Rotameter (cm) Voume (mL) Mass (g) Mass of Water (g) Time (s) Flowrate by Volume (L/min)

-3 100 558.4 97 125 0.05

-2 100 562.4 101 35 0.17
-1 200 659.5 198.1 40 0.30
0 200 659.2 197.8 26 0.46
5 300 763.2 301.8 15.2 1.18
10 300 755.2 293.8 9.7 1.86
15 300 758.1 296.7 6.3 2.86

Calibration of Water
4

3.5

Flowrate (L/min)
f(x) = 0.152517496536057
2.5 x + 0.45965294323615
R² = 0.995048089166497
2
14S Calibrated Data
Rotameter readinFlowrate (L/min) 1.5
0 0.5 1
5 1.2
0.5
10 2
15 2.85 0
-5 0 5
20 3.8
Rotame
 Flowrate by Mass (L/min)
0.05
0.17
0.30
0.46
1.19
1.82
2.83

Calibration of Water Rotameter Below Zero

4

3.5

3
f(x) = 0.152517496536057
2.5 x + 0.459652943236156
R² = 0.995048089166497
2 14S Calibrated Data
Flowrate by Volume (L/min)
1.5 Linear (Flowrate by Volume
(L/min))
1
Flowrate by Mass (L/min)
0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Rotameter Reading (cm)
Rotameter (cm) Column Height ReadiColumn Height (cm) h1 (cm) h2(cm) Pressure Drop (cm H20)
0.0 60.5 14.5 31.8 30.8 1.0
5.1 60.5 14.5 32.7 30.5 2.2
10.3 60.5 15.4 33.0 30.2 2.8
15.3 60.6 16.9 33.1 30.1 3.0
20.6 60.8 18.9 33.3 30.0 3.3
25.2 61.1 21.0 33.3 30.0 3.3
30.4 61.9 23.6 33.3 30.0 3.3
27.8 63.0 23.8 33.2 29.9 3.3
22.8 63.9 21.2 33.4 30.0 3.4
17.5 63.0 18.9 33.2 30.0 3.2
12.7 62.3 17.0 33.3 30.1 3.2
7.6 61.8 15.5 33.3 30.2 3.1
2.6 61.2 14.5 33.0 30.2 2.8

Calibration of Water Rotameter Below Zero

4

3.5

3
Flowrate (L/min)

f(x) = 0.152517496536057
2.5 x + 0.459652943236156
R² = 0.995048089166497
2 14S Calibrated Data
Flowrate by Volume (L/min)
1.5
Linear (Flowrate by Volume
(L/min))
1
Flowrate by Mass (L/min)
0.5

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Rotameter Reading (cm)
 Pressure Drop (Pa) Calibration Flowrate (L/min) Calibration Flowrate (m^3/s) Superficial Velocity (m/s)
98.1 0.50 0.0000084145 0.00219
215.7 1.24 0.0000206107 0.00536
274.6 2.06 0.0000343405 0.00892
294.2 2.93 0.0000487746 0.01267
323.6 3.92 0.0000653941 0.01699
323.6 4.86 0.0000809191 0.02103
323.6 5.98 0.0000997006 0.02591
323.6 5.41 0.0000901465 0.02342
333.4 4.36 0.0000726915 0.01889
313.8 3.33 0.0000555085 0.01442
313.8 2.47 0.0000411181 0.01068
304.0 1.62 0.0000270484 0.00703
274.6 0.87 0.0000144751 0.00376

Pressure Drop vs Superficial Velocity in W

400.0

350.0

300.0
Pressure Drop (Pa)

250.0

Calibrated Data 200.0

rate by Volume (L/min)
150.0
r (Flowrate by Volume
in))
rate by Mass (L/min) 100.0

50.0
20 25
0.0
0.00000 0.00500 0.01000 0.01500

Superficial Velocity

Water/borosilicate fluidised bed - forward

measurements
350.0

300.0 f(x) = 18215.2560962066

f(x)x += 87.9556895272891
323.61945
R² = 0.872329074081358R² = 0
250.0
ressure drop (Pa)

200.0

150.0

100.0
 350.0

300.0 f(x) = 18215.2560962066

f(x)x += 87.9556895272891
323.61945
R² = 0.872329074081358R² = 0
250.0

Pressure drop (Pa)

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0
0.00000 0.00500 0.01000 0.01500 0.02000 0.02500 0.03000
Superficial velocity (m/s)
 Pressure Drop (Pa) Minimum Fluidization Velocity W W/A
0 0.00534122842232035 8.375571 2176.348
167 0.00534122842232035

erficial Velocity in Water and Glass Beads Column

Forward Measurements

Reverse Measurements

00 0.01500 0.02000 0.02500 0.03000

Superficial Velocity (m/s)

