡ƒ”Ž› ʹͲʹͶǡ ͻǡͻͳͲ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘ˆ ‡™ –”ƒ  Ž‡‰–Š ™‡”‡ ‘‹••‹‘‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ ’Žƒ‡† ʹͻǡͳͶ͹ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”• ‘ˆ
”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡’”‘Œ‡ –•
• †‹ƒ ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ”—• ͻͲͲͲ ˆ”‡‹‰Š– –”ƒ‹• †ƒ‹Ž› ™Š‹ Š carry around 3.05 million tonnes of freight. Š‡ †‹ƒ
ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•Šƒ•Ž‘ƒ†‡†ͳͷͳʹ†—”‹‰ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘ͳͶͳͺ†—”‹‰ ʹͲʹͳǦʹʹǤ
NEED FOR ROBUST RAILWAY INFRASTRUCTURE
• Economic Growth: ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•’Žƒ›ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Š„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–ƒ† ‘•–Ǧ
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‘†‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‰‘‘†•ƒ†’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǥ
• Connectivity: ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ƒ‡ƒ„Ž‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ•‹Ž›ǡˆ‘•–‡”‹‰•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š Šƒ‰‡™Š‹Ž‡‡Šƒ ‹‰
ƒ ‡••–‘‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡ǡƒ†‡’Ž‘›‡–‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Mass Transportation: ‹–ŠƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹ƒŠ‡ƒ˜‹Ž›”‡Ž‹‡•‘”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ˆ‘”ƒ••–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”‘„—•–
”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ‡•—”‡• •ƒˆ‡ǡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ –”ƒ˜‡Ž ‘’–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ”‡†— ‹‰
‘‰‡•–‹‘‘”‘ƒ†•ƒ†Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•Ǥ
• Freight Movement: –Š‡Ž’•‹”‡†— ‹‰Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ‘•–•ǡ‡Šƒ ‹‰•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡƒ†•—’’‘”–‹‰‹†—•–”‹‡•
•— Šƒ•ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ǡƒ†‹‹‰Ǥ
• Environmental Benefits: › ’”‘‘–‹‰ ”ƒ‹Ž –”ƒ˜‡Ž ƒ† ˆ”‡‹‰Š– –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ †‹ƒ ƒ ”‡†— ‡ ƒ”„‘ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ
ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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NATIONAL RAIL PLAN VISION – 2030
• Š‡ †‹ƒƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•Šƒ•’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹ŽŽƒȋȌˆ‘” †‹ƒǦʹͲ͵Ͳǡ™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ"future-
ready"”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•›•–‡„›ʹͲ͵ͲǤ
• The key objectives of the National Rail Plan are as follows:
o Increase Modal Share of Railways in Freight: ‘”—Žƒ–‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•̵‘†ƒŽ•Šƒ”‡‹
ˆ”‡‹‰Š––‘ͶͷΨ–Š”‘—‰Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–‹‡•ƒ† ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ’‘Ž‹ ›‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
o Reduce Transit Time of Freight: —„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡†— ‡–Š‡–”ƒ•‹––‹‡‘ˆˆ”‡‹‰Š–„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡
•’‡‡†‘ˆˆ”‡‹‰Š––”ƒ‹•–‘ͷͲȀŠǤ
o Dedicated Freight Corridors: †‡–‹ˆ› ‡™ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ‘””‹†‘”• –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‘˜‡‡– ‘ˆ
ˆ”‡‹‰Š–Ǥ
o High-Speed Rail Corridors: †‡–‹ˆ›‡™Š‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡†”ƒ‹Ž ‘””‹†‘”•–‘‡Šƒ ‡’ƒ••‡‰‡” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
o Rolling Stock and Locomotive Assessment: ••‡••–Š‡”‘ŽŽ‹‰•–‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ƒ†
™ƒ‰‘ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ˆ‘” ˆ”‡‹‰Š–ǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‘ ‘‘–‹˜‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ͳͲͲΨ
‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡‘†ƒŽ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆˆ”‡‹‰Š–Ǥ
o Private Sector Involvement: ‹ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ‘™‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ”‘ŽŽ‹‰ •–‘ ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ƒ†
’ƒ••‡‰‡”–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǡƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ȁ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–”ƒ ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ


NATIONAL RAIL PLAN VISION 2024

As part of the National Rail Plan Vision 2024 has been launched for accelerated implementation of critical projects
by 2024, including:
• ͳͲͲΨ‡Ž‡ –”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
• —Ž–‹Ǧ–”ƒ ‹‰‘ˆ ‘‰‡•–‡†”‘—–‡•
• ’‡‡†—’‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–‘ͳ͸ͲȀŠ‘‡ŽŠ‹Ǧ ‘™”ƒŠƒ†‡ŽŠ‹Ǧ—„ƒ‹”‘—–‡•
• ’‡‡†—’‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘–‘ͳ͵ͲȀŠ‘‘–Š‡” ‘Ž†‡—ƒ†”‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽǦ ‘Ž†‡‹ƒ‰‘ƒŽȋ Ȁ Ȍ”‘—–‡•
• Ž‹‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž ”‘••‹‰•‘ Ȁ ”‘—–‡•Ǥ

CHALLENGES OF THE INDIAN RAILWAYS

• Passenger transport: ”‘•••—„•‹†‹œƒ–‹‘„—”†‡ƒ†Š‹‰Š‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ˜‡’”‡˜‡–‡† †‹ƒ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ˆ”‘
’”‘˜‹†‹‰Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–›•‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
• Average speed: ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‹•˜‡”›Ž‘™ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ–Š‡’ƒ••‡‰‡” ”‘™†‹••Š‹ˆ–‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•”‘ƒ†ƒ†ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ
o Š‡ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‹ǦŠ‹‰ŠǦ•’‡‡†–”ƒ‹™ƒ•ͺͳǤ͵ͺ’Š‹ʹͲʹʹǦʹ͵ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ•ˆ”‡‹‰Š––”ƒ‹•”—ƒ–ƒ
ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡•’‡‡†‘ˆͶ͸Ǥ͹ͳ’ŠǤ
• Freight transport: ‹‰Š ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ˆ”‘”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–†—‡–‘ Š‡ƒ’‡””ƒ–‡•ƒ††‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡††‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ
• Capacity Constraints: ‹‹–‡†–”ƒ ƒ†–‡”‹ƒŽƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›Šƒ’‡”•ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰†‡ƒ†ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰
–‘ˆ—ŽŽ–”ƒ‹•ƒ†”‡†— ‡†ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡•Ǥ
• Safety Concerns:  ‹†‡–• †—‡ –‘ Š—ƒ ‡””‘”ǡ –”ƒ  †‡ˆ‡ –•ǡ ƒ† ‡“—‹’‡– ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡• ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡”‹–•ƒ”–”ƒ‹ƒ ‹†‡–‹ʹͲͳͺǤ
• High operating cost: †‹ƒƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ˆƒ ‡•”‡˜‡—‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•™Š‹Ž‡‰”ƒ’’Ž‹‰™‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰•–ƒˆˆƒƒ‰‡‡–
‡š’‡†‹–—”‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰•ƒŽƒ”‹‡•ǡ’‡•‹‘•ǡƒ†‡†‹ ƒŽˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•–”ƒ‹Ǥ
• Congestion: †‹ƒ ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›• ˆƒ ‡• ‘‰‡•–‹‘ ƒ– ƒŒ‘” Œ— –‹‘• Ž‹‡ —„ƒ‹ ƒ† ‘™”ƒŠǡ ƒ—•‹‰ †‡Žƒ›• ƒ†
”‡†— ‡†‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
• Amrit Bharat Station scheme (2022):It‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡•–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆͳͲͲͲ•ƒŽŽ•–ƒ–‹‘•‘ƒ ‘–‹—‘—•„ƒ•‹•
™‹–ŠƒŽ‘‰Ǧ–‡”˜‹•‹‘Ǥ
• "One Nation One Card" system (2019): ̶‡ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ”†̶•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡•’ƒ›‡–•ƒ†‡Šƒ ‡• ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ˆ‘”
–”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‡”•„›‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ƒ•‹‰Ž‡ ƒ”†ˆ‘”—Ž–‹’Ž‡‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹ Ž—†‹‰–”ƒ‹•ǡ„—•‡•ǡƒ†‡–”‘•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
• Kavach: †‹ƒŠƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰‹–•‘™”ƒ‹‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘˜‘‹†ƒ ‡›•–‡ȋȌ•‹ ‡ʹͲͳʹǡ‘™‘™ƒ•
Kavach or "armour."
• National Rail Plan (NRP): Š‡  ƒ‹• –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ˆ—–—”‡Ǧ”‡ƒ†› ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› •›•–‡ „› ʹͲ͵ͲǤ – ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡
‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ‘””‹†‘”•(e.g., Eastern and Western Dedicated Freight Corridors) ƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ
•’‡‡† ”ƒ‹Ž ‘””‹†‘”• (e.g., Mumbai-Ahmedabad Bullet Train project).

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• Rail India Development Fund (RIDF) (2017): Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ  –‘‘„‹Ž‹œ‡ˆ—†•ˆ‘” ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›
’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡƒ†‘†‡”‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›‡–™‘”Ǥ
• Dedicated Freight Corridors (DFCs): Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ”‡‹‰Š– ‘””‹†‘” ȋ Ȍ ƒ†
‡•–‡”‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ”‡‹‰Š–‘””‹†‘”ȋ Ȍ‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ–‹’”‘˜‹‰ˆ”‡‹‰Š––”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ƒ†”‡†— ‹‰
‘‰‡•–‹‘‘‡š‹•–‹‰”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›Ž‹‡•Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
RECOMMENDATIONS OF BIBEK DEBROY COMMITTEE ON RAILWAY MODERNISATION (2015)
• Modernization and Upgradation: ˜‡•–‹‘†‡”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ•‹‰ƒŽŽ‹‰•›•–‡•ǡƒ†”‘ŽŽ‹‰•–‘ –‘‹’”‘˜‡
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›ǡ•ƒˆ‡–›ǡƒ†’ƒ••‡‰‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ
• Infrastructure Expansion: ‘–‹—‡–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‡™”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›Ž‹‡•ǡ†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ‘””‹†‘”•ǡƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ
•’‡‡†”ƒ‹Ž‡–™‘”•–‘‡Šƒ ‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ”‡†— ‡ ‘‰‡•–‹‘ǡƒ†•—’’‘”–‡ ‘‘‹ ‰”‘™–Šƒ ”‘••”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Make in India and Self-Reliance: ”‘‘–‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†Ƭ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•‡ –‘”
–‘”‡†— ‡†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘‹’‘”–•Ǥ
• Enhancing Customer Experienceǣ Š‡ ”‡’‘”– Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ ’ƒ••‡‰‡” ƒ‡‹–‹‡•ǡ
Ž‡ƒŽ‹‡••ǡƒ†‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ —•–‘‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ
• Roll-on Roll-off Model for Freight Transport: ’Ž‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘ŽŽǦ‘ ”‘ŽŽǦ‘ˆˆ ‘†‡Ž ‘ ‡†‹ ƒ–‡† ”‡‹‰Š–
‘””‹†‘”• ȋ •Ȍ –‘ –”ƒ•’‘”– Ž‘ƒ†‡† –”— • ‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ‹Žǡ ‡Šƒ ‹‰ ”‡˜‡—‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡†— ‹‰ ƒ”„‘
ˆ‘‘–’”‹–Ǥ
• Commercialization and Outsourcing: š’Ž‘”‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• –‘ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ‹Ž™ƒ› ”‘†— –‹‘ ‹–• ƒ†
‘—–•‘—” ‡‡†‹ ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘•–”‡ƒŽ‹‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›Ǥ
The Indian railway system plays a crucial role in the country's transportation infrastructure, with significant
improvements, digitalization, skill development, and safety enhancements, while facing challenges of revenue,
expenditure, and fossil fuel dependence, which are being addressed through initiatives such as the National Rail Plan,
public-private partnerships, and sustainable practices.


ROAD TRANSPORT
With a vast network of roads, India has one of the largest road networks in the world, connecting rural and urban areas,
facilitating trade and commerce, and enabling the mobility of people and goods.Road transport plays a vital role in
India's transportation system, serving as a lifeline for both passenger and freight movement across the country. 

DATA AND FACTS ON ROADS IN INDIA
Total length of the • †‹ƒŠƒ•ƒ„‘—–͸͸Ǥ͹ͳŽƒŠ‘ˆ”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ”‰‡•–‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†
Roads ƒˆ–‡”Ǥ
Contribution to GVA • ‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‹•–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–•‡‰‡–‹ †‹ƒ̵•–”ƒ•’‘”–•‡ –‘”ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡†
͵ǤͲ͸’‡” ‡––‘ ”‘••ƒŽ—‡††‡†ȋ Ȍ‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͶǤ
• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ʹ͵‹ŽŽ‹‘”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‘–‘”˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•‹ †‹ƒ„›‡†‘ˆʹͲʹ͵Ǥ
National Highways • Š‡ Ž‡‰–Š •–ƒ†• ƒ– ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳͶ͸ǡͳͶͷ ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•ǡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‰ ƒ ͸ͲΨ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡
ˆ”‘ͻͳǡʹͺ͹‹Ž‘‡–‡”•‹ʹͲͳͶǤ
• ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒŠƒ•–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡•–‡–™‘”‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰Š™ƒ›•™‹–ŠͳͺǡͶͷͻȋͳ͵ǤͶΨȌǡ
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Š ƒ† ƒŒƒ•–Šƒ ™‹–Š ͳ͵ǡʹͶͺ  ȋͺǤͻΨȌ ƒ† ͳʹǡͲͲͲ 
ȋ͹ǤͺΨȌ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡƒ•‘ˆŒƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲʹͶǤ
State Highways • •‘ˆ‡ƒ”Ž›ʹͲʹͶǡ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‡‰–Š‘ˆ–ƒ–‡ ‹‰Š™ƒ›•‹ †‹ƒ•–ƒ†•ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›
ͳͺ͵ǡͲͳͳ‹Ž‘‡–‡”•Ǥ
Rural Roads • ‘•–‹–—–‡͹ͳǤͶ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ•‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲʹͶǡ
–Š‡Ž‡‰–Š‘ˆ—”ƒŽ‘ƒ†•™ƒ•͸͵ǡͶͷǡͶͲ͵Ǥ
• Š‡ ˆ‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘ˆ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ••ƒǡ ‹Šƒ”ǡ ––ƒ” ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ† ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Š
ƒ ‘—–ˆ‘”ͶʹǤͶ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ—”ƒŽ‘ƒ†•‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
CHALLENGES:
• Road Congestion: •—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–”‘ƒ† ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ†‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡–”ƒˆˆ‹ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ ‘‰‡•–‹‘ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰
–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†–”ƒ˜‡Ž–‹‡ǡˆ—‡Ž ‘•—’–‹‘ǡƒ†ƒ‹”’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǤŠ”‡‡ ‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒ”ƒ‡†‹–Š‡–‘’ͳͲ ‹ Ž‘„ƒŽ
”ƒˆˆ‹ ‘‰‡•–‹‘Ǥ

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• Poor Road Infrastructure: ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡”‘ƒ†‡–™‘”ǡƒ›”‘ƒ†••—ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘’‘‘”“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡

ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡƒ†Žƒ ‘ˆ’”‘’‡”•‹‰ƒ‰‡ƒ†Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ǤŠ‹•Šƒ’‡”•”‘ƒ†•ƒˆ‡–›ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘•–•
ƒ†ƒˆˆ‡ –•–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Road Safety:Ǥ As per Annual Report on ‘Road Accidents in IndiaǦ2022” ,during the calendar year 2022, which
Žƒ‹‡†ͳǡ͸ͺǡͶͻͳŽ‹˜‡•ƒ† ƒ—•‡†‹Œ—”‹‡•–‘ͶǡͶ͵ǡ͵͸͸’‡”•‘•Ǥ
• Road User Behavior: ‘Ǧ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –”ƒˆˆ‹  ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘˜‡” •’‡‡†‹‰ǡ ‹’”‘’‡” Žƒ‡ —•ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ†
†‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ˆ‘”’‡†‡•–”‹ƒ•ƒˆ‡–›ǡƒ††•–‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ
• Road Connectivity in Hilly and Remote Areas: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ”‘ƒ† ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ‹ Š‹ŽŽ› –‡””ƒ‹•ǡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰
‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ǡƒ†”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‡””ƒ‹’‘•‡•—‹“—‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Environmental Impact: ‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”– ‘–”‹„—–‡•–‘ƒ‹”ƒ†‘‹•‡’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ‹’ƒ –‹‰„‘–ŠŠ—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†
–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
• Integration of Transport Modes: ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘†‡• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ •— Š ƒ• ”‘ƒ†ǡ ”ƒ‹Žǡ ƒ†
™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ•‡ƒŽ‡••ƒ†—Ž–‹‘†ƒŽ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡Ǥ
BHARATMALA PARIYOJANA (2017)
• – ƒ‹• –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘‡ – ͷͷͲ †‹•–”‹ –• ƒ ”‘•• –Š‡ ‘—–”› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Š‹‰Š™ƒ› Ž‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ Ž•‘ ‘’–‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ ˆ”‡‹‰Š– ƒ† ’ƒ••‡‰‡” ‘˜‡‡– ‹ †‹ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•Ǥ
• The key features and components of the project include:
o Economic Corridors: ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒ”‘—†ʹ͸ǡʹͲͲ‘ˆ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘””‹†‘”•–‘‡•—”‡
•‡ƒŽ‡••ƒ†•’‡‡†›–”ƒ˜‡Žˆ‘”Š‡ƒ˜›ˆ”‡‹‰Š––”ƒˆˆ‹ Ǥ
o Feeder Routes or Inter Corridors: ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ͸ǡͲͲͲ‘ˆˆ‡‡†‡””‘—–‡•‘”‹–‡” ‘””‹†‘”•–‘ƒ††”‡••
‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ƒ•›‡–”›ƒ†‹’”‘˜‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
o National Corridor Efficiency Improvement: ‘ —• ‘ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘””‹†‘”ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡ —ƒ†”‹Žƒ–‡”ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”–ŠǦ‘—–Š ƒ† ƒ•–Ǧ‡•– ‘””‹†‘”•ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ
‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ‘””‹†‘”•ǡ „›’ƒ••‡•ǡ ”‹‰ ”‘ƒ†•ǡ Žƒ‡ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ǡ ƒ† Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ’ƒ”• ƒ† †‡” –Š‹• ǡ͵ͶǡͺͲͲ  ‘ˆ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰Š™ƒ›Ž‡‰–Š™ƒ•’Žƒ‡†ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–—†‡”Šƒ•‡Ǧ ‘ˆŠƒ”ƒ–ƒŽƒƒ”‹›‘ŒƒƒǤ


PM-GATI SHAKTI (2021)

Six pillars of the plan:

1. Comprehensiveness: Centralized portal for all existing and planned initiatives, providing critical data for
comprehensive planning and execution.
2. Prioritization: Cross-sectoral interactions to help different Departments prioritize projects.
3. Optimization: National Master Plan to identify critical gaps and select the most optimal routes for
transportation.
4. Synchronization: Holistic coordination and synchronization of activities among Ministries and Departments to
avoid delays and improve implementation.
5. Analytical: GIS-based spatial planning and analytical tools with multiple layers for better visibility and
monitoring.
6. Dynamic: Real-time progress monitoring and periodic updates of cross-sectoral projects through satellite
imagery.

