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    Ln.10 SKELETON-Movement and Locomotion - Notes

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    Ln.10 SKELETON-Movement and Locomotion - Notes

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    Ln.10 SKELETON-Movement and Locomotion_Notes

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    Ln.10 SKELETON-Movement and Locomotion - Notes

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    hiteshseema2008

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    of 5

    THE NEW CAMBRIDGE ENGLISH SCHOOL [ICSE] RPC LAYOUT, BANGALORE

    Std IX: BIOLOGY


    Chapter 10: SKELETON- Movement and Locomotion

    1. Name the parts of the skeleton where the following are located:
    Transverse process, glenoid cavity, shoulder-blade, acetabulum.
    A. Part of the skeleton Location
    Transverse process Neural arches in the vertebra
    Glenoid cavity Pectoral girdle
    Shoulder-blade Shoulder girdle
    Acetabulum Pelvic girdle

    2. Name any two parts of your body where the supporting skeleton is
    made of cartilage instead of bone.
    A. Cartilage is a connective tissue that is usually found in close
    association with the bone. The two parts of the body where the
    supporting skeleton is made of cartilage instead of bone are:
     Tip of the nose
     Walls of trachea
     External ear

    3. What is the difference between a true rib and a floating rib?


    A.
    True rib Floating rib
    True ribs are the first seven Floating ribs are the last two
    pairs of ribs pairs of ribs (11th & 12th)
    Through costal cartilages, they Not connected to sternum
    are attached to the front of the
    sternum.

    4. Do the muscles pull the structures, or push them? Explain briefly.


    A. Muscles do not push, they pull the structure.
    Every muscle has two ends – a fixed end where the muscle
    originates and a movable end which pulls some other part. The
    movable end is shorter and thicker and hence pulls the bone at the
    movable end. Muscles can only contract and relax, they cannot
    lengthen or elongate.
    The movable end is projected out to form a tough structure referred
    to as a tendon which is attached to the bone. When a muscle is
    triggered by a nerve, contraction of the muscle occurs and it
    becomes thicker and shorter which causes the bone to be pulled at
    the movable end.
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    5. Just as the humerus corresponds to femur, what bones correspond
    to tarsals, metacarpals, ulna and radius respectively?
    A.
    Bones Related/Corresponding
    bones
    Example: Femur
    Humerus
    Tarsals Carpals
    Metacarpals Metatarsals
    Ulna Fibula
    Radius Tibia

    6. What are antagonistic muscles? Give one example.


    A. A structure that has been moved by a muscle cannot return to its
    original position without the action of another muscle. Such muscles
    causing opposing movements are called as antagonistic muscles.
    Example:
    The flexor muscles or the biceps of the upper arm bends the lower
    arm over the upper arm (flexes). Extension of the lower arm is
    caused by the extensor muscles or the triceps. Hence these two
    muscles are antagonistic or work in the opposite direction.

    7. Some people in old age complain of stiff joints. What do you think
    could be a possible reason for it?
    A. Some people in old age complain of stiff joints because of the decline
    in the amount of synovial fluid between the bones. Joints such as
    knee joint, shoulder joint necessitate to be securely held in their
    positions in order to be lubricated well. These joints possess synovial
    fluid which is a lubricating (loosening) fluid which act as a cushion
    between the bones and taking away friction while movements.
    As we get older, the movements of the joints tend to get stiffer with
    reduced flexibility as the synovial fluids decreases and the cartilage
    gets thinner. Furthermore, joints tend to get stiffer as the ligaments
    also shorten and lose some flexibility.

    8. Name the different types of joints? Give one example of each type.
    A. The different types of joints are as follows:
     Immovable joints – Example: Bones of the skull box
     Partially movable joints - Example: Joints between the ribs and
    breast bone
     Freely movable joints - Example: Hip joint
     Gliding joint – Example: Ankle bones
     Pivot joint - Example: Joint between axis vertebrae and atlas
     Hinge joint - Example: Joint between finger bones and toes
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     Ball and socket joint - Example: Shoulder joint


    9. What is the difference between ligament and tendon?
    (On the basis of their function).
    A.
    Ligament Tendon
    Ligaments stabilize joints Tendons pass tensile forces to
    the bones from muscles
    Avert chances of dislocation Responsible to cause the
    muscles to stay intact with
    parts of the skeleton
    They connect two or more It connects muscle to a bone,
    bones thus acting as a thus acting as connectors.
    mediator between them
    10. What are bones made of? Are the bones living or non-living?
    Give reason.
    A. Bone is a connective tissue and are strong, hollow, hard and
    non-flexible structures. They appear as a greyish-white tissue and
    are made of two-thirds of inorganic substances which includes
    minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, carbonates etc. while
    one-thirds of it is composed of organic substances.
    Structure of the bone –
     Its outer surface is known as periosteum which is a thin, dense
    membrane which consists of an outer fibrous and inner cellular
    layer, blood vessels and nerves which nourish the bone.
     The consecutive layer is composed of compact bone which is
    greatly calcified. It is extremely rigid and hard connective tissue
    which causes the bone to appear as smooth, solid and white.
     The mid layer is composed of bone cells known as osteocytes
    which are arranged as concentric circles which are implanted in a
    hard matrix composed of collagen fibre and mineral deposits.
     The interior hollow cavity of the long bones contains bone marrow
    responsible for synthesizing blood cells.
    Bones are living tissues when located in the body of a living
    person.
    Once out of the body, the cells of the bones die and hence are
    termed dead as they turn non-functional.
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    11. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the following :
    (i) Thoracic vertebrae

    (ii) A Synovial Joint

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    NOTE:
     The above given questions are important questions.
     Write the above 1 to 11 Q&A in your BIOLOGY class work.
     Question 11 – Diagrams- Freehand, no colouring, use only pencil
    to draw; label the parts-using pencil and scale.
     You must also learn the entire lesson from the text according to
    the scope of the syllabus because it is important from the
    examination point of view.

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