 P 410.9284

0.03000
Rotameter (cm) Column Height (cm) h1 (cm) h2(cm) Pressure Drop (cm H20) Pressure Drop (Pa)
2 17.6 26.3 28.1 1.8 177
4 17.6 25.9 28.5 2.6 255
6 17.6 25.5 28.9 3.4 333
8 17.6 25.1 29.3 4.2 412
10 17.6 24.7 29.7 5 490
12 17.6 24.3 30 5.7 559
13.8 17.6 23.9 30.5 6.6 647
15.9 17.6 23.3 31 7.7 755
17.8 17.6 22.9 31.5 8.6 843
20.1 17.7 22.4 32 9.6 941
22.2 17.9 22.4 32 9.6 941
24.2 18 22.1 31.8 9.7 951
26.2 18 22.2 32.3 10.1 990
28 18.1 22 32.4 10.4 1020
28 18 22.4 31.9 9.5 932
25.7 17.9 22.8 31.5 8.7 853
24 17.8 22.8 31.9 9.1 892
22.1 17.6 23 31.4 8.4 824
20.1 17.5 22.9 31.4 8.5 834
18.1 17.5 22.3 31 8.7 853
15.9 17.5 23.9 32.4 8.5 834
13.9 17.5 24.4 30.1 5.7 559
12 17.5 24.8 29.5 4.7 461
10 17.5 25.2 29.2 4 392
8 17.5 25.5 28.6 3.1 304
6 17.5 25.9 28.4 2.5 245
4 17.5 26.3 28.1 1.8 177
2.1 17.5 26.5 27.9 1.4 137

Air fluidised sand bed - forward measurements

1200

1000 f(x) = 6987.11847783337 x − 14.3673236864298

R² = 0.998836965699414f(x) = 336.955316329622 x + 893.537527205565
Pressure drop (Pa)

800 R² = 0.744292241762322

600

400

200

0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Superficial velocity (m/s)
 Calibration Flowrate (L/min) Rotameter Flowrate (L/min) Column Flowrate (L/min)
7.43866 6.32 0.00
10.3468 8.79 0.00
13.35262 11.35 0.00
16.45612 13.98 0.00
19.6573 16.70 0.00
22.95616 19.50 0.00
26.0086504 22.10 0.00
29.6698891 25.21 0.00
33.0752344 28.10 0.00
37.3154431 31.71 0.00
41.2997584 35.09 0.00
45.1944664 38.40 0.00
49.1868544 41.79 0.00
52.86352 44.92 0.00
52.86352 44.92 0.00
48.1795999 40.94 0.00
44.8006 38.07 0.00
41.1075871 34.93 0.00
37.3154431 31.71 0.00
33.6209791 28.57 0.00
29.6698891 25.21 0.00
26.1805531 22.24 0.00
22.95616 19.50 0.00
19.6573 16.70 0.00
16.45612 13.98 0.00
13.35262 11.35 0.00
10.3468 8.79 0.00
7.5817471 6.44 0.00

ments Air fluidised sand bed - reverse measurements

1000
900
f(x) = 6177.6065061698 x − 53.398243099401
x + 893.537527205565
800 R² = 0.99279099621646 f(x) = 433.939182538129 x + 785.817305257414
R² = 0.202913841043746
700
Pressure drop (Pa)

600
500
400
300
200
100
0.20 0.25 0
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
Superficial velocity (m/s)
 Rotameter Flowrate (m^3/s) Superficial Velocity (m/s) Pressure Drop (Pa)
0.0001053388 0.03 0
0.0001465210 0.04 971
0.0001890864 0.05
0.0002330350 0.06
0.0002783669 0.07
0.0003250820 0.08
0.0003683083 0.10
0.0004201551 0.11
0.0004683781 0.12
0.0005284237 0.14
0.0005848456 0.15
0.0006399985 0.17
0.0006965347 0.18
0.0007485999 0.19
0.0007485999 0.19
0.0006822710 0.18
0.0006344210 0.16
0.0005821242 0.15
0.0005284237 0.14
0.0004761064 0.12
0.0004201551 0.11
0.0003707426 0.10
0.0003250820 0.08
0.0002783669 0.07
0.0002330350 0.06
0.0001890864 0.05
0.0001465210 0.04
0.0001073651 0.03

asurements

9401
2538129 x + 785.817305257414
1043746

0.20 0.25
Minimum Fluidization Velocity W W/A ∆Pmax
0.116640729403638 3.737577 971.19 971
0.116640729403638
P 415.5771
Fluidized bed of air and sand

Sample 1 Sample 2
Total mass 102 g Total mass 100
Size (μm) Nomalized mass Cumulative mass Size (μm) Nomalized mass
850 0 100 850 0
600 13.3 86.7 600 11
425 51.1 35.6 425 47
300 31.1 4.4 300 39
212 3.3 1.1 212 2
150 1.1 0 150 1
0 0 0 0 0
Total 99.9 Total 100

Fluidized bed of water and glass beads

Sample 1 Sample 2
Total mass 80 g Total mass 85
Size (μm) Nomalized mass Cumulative mass Size (μm) Nomalized mass
1180 0 100 1180 0
850 28.6 71.4 850 35.3
600 54.8 16.7 600 47.1
425 16.7 0 425 17.6
0 0 0 0 0
Total 100.1 Total 100
g
Cumulative mass
100
89
42
3
1
0
0