PROJECT PARVATMALA (2022)

• ”‘Œ‡ –ƒ”˜ƒ–ƒŽƒǡ’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡National Ropeways Development Programmeǡƒ‹•–‘‡Šƒ ‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›‹
Š‹ŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒ•—•‹‰‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡”‘’‡™ƒ›•›•–‡•Ǥ
• Key points:
o –™‹ŽŽ„‡‹’Ž‡‡–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡PPP (Public-Private Partnership)‘†‡Ǥ
o –ƒŽ•‘‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‹‡†Ž›ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡–‘ ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ”‘ƒ†•‹ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‡””ƒ‹•Ǥ
o ‘ —•‡•‘‹’”‘˜‹‰ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‘—–‡”•ǡƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰–‘—”‹•Ǥ
• Targeted Areas: I‹–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ”‡‰‹‘• Ž‹‡ ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡ ‹ƒ ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒ‹’—”ǡ ƒ— Ƭ ƒ•Š‹”ǡ ƒ†
‘–Š‡”‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡”•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
• Last Mile Connectivity:
o ‘’‡™ƒ›•›•–‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡—–‹Ž‹œ‹‰͵ȋƒ‹†‘ˆ ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”•›•–‡Ȍ‘”•‹‹Žƒ”–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ‹’”‘˜‡
Žƒ•–Ǧ‹Ž‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›‹Š‹ŽŽ›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

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o ƒ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ••‡‰‡”•’‡”Š‘—”Ǥ
CIVIL AVIATION
Civil Aviation refers to the operation, regulation, and development of aviation activities within the country. Civil
Aviation in India is a rapidly growing sector, playing a crucial role in the country's transportation infrastructure and
economic development. 


DATA-WISE

• Š‡ †‹ƒƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘‹†—•–”› ‘–”‹„—–‡•ͷΨ–‘ ǡ’”‘˜‹†‡•Ͷ‹ŽŽ‹‘Œ‘„•ǡƒ†•—’’‘”–•͹‹ŽŽ‹‘Œ‘„•–Š”‘—‰Š

–‘—”‹•Ǥ
• –Š‡ˆ‹• ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ʹͲʹ͵ǦʹͶǡ †‹ƒ̵•ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͳͻͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǥ
• †‹ƒ”ƒ•ƒ•–Š‡͹–ŠŽƒ”‰‡•– ‹˜‹Žƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡–‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹•projected to become the 3rd largest by 2024Ǥ
• By 2036, †‹ƒ̵•–‘–ƒŽ’ƒ••‡‰‡”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‹•‡š’‡ –‡†–‘”‡ƒ ŠͶͺͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘ǡ•—”’ƒ••‹‰–Š‡ ‘„‹‡†–”ƒˆˆ‹ ‘ˆ ƒ’ƒ
ƒ† ‡”ƒ›Ǥ

CHALLENGES IN CIVIL AVIATION IN INDIA:

• Funding and Investment: ‘„‹Ž‹œ‹‰ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ˆ—†‹‰ǡƒ––”ƒ –‹‰’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹˜‡•–‡–ǡƒ†‡•—”‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ‘†‡Ž•ˆ‘”ƒ‹”’‘”–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‡š’ƒ•‹‘”‡ƒ‹ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Air Traffic Congestion: ‹–Š‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ƒ‹”–”ƒˆˆ‹ ǡ ‘‰‡•–‹‘ƒ–ƒŒ‘”ƒ‹”’‘”–•ƒ†ƒ‹”•’ƒ ‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒ ‘ ‡”Ǥ
Š‹•Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†‡Žƒ›•ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†ˆ—‡Ž ‘•—’–‹‘ǡƒ†Š‹‰Š‡” ‘•–•Ǥ
• Skill Shortage: ‡‡–‹‰–Š‡‰”‘™‹‰†‡ƒ†ˆ‘”•‹ŽŽ‡†ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ǡ•— Šƒ•’‹Ž‘–•ǡƒ‹”–”ƒˆˆ‹  ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡”•ǡ
ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‡‰‹‡‡”•ǡ”‡ƒ‹•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ
• Safety and Security: –”‡‰–Š‡‹‰ •‡ —”‹–› ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž•ǡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† –‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ‡Šƒ ‹‰
‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ”‡‘‰‘‹‰ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ
• Regional Connectivity: ”‘‘–‹‰ ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ†
ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ”‡‘–‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ”‡“—‹”‡• ‘˜‡” ‘‹‰ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ •ƒŽŽ‡” ƒ‹”’‘”–•ǡ ƒ† ƒ††”‡••‹‰ Ž‘‰‹•–‹ ƒŽ
‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
• Cost Structure: ƒƒ‰‹‰‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘•–•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ˆ—‡Ž’”‹ ‡•ǡ
–ƒš‡•ǡƒ†ƒ‹”’‘”– Šƒ”‰‡•ǡ‹• ”‹–‹ ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›
‘ˆƒ‹”Ž‹‡•Ǥ
• Environmental Impact: ˜‹ƒ–‹‘̵• ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‹’ƒ –ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ”„‘ ‡‹••‹‘•ǡ ‘‹•‡ ’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘ǡ ƒ† Žƒ† —•‡ǡ
‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡••—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•ǤǤ
• Competition and Market Dynamics: ƒƒ‰‹‰ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǡ
‡•—”‹‰ ˆƒ‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž ’Žƒ›‹‰ ˆ‹‡Ž† ’‘•‡
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ˆ‘””‡‰—Žƒ–‘”›ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•Ǥ
GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES:
• UDAN Scheme: Š‡ †‡ ‡•Š ƒ ƒ ƒ‰”‹ ȋȌ • Š‡‡
’”‘‘–‡•ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ‹” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›„›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ
‹ ‡–‹˜‡•–‘ƒ‹”Ž‹‡•ƒ†‹’”‘˜‹‰ƒ‹”’‘”–‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS): Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Žƒ— Š‡†
–‘‡Šƒ ‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›„›”‡˜‹˜‹‰ƒ‹”•–”‹’•Ȁƒ‹”’‘”–•
ƒ•‘Ǧ ”‹ŽŽ•‹”’‘”–•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒˆˆ‘”†ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‹”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ
• National Civil Aviation Policy: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‹Ž˜‹ƒ–‹‘‘Ž‹ ›‹ʹͲͳ͸ǡƒ‹‹‰–‘’”‘‘–‡–‘—”‹•ǡ
‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡƒ†„ƒŽƒ ‡†”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ‰”‘™–ŠǤ
• Open Sky Agreements: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‡–‡”‡† ‹–‘ ’‡ ›
‰”‡‡‡–•™‹–Š ‘—–”‹‡•ƒ† ‘—–”‹‡•„‡›‘†ͷͲͲͲ
ˆ”‘‡ŽŠ‹ǡ’”‘‘–‹‰‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ‹” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Skill Development Initiatives: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– •—’’‘”–• –Š‡ ˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ‡ –‘” ‹ŽŽ ‘— ‹Ž ƒ† •‹‹Žƒ”
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”•‹ŽŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡•„—†‰‡–ƒ”›•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡›’‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ‹Ž‘–•Ǥ

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• Make in India: Š‡ƒ‡‹ †‹ƒ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•†‘‡•–‹ ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–ǡƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–

‘’‘‡–•ǡƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡ”‡’ƒ‹”ǡƒ†‘˜‡”Šƒ—ŽȋȌˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Krishi Udaan: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– Žƒ— Š‡† –Š‡ ”‹•Š‹ †ƒƒ • Š‡‡ ‹ ʹͲͳͻ –‘ „‘‘•– ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡š’‘”–• „›
’”‘˜‹†‹‰ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”’‡”‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –•ˆ”‘•ƒŽŽ–‘™•–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–•Ǥ
• Green Initiatives: Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‘‘–‡• ‡ ‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹ ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹ ‡–‹˜‡• ˆ‘” 
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡŽƒ†ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡’”‘˜‹†‡”•ǡƒ†œ‡”‘Ǧ”ƒ–‹‰‘ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ


REFORMS UNDER ATMA-NIRBHAR BHARAT ABHIYAN

• Efficient Airspace Management for Civil Aviation:
o Š‡ †‹ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–’Žƒ•–‘‡ƒ•‡”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•‘–Š‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‹”•’ƒ ‡–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡ ›‘ˆ
‹˜‹Ž‹ƒˆŽ›‹‰Ǥ
o Š‡‡š’‡ –‡†„‡‡ˆ‹–•‹ Ž—†‡ƒ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ—ƒŽ‰ƒ‹‘ˆƒ„‘—–•ͳǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ˜‹ƒ–‹‘•‡ –‘”Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ‹”•’ƒ ‡ ™‹ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ”‡†— ‡† ˆ—‡Ž ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡† ˆŽ‹‰Š– –‹‡ǡ ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹’ƒ –•Ǥ
• India's Global Hub for Aircraft Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO):
o Š‡–ƒš”‡‰‹‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡Šƒ•„‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹œ‡†–‘’”‘‘–‡‰”‘™–ŠǤ
o ˜‡” –Š‡ ‡š– –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡š’‡ –‡† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ƒ‹” ”ƒˆ– ‘’‘‡– ”‡’ƒ‹”• ƒ† ƒ‹”ˆ”ƒ‡
ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ˆ”‘•ǤͺͲͲ ”‘”‡–‘•ǤʹǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡Ǥ
o ƒŒ‘”‡‰‹‡ƒ—ˆƒ –—”‡”•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ƒ”‡ƒ–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡‰‹‡”‡’ƒ‹”ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
o ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡ ‡ •‡ –‘” ƒ† ‹˜‹Ž • –‘
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡ ‘‘‹‡•‘ˆ• ƒŽ‡ƒ†”‡†— ‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘•–•ˆ‘”ƒ‹”Ž‹‡•Ǥ
SHIPPING AND INLAND WATERWAYS
Shipping and inland waterways play a vital role in India's transportation network, facilitating the movement of goods
and passengers. The Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is responsible for regulating and developing these
waterways, ensuring navigability for vessels and improving transportation efficiency.


DATA-WISE

• Around 90% of India’s external trade by volume and 70% by ˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ”‡Šƒ†Ž‡†„›’‘”–•Ǥ

• Žƒ†ƒ–‡””ƒ•’‘”–ȋ Ȍ is an economical mode for bulk cargo but currently ”‡’”‡•‡–•‘Ž›ʹΨ ‘ˆ
†‹ƒ̵•‘†ƒŽ‹šǤ
• The government aims to ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡‹–••Šƒ”‡–‘ͷΨ„›ʹͲ͵Ͳthrough the Maritime India Vision (MIV)-2030.
• Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ˆ‘” ƒ”‰‘‘˜‡‡–‘ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”™ƒ›•„›ʹͲ͵Ͳ‹•ʹͲͲƒ•’‡”–Š‡Maritime India Vision
(MIV) 2030.
• †‹ƒ „‘ƒ•–• ƒ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‡–™‘” ‘ˆ ‹Žƒ† ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›• –Šƒ– spans over 20,000 kilometresǡ ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰
”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒƒŽ•ǡƒ†„ƒ ™ƒ–‡”•Ǥ
• ‹–Š111 Inland Waterways declared as National Waterways ˜‹†‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”™ƒ›• –ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ

BENEFITS OF WATERWAYS TRANSPORT

• Cost effective: Š‡ ‘•–‘ˆ ‹•‡ƒ”Ž›ͲǤʹͷ•Ȁǡ‘ˆ”ƒ‹Ž‹•ͳǤͷ•Ȁ™Š‹Ž‡–Šƒ–‘ˆ”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–‹•ʹǤͷ•ȀǤ
• Fuel efficient: Žƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”– ‘•—‡•Ž‡••ˆ—‡Žƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘”ƒ‹Ž‘””‘ƒ†™ƒ›•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǡ
‡Ž‹–”‡‘ˆˆ—‡Ž‘˜‡•ͳͲͷ–‘Ǧ„›‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•„—–‘Ž›ͺͷ–‘Ǧ„›”ƒ‹Žƒ†ʹͶ–‘Ǧ„›”‘ƒ†Ǥ
• Fewer emissions: ʹ‹••‹‘•ˆ”‘ ‘–ƒ‹‡”˜‡••‡Ž•”ƒ‰‡— ŠŽ‡••‡”–Šƒ”‘ƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•Ǥ
• Decongestion: –™‹ŽŽ†‡ ‘‰‡•–‘—” Š‘‡†Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•ƒ†‘˜‡”„—”†‡‡†”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ǤŠ‡”‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ˆ‡™‡”ƒ ‹†‡–•
ƒŽ•‘Ǥ
• Navigable:  †‹ƒǡƒ”‘—†ͳͶǡͷͲͲ‘ˆ”‹˜‡” Šƒ‡Ž•ƒ”‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ—–‘Ž›ʹͲͲͲ‹•—•‡†Ǥ
• Accessibility: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•’”‘˜‹†‡ƒ ‡••–‘”‡‘–‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ† ‘‡ –‹Žƒ†”‡‰‹‘•–‘ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ’‘”–•Ǥ
• Bulk cargo transportation: ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›‘˜‡•Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ„—Ž ‘‘†‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Tourism and recreation: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•‘ˆˆ‡”‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”–‘—”‹•ǡ„‘‘•–‹‰Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ ‘‘‹‡•Ǥ
• Growth: –™‹ŽŽ’”‘‘–‡‡š’‘”–ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ•‹–”‡†— ‡•–Š‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ‘•–‘ˆ‘˜‹‰ ƒ”‰‘„‡–™‡‡’‘”–•ƒ†–Š‡
Š‹–‡”Žƒ†Ǥ

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CHALLENGES:
• Intermodal connectivity: ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹–‡”‘†ƒŽ
‘‡ –‹˜‹–›„‡–™‡‡™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ”‘ƒ†ǡƒ†”ƒ‹Ž‡–™‘”•
‹• ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘”•‡ƒŽ‡••–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Transhipment port: —‡–‘–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–”ƒ•Š‹’‡–
’‘”– ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‘–ƒ‹‡”• ‹ †‹ƒ ƒ”‡
—””‡–Ž› –”ƒ•Š‹’’‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‘–Š‡” ’‘”–• Ž‹‡ ‘Ž‘„‘ǡ
ƒ†‹‰ƒ’‘”‡Ǥ
• Competitiveness: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”–ˆƒ ‡• ‘’‡–‹–‹‘
ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ•— Šƒ•”‘ƒ†ƒ†”ƒ‹Žǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡”‰”‡ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†ˆƒ•–‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”›Ǥ
• Lack of standardized regulations: ƒ”‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ ”‘•• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–ƒ–‡• ƒ† ”‡‰‹‘• ƒ „‡
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹ ‘•‹•–‡ ‹‡•ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š‹–‹‡•‹
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Limited coverage: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ƒ›‘–„‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹ƒŽŽ
”‡‰‹‘•ǡŽ‹‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ†ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Maintenance and dredging: ‡‰—Žƒ” ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ƒ†
†”‡†‰‹‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›• ƒ”‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‡•—”‡
ƒ˜‹‰ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ„—––Š‡•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡ ‘–‹—‘—•‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ† ƒ„‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ‘ ‡”•Ǥ
• Limited market integration: –‡‰”ƒ–‹‰™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”–‹–‘‡š‹•–‹‰•—’’Ž› Šƒ‹•ƒ†Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •‡–™‘”•
ƒ„‡ ‘’Ž‡šǡ”‡“—‹”‹‰ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰˜ƒ”‹‘—••–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ƒ†•›•–‡•Ǥ
ADVANTAGES OF WATERWAYS TO ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY:
• Environmental Benefits:
o Reduced Carbon Emissions: ƒ–‡”™ƒ› –”ƒ•’‘”– ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘”‡ ‡‡”‰›Ǧ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡– ƒ† ’”‘†— ‡• ˆ‡™‡”
ƒ”„‘‡‹••‹‘• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Šƒ•”‘ƒ†‘”ƒ‹”–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ
o Congestion and Road Traffic Reduction: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”–Š‡Ž’•ƒŽŽ‡˜‹ƒ–‡”‘ƒ† ‘‰‡•–‹‘„›’”‘˜‹†‹‰
ƒƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰‰‘‘†•Ǥ
o Less Wildlife and Habitat Disruption: ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ ƒƒŽ•‘”–Š‡†‡‡’‡‹‰‘ˆ”‹˜‡” Šƒ‡Ž•ǡ ƒ”‡†— ‡
†‹•”—’–‹‘ƒ–—”ƒŽŠƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ†‹’ƒ –™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Socio-Economic Benefits:
o Economic Growth: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•’Žƒ›ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰–”ƒ†‡ƒ† ‘‡” ‡Ǥ –’”‘˜‹†‡•ƒ ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡
‡ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰‰‘‘†•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›„—Ž‘”Š‡ƒ˜› ƒ”‰‘Ǥ
o Employment Opportunities: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”– ”‡ƒ–‡•Œ‘„‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—••‡ –‘”•Ǥ –‹˜‘Ž˜‡•
•Š‹’„—‹Ž†‹‰ǡ’‘”–‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǡŽ‘‰‹•–‹ •ǡƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ǡ’”‘˜‹†‹‰‡’Ž‘›‡–ˆ‘”ƒ†‹˜‡”•‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ•‹ŽŽ‡†
ƒ†—•‹ŽŽ‡†™‘”‡”•Ǥ
o Regional Development: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”– ƒ•–‹—Žƒ–‡”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„› ‘‡ –‹‰‹Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ•
–‘ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ”‡‰‹‘•ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡–•Ǥ
o Transportation Efficiency: ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•–”ƒ•’‘”–‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ‡ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–‘†‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ˆ‘”
Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‘ˆ ƒ”‰‘Ǥ
o Accessibility and Connectivity: – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ –”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘’–‹‘ ˆ‘” ”‡‘–‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ
ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ ‡••–‘‰‘‘†•ǡ•‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ”‡Ǥ
EFFORTS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT:

• Š‡  – ’”‘˜‹†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
The Inland Waterways †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ˆ‘”•Š‹’’‹‰ƒ†ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ––‡”•”‡Žƒ–‡†
Authority of India Act, –‘ ‹–Ǥ
1985 •  ‘”†‹‰Ž›ǡŠ‡ Žƒ†ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ  Ȍ™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†‹ͳͻͺ͸Ǥ
National Waterways • Š‡ –†‡ Žƒ”‡†ͳͳͳ”‹˜‡”•‘””‹˜‡”•–”‡– Š‡•ǡ ”‡‡•ǡ‡•–—ƒ”‹‡•ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȋ‹Žƒ†Ȍ
Act 2016 ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ

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• –ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡––‘”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–Š‡•‡™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š
”‡•’‡ ––‘•Š‹’’‹‰ǡƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–”ƒ•’‘”–„›‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡ Šƒ‹ ƒŽŽ›’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†
˜‡••‡Ž•Ǥ

Jal Marg Vikas • –•‡‡•–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–‡”™ƒ›ǦͳȋǦͳȌǤŠ‡

Project (JMVP) (2015) ’”‘Œ‡ –‹•„‡‹‰‹’Ž‡‡–‡†„›–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ †‹ƒ™‹–Š–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡
ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒǤ
Sagarmala Project • Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ”ƒŽƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‘†‡”‹œ‹‰ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ’‘”–•ǡ ‹’”‘˜‹‰
(2015) ’‘”– ‘‡ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ’‘”–ǦŽ‡† ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† •—’’‘”–‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• –ƒ‹•–‘”‡†— ‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ‘•–•ˆ‘”†‘‡•–‹ ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–”ƒ†‡ƒ†‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡
•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ‘†ƒŽ‹šǤ
• –•‡‡•–‘‹‹‹œ‡–Š‡Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ‘•–•„›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ†‘‡•–‹ ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•
‹–Š‡‘†ƒŽ‹šˆ”‘–Š‡ —””‡–͸ΨǤ
Central Road and • Š‡ ˆ—† ™ƒ• ƒ‡†‡† ‹ ʹͲͳͻ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ‹Žƒ† ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›• ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Infrastructure Fund ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡•—„Ǧ•‡ –‘”•‡Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆ—†‹‰Ǥ
(CRIF) • Š‹•ƒŽŽ‘™•–Š‡—–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ—†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹Žƒ†
™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
MARITIME INDIA VISION (MIV) 2030:
• ƒ”‹–‹‡ †‹ƒ ‹•‹‘ ʹͲ͵Ͳ ȋ  ʹͲ͵ͲȌ ‹• ƒ blueprint formulated by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping, and
Waterways to propel India to the forefront of the global maritime sector.
• –ƒ‹•–‘‡•—”‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•ƒ”‹–‹‡•‡ –‘”‹–Š‡‡š–†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ
•  ʹͲ͵ͲŠƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š”‘—‰Š ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š‘˜‡”͵ͷͲ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡•‡ –‘”•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰
’‘”–•ǡ•Š‹’›ƒ”†•ǡ‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡ–”ƒ†‡„‘†‹‡•ǡƒ†‹†—•–”›‡š’‡”–•Ǥ
• Indian Maritime Sector Highlights:
o †‹ƒŠƒ•ͳʹƒŒ‘”’‘”–•ƒ†‘˜‡”ʹͲͲ‘ǦƒŒ‘”’‘”–•ƒŽ‘‰‹–•͹ͷͲͲ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ǡ’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ ”— ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹
–”ƒ†‡ƒ†‰”‘™–ŠǤ
o ͻͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•–”ƒ†‡˜‘Ž—‡ƒ†͸ͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—‡ƒ”‡—†‡”–ƒ‡–Š”‘—‰Šƒ”‹–‹‡–”ƒ•’‘”–Ǥ
o Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–Šƒ•™‹–‡••‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‰”‘™–Šǡ™‹–Šƒ‘†ƒŽ•Šƒ”‡‘ˆ ƒ”‰‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ˆ”‘ͲǤͷΨ–‘
ʹΨ‹–Š‡Žƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
o †‹ƒ”ƒ•͵”†‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›‹•Š‹’”‡ › Ž‹‰ƒ†ʹͳ•–‹•Š‹’„—‹Ž†‹‰Ǥ
o Š‡ ‘—–”›‹•ƒ‘‰–Š‡–‘’ͷ ‘—–”‹‡••—’’Ž›‹‰–”ƒ‹‡†ƒ’‘™‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‹–‹‡‹†—•–”›Ǥ
WAY FORWARD:
• Infrastructure Development: ˜‡•–‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ’‘”–•ǡ‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•ǡƒ†”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡–‘
‹’”‘˜‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ‘†‡”‹œ‹‰ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ’‘”–•ǡ ‘•–”— –‹‰ ‡™ ’‘”–•ǡ ƒ†
‡š’ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‡–™‘”‘ˆ‹Žƒ†™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ
• Public-Private Partnerships: ‘•–‡”
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ†
’”‹˜ƒ–‡ •‡ –‘” –‘ Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ǡ ”‡•‘—” ‡•ǡ
ƒ†‹˜‡•–‡–•Ǥ
• Promote Awareness and Demand: ”‡ƒ–‡
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ‘‰ „—•‹‡••‡• ƒ† ‘•—‡”•
ƒ„‘—––Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ•— Š
ƒ• ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••ǡ ”‡†— ‡† ‘‰‡•–‹‘ǡ ƒ†
‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡•Ǥ
• Integration with Multimodal Transport:
Šƒ ‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘†‡• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•’‘”–ǡ •— Š ƒ• ”‘ƒ†ǡ ”ƒ‹Žǡ
ƒ†ƒ‹”ǡ–‘ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•‡ƒŽ‡••‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ‰‘‘†•
ƒ†’ƒ••‡‰‡”•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Environmental Sustainability:  ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ‡”ˆ—‡Ž•ǡ‹’Ž‡‡–™ƒ•–‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–•›•–‡•ǡƒ†

ƒ†‘’–‡ ‘Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›–‡ Š‘Ž‘‰‹‡•–‘‡•—”‡•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Monitoring and Evaluation: •–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ”‘„—•–‘‹–‘”‹‰ƒ†‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–‘–”ƒ –Š‡’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†
‹’ƒ –‘ˆ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•—†‡”–ƒ‡‹–Š‡™ƒ–‡”–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘•‡ –‘”Ǥ
INTERLINKING OF RIVERS
THE NATIONAL RIVER LINKING PROJECT (NRLP):
• Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹˜‡”‹‹‰”‘Œ‡ –ȋȌ‹•ƒƒ„‹–‹‘—•’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ††”‡••‹‰™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰
‹••—‡•‹ †‹ƒ„›‹–‡”Ž‹‹‰͵͹”‹˜‡”•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ‡–™‘”‘ˆƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͲͲͲ•–‘”ƒ‰‡†ƒ•ǤŠ‹•‹–‡”Ž‹‹‰
™‘—Ž† ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ˜ƒ•–‘—–Š•‹ƒ™ƒ–‡”‰”‹†Ǥ
• National Water Development Agency (NWDA) ‹•–Š‡‘†ƒŽƒ‰‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ
• Š‡Ž‹‹‰‘ˆGodavari and Krishna ™ƒ• ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹ʹͲͳͷǤŠ‡‡š–’”‘Œ‡ –„‡‹‰–ƒ‡—’‹•–Š‡Ken-Betwa
link.
• The project consists of two main components: –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘’‘‡–ƒ†–Š‡‡‹•—Žƒ”‘’‘‡–Ǥ
o The Himalayan Component:
▪ Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ‘’‘‡–ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡•ͳͶ’”‘’‘•‡†
’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ
▪ – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ •–‘”ƒ‰‡ †ƒ• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ ƒ† ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒ ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”
–”‹„—–ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
o The Peninsular Component:
▪ Š‡ ‡‹•—Žƒ” ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ  ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‹–‡”Ž‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡”• ‹ •‘—–Š‡” †‹ƒǤ – ‹˜‘Ž˜‡•
–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰•—”’Ž—• ™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒŠƒƒ†‹ ƒ† ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹ ”‹˜‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ”‹•Šƒǡ ƒ—˜‡”›ǡ ‡ƒ”ǡ ƒ†
ƒ‹‰ƒ‹”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
o This component encompasses four sub-component linkages:
▪ ‘‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒŠƒƒ†‹ƒ† ‘†ƒ˜ƒ”‹”‹˜‡”„ƒ•‹•–‘–Š‡ƒ—˜‡”›ǡ”‹•Šƒǡƒ†ƒ‹‰ƒ‹”‹˜‡”•›•–‡•Ǣ
▪ ‹‹‰–Š‡‡ƒ†‡–™ƒ”‹˜‡”•ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ƒ”„ƒ–‹ƒ†ƒŽ‹•‹†Š”‹˜‡”•–‘–Š‡Šƒ„ƒŽ”‹˜‡”Ǣ
▪ ‘‡ –‹‰™‡•–ǦˆŽ‘™‹‰”‹˜‡”••‘—–Š‘ˆƒ’‹–‘–Š‘•‡‘”–Š‘ˆ‘„ƒ›Ǥ
• Š‡ƒ‹•–‘ƒ††”‡••–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”Ǧ
ƒ„—†ƒ– „ƒ•‹• –‘ ™ƒ–‡”Ǧ†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡– „ƒ•‹•ǡ ’”‘‘–‹‰ „‡––‡” ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰™ƒ–‡”†‡ƒ†•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‘•‹ †‹ƒǤ
BENEFITS:
• Equitable Water Distribution: –‡”Ž‹‹‰ ”‹˜‡”• ‡•—”‡ ˆƒ‹” •Šƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ”‡•‘—” ‡• „‡–™‡‡ ”‡‰‹‘•ǡ
ƒ††”‡••‹‰™ƒ–‡”• ƒ” ‹–›ƒ†’”‘‘–‹‰•—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡”—•‡Ǥ
• Drought Mitigation: ›–”ƒ•ˆ‡””‹‰™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘™ƒ–‡”Ǧƒ„—†ƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‹–‡”Ž‹‹‰”‹˜‡”•Š‡Ž’ ‘„ƒ–†”‘—‰Š–•ǡ
•—’’‘”–‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†•‹™ƒ–‡”Ǧ†‡ˆ‹ ‹‡–”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
• Flood Control: –‡”Ž‹‹‰”‹˜‡”•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡•™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™ǡ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡”‹•‘ˆˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ†‹‹‹œ‹‰†ƒƒ‰‡–‘Ž‹˜‡•ǡ
’”‘’‡”–›ǡƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ
• Irrigation and Agriculture: ‹˜‡” ‹–‡”Ž‹‹‰ ‡Šƒ ‡• ‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡š’ƒ†‹‰ —Ž–‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ†
„‘‘•–‹‰ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–›Ǥ
• Hydropower Generation: –‡” ‘‡ –‡† ”‹˜‡”• ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ ‡‡”‰› ’”‘†— –‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š
Š›†”‘’‘™‡”ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ ‘—–”›̵•‡‡”‰›‡‡†•Ǥ
• Logistics cost: Š‹•’”‘Œ‡ –™‘—Ž†‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰‹•–‹ •ƒ†‘˜‡‡–‘ˆˆ”‡‹‰Š–ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡
Ž‘‰‹•–‹ • ‘•–•Ǥ
• Clean transport mode: Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‡ƒ‡”ǡ Ž‘™Ǧ ƒ”„‘ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”– ™‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‹ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰
ƒ”„‘ˆ‘‘–’”‹–•ƒ†™‘—Ž†ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ Š‡ƒ’‡”‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
DEVELOPMENT OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT
Pipelines are the most convenient, efficient and economical mode of transporting petroleum, petroleum products,
natural gas, water, milk etc. Solids can also be transported through pipelines after converting them into a slurry.
Pipelines have relieved increasing pressure on the existing surface transport system.
ADVANTAGES:
• Suitable mode: Š‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡‘•– ‘˜‡‹‡–‘†‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–‹‰Ž‹“—‹†•ƒ†‰ƒ•‡•Ǥ”ƒ•‹–Ž‘••‡•ƒ”‡‹‹ƒŽ
–Š”‘—‰Š’‹’‡Ž‹‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Easy to lay: ‹’‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡‡ƒ•›–‘’Žƒ ‡‹†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‡””ƒ‹•ƒ†‡˜‡—†‡”™ƒ–‡”Ǥ˜‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›

•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•Ž‹‡ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ•‘™ˆƒŽŽǡ › Ž‘‡•‡– Ǥ
• Low maintenance: ‹’‡Ž‹‡•”‡“—‹”‡˜‡”›Ž‘™‡‡”‰›ƒ†Ž‹––Ž‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Environment friendly: ‹’‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡•ƒˆ‡ǡƒ ‹†‡–Ǧˆ”‡‡ƒ†‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǧˆ”‹‡†Ž›Ǥ
• Cheap Transport: ”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–‹•˜‡”›Ž‘™ ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘–Š‡”‘†‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Industrial development: –„”‹‰•‹†—•–”‹‡•‹‡ƒ”„›”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ‰Ǥ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡”‹†—•–”‹‡•‡ƒ”‰ƒ•
’‹’‡Ž‹‡•ȋ ƒ‰†‹•Š’—”ǡƒ™ƒ‹ƒ†Š‘’—”ȌǤ
DISADVANTAGES:
• Lack of flexibility: Pipelines can’t be laid everywhere, they can be utilised for a few destinations.
• Capacity: –• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‹•ˆ‹š‡†ƒ† ƒ‘–„‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ
• Initial cost: ‹–‹ƒŽ ‘•–‹•˜‡”›Š‹‰Šƒ†Š‡ ‡”‡“—‹”‡•Š‹‰Š ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹˜‡•–‡–Ǥ
• Security: Š‡›ƒ”‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ––ƒ •ˆ”‘‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡ƒ –‘”•ǤǤ‰Ǥ‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‹’‡Ž‹‡
„›–‡””‘”‹•–‰”‘—’•Ǥ
• Repair: †‡”‰”‘—†’‹’‡Ž‹‡•ƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘”‡’ƒ‹”ƒ†Ž‡ƒƒ‰‡†‡–‡ –‹‘‹•˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–Ǥ

KEYWORDS-
Dedicated Freight Corridors,Rolling Stock,Train Collision Avoidance System,Open Sky Agreements,MARITIME INDIA
VISION.

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTION

How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development of India? 2020
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems 2020
of droughts, floods, and interrupting navigation. Critically examine.