Sample 3
g Total mass 182 g
Cumulative mass Size (μm) Nomalized mass Cumulative mass
100 1180 0 100
64.7 850 29.6 70.4
17.6 600 57.5 12.8
0 425 12.8 0
0 0 0 0
Total 99.9
Average
Total mass 202 g
Size (μm) Nomalized mass Cumulative mass xi/dpi
850 0.0 100.0 0
600 12.2 87.8 0.0001678280019
425 49.1 38.8 0.0009579529291
300 35.0 3.8 0.0009663056217
212 2.7 1.1 0.000103819441
150 1.1 0.1 5.806772185E-05
0 0.0 0.0 0
Total 99.9 Average size (μm) 443.66
Average size (m) 4.44E-04

Average
Total mass 347 g
Size (μm) Nomalized mass Cumulative mass xi/dpi
1180 0.0 100.0 0
850 30.8 69.2 0.0003031995294
600 54.3 14.9 0.0007495992561
425 14.9 0.0 0.000290327838
0 0 0 0
Total 100.0 Average size (μm) 744.53
Average size (m) 7.45E-04
Sand
Material Density ρp 2.65 g/cm^3
Bulk Density ρb 1.38 g/cm^3
Voidage ε 0.479245

Glass Beads
Material Density ρp 2.23 g/cm^3
Bulk Density ρb 1.53 g/cm^3
Voidage ε 0.313901
Air and Sand
μ 1.80E-05
ε 0.47924528301887
x 0.00044366089678
ρf 1.225

U Measured H (cm)
0.092191 8.7
0.068328 8.7
0.0414 8.2
0.019358 7.9

Water and Glass Beads

μ 1.14E-03
ε 0.31390134529148
x 0.00074453144066
ρf 999.1

U Measured H (cm)
0.005953 15.2
0.004633 14.9
0.003642 14.9
0.001999 14.8
0.001299 14.8
0.000742 14.7
at 15C
Pa.s

m
kg/m^3

H related to probe (m) ∆P (Ergun) ∆P (Measured)

0.071 235.2 764.9
0.071 171.7 568.8
0.066 95.0 333.4
0.063 41.8 156.9

at 15C
Pa.s

m
kg/m^3

H related to probe (m) ∆P (Ergun) ∆P (Measured)

0.122 3629.3 166.7
0.119 2716.7 156.9
0.119 2113.4 147.1
0.118 1129.9 107.9
0.118 728.9 78.5
0.117 410.5 68.6
Air and Sand Sand Mass 934.7 g

1.40
Superficial Velocity (m/s) Column Height (cm) Material Volume (cm^3) Material Density (g/cm^3)
0.0273717420852534 17.6 677.3 1.391.38
0.038072709467525 17.6 677.3 1.381.38
0.0491331060705014 17.6 677.3 1.38
1.37

Density (g/cm^3)
0.0605529318941825 17.6 677.3 1.38
1.36
0.0723321869385684 17.6 677.3 1.38
0.084470871203659 17.6 677.3 1.351.38
0.0957029990259431 17.6 677.3 1.341.38
0.109175113816638 17.6 677.3 1.38
1.33
0.121705627815507 17.6 677.3 1.38
0.137308155545508 17.7 681.2 1.321.37
0.151969082483684 17.9 688.9 1.311.36
0 0.05 0.1
0.166300284995073 18 692.7 1.35
Superficial velo
0.180990916727167 18 692.7 1.35
0.194519797269755 18.1 696.6 1.34
0.194519797269755 18 692.7 1.35
0.177284562304703 17.9 688.9 1.36
0.164850990429002 17.8 685.0 1.36
0.151261957375158 17.6 677.3 1.38
0.137308155545508 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.123713782936563 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.109175113816638 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.0963355425711729 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.084470871203659 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.0723321869385684 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.0605529318941825 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.0491331060705014 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.038072709467525 17.5 673.5 1.39
0.0278982540103752 17.5 673.5 1.39

Water and Glass Beads Glass Mass 853.8 g

Superficial Velocity (m/s) Column Height (cm) Material Volume (cm^3) Material Density
1.800 (g/cm^3)
0.00218646411207633 14.5 558.0 1.530
1.600
0.00535558981952278 14.5 558.0 1.530
0.0089231897008837 15.4 592.7 1.400 1.441
0.0126738329244139 16.9 650.4 1.200 1.313
Density (g/cm^3)

0.0169923171657889 18.9 727.4 1.000

1.174
0.021026407764159 21.0 808.2 1.056
0.800
0.0259066916316614 23.6 908.2 0.940
0.0234240997182588 23.8 915.9 0.600 0.932
0.0188885086461461 21.2 815.9 0.400 1.046
0.200

0.000
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
superficial Velocity
 Density (g
0.800

0.600

0.400
0.0144235845341396 18.9 727.4 1.174
0.200
0.010684313851577 17.0 654.2 1.305
0.000
0.00702839488635362 15.5 596.5 0 1.431
0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
0.00376127953755019 14.5 558.0 1.530 superficial Velocity
 Forward
Reverse

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25

Superficial velocity (m/s^2)

Forward
Reverse

0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

superficial Velocity
 Forward
Reverse

0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03

superficial Velocity