 

MAINS WALLAH PYQs 2014 - 2023

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9920613613 pwonlyias.com

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

12 GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE TO DISASTERS IN INDIA

•  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹•ƒ•–‡” ƒƒ‰‡‡–  – ‘ˆ ʹͲͲͷǡ ƒ ̶†‹•ƒ•–‡”̶ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‹  ‡˜‡– ‘” •‡˜‡”‡
‘ —””‡ ‡ ‹ ƒ› ƒ”‡ƒǡ ƒ—•‡† „› ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘” ƒǦƒ†‡ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ƒ ‹†‡–•ǡ ‘” ‡‰Ž‹‰‡ ‡Ǥ — Š ‡˜‡–• ”‡•—Ž– ‹
•—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽŽ‘••‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡŠ—ƒ•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ǡ’”‘’‡”–›†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ”‡‘ˆƒƒ‰‹–—†‡
–Šƒ–‡š ‡‡†•–Š‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡† ‘—‹–›̵•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘ ‘’‡Ǥ
• According to the National Disaster Management Authority, due to its vulnerability to different kinds of
disasters, it is said that India is a disaster prone country, the reasons are:
o ̱ͺͷΨ‘ˆŽƒ†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‹‰Ž‡‘”—Ž–‹’Ž‡†‹•ƒ•–‡”•
o ̱ͷͻΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ
o ̱ͳʹΨ‹•ˆŽ‘‘†Ǧ’”‘‡ǡ
o ̱ͺΨ‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ › Ž‘‡•ƒ†
o ̱͹ͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†—†‡” —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘‹•†”‘—‰Š–’”‘‡
o ̱ͷ͹Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹‡•‹Š‹‰Š•‡‹•‹ œ‘‡•


FACT-WISE

•  ‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‡’‘”–’”‘†— ‡†„›‡ŽŠ‹Ǧ„ƒ•‡†‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‹–Centre for Science and Environment (CSE)ǡ †‹ƒ

•ƒ™Šƒ”•Š™‡ƒ–Š‡” ‘†‹–‹‘•‘ʹͶͳ‘ˆ–Š‡ʹ͹͵†ƒ›•„‡–™‡‡ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳƒ†‡’–‡„‡”͵ͲǡʹͲʹʹǤ ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ǡ
‘Ž†™ƒ˜‡•ǡ › Ž‘‡•ǡŽ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ–‘””‡–‹ƒŽ”ƒ‹ǡˆŽ‘‘†•ǡƒ†Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ƒ”‡ƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ

HAZARD VIZ-A-VIZ DISASTER



Hazard Disaster
• Šƒœƒ”†‹•ƒ†ƒ‰‡”‘—•’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘‘”‡˜‡– •  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡† ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ †‹•ƒ•–‡” ‹• –Š‡
–Šƒ–‘ —”•‹’”‘š‹‹–›Ǥ ‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆƒ•—††‡‘”Žƒ”‰‡ ƒŽƒ‹–›–Šƒ–ƒˆˆ‡ –•
o ƒŽŽ—„‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ‡—’ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ” ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ
o – ƒ› ƒ—•‡ ‹Œ—”›ǡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘” †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ •‘ ‹‡–›ȋ‘” ‘—‹–›ȌǤ
’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ • Classification:
• Classification: o ‡ –‘‹ ‘ —””‡ ‡ȋ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ˜‘Ž ƒ‘‡•Ȍ
o Natural Hazardǣ ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ › Ž‘‡•ǡ ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ o ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽȋŠ—””‹ ƒ‡•ǡ › Ž‘‡•ǡ–‘”ƒ†‘‡•ǡ
ƒ††”‘—‰Š–Ǥ ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–•Ȍ
o Man Made Hazardǣ š’Ž‘•‹‘•Ǣ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ o ‘’‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ —””‡ ‡ȋŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ǡ
Šƒœƒ”†‘—• ™ƒ•–‡Ǣ ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǣ ‹”ǡ ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ† ƒ˜ƒŽƒ Š‡•Ȍ
Žƒ†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘Ǣ–‡””‘”‹•ǡ ‹˜‹Ž—”‡•–ǡƒ†™ƒ”Ǥ o ˆ‡•–‹ ȋŽ‘ —•–‹˜ƒ•‹‘‘ˆ ”‘’•ǡ‡’‹†‡‹ •Ȍǡƒ†
o —ƒȋ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽƒ ‹†‡–•ǡ— Ž‡ƒ”„‘„•ȌǤ
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTER


Atmospheric • Ž‹œœƒ”†•ǡŠ—†‡”•–‘”•ǡ‹‰Š–‹‰ǡ‘”ƒ†‘‡•ǡ”‘’‹ ƒŽ› Ž‘‡ǡ”‘—‰Š–ǡ ƒ‹Ž•–‘”ǡ ”‘•–ǡ

‡ƒ–ƒ˜‡‘”‘‘ǡ‘Ž†ƒ˜‡•ǡ‡– Ǥ
Terrestrial • ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ‘Ž ƒ‹ ”—’–‹‘•ƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ǡ˜ƒŽƒ Š‡•ǡ—„•‹†‡ ‡ǡ‘‹Ž”‘•‹‘Ǥ

Hydrological • Ž‘‘†•ǡ‹†ƒŽƒ˜‡•ǡ ‡ƒ—””‡–•ǡ–‘”—”‰‡ǡ•—ƒ‹

Biological • Žƒ–•ƒ†‹ƒŽ•ƒ• ‘Ž‘‹•‡”•ȋ‘ —•–•ǡ‡– ǤȌǤ •‡ –‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘—ˆ—‰ƒŽǡ„ƒ –‡”‹ƒŽƒ†˜‹”ƒŽ
†‹•‡ƒ•‡••— Šƒ•„‹”†ˆŽ—ǡ†‡‰—‡ǡ‡– Ǥ
EARTHQUAKE
According to NDMA, An earthquake is a phenomenon that occurs without warning and involves violent shaking of the
ground and everything over it. It results from the release of accumulated stress of the moving lithospheric or crustal
plates. 

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• –Š‡ †‹ƒ ‘–‡š–ǡ–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡‹•„‡‹‰ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›‘„•–”— –‡†„›–Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰

‹‡š ‡••‹˜‡ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡‡”‰›–Šƒ–—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ž‡ƒ†•–‘–Š‡•—††‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡‡”‰› ƒ—•‹‰‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ƒŽ‘‰
–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒƒ” ŠǤ

FACT-WISE

• Indian Share in Globeǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡•‡‹•‹ †ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ‘•–ͳǡ͵ͲͲ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•™‹–Šƒƒ‰‹–—†‡‘ˆ

ˆ‹˜‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”ǡ™‹–ŠͶͲ‘ˆ–Š‡‘ —””‹‰‹ †‹ƒƒŽ‘‡Ǥ
• ‡–™‡‡ ‡’–‡„‡” ʹͲͳ͹ –‘ —‰—•– ʹͲʹͲǡ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ͹Ͷͷ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡ ‘”†‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡‹•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡–™‘”Ǥ
• Indian Caseǣ„‘—–͸ͲΨ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•Žƒ†ƒ••ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‹–••–ƒ–‡•ǡ‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
•Šƒ‹‰‹–‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘‰‘˜‡”‡–•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ǡ—’–‘ͷͻΨ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵•Žƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‹–‡•‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o ‡ƒ”Ž›ͳͳΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘‹•‹‘‡ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›ͳͺΨ‹‘‡ ǡ͵ͲΨ‹‘‡ ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒ‹†‡”‹
‘‡ Ǥ

India and Earthquake:

• Recent Earthquakes:˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–ͳͷ›‡ƒ”•ǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†ͳͲƒŒ‘”‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹‘˜‡”ʹͲǡͲͲͲ
†‡ƒ–Š•Ǥ
• Himalayan Vulnerability:Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ„‡Ž–‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ›•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘ƒŒ‘”‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•™‹–Šƒ‰‹–—†‡•
‡š ‡‡†‹‰ͺǤͲǤŠ‹•‹•’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡ †‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡‘˜‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡—”ƒ•‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ–ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›ͷͲ
’‡”›‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Other Prone Regions: ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘ƒ†–Š‡ †‘Ǧ ƒ‰‡–‹ ’Žƒ‹•ǡ’‡‹•—Žƒ” †‹ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘
’”‘‡–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡƒ•‡˜‹†‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‘›ƒȋͳͻ͸͹Ȍǡƒ–—”ȋͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡƒ† ƒ„ƒŽ’—”ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ
• Koyna Earthquake:Š‡‘›ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡™ƒ•Š—ƒǦ‹†— ‡†ǡ–”‹‰‰‡”‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡‘›ƒ†ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹
ͳͻ͸ʹǤ— Š‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ‘ —”–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‘ ‡••‘™ƒ•‡•‡”˜‘‹” †— ‡†‡‹•‹ ‹–›ȋ ȌǤ
Earthquake-Prone Areas:
• Š‡ Bureau of Indian Standards Šƒ• Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†
”‡‰‹‘•‹ †‹ƒ‹–‘ˆ‘—”•‡‹•‹ œ‘‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ
Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ •‡‹•‹  ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ œ‘‡• ǡ ǡ 
ƒ† Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ǡ ‘‡  ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– •‡‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›
ƒ –‹˜‡”‡‰‹‘ƒ†‘‡ ‹•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ –‹˜‡Ǥ
Reason for Earthquake proneness of India:
• Plate Movement:Š‡ †‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡‹•’—•Š‹‰‹–‘–Š‡
—”ƒ•‹ƒ’Žƒ–‡ƒ–ƒ”ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ„‘—–Ͷ͹Ȁ›‡ƒ”ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•
–Š‡’”‹ƒ”› ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‰Šˆ”‡“—‡ ›ƒ†‹–‡•‹–›
‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
• Himalayan Belt: Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ˜ƒǦ—ƒ–”ƒ
’Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‘Ǧ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ’Žƒ–‡ǡ –Š‡ —”ƒ•‹ƒ
’Žƒ–‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ —”‡•‡ ’Žƒ–‡ •–”ƒ‹• –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰
”‘ •ǡ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‹‰‡‡”‰›ƒ•‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ
• Deccan Plateau:‘‡‰‡‘Ž‘‰‹•–•’”‘’‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒˆƒ—Ž–
Ž‹‡ ƒ† ‡‡”‰› „—‹Ž†—’ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ Š‹ƒ ȋ”‹•ŠƒȌ
ˆƒ—Ž–Ž‹‡‡ƒ”ƒ–—”ƒ†•ƒƒ„ƒ†ȋƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒȌ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹–Š‡”‡‰‹‘Ǥ
Impact of Earthquake
• Landslidesǣƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ–”‹‰‰‡”Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•ƒ†—†•Ž‹†‡•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹ƒ”‡ƒ•™‹–Š™ƒ–‡”Ǧ•‘ƒ‡†•‘‹Ž•Ǥ‡Ǥ‰ǤƒŽ‹
Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡ǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ‡†ƒ”ƒ–ŠŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡ǡ––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ
• LiquefactionǣŠ‡•Šƒ‹‰ˆ”‘ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ƒ–—”Ž‘‘•‡•‘‹Ž‹–‘ƒŽ‹“—‹††—”‹‰ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ
• Tsunamisǣ ƒ”‰‡ –•—ƒ‹• ™Š‹ Š –”ƒ˜‡Ž ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡ƒ ˆŽ‘‘” –‘ –Š‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡ ƒ”‡ †ƒ‰‡”‘—• –‘ Š—ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
’”‘’‡”–›ǡƒ†‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡Ǥ‡Ǥ‰ǤʹͲͲͶ †‹ƒ ‡ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ƒ†–•—ƒ‹Ǥ
• Fires: Earthquake fires start when electrical and gas lines are dislodged due to the earth’s shaking.

101
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• Human lossǣ„‘—–ͷ͸͵‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡ‹ Ž—†‹‰”‡Žƒ–‡†–•—ƒ‹•ǡƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”ͷ͸Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š•‘”͹Ͷ͹ǡʹ͵Ͷ

Ž‹˜‡•Ž‘•–„‡–™‡‡ͳͻͻͺ–‘ʹͲͳ͹Ǥ
• Structural Damageǣ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‘”Ž†ƒͳͲΨ‘ˆ†ƒƒ‰‡‘ —”•–‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡†—‡–‘‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•Ǥ
• Economic impactǣŠ‡–‘–ƒŽŽ‘••‘ˆ’—„Ž‹ ƒ†’”‹˜ƒ–‡’”‘’‡”–›™ƒ•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–ͶǤͻ͹„‹ŽŽ‹‘ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡
‘”Ž†ƒƒ†–Š‡’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡Ž‘••‹–‡”•‘ˆ ™ƒ•ͳΨ‘ˆ †‹ƒ̵• ‘ˆ †‹ƒǤ
Earthquake Swarm:
• Definition:‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•™ƒ”‹•ƒ•‡”‹‡•‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‘ —””‹‰‹ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ‹•‡†”‡‰‹‘‘˜‡”ƒ’‡”‹‘†ǡ™‹–Š
‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ‹•Š‘ Ǥ
• Duration and Frequency:™ƒ”• ƒŽƒ•–ˆ‘”™‡‡•ƒ†’”‘†— ‡–Š‘—•ƒ†•‘ˆŽ‘™Ǧƒ‰‹–—†‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•™‹–Š‹
ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡Ž›•ƒŽŽƒ”‡ƒǤ
• Delhi-NCR 2021: ʹͲʹͳǡ–Š‡‡ŽŠ‹Ǧ”‡‰‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡†–”‡‘”•‘ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ˆ‹˜‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•†—‡–‘Ž‘™Ǧ‹–‡•‹–›
“—ƒ‡•‘”ƒˆ–‡”•Š‘ •Ǥ
• Foreshocks:™ƒ”• ƒƒ –ƒ•ˆ‘”‡•Š‘ •–‘ƒ— ŠŽƒ”‰‡”ƒ‹‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ
• ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Šˆ–‡”•Š‘ •ǣŠ‹Ž‡•™ƒ”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡Ž‹‡†–‘‰‡‘–Š‡”ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡƒˆ–‡”•Š‘ •”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘–Š‡
ˆƒ—Ž–̵•”‡ƒ†Œ—•–‡–’”‘ ‡••ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ƒƒŒ‘”•Ž‹’ǡƒ•‘–‡†„›–Š‡ Ǥ
Foreshocks Aftershocks
• ‘”‡•Š‘ • ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• –Šƒ– ’”‡ ‡†‡ Žƒ”‰‡” • Š‡ƒ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡‘ —”•ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ•–”‡••ƒ”‘—†–Š‡
‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹–Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ”–Š™ƒ–•–‘‰‡–
• ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ƒ‘–„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‡•Š‘  „ƒ –‘•‘‡–›’‡‘ˆ‡“—‹Ž‹„”‹—Ǥ
—–‹Ž ƒˆ–‡” ƒ Žƒ”‰‡” ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ƒ • ˆ–‡”•Š‘ • „‡ ‘‡ Ž‡•• ˆ”‡“—‡– ™‹–Š –‹‡ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š
‘ —”•Ǥ –Š‡› ƒ ‘–‹—‡ˆ‘”†ƒ›•ǡ™‡‡•ǡ‘–Š•ǡ‘”‡˜‡›‡ƒ”•
ˆ‘”ƒ˜‡”›Žƒ”‰‡ƒ‹•Š‘ Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Building codes: ‡Ǧˆ”ƒ‹‰ „—‹Ž†‹‰•̵ ‘†‡•ǡ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ǡ ƒ—ƒŽ• ƒ† „›‡Žƒ™• ƒ† –Š‡‹” •–”‹ – ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
šƒ’Ž‡ǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—‹Ž†‹‰‘†‡‘ˆʹͲͲͷǤ
• Community participationǣ ‡––‹‰ ‘—‹–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ†‹•ƒ•–‡”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‡†— ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••Ǥ‡–™‘”‹‰‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ •™‘”‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ†‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Holistic ApproachǣŠ‡‡†ƒ‹ ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”‹•ƒ•–‡”‹•‡†— –‹‘‹•ƒˆƒ‹”Ž›ƒŽŽǦ‡ ‘’ƒ••‹‰ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘
ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Proper Preparednessǣ •‡‹•‹ œ‘‡•™‹–Šƒ˜‡”›Š‹‰Š”‹•‘ˆ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•ǡƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ †‡’ƒ”–‡–ˆ‘”‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡
ƒƒ‰‡‡–—•–„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†Ǥ
• Research and developmentǣ —’’‘”–‹‰ Ƭ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ †‹•ƒ•–‡” ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡•• ƒ†
’”‡˜‡–‹‘ƒ†’‘•–Ǧ†‹•ƒ•–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• RetrofittingǣŠ‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•‘̶•‡‹•‹ ”‡–”‘ˆ‹––‹‰̶ƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ˆ”‘•‡˜‡”ƒŽ •ƒ†
–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǥšƒ’Ž‡ǣ†‡”–Š‡ ‘‡‹‹•–”›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–”‘ˆ‹––‹‰”‘‰”ƒ‡™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†
‹ʹͲͳͶǤ
• Educationǣ˜‘Ž˜‹‰‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ —””‹ —Ž—‹ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†‡‰‹‡‡”‹‰‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ƒ†–‡ Š‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ‹‹‰‹
’‘Ž›–‡ Š‹ •ƒ†• Š‘‘Ž•–‘‹ Ž—†‡†‹•ƒ•–‡”Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘’‹ •Ǥ

Mobile Apps Under National Retrofitting Programme

• ‘India Quake’: Š‡ ‘„‹Ž‡ ƒ’’ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡–”‡ ˆ‘” ‡‹•‘Ž‘‰›ǡ †‹••‡‹ƒ–‡•
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡•‹”‡ƒŽǦ–‹‡Ǥ
• ‘Sagar Vani’ǣ•ƒ”–’Š‘‡ƒ’’–Šƒ–†‹•–”‹„—–‡•‘ ‡ƒǦ”‡Žƒ–‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒŽ‡”–•–‘–Š‡—•‡” ‘—‹–›™‹–Š
–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ•‡”˜‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ

Conclusion:
“It is not the disaster, but the lack of preparedness for the disaster that kills”.Š‡•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘‹‹‹•‹‰–Š‡Ž‘••
‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•ƒ†’”‘’‡”–‹‡•‹•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡••ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
CYCLONES
According to a study published in the journal Nature Communications, a combination of global warming and a cyclical
event called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) could make tropical cyclones more frequent in the coming years.


FACT-WISE

• Š‡‹†‹ƒ•—„ ‘–‹‡–ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•ƒͺͲͶͳǦ‹Ž‘‡–‡”ǦŽ‘‰ ‘ƒ•–Ž‹‡ǡ‹••—„Œ‡ ––‘ƒ”‘—†ͳͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡–”‘’‹ ƒŽ

› Ž‘‡•–Šƒ–‘ —”™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ
• Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ”‘—†ˆ‘—”–‹‡•ƒ•ƒ› › Ž‘‡•‹–Š‡ƒ›‘ˆ‡‰ƒŽƒ•‹–Š‡”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ

Occurrence of cyclones •  †‹ƒǡ‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡ › Ž‘‡•‘ —”‹–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥˆ”‘ –‘„‡”
–‘‡ ‡„‡”‘”‹–Š‡’”‡Ǧ‘•‘‘•‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‘’”‹Ž–‘ƒ›Ǥ
• Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡•’ƒ‘ˆƒ › Ž‘‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘͹–‘ͳͶ†ƒ›•Ǥ

Initial conditions for • ƒ”‰‡•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡™‹–Šƒ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Š‹‰Š‡”–Šƒʹ͹ιǤ

the emergence of a • ’”‡Ǧ‡š‹•–‹‰™‡ƒŽ‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘”Ž‘™ǦŽ‡˜‡ŽǦ › Ž‘‹  ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ
tropical cyclone • ”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‘Ž‹•ˆ‘” ‡‡‘—‰Š–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ › Ž‘‹ ˜‘”–‡šǤ
• ƒŽŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ™‹†•’‡‡†Ǥ
• ’’‡”†‹˜‡”‰‡ ‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž•›•–‡Ǥ
Location • „‘—–͹ͳ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ”‡ƒ‹•‹–‡•–ƒ–‡•ȋ —Œƒ”ƒ–ǡƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ ‘ƒǡƒ”ƒ–ƒƒǡ
‡”ƒŽƒǡƒ‹Žƒ†—ǡ—†— Š‡””›ǡ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ”‹••ƒƒ†‡•–‡‰ƒŽȌǤ
• ”‘’‹ ƒŽ › Ž‘‡•ƒ”‡‹–‡•‡Ž‘™Ǧ’”‡••—”‡ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ‹‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒŽ›‹‰between
30° N and 30° S latitudesǡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ”‘—† ™Š‹ Š Š‹‰ŠǦ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–› ™‹†•
„Ž‘™Ǥ
Reasons for Increasing the Frequency and Intensity of Tropical Cyclone
• Climate Change:‹•‹‰•‡ƒ•—”ˆƒ ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•’”‘˜‹†‡‘”‡‡‡”‰›–‘ˆ—‡Ž › Ž‘‡•ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡–‘‹–‡•‹ˆ›
‘”‡“—‹ Ž›ƒ†„‡ ‘‡‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—ŽǤ
o ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ͷʹΨ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ › Ž‘‹  •–‘”• †—”‹‰ ʹͲͲͳ–ʹͲͳͻ ‹ –Š‡
”ƒ„‹ƒ‡ƒǤ
• Warmer Ocean Waters: • ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ”‹•‡ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ  ‡ƒ ‹• ™ƒ”‹‰ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‘”‡ Š‡ƒ– ƒ†
‘‹•–—”‡–‘ˆ—‡Ž › Ž‘‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
o ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ •‡ƒ •—”ˆƒ ‡ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘˜‡” ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ ‹• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ƒ’Ž‡ •—’’Ž› ‘ˆ ‡‡”‰› –‘
‹–‡•‹ˆ› › Ž‘‡•ǡˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ› Ž‘‡ƒ—–ƒ‡Ǥ
• Sea Level Rise: ‹‰Š‡” ‡ƒ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‡ƒ –Šƒ– •–‘” •—”‰‡• ƒ
’‡‡–”ƒ–‡ˆƒ”–Š‡”‹Žƒ†ǡ ƒ—•‹‰‘”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽˆŽ‘‘†‹‰
ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ
o ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ › Ž‘‡ ‹•ƒ”‰ƒ ‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”ƒ„‹ƒ ‡ƒ
ƒ—•‡† •‡˜‡”‡ †ƒƒ‰‡ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ ‹—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡”‘•‹‘ǡ
ƒ††‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡™‡•–‡” ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
• Changing Wind Patterns: Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹  ‹” —Žƒ–‹‘
’ƒ––‡”• ƒ •–‡‡” › Ž‘‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‘”‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ†
ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡‹”‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Ocean Heat Content:  ”‡ƒ•‡† Š‡ƒ– ‘–‡– ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‹
•–”‘‰‡” › Ž‘‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ‘ ‡ƒŠ‡ƒ– ‘–‡–ƒ‘ƒŽ›Šƒ•
Ž‡†–‘ƒ‹–‡•‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒ”” › Ž‘‡ƒ† Š‹ › Ž‘‡Ǥ
• Monsoon Variability: Š‡ †‹ƒ  ‡ƒ ‹’‘Ž‡ ƒ† Ž ‹Ó‘Ǧ
‘—–Š‡”• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ȋȌ ƒƒˆˆ‡ –‘•‘‘’ƒ––‡”•ǡ™Š‹ Š
‹–—” ƒ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ › Ž‘‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
Impact of cyclones:
• Human loss:› Ž‘‡•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”— ŠŽ‘••‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ
†ƒƒ‰‡–‘’”‘’‡”–›ƒ††‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†ƒ›Ǧ–‘Ǧ†ƒ›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Economic impact: I’ƒ –•‘ˆ › Ž‘‡• ƒ—•‡†‹”‡ –‡ ‘‘‹ Ž‘••‡••— Šƒ•Ž‘••‹ƒ••‡–˜ƒŽ—‡ǡƒ†”‡†— –‹‘‹
‹˜‡•–‡–•™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ•‘ ‹‘‡ ‘‘‹ ‹’ƒ –‘ˆƒ†‹•ƒ•–‡”Ǥ
• Livelihood:› Ž‘‡•‘•–Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ – ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ‡˜‡”ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•™Š‘†‡’‡†‡†‘Ž›‘ˆ‹•Š‹‰
Šƒ†Ž‘•–ƒ ‡••–‘ˆ‘‘†ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ•ˆ‹•Š‹‰™ƒ•’”‘Š‹„‹–‡†Ǥ
• Structural damage:ƒƒ‰‡–‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡••— Šƒ•”‘ƒ†•ǡ„”‹†‰‡•ǡƒ†”‡˜‡–‡–”‡•—Ž–•‹Ž‘••–‘„‘–Š–Š‡
’—„Ž‹ ƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ
• Floods: › Ž‘‡•ƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†•™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‡š–†‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
• Agricultural damage:‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ”‘’•ƒ›”‡•—Ž–‹”‡†— ‡†‹ ‘‡ˆ‘”ˆƒ”‡”•ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’”‹ ‡•ˆ‘”ˆ‘‘†Ǥ
• Sea level: „‘”ƒŽ”‹•‡‹•‡ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž ƒ—•‡†„› › Ž‘‡•‹•‘™ƒ••–‘”•—”‰‡Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Capacity building : Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ Šƒœƒ”†• †—‡ –‘ –”‘’‹ ƒŽ › Ž‘‡• ƒ‘– „‡
”‡†— ‡†ǡ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘”‡†— ‡–Š‡‹”‹’ƒ –• ƒ„‡†‡˜‹•‡†Ǥ
• Improvement of on-shore warning system: ƒ”Ž›”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ”‹‰‹•‘‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•Š‘”–Ǧ–‡”‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‡ƒ•—”‡•–Šƒ– ƒ”‡†— ‡–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›
‘ˆ–Š‡ › Ž‘‡Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡††‹•ƒ•–‡”•‹ˆƒ –‡†—’‘–‹‡Ž›Ǥ
• Construction of cyclone shelter: ‘” —Ž–‹Ǧ’—”’‘•‡ —•‡ •— Š ƒ• • Š‘‘Ž
„—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ‘—‹–› ‡–”‡•ǡ‘”ƒ›‘–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ —–‹Ž‹–›„—‹Ž†‹‰•Ǥ
• Construction of canals and embankments for improved drainage:
‡•‹†‡•‹’”‘˜‡‡––‘‹‘”†”ƒ‹•‹–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ ƒƒŽ‡–™‘”‹
–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–‹•ƒ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡–‘‘Ž‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
• Shelterbelt plantation: Š‡Ž–‡”„‡Ž–•ƒ”‡„ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ–”‡‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡’Žƒ–‡†–‘
”‡†— ‡ ™‹† ˜‡Ž‘ ‹–‹‡• ƒ† ’”‡˜‡– ™‹† ‡”‘•‹‘ –‘ ’”‘–‡ – Š—ƒ
Šƒ„‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‘’•Ǥ
• Retrofitting of vital installations: ‘ƒ†•Ȁ —Ž˜‡”–•Ȁ„”‹†‰‡•‹–Š‡ › Ž‘‡Ǧ
’”‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†™‡ŽŽǤ
• Awareness generation for cyclone risk mitigation: Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡••
’”‘‰”ƒ‡ ™‹–Š ‘—‹–› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ
†‹•ƒ•–‡””‹•ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
Conclusion:
Tropical cyclones are natural phenomena which India faces frequently. Regardless of state support and administrative
help, people themselves have to step up to create local solutions using their own practices. People’s participation,
cooperation and awareness among all stakeholders will help to reduce the disaster.
DROUGHT
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) defines drought in any area when the rainfall deficiency in that area is
≥26% of its long-term normal. According to the Union Agriculture and Cooperation Ministry’s Drought Crisis
Management Plan document 68 per cent of the country is prone to drought with nearly 33 per cent area having a
chronic drought problem while another 35 per cent is drought-prone.


FACT-WISE

•  ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Drought in Numbers Reportǡ2022ǡ †‹ƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘•–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡‘•–•‡˜‡”‡Ž›Š‹–

„›–Š‡†”‘—‰Š–Ǥ‡–™‡‡ʹͲʹͲƒ†ʹͲʹʹǡƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›–™‘Ǧ–Š‹”†•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡††”‘—‰Š–Ǥ
o Š‡”‡’‘”–ƒŽ•‘‘–‡†–Šƒ–„‡–™‡‡ͳͻͻͺƒ†ʹͲͳ͹ǡ•‡˜‡”‡†”‘—‰Š–•‹ †‹ƒ ƒ—•‡†ƒʹ–‘ͷΨ†‡ Ž‹‡‹–Š‡
”‘••‘‡•–‹ ”‘†— –ȋ ȌǤ
• Š‡Global Drought Vulnerability Index, ‹ Ž—†‡• †‹ƒǤ †‹ƒ‹•Œ—•–ƒ•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘†”‘—‰Š–ƒ•—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ
ˆ”‹ ƒǤ
o  ‘”†‹‰–‘•–ƒ–‹•–‹ •ǡ †‹ƒ̵•–‡””‹–‘”›•—• ‡’–‹„Ž‡–‘†”‘—‰Š–Šƒ•‰”‘™„›ͷ͹Ψ•‹ ‡ͳͻͻ͹Ǥ

Types of Droughts
• Meteorological Drought ǣ –‹•ƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™Š‡–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ’”‘Ž‘‰‡†’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽƒ”‡†™‹–ŠƒŽǦ
†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ‡‘˜‡”–‹‡ƒ†•’ƒ ‡Ǥ
• Agricultural Drought ǣ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘™ ƒ• •‘‹Ž ‘‹•–—”‡ †”‘—‰Š–ǡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡† „› Ž‘™ •‘‹Ž ‘‹•–—”‡ –Šƒ– ‹•
‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡ ”‘’•ǡ–Š‡”‡„›”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ”‘’ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management

• Hydrological Drought ǣ –”‡•—Ž–•™Š‡–Š‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•–‘”ƒ‰‡•ƒ†”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•Ž‹‡ƒ“—‹ˆ‡”•ǡ

Žƒ‡•ǡ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•ǡ‡– ǤˆƒŽŽ•„‡Ž‘™™Šƒ––Š‡’”‡ ‹’‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡’Ž‡‹•ŠǤ
• Ecological Drought ǣ Š‡ –Š‡ ’”‘†— –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ ˆƒ‹Ž• †—‡ –‘ •Š‘”–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ƒ• ƒ
‘•‡“—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹•–”‡••ǡ†ƒƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡‹†— ‡†‹–Š‡‡ ‘•›•–‡Ǥ
Causes of Drought
• Uneven distribution of rainfall ‘˜‡”†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ
• Low average annual rainfall ‘ˆ͹ͷͲ‘˜‡”͵͵Ψ‘ˆ ”‘’’‡†ƒ”‡ƒŠ‡‹‰Š–‡••—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘†”‘—‰Š–Ǥ
• Over-exploitation of ground water ƒ†sub-optimum conservation ‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡™ƒ–‡”
ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Limited irrigation coverage and poor irrigation techniquesǣ‡–‹””‹‰ƒ–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹•Ž‡••–ŠƒͷͲΨǤ
Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ†”‘—‰Š–‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘ˆƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡‹•— Šƒ”‡ƒ•‘”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
Impact of drought:
• Hungerǣ”‘—‰Š–• ƒ—•‡• ƒ” ‹–›‘ˆˆ‘‘†ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ǡ‡‘’Ž‡†‹‡‘ˆŠ—‰‡”ǡƒŽ—–”‹–‹‘ƒ†‡’‹†‡‹ •ƒ† ’ƒ –
–Š‡Š‡ƒŽ–Š‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
• Economicǣ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ ”‘••‘‡•–‹ ”‘†— –ȋ Ȍ†‹’’‡†„›͵Ǥͳ’‡” ‡–ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹ ‘‡Ž‘••‡•™‡”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–•͵ͻǡͲͲͲ ”‘”‡Ǥ
• Agricultural ǣ ”‘’• ˆƒ‹Ž †—‡ –‘ • ƒ” ‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡”Ǥ ‡˜‡”‡ †”‘—‰Š–• ‹ ”ƒ‹ˆ‡† ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡†— ‡† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”‘†— –‹‘„›ʹͲ–‘ͶͲ’‡” ‡–Ǥ
• Environmentalǣ‘™‡”••—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†’‘ŽŽ—–‹‘‘ˆ•—”ˆƒ ‡™ƒ–‡”ǡ–Š‡†”›‹‰‘—–‘ˆ™‡–Žƒ†•ƒ†
Ž‘••‘ˆ„‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
• Employmentǣ ƒ”‡”•ƒ”‡†‡’”‹˜‡†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ‡ƒ”Ž›ͷͲ’‡” ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”—”ƒŽ™‘”ˆ‘” ‡‹• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†
‹†”‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘‡†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ
• Povertyǣ”‘—‰Š–ƒ†’‘˜‡”–›ƒ”‡‹–‡” ‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š‹ŽŽ‹‘•‘ˆ˜‡”›’‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹†”‘—‰Š–Ǧ’”‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Migrationǣ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘‹‰”ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ”‡•‹†‡ ‡‹–Š‡’—”•—‹–‘ˆˆ‘‘†ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ‰”‡‡ˆ‘††‡”ƒ†
‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ
Way Forward:
• Suitable farming methods for arid areas: ‹‡ ”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘ƒ”•‡ ƒ† Šƒ”†› ‡”‡ƒŽ•Ǣ ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘‹Ž
‘‹•–—”‡ „› †‡‡’ ’Ž‘—‰Š‹‰ǡ •–‘”‹‰ ™ƒ–‡” „‡Š‹† •ƒŽŽ †ƒ•ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ ™ƒ–‡” ‹ ’‘†• ƒ† –ƒ• ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ
•’”‹Ž‡”•ˆ‘”‹””‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Sowing drought-resistant crops: ›•‘™‹‰†”‘—‰Š–Ǧ”‡•‹•–ƒ– ”‘’•‘ˆ ‘––‘ǡ‘‘‰ǡ’‡ƒ”Ž‹ŽŽ‡–ǡ™Š‡ƒ–‡– ǡ–Š‡
‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡†”‘—‰Š– ‘—Ž†„‡‹–‹‰ƒ–‡†–‘ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹‡š–‡–Ǥ
• Rainwater harvesting : ›ƒ‹‰Š‹‰Š„—†•ƒ”‘—†–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡƒ†‘’–‹‰‘ˆ–‡””ƒ ‡ —Ž–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†’Žƒ–‹‰–”‡‡•
‘–Š‡„—†•‘ˆˆ‹‡Ž†•ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡ƒš‹‹•‡†Ǥ
• Stricter government policies: Š‡› ‹ Ž—†‡ ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –ƒš‡• ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ
‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡‰ƒ•‡•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹–‘–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
• Being environmentally conscious: –‡–ƒ‹Ž•–‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡‡š–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡‡†‘ˆ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ǡ‹’”‘˜‹‰ǡ
ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•”‡ › Ž‹‰ǡ”‡—•‹‰ǡƒ†’Žƒ–‹‰‘”‡–”‡‡•Ǥ
Conclusion:
Government needs to invest in Research and Development projects to invent new techniques for effective water
management in our country. Climate change will potentially be increasing the frequency of events like droughts.
Effective implementation of medium and long-term solutions will help mitigate the impact of droughts.
LANDSLIDES
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi has made the first high resolution landslide susceptibility map for India and the
map data is available for free.
About Landslide Susceptibility Map:
• Š‡–‡ƒˆ”‘ ‡ŽŠ‹„—‹Ž–ƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡•—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ’–Šƒ–—•‡•–Š‡Žƒ–‡•–†ƒ–ƒƒ††ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘
ƒ†ƒ’’‹‰–‡ Š‹“—‡•Ǥ
o High Resolution:Š‡ƒ’ǡ ‘—Ž†’Ž‘––Š‡•—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›ƒ–ƒ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆͳͲͲǤ
o Identified Region:Š‡ƒ’ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†•‘‡Š‹‰ŠŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡•—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡŽ‹‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘‘–Š‹ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡
‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡ–Š‡••ƒǦ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‡•–‡” Šƒ–•Ǥ

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o New Insight: –ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†•‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›—‘™’Žƒ ‡•™‹–ŠŠ‹‰Š”‹•ǡ•— Šƒ••‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ•–‡”
Šƒ–•ǡ‘”–Š‘ˆ†Š”ƒ”ƒ†‡•ŠǤ
• Leveraging Ensemble Machine Learning Technology: •‡„Ž‡ ƒ Š‹‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹• ™Š‡ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ƒ Š‹‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰‘†‡Ž•ƒ”‡—•‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘—–ƒ‘˜‡”•‹œ‡†‹’ƒ –ˆ”‘ƒ›‘‡‘†‡ŽǤ
• Factors Used:Š‡› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ –‘”•Ž‹‡•‘‹Ž ‘˜‡”ǡ—„‡”‘ˆ–”‡‡• ‘˜‡”‹‰–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǡ†‹•–ƒ ‡
ˆ”‘”‘ƒ†•‘”‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ‡– Ǥ
o Š‡› —•‡† ‡‘ƒ†ƒǡ ƒ‘Ž‹‡ •›•–‡ ™‹–Š †ƒ–ƒ‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‘ƒ† ‡–™‘”‹ †‹ƒǡ †‹•’Žƒ›‹‰†ƒ–ƒ ‘
”‘ƒ†•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‘—–•‹†‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
About Landslides:
• Definition: –‹•ƒ‘˜‡‡–‘ˆƒƒ••‘ˆ”‘ ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‘”†‡„”‹•†‘™ƒ•Ž‘’‡Ǥ
• Landslide Prone Regions:Š‡”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Šˆ‡™‡”–”‡‡•ǡ Ž‘•‡”–‘”‘ƒ†Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡƒ†•–‡‡’‡”Ž‘ ƒŽ•Ž‘’‡•
ƒ”‡‘”‡—•–ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†’”‘‡–‘Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡•Ǥ
Overview of Landslides in India:
• Increasing Landslides in India:˜‡”–Š‡’ƒ•–ͷͲ›‡ƒ”•ǡ–Š‡Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡••‡‡–‘Šƒ˜‡‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‹ƒ‰‹–—†‡ƒ†
ˆ”‡“—‡ ›†—‡–‘Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ †‹ƒŠƒ•‹’”‘˜‡† ƒ†‡š’ƒ†‡†‹–•”‘ƒ†‡–™‘” ‹‘—–ƒ‹‘—• •–ƒ–‡•—†‡”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Šƒ”ƒ–ƒŽƒ ƒ”‹›‘Œƒƒ (“Road to
Prosperity”) ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ
o ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‘’‡”‹ —• ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘
”‡ ‘”†‡†‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡’‡””‘ƒ†
‹Ž‘‡–‡”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡ Ǧ͹„‡–™‡‡‹•Š‹‡•Š
ƒ† ‘•Š‹ƒ–ŠǤ
• ISRO’s Landslide Atlas of India Findings:
o Global Standing in Landslide Risk: †‹ƒ‹•
ƒ‘‰–Š‡–‘’ˆ‹˜‡Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡’”‘‡ ‘—–”‹‡•
‰Ž‘„ƒŽŽ›ǡ™Š‡”‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡†‡ƒ–Š’‡”ͳͲͲ•“
‹•”‡’‘”–‡†‹ƒ›‡ƒ”Ǥ
o Rainfall variability Pattern:”‹ƒ”› ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡
‡•–‡” Šƒ–•”‡ƒ‹‹‰Š‹‰ŠŽ›˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ
o Land Area Prone to Landslide: š Ž—†‹‰
•‘™ ‘˜‡”‡† ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž› ͳʹǤ͸Ψ
of the country’s geographical land area.
o Regional Variability: ͸͸ǤͷΨ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‘”–Š™‡•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡƒ„‘—–ͳͺǤͺΨˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–‡” ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•ǡƒ†ƒ„‘—–ͳͶǤ͹Ψˆ”‘–Š‡‡•–‡”
Šƒ–•Ǥ
JOSHIMATH LAND SUBSIDENCE REASON
• Fragile Ecology:  ‘Ž‘‰›‹•‹ ”‡†‹„Ž›ˆ”ƒ‰‹Ž‡•‹ ‡ ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š‹–›™ƒ• ‘•–”— –‡†‘ƒ‘Ž†Žƒ†•Ž‹’†‡’‘•‹–ǡ™Š‹ Š
‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ•ƒ†ƒ†•–‘‡”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ”‘ ƒ†Šƒ•ƒŽ‘™Ž‘ƒ†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
• Disregarded the 1976 Mishra Committee Report's recommendations: Š‡ ‘‹––‡‡ Šƒ† ‘‡ –‘ –Š‡
‘ Ž—•‹‘‹‹–•”‡’‘”––Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡–‘™‹•„—‹Ž–‹•ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›ƒ•ƒ†ƒ†•–‘‡†‡’‘•‹–ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ‹•‘ˆ
ƒŽ‘‰Ǧƒ‰‘Žƒ†•Ž‹’Ǥ
• Hydel Projects: ‘•Š‹ƒ–Š̵•ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ›Šƒ˜‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†‘”‡Šƒ”–Šƒƒ›‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ͷʹͲƒ’‘˜ƒ‹•Š—‰ƒ† ›†”‘‘™‡”Žƒ–ȋŠƒ—Ž‹ ƒ‰ƒ‹˜‡”ȌǤ
• Land Erosion:–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›‹ Ž—†‡•Ž‹†‹‰ƒŽ‘‰ƒ–—”ƒŽ•–”‡ƒ•ƒ†”—•Š‹‰
•–”‡ƒ•ˆ”‘‹•Š—’”ƒ›ƒ‰Ǥ
• Geographic faultǣŠ‡”‡–Š‡ †‹ƒŽƒ–‡Šƒ•’—•Š‡†—†‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ”‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ 
ˆƒ—Ž–ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒˆ”ƒ –—”‡‘”œ‘‡‘ˆˆ”ƒ –—”‡•„‡–™‡‡–™‘„Ž‘ •‘ˆ”‘ Ǥ
Way Forward:
• ƒ†•Ž‹†‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ •‡•‘”•ǡ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ‹ƒ‰‡”›ǡ ƒ† ‰”‘—†Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‹•–”—‡–• –‘
†‡–‡ –‰”‘—†‘˜‡‡–ƒ†’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽƒ†•Ž‹†‡’”‡ —”•‘”•Ǥ

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• NHAI Initiative:Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰Š™ƒ›•—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ †‹ƒȋ  Ȍ’Žƒ•–‘‹•–ƒŽŽƒŽƒ†•Ž‹’†‡–‡ –‹‘•›•–‡‘

–Š‡ ƒ’‘ƒ†•–”‡– Š‘ˆ–Š‡‘ Š‹ǦŠƒ—•Š‘†‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰Š™ƒ›‹—ƒ”–‘’”‘˜‹†‡‡ƒ”Ž›™ƒ”‹‰•‘ˆŽƒ†•Ž‹’•Ǥ
• Landslip Detection System: ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† „› Ǧƒ†‹ǡ –Š‡ †‹ƒ ”›ǡ ƒ† ǡ –Š‹• •›•–‡ ‡Šƒ ‡•
‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Landslide Hazard Maps:Š‡•‡ƒ’•ǡ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†—•‹‰•ǡ‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽƒ•‡” ƒ‡”•ǡƒ†Š‹‰ŠǦ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”–Š
„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ȋȌ†ƒ–ƒǡ‡•—”‡”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡†Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡œ‘‹‰Ǥ
• International Practices: ”ƒœ‹Ž̵•  ›•–‡ ‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ†˜ƒ ‡‡–• ‹ †‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ƒ† ƒŽ‡”–
‡ Šƒ‹••ˆ‘”Žƒ†•Ž‹†‡‡ƒ”Ž›™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
• Awareness Programs: ‹‡† ƒ– ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ƒ† ’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡••ǡ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• Š‡Ž’
‘—‹–‹‡••–ƒ›ƒŽ‡”–ƒ†–ƒ‡’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ†‹•ƒ•–‡”•Ǥ
HEATWAVE
The Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) has issued alerts regarding heatwaves for various parts of India.
About Heat Waves:
• Heatwaves: ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ”‡‡š–‡†‡†’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ‡š ‡••‹˜‡Ž›Š‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ– ƒŠƒ˜‡•‡˜‡”‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•
‘ Š—ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘›Ǥ †‹ƒ „‡‹‰ ƒ –”‘’‹ ƒŽ ‘—–”› ‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ –‘
Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡ ‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ
• Declaration of Heatwaves: ‘”†‹‰–‘ ǡ–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆƒŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡’Š›•‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘” ‡ƒ–ƒ˜‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’”‘˜‹†‡†ǣ
o ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹ˆ–Š‡ƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ•–ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ Š‡•
▪ ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ͶͲι‘”‘”‡ˆ‘”Žƒ‹•ǡ
▪ ͵͹ι‘”‘”‡ˆ‘” ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ•–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†
▪ ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–͵Ͳι‘”‘”‡ˆ‘” ‹ŽŽ›”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ
o A heatwave’s severity is determined by its departure from normal temperature
▪ Normal Heatwave:Š‡–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘‘”ƒŽ‹•„›ͶǤͷǦ͸ǤͶ†‡‰”‡‡•‡Ž•‹—•ƒ†
▪ Severe Heatwave:Š‡–Š‡†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘‘”ƒŽ‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”–Šƒ͸ǤͶ†‡‰”‡‡•‡Ž•‹—•
o ƒ•‡†‘ –—ƒŽƒš‹—‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ȋˆ‘”’Žƒ‹•‘Ž›Ȍǣ
▪ Heat Wave:Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ͷͷι
▪ Severe Heat Wave:Š‡ƒ –—ƒŽƒš‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡Ͷ͹ι
o The IMD considers the criteria of “departure from normal temperature” and “actual maximum temperature”,
‘Ž›™Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘•–ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ‡–‡‘”‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•—„†‹˜‹•‹‘”‡’‘”–•— ŠƒŠ‹‰Šƒš‹—‘”™Š‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–
‘‡•–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•––™‘ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡†ƒ›•Ǥ
Status of Heatwave In India:
• ‘”Ž†ƒ”‡’‘”–‹‘˜‡„‡”™ƒ”‡†–Šƒ–„›ʹͲ͵Ͳǡ‘˜‡”ͳ͸ͲǦʹͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ ”‘•• †‹ƒ ‘—Ž†„‡‡š’‘•‡†
–‘Ž‡–ŠƒŽŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ
• Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ ƒ•–ˆ‘”Š‘–™‡ƒ–Š‡”Šƒ••ƒ‹†‘•–‘ˆ †‹ƒǡ„ƒ””‹‰’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•–ƒ†–Š‡‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†•‘‡’‘ ‡–•
‹–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–ǡ™‹ŽŽ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ƒ„‘˜‡Ǧ‘”ƒŽƒš‹—ƒ†‹‹—–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ
Heat Action Plans (HAP) to Tackle Heat Waves:
• About: Heat Action Plans (HAPs) are India’s primary policy response to
‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›†ƒƒ‰‹‰ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡‹‰Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
• Objective: – ƒ‹• –‘ †‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡• ƒ† ’”‡• ”‹„‡• ƒ
˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ †‹•ƒ•–‡” ”‡•’‘•‡•ǡ ƒ† ’‘•–ǦŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡
”‡•’‘•‡‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ ”‘•••–ƒ–‡ǡ†‹•–”‹ –ǡƒ† ‹–›‰‘˜‡”‡–†‡’ƒ”–‡–•Ǥ
Challenges of HAPs:
• Local Context Limitations:—””‡– •—•‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Š”‡•Š‘Ž†•–‘†‡ˆ‹‡
Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š†‘‘–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡ –†‹˜‡”•‡ Ž‹ƒ–‹ ǡ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ǡƒ†
—”„ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒ ”‘•• ”‡‰‹‘•Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ› ‹–‹‡• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡
‡š–”‡‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•™‹–Š‘—–ƒŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Siloed Approach: • ‘ˆ–‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ‹ ‹•‘Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Ž‹‹–‡† ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ
•—’’‘”–ǡ”‡†— ‹‰–Š‡‹”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••Ǥ
• Inadequate Legal Foundations: ‘•– • Žƒ  ”‘„—•– Ž‡‰ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ
—†‡”‹‹‰ ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‘•‹•–‡–
‡ Šƒ‹•ˆ‘”—’†ƒ–‹‰ •„ƒ•‡†‘‡™†ƒ–ƒ‘”‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ

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• Lack of Focused Planning:Š‹Ž‡ •‡–‹‘Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”‡ƒ•—”‡•ǡ–Š‡›‘ˆ–‡Ž‹‹–’Žƒ‹‰–‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡

ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘‘Ž”‘‘ˆ•Ȍ™‹–Š‹‹ƒŽƒ––‡–‹‘–‘‰”‡‡ƒ†„Ž—‡•’ƒ ‡•Ǥ
• Resource Allocation: Š‡ •— ‡•• ‘ˆ • ˜ƒ”‹‡• ™‹†‡Ž› „ƒ•‡† ‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ’”‹‘”‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ‡†‹ ƒ–‡†ˆ—†‹‰ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ‹‰ƒ”‡ ”— ‹ƒŽˆ‘” ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡Š‡ƒ–ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
Way Forward
• Comprehensive Climate Risk Assessments:Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†
–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’ƒˆ—ŽŽǦˆŽ‡†‰‡† Ž‹ƒ–‡”‹•ƒ••‡••‡–ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”
–Šƒ– ƒ ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ– ”‹• ‘ˆ Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡• ƒ†
‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–Š‡‡š’‘•—”‡‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ƒ••‡–•Ǥ
• Development of Modified Heat Index: Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‡‡† –‘
”‡ƒ–‡ƒ—Ž–‹†‹‡•‹‘ƒŽŠ‡ƒ–‹†‡š–Šƒ––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ ‘—–
ˆƒ –‘”•„‡›‘†–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ•— Šƒ•Š—‹†‹–›ƒ†–Š‡—”„ƒ
Š‡ƒ–‹•Žƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –
• Integration with Urban Planning and Resilience: ‹
•™‹–Š„”‘ƒ†‡”—”„ƒ”‡•‹Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ† Ž‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘’‘‘Ž”‡•‘—” ‡•‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
• Incorporation of Nature-Based Solutions:Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡‡†
–‘ ˆ‘ —• ‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ–—”‡Ǧ„ƒ•‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘• •— Š ƒ•
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ’Žƒ ‡‡–‘ˆ‰”‡‡•’ƒ ‡•ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ
„Ž—‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡‹–‘ •–‘‹–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡‹’ƒ –•‘ˆ‡š–”‡‡Š‡ƒ–Ǥ


FACT-WISE: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA

• According to NCRB –Š‡”‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡„‡‡͵͹ͶŠ‡ƒ–Ǧ”‡Žƒ–‡††‡ƒ–Š•‹ †‹ƒ‹ʹͲʹͳǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡ ”‡ƒ•‡ˆ”‘–Š‡

ͷ͵Ͳ ƒ•‡•”‡’‘”–‡†‹ʹͲʹͲǤ
• Š‡NDMA, ‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ͳ͹ǡ͹͸͹†‡ƒ–Š•ˆ”‘Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͲͲƒ†ʹͲʹͲǡ
• State of India's Environment in figures, 2022 Žƒ‹•–Š‡ ‘—–”›•ƒ™ʹͺͲŠ‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡†ƒ›•ˆ”‘ƒ” ŠǡʹͲʹͳ–‘
ƒ›ǡʹͲʹʹǡ–Š‡‘•–‹–Š‡’”‡˜‹‘—•ͳʹ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

Reasons for recent Heat Waves experienced in India:

• Increase in Concrete areas: ”„ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹•Žƒ†‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒƒ‡ƒ„‹‡––‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ˆ‡‡Ž͵–‘Ͷ†‡‰”‡‡•‘”‡
–Šƒ™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡Ǥ
• Absence or Weaker Western Disturbances: Š‡ ”ƒ‹Ǧ„‡ƒ”‹‰ ‡•–‡” ‹•–—”„ƒ ‡• ‘” –”‘’‹ ƒŽ •–‘”• ™Š‹ Š
„”‹‰”ƒ‹ˆ”‘–Š‡‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ‘˜‡”‘”–Š †‹ƒ‹ƒ” ŠǦ’”‹ŽŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„•‡–Ǥ
• Dry & Hot Westerly Winds: Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—•†”›ƒ†Š‘–™‡•–‡”Ž›™‹†•„Ž‘™‹‰ˆ”‘ƒŽ— Š‹•–ƒǡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ‹•–ƒ
ƒ†–Š‡Šƒ”‡•‡”–‘˜‡”‘”–Š™‡•–ƒ† ‡–”ƒŽ †‹ƒŠƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡”‹•‡‹Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•Ǥ
• Climate Change: ‘”‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•™‡”‡‡š’‡ –‡†ƒ•‰Ž‘„ƒŽ–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•Šƒ†”‹•‡„›ƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆͲǤͺ†‡‰”‡‡•‹
–Š‡’ƒ•–ͳͲͲ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ‹‰Š–Ǧ–‹‡–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ”‡”‹•‹‰–‘‘Ǥ
• Lack of Rainfall: •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆŠ‹‰Š–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ”‡’— –—ƒ–‡†„›’‡”‹‘†‹ ‡’‹•‘†‡•‘ˆ”ƒ‹ǡ„—––Š‹•™ƒ•
Žƒ”‰‡Ž›ƒ„•‡–†—”‹‰ƒ” Šƒ†’”‹ŽǤ
Impact of Heat Waves:
• Risk of Wildfires: Š‡Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡•ƒ –ƒ•ˆ—‡Ž–‘™‹Ž†ˆ‹”‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š†‡•–”‘›•ƒŽ‘–‘ˆŽƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”Ǥ
• Prevents Cloud FormationǣŠ‡ ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘’”‡˜‡–• Ž‘—†•ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‹‰ǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ˆ‘”‘”‡”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘
–Š‡•—–‘Š‹––Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ
• Heat Strokes and Sudden Fatalitiesǣ ‡”› Š‹‰Š –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡• ‘” Š—‹† ‘†‹–‹‘• ’‘•‡ ƒ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡† ”‹• ‘ˆ
Š‡ƒ–•–”‘‡‘”Š‡ƒ–‡šŠƒ—•–‹‘Ǥ
• Health problems: Ž†‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š Š”‘‹ ‹ŽŽ‡••‡••— Šƒ•Š‡ƒ”–†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡ”‡•’‹”ƒ–‘”›†‹•‡ƒ•‡ǡƒ†
diabetes are more susceptible to heatstroke, as the body’s ability to regulate heat deteriorates with age.
• Effect on VegetationǣŠ‡–”ƒ’’‹‰‘ˆŠ‡ƒ– ƒƒŽ•‘†ƒƒ‰‡ ”‘’•ǡ†”›‘—–˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•—Ž–‹†”‘—‰Š–•Ǥ
• Increased Energy DemandsǣŠ‡•™‡Ž–‡”‹‰Š‡ƒ–™ƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘ƒ”‹•‡‹‡‡”‰›†‡ƒ†ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‡ –”‹ ‹–›ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘’—•Š‹‰—’”ƒ–‡•Ǥ

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Conclusion:
Human-induced climate change has contributed to changing patterns of extreme weather across the globe, from longer
and hotter heat waves to heavier rains. The intensity and frequency of heat waves can be reduced by creating
awareness among people and disaster preparedness measures to mitigate the Impact of heat waves.
FOREST FIRE
Forest fire may be defined as an unclosed and freely spreading combustion that consumes the natural fuels. Combustion
is another word for fire. When a fire burns out of control it is known as Wildfire. 
Causes of Forest fire:
• Natural causes: ƒ›ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡••–ƒ”–ˆ”‘ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ—•‡•
•— Š ƒ• Ž‹‰Š–‹‰ ™Š‹ Š •‡– –”‡‡• ‘ ˆ‹”‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ”ƒ‹
‡š–‹‰—‹•Š‡••— Šˆ‹”‡•™‹–Š‘—– ƒ—•‹‰— Š†ƒƒ‰‡Ǥ ‹‰Š
ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‹ –‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ƒ††”›‡••ȋŽ‘™Š—‹†‹–›Ȍ‘ˆˆ‡”
ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ˆ‘”ƒˆ‹”‡–‘•–ƒ”–Ǥ
• Man-made causes: ‹”‡‹• ƒ—•‡†™Š‡ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆˆ‹”‡Ž‹‡
ƒ‡†ˆŽƒ‡ǡ ‹‰ƒ”‡––‡‘”„‹†‹ǡ‡Ž‡ –”‹ •’ƒ”‘”ƒ›•‘—” ‡‘ˆ
‹‰‹–‹‘ ‘‡•‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š‹ˆŽƒƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽǤ‘”‡
–Šƒ‹‡–›ˆ‹˜‡’‡” ‡–‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–Š”‘’‘‰‡‹ Ǥ
o  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ WWF International ʹͲʹͲ ”‡’‘”–ǡ ‹– ‹•
‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– Š—ƒ• ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ͹ͷΨ ‘ˆ
™‹Ž†ˆ‹”‡•™‘”Ž†™‹†‡Ǥ
Forest Fire Vulnerability of India:
• Forest Fire Prone Area: ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡„‹‡‹ƒŽ †‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ ‘”‡•–‡’‘”–ȋ  ȌʹͲͳͻ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†„›–Š‡ ‘”‡•–
Survey of India (FSI), more than 36% of India’s forest cover was prone to frequent fires.
o About 4% of the forest cover was ‘extremely prone’ to fire, and another 6% was ‘very highly’ fire prone.
• Vulnerable States:Š‡‡Ž‡˜‡ƒ‹•–ƒ–‡•™‹–Šˆ”‡“—‡–‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•‹”‡ ‡––‹‡•ƒ”‡ǣ
o †Š”ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ••ƒǡ ŠŠƒ––‹•‰ƒ”Šǡ ‹ƒ ŠƒŽ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ‹œ‘”ƒǡ ƒ†Š›ƒ ”ƒ†‡•Šǡ ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒǡ †‹•Šƒǡ
‡Ž‡‰ƒƒ––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ†––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†Ǥ
• Forest Fire Vulnerability Across Ecosystems: ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡  ǡ•‡˜‡”‡ˆ‹”‡•„”‡ƒ‘—–‹†”›†‡ ‹†—‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–•ǡ
™Š‹Ž‡‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ǡ•‡‹Ǧ‡˜‡”‰”‡‡ǡƒ†‘–ƒ‡–‡’‡”ƒ–‡ˆ‘”‡•–•ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›Ž‡••’”‘‡–‘ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
• Triggering Factors:
o —ƒ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• –”‹‰‰‡” ͻͷΨ ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡•– ˆ‹”‡• ‹ †‹ƒǡ •— Š ƒ• „—”‹‰ ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ †‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ˆ‹”‡™‘‘†„—”‹‰‡– Ǥ
o ”‘—‰Š–ƒ†Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ‰‰”ƒ˜ƒ–‡–Š‡”‹•‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡Ǥ
• Forest Fire Situation in 2024:—”‹‰ƒ” ŠʹͲʹͶǡ–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–—„‡”‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•™‡”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ˆ”‘‹œ‘”ƒ
ȋ͵ǡ͹͵ͺȌǡƒ‹’—”ȋͳǡ͹ͲʹȌǡ••ƒȋͳǡ͸ͷʹȌǡ‡‰ŠƒŽƒ›ƒȋͳǡʹͷʹȌǡƒ†ƒŠƒ”ƒ•Š–”ƒȋͳǡʹͳͷȌǡƒ•’‡”  †ƒ–ƒǤ
Initiatives Taken to Prevent Forest Fires in India:
• National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) 2019:†‡”–Š‡”‡˜‹•‡†ʹͲͳͻǡ ‘”‡•– ‹”‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹ Ž—†‡†
ƒ†ƒ††”‡••‡†ƒ•ƒŠƒœƒ”†ǡ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ –‹‡„‘—†ƒ –‹‘’Žƒ•ǡƒ† Ž‡ƒ””‘Ž‡•Ƭ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•‘ˆ‡–”ƒŽǡ–ƒ–‡
ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•ƒ†‡›•–ƒ‡Š‘Ž†‡”•Ǥ
• Forest Fire Alert System:‹ ‡ʹͲͲͶǡ–Š‡  †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–Š‡ ‘”‡•– ‹”‡Ž‡”–›•–‡–‘‘‹–‘”ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•‹”‡ƒŽ
–‹‡Ǥ
o ‹–•ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†˜‡”•‹‘Žƒ— Š‡†‹ ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳͻǡ–Š‡•›•–‡‘™—•‡••ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ˆ”‘
ƒ† Ǥ
• Fire Weather Index based Forest Fire Danger Rating System (FFDRS): – †‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ –Š‡
‰”‘—†ˆ‘”
o ‹•”‡†— –‹‘ƒ†‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
o †‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‰ŠŽ›ˆ‹”‡’”‘‡ƒ”‡ƒ•
o ‡•‘—” ‡ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘
• Van Agni Geo-portal: –•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ•‹‰Ž‡’‘‹–•‘—” ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•‹ †‹ƒǤ
• National Action Plan on Forest Fires (NAPFF): –™ƒ•Žƒ— Š‡†‹ʹͲͳͺ„›‘ Ƭ–‘‹‹‹œ‡ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•„›
‹ˆ‘”‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ƒ† ‡’‘™‡”‹‰ ˆ‘”‡•– ˆ”‹‰‡ ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‹ ‡–‹˜‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ™‘” ™‹–Š –Š‡ –ƒ–‡
‘”‡•–‡’ƒ”–‡–•Ǥ

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Impact of forest fires:
• Global Warming: Š‡ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• †‡•–”‘›‡† „› ˆ‹”‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‰”‡‡Š‘—•‡ ‰ƒ•‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•ǡ ƒ—•‹‰ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‰Ž‘„ƒŽ™ƒ”‹‰Ǥ
• Soil Degradation: ‘”‡•– ˆ‹”‡• †‡•–”‘› Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž •‘‹Ž ‹ ”‘„‡• –Šƒ– „”‡ƒ †‘™ –Š‡ •‘‹Ž ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‹ ”‘„‹ƒŽ
ƒ –‹˜‹–›‹–Š‡•‘‹Žǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹•‘‹Ž†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
• Livelihoodǣ‘••‘ˆŽ‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ˆ‘”–”‹„ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡”—”ƒŽ’‘‘”ǡƒ•ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‡Ž›͵ͲͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›
†‡’‡†‡–—’‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ‘Ǧ–‹„‡”ˆ‘”‡•–’”‘†— –•ˆ”‘ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†Ǥ
• Loss of Ecosystems and Biodiversity:  ‘•›•–‡ ƒ† „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–› Ž‘•• ‹• ƒ—•‡† „› ˆ‘”‡•– ˆ‹”‡• †‡•–”‘›‹‰ –Š‡
Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•ƒ† ‘’Ž‡š‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘•‘ˆƒ™‹†‡˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆˆŽ‘”ƒƒ†™‹Ž†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
• Forest Degradation: Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ •‘‡ ˆ‘”‡•– ‡Ž‡‡–•ǡ •— Š ƒ• •‘‹Ž ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ǡ „‹‘†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‡ ‘•›•–‡•ǡ ‹•
•–‡ƒ†‹Ž›†‡ Ž‹‹‰ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ—ƒŽ‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”‡•–Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
• Health Issue: Š‡”‡•’‹”ƒ–‘”›ƒ† ƒ”†‹‘˜ƒ• —Žƒ”•›•–‡•ƒ›„‡‹’ƒ –‡†„›™‹Ž†ˆ‹”‡•‘‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›‹ˆ‹–Šƒ•
ƒŠ‹‰Š ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹǤͷ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡•ȋ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡••ƒŽŽ‡”–ŠƒʹǤͷ‹ŽŽ‹‡–”‡•ȌǤ
Way forward:
• Firefighting reservoirsǣƒ–‡”‹••–‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‹™ƒ›–‘‡š–‹‰—‹•Šˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹Žƒ”‰‡ǡ ‘–‹‰—‘—•ƒ†
ˆ‹”‡Ǧ‡†ƒ‰‡”‡†ˆ‘”‡•–‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•ǡ‹–‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘Šƒ˜‡ǡ‘”„—‹Ž†ƒ†ƒ‹–ƒ‹ǡƒˆ‹”‡Ǧˆ‹‰Š–‹‰™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›•›•–‡
™‹–Š‹•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡™ƒ–‡” ‘—”•‡•‘”–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ”–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•ˆ‘”™ƒ–‡”‡š–”ƒ –‹‘Ǥ
• Aerial Surveillance: ‡”‹ƒŽ•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ˆŽ‹‰Š–•ƒ”‡ƒ’‘••‹„Ž‡‡ƒ•–‘†‡–‡ –ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•ƒ–ƒ‡ƒ”Ž›•–ƒ‰‡†—”‹‰
–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‹‰Šˆ‹”‡”‹•Ǥ
• Communication equipmentǣ ‘”‡•– ˆ‹”‡• ƒ ‘Ž› „‡ “—‹ Ž› ƒ† •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ˆ‘—‰Š– ™‹–Š ˆ— –‹‘‹‰
‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‹”‡•‡”˜‹ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Cooperation and joint exercises: ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ˆ‘”‡•–‘™‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–„”ƒ Š‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”‡ƒ†‡‡”‰‡ ›•‡”˜‹ ‡•‹•‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
• Machinery and equipment: ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‹”‡Ǧˆ‹‰Š–‹‰–‘‘Ž•ƒ†ƒ Š‹‡”›‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›–‘–ƒ Ž‡ˆ‘”‡•–
ˆ‹”‡•Ǥ
• Forest Fire Monitoring: •‹‰ˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•›•–‡•ǡ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ‘”‡•–ˆ‹”‡•Šƒ•‘–”‡†— ‡†„—––Š‡‹”
‡š–‡–Šƒ•”‡†— ‡†Ǥ
Conclusion:
Forest fires are usually seasonal. They usually start in the dry season and can be prevented by adequate precautions.
The best way to control a forest fire is therefore, to prevent it from spreading, which can be done by creating firebreaks
in the shape of small clearings of ditches in the forest.
FLOODS
India is highly vulnerable to floods. Out of the total geographical area of 329 million hectares (MHA), more than 40 mha
is flood-prone. Floods are a recurrent phenomenon, which cause huge loss of lives and damage to livelihood systems,
property, infrastructure and public utilities.
Flood distribution in India
• —Ž‡”ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†„›–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ͶͲ‹ŽŽ‹‘Š‡ –ƒ”‡•‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͵ʹͻͲŽƒŠŠ‡ –ƒ”‡•
ƒ”‡’”‘‡–‘ˆŽ‘‘†•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ͳʹΨǤ
• –ƒ–‡Ǧ™‹•‡•–—†›•Š‘™•–Šƒ–ƒ„‘—–ʹ͹Ψ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘††ƒƒ‰‡‹–Š‡ ‘—–”›‹•‹‹Šƒ”ǡ͵͵Ψ‹––ƒ””ƒ†‡•Šƒ†
––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡƒ†ͳͷΨ‹—Œƒ„ƒ† ƒ”›ƒƒǤ
• Š‡‹††Ž‡ƒ†Ž‘™‡” ‘—”•‡•‘ˆ‘”–Š †‹ƒ”‹˜‡”••— Šƒ• ƒ‰ƒǡ”ƒŠƒ’—–”ƒǡ‘•‹ǡƒ‘†ƒ”ǡƒŠƒƒ†‹ǡ‡– Ǥ
ƒ”‡’”‘‡–‘ˆŽ‘‘†•†—‡–‘˜‡”›Ž‘™‰”ƒ†‹‡–•Ǥ
• ‡‹•—Žƒ” ”‹˜‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ–—”‡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ”† ”‘  „‡†•ǡ •‘ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ •ŠƒŽŽ‘™ „ƒ•‹•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ‡• –Š‡ ’”‘‡ –‘
ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰Ǥ
The causes of flood in India:
• Natural Reasons
o Heavy rainfallǣ ‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹‹–Š‡ ƒ– Š‡–ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆƒ”‹˜‡” ƒ—•‡•™ƒ–‡”–‘‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™‹–•„ƒ•ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•
‹–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ”„›ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o Sediment deposition: ‹˜‡”„‡†•„‡ ‘‡•ŠƒŽŽ‘™†—‡–‘•‡†‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡™ƒ–‡”Ǧ ƒ””›‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›‘ˆ•— Š
”‹˜‡”•‹•”‡†— ‡†Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹™ƒ–‡”‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™•–Š‡”‹˜‡”„ƒ•Ǥ

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o Cyclone: › Ž‘‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†•‡ƒ™ƒ˜‡•‘ˆƒ„‘”ƒŽŠ‡‹‰Š–ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†•–Š‡™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡ƒ†Œ‘‹‹‰ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ   –‘„‡” ͳͻͻͶ ”‹••ƒ › Ž‘‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† •‡˜‡”‡ ˆŽ‘‘†• ƒ† ƒ—•‡† —’”‡ ‡†‡–‡† Ž‘•• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ†
’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ
o Cloud burstsǣŠ‡›”‡•—Ž–‹ˆŽƒ•ŠˆŽ‘‘†•ǡƒ••‡‡‹–Š‡––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†•‹ʹͲͳ͵ȋ‡†ƒ”ƒ–Š Žƒ•Š Ž‘‘†Ȍ
ƒ†ʹͲʹͳȋŠƒ‘Ž‹‹•ƒ•–‡”ȌǤ
o Change in the course of the river: ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† Šƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡” ƒ—•‡ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ
o Tsunami: ƒ”‰‡ ‘ƒ•–ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆŽ‘‘†‡†„›”‹•‹‰•‡ƒ™ƒ–‡”™Š‡ƒ–•—ƒ‹•–”‹‡•–Š‡ ‘ƒ•–Ǥ
• Anthropogenic Reasons:
o Interference in a drainage system: ”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ‘‰‡•–‹‘ ƒ—•‡†„›–Š‡„ƒ†Ž›’Žƒ‡† ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ„”‹†‰‡•ǡ
”‘ƒ†•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›–”ƒ •ǡ ƒƒŽ•‡– ǤŠƒ’‡”•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰Ǥ
o Deforestationǣ‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ’‡”•–Š‡ˆŽ‘™‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ƒ†ˆ‘” ‡•‹––‘’‡” ‘Žƒ–‡‹–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ•ƒ
”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ†‡ˆ‘”‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡Žƒ†„‡ ‘‡•‘„•–”— –‹‘ˆ”‡‡ƒ†™ƒ–‡”ˆŽ‘™•™‹–Š‰”‡ƒ–‡”•’‡‡†‹–‘–Š‡”‹˜‡”•
ƒ† ƒ—•‹‰ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ
o Flood plain encroachmentǣ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ’”‡••—”‡”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ ‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡–•‹–‘–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†’Žƒ‹•‘˜‡”–Š‡
›‡ƒ”•Šƒ•ƒ‰‰”ƒ˜ƒ–‡†–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†’”‘„Ž‡
o Urban planningǣ ’”‘’‡” –‘™ ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ †”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡– Ž‡ƒ† –‘ —”„ƒ ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ šǦ
Š‡ƒ‹ Ž‘‘†•Ǥ
Impact of floods:
• Casualties: —ƒƒ†Ž‹˜‡•–‘ †‡ƒ–Š†—‡–‘†”‘™‹‰ǡ•‡”‹‘—•‹Œ—”‹‡•ƒ†‘—–„”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡’‹†‡‹ •Ž‹‡†‹ƒ””Š‘‡ƒǡ
Š‘Ž‡”ƒǡŒƒ—†‹ ‡‘”˜‹”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ –‹‘•ƒ”‡ ‘‘’”‘„Ž‡•ˆƒ ‡†‹ˆŽ‘‘†Ǧƒˆˆ‡ –‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Structural damage: —”‹‰ˆŽ‘‘†•—†Š—–•ƒ†„—‹Ž†‹‰•„—‹Ž–‘™‡ƒˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘• ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‡†ƒ‰‡”‹‰Š—ƒ
Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ
• Financial Burden: ‘‡Ž‘••‡•ƒ††ƒƒ‰‡•„”‘—‰Š–‘„›ˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ”‡ ‘˜‡”‡†„›‹•—”ƒ ‡ǡ„—–‘–ƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›’”‘˜‹†‡••–ƒ–‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Žƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡–‘–Š‘•‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†„›ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ
• Emotional trauma: Ž‘‘† ˜‹ –‹• ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ ™‹†‡ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰• †—”‹‰ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‹•ƒ•–‡”ǡ
‹ Ž—†‹‰™‘””›ǡˆ‡ƒ”ǡ•ƒ†‡••ǡŽ‘••ǡƒ†ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‰‘ˆ Šƒ„‹–ƒ–•‘ˆƒŒ—Ž‹ •Žƒ†™Š‘ˆƒ ‡”‡‰—Žƒ”ˆŽ‘‘†•Ǥ
• Material loss: ŽŽƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘—–‡†‘–Š‡‰”‘—†‡Ǥ‰Ǥˆ‘‘†•–‘ ǡ‡“—‹’‡–ǡ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•ǡŽ‹˜‡•–‘ ǡƒ Š‹‡”›ǡ•ƒŽ–
’ƒƒ†ˆ‹•Š‹‰„‘ƒ–• ƒ„‡•—„‡”‰‡†ƒ†•’‘‹Ž‡†Ǥ
• Utility damage: –‹Ž‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•™ƒ–‡”•—’’Ž›ǡ•‡™‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ž‹‡•ǡ’‘™‡”Ž‹‡•ǡ–”ƒ•’‘”–ƒ–‹‘‡–™‘”
ƒ†”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›•ƒ”‡’—–ƒ–”‹•Ǥ
Measures for flood management:
• Embankments: ›„—‹Ž†‹‰ˆŽ‘‘†’”‘–‡ –‹‘‡„ƒ‡–•ǡˆŽ‘‘†™ƒ–‡” ƒ„‡ ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†ˆ”‘‘˜‡”ˆŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡
„ƒ•ƒ†•’”‡ƒ†‹‰‹‡ƒ”„›ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆ‡„ƒ‡–•‘ƒ—ƒǡ‡ƒ”‡ŽŠ‹ǡŠƒ•„‡‡•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹
‘–”‘ŽŽ‹‰–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†Ǥ
• Afforestation: Š‡ˆ—”›‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘† ‘—Ž†„‡‹‹‹œ‡†„›’Žƒ–‹‰–”‡‡•‹ ƒ– Š‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‹˜‡”•Ǥ
• Restoration of original drainage system: Š‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› Š‘‡†„›–Š‡ ‘•–”— –‹‘‘ˆ”‘ƒ†•ǡ
ƒƒŽ•ǡ”ƒ‹Ž™ƒ›–”ƒ •‡– Ǥ Ž‘‘†• ‘—Ž†„‡ Š‡ ‡†‹ˆ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆ†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡‹•”‡•–‘”‡†Ǥ
• Reservoirs: › ‘•–”— –‹‰”‡•‡”˜‘‹”•‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ”‹˜‡”• ‘—Ž†•–‘”‡‡š–”ƒ™ƒ–‡”ƒ––Š‡–‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†Ǥ— Š
‡ƒ•—”‡•ƒ†‘’–‡†–‹ŽŽ‘™ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠƒ˜‡‘–„‡‡•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤƒ•„—‹Ž––‘ ‘–”‘ŽˆŽ‘‘†•‹ƒ‘†ƒ” ‘—Ž†‘–
‘–”‘Ž–Š‡ˆŽ‘‘†Ǥ
Conclusion:
• †‹ƒ‹•˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ—ƒŽˆŽ‘‘†‹‰„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹– ƒ—•‡•Š—‰‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†
’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ Ž‘‘†‹•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡‘ǡ‹– ƒ‘–„‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘–”‘ŽŽ‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡
”‹••’‘•‡†„›ˆŽ‘‘†•–‘ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‡”‡š–‡–„›–ƒ‹‰ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡•–‡’•Ǥ
URBAN FLOOD
Cyclone Michaung has caused extensive floods causing severe damage to infrastructure and disruptions of livelihoods.
What is Urban Flooding?
• Urban Flooding can be defined as ‘the submergence of usually dry areas by a large amount of water that comes from
sudden excessive rainfall, an overflowing river or lake, melting snow or an exceptionally high tide’.

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• • ’‡” –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‰‘˜‡”‡–ǡ ‘˜‡” ͳ͹ǡͲͲͲ ’‡‘’Ž‡

†‹‡††—‡–‘ˆŽ‘‘†•ƒ†Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹•‹ †‹ƒ„‡–™‡‡ʹͲͳʹ
ƒ†ʹͲʹͳǤ
Reasons behind flood in Indian cities/urban flooding:
• Climate Change: Ž‘„ƒŽ Ž‹ƒ–‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹• ”‡•—Ž–‹‰ ‹
Šƒ‰‡† ™‡ƒ–Š‡” ’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‹–‡•‹–›
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‡˜‡–•‘ —””‹‰‹•Š‘”–‡”’‡”‹‘†•‘ˆ–‹‡Ǥ
o For Example: ”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†
ƒ– Š‡–•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ˆŽ‘‘† ’‡ƒ• ˆ”‘
ͳǤͺ–‘ͺ–‹‡•ƒ†ˆŽ‘‘†˜‘Ž—‡•„›—’–‘͸–‹‡•Ǥ
• Urban Heat Island Effect: ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ǡ–Š‡
—”„ƒ Š‡ƒ– ‹•Žƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹
”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘˜‡”—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o Š‡Š‘–ƒ‹”’—•Š‡•–Š‡ Ž‘—†• ƒ””›‹‰”ƒ‹Š‹‰Š‡”ƒ•
–Š‡› ”‘••–Š‡—”„ƒŠ‡ƒ–‹•Žƒ†Ǥ
o ‡ƒ–‹•Žƒ†•ƒ”‡—”„ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Š‹‰Š‡”–‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡•–Šƒ‘—–Ž›‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
• Encroachment in Low Lying Areas:Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ„—‹Ž–Ǧ—’ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹‡•Šƒ•‡š’ƒ†‡†ƒ†‡™†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•
ƒ”‡–ƒ‹‰’Žƒ ‡‹Ž‘™ǦŽ›‹‰ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ †‹ƒ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†–‘™•†—‡–‘”‹•‹‰Žƒ†’”‹ ‡•ƒ†Ž‡••ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆŽƒ†‹
–Š‡ ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
• Faulty Drainage System:Š‡—”„ƒƒ”‡ƒ•Žƒ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆŠƒ†Ž‹‰Š‡ƒ˜›”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ
‡˜‡–•Ǥ
o ‘‘” ’Žƒ‹‰ ƒ† ‹’‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡ •—”ˆƒ ‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• „—‹Ž†‹‰• ƒ† Š‹‰Š™ƒ›•ǡ †‘ ‘– Ž‡– ™ƒ–‡” ’‡‡–”ƒ–‡ –Š‡
‰”‘—†ƒ†‘˜‡”„—”†‡–Š‡‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡†”ƒ‹ƒ‰‡•›•–‡•Ǥ
o Š‡‹••—‡‹•‡šƒ ‡”„ƒ–‡†„› ‘ ”‡–‹œ‹‰–Š‡†”ƒ‹•ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹‰–Š‡™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘•‡‡’‹‰–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ
• Urbanization:ƒ’‹†—”„ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ„‘–Š’Žƒ‡†ƒ†—’Žƒ‡†ǡ‹•”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰Ǥ
o ”‡› ‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ˆŽ›‘˜‡”•ǡ ™‹†‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‘ƒ†•ǡ —”„ƒ •‡––Ž‡‡–•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘™ƒ”†•
—”„ƒˆŽ‘‘†‹‰‹™ƒ–‡”Ž‘‰‰‡†ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ
o Š‡”‡ ‡–ˆŽ‘‘†•‹ —”—‰”ƒƒ†‡‰ƒŽ—”—ƒ”‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ•— Š’Žƒ‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•Ǥ
• Improper Waste Disposal Practices Also Contribute to Flooding: ŽŽ‡‰ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ‡ ”‘ƒ Š‡– ‘
™ƒ–‡”„‘†‹‡•ǡ—”„ƒ‰”‡‡•’ƒ ‡•ǡƒ†•ƒŽŽ™‘‘†•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†‹ƒ› ‹–‹‡•Ǥ
o ‡Žƒ Š‡”›ƒ‡‹ƒ‹Žƒ†—Šƒ•†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡††—‡–‘•‡™ƒ‰‡†‹• Šƒ”‰‡Ǥ
Impact of urban flooding:
• Tangible losses:Š‡Ž‘••‡•–Šƒ– ƒ„‡‡ƒ•—”‡†’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›
ƒ† ƒ„‡ƒ••‹‰‡†ƒ‡ ‘‘‹ ˜ƒŽ—‡ǤŠ‡•‡Ž‘••‡• ƒ„‡
†‹”‡ –‘”‹†‹”‡ –Ǥ
o Direct: –”— –—”ƒŽ †ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ „—‹Ž†‹‰•ǡ ’”‘’‡”–›
†ƒƒ‰‡ǡ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘‹ˆ”ƒ•–”— –—”‡
o Indirect:  ‘‘‹  Ž‘••‡•ǡ ”ƒˆˆ‹  †‹•”—’–‹‘ǡ ƒ†
‡‡”‰‡ › ‘•–•Ǥ
• Intangible losses: –ƒ‰‹„Ž‡ Ž‘••‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ
•‡ ‘†ƒ”› Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡ ƒ† ‹ˆ‡ –‹‘• ‘” †ƒƒ‰‡• –‘ –Š‡
‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‹ Šƒ”‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ••‡••‹‘‡–ƒ”›–‡”•
•‹ ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘––”ƒ†‡†Ǥ
o Direct:ƒ•—ƒŽ–‹‡•ǡ ‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡ –•ǡ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ‘••‡•
o Indirect:‘•–ǦˆŽ‘‘†”‡ ‘˜‡”›’”‘ ‡••ǡ‡–ƒŽ†ƒƒ‰‡–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡

GLACIAL LAKES OUTBURST FLOODS

• Nanda Devi Glacier Incident: Š‡ ”‡ ‡– „”‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆˆ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ ‡˜‹ ‰Žƒ ‹‡” ‹ ‘•Š‹ƒ–Šǡ
––ƒ”ƒŠƒ†ǡ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ˆŽ‘‘†‹‰‹’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
• Dammed Glacial Lakes:  • ‘ —” ™Š‡ ƒ •—„•–ƒ–‹ƒŽ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” •–‘”‡† ‹ ƒ ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽ Žƒ‡ ‹• •—††‡Ž›
†‹• Šƒ”‰‡†Ǥ
• Serious Concern in Himalayan States: —‹Ž†‹‰‘”ƒ‹‡Ǧ†ƒ‡†‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘ —””‡ ‡‘ˆ  •ƒ”‡
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‘ ‡”•‹ †‹ƒ̵• ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ

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PRAHAAR 2024: Geography and Disaster Management
GLOF ARE TRIGGERED BY A VARIETY OF FACTORS:
• Fast Slope Migration: ƒ’‹†•Ž‘’‡‘˜‡‡–ȋ•Ž‹†‡•ǡˆƒŽŽ•ǡƒ˜ƒŽƒ Š‡•Ȍ‹–‘–Š‡Žƒ‡Ž‡ƒ†•–‘†‹•’Žƒ ‡‡–™ƒ˜‡•ǡ
ƒ—•‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–‘‘˜‡”–‘’‘”–”‹‰‰‡”‹‰ƒ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡†ƒ„”‡ƒ ŠǤ
• Long-Term Dam Deterioration: ˜‡”–‹‡ǡ–Š‡‹–‡”ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ ƒ†‡–‡”‹‘”ƒ–‡ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†
Š›†”‘•–ƒ–‹ ’”‡••—”‡ ƒ—•‡†„›„ƒ•ƒŽ‹ ‡‡Ž–‹‰ǡ—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹†ƒˆƒ‹Ž—”‡Ǥ
• Black Carbon:  ”‡ƒ•‹‰ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ „Žƒ  ƒ”„‘ǡ ’”‘†— ‡† „› ‹ ‘’Ž‡–‡ ‘„—•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‘••‹Ž ˆ—‡Ž•ǡ ™‘‘†ǡ ƒ†
‘–Š‡”ˆ—‡Ž•ǡ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘ƒŽ‘™‡”ƒŽ„‡†‘ǡŽ‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ ‡Ž‡”ƒ–‡†‰Žƒ ‹‡”‡Ž–‹‰Ǥ
• Anthropogenic Activities: ƒ••–‘—”‹•ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–’”‘Œ‡ –•Ž‹‡”‘ƒ† ‘•–”— –‹‘ƒ†Š›†”‘’‘™‡”’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ
ƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡••— Šƒ••Žƒ•ŠǦƒ†Ǧ„—”ˆƒ”‹‰‹•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ›ƒ”‡‰‹‘
ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘–Š‡”‹•‘ˆ  •Ǥ
• Heavy Rainfall/Snowmelt and Cascading Processes: –‡•‡”ƒ‹ˆƒŽŽ‘””ƒ’‹†•‘™‡Ž–ǡƒŽ‘‰™‹–Š ƒ• ƒ†‹‰
’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ ™ƒ–‡” ‹–ƒ‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‡ǡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ ˆŽ‘‘† ˆ”‘ ƒ
—’•–”‡ƒŽƒ‡Ǥ
• Earthquake: ƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡• ƒ†‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ—•‡†ƒ„”‡ƒ Š‡•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ǡ”‡•—Ž–‹‰‹ƒ‰Žƒ ‹ƒŽŽƒ‡‘—–„—”•–ˆŽ‘‘†Ǥ

KEYWORDS: ‹“—‡ˆƒ –‹‘ǡƒ”–Š“—ƒ‡ ™ƒ”ǡ‡†ƒ‹ ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‹•ƒ•–‡” ‹• ‡†— –‹‘ǡƒ ‹ˆ‹  ‡ ƒ†ƒŽ
• ‹ŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ƒ– –‹‘Žƒ•ǡ   

PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life 2023
and property. Analyse the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. [2023]

Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two 2022
recent examples. 

Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management 2022
techniques for combating the hazard? 

Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake-related hazards. Give examples including the salient 2021
features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades.

Describe the various causes and effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National 2021
Landslide Risk Management Strategy.
Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. 2020
Suggest lasting remedial measures.
In what way can flood be converted into a sustainable source of irrigation and all-weather inland navigation 2017
in India?
Major cities in India are becoming more vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss. 2016
Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country but the air pollution is a much more 2015
serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so?
Bring out the causes for more frequent landslides in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats. 2013

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