“LUIS ROGERIO GONZALEZ”

TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE
EXHIBITION II

TOPIC: “ELECTRIC BRAKES”

MEMBERS: ROMERO JARAMILO ROGELIO ANDRES

MORA RIVERA FRANKLIN CALIXTO

GUAMAN CHUMA DAVID

TUTOR: ING. CLAUDIO ORTIZ.

SUBJECT: OPTIONAL I BRAKE SYSTEM

DATE: 03-01-2018

TOPIC: ELECTRIC BRAKES

General objective:
 Investigate electric brakes to know how they work, the types of electric brakes
that exist, such as the braking system for light and heavy vehicles.

Specific objective:
 Ask about electric brakes, their operation and what type of vehicles they are
used in.
 Investigate the types of electric brakes there are and how they work.
 What are its advantages and disadvantages over the electric brake system.

Introduction:

 The following report has the purpose of finding out about the electric brake
systems in which they can be applied and what their functions are, an electric
brake is a device that allows a vehicle to be decelerated or stopped by means of an
electric drive. The most used is the “slow down” electric brake, which is used in
trucks and heavy vehicles to descend long slopes without tiring the vehicle's main
brakes.
 The primary objective of this system is to control oversteer and understeer in
curves, which in short is when the car goes "on its tail" or "on its nose", here is a
video about these two phenomena and techniques to avoid them. It takes data
from the vehicle and its center of gravity to know if it is oversteering or
understeering and applies a certain force to some wheels and not to others so that
we do not lose control of the vehicle.

Image N° 1 electric brake of a truck.

Theoretical framework:
Functioning:
Its operation is based on the principle of the creation of currents that are born in a
metallic mass when it is placed in a variable magnetic field. These eddy currents are
called eddy currents or eddy currents .

In its construction, coils whose polarities are alternated are used, which are installed in
the stator , which is located between two discs integral with the vehicle's transmission
shaft. These coils, when their electrical circuit is closed, create a fixed magnetic field,
and it is the movement of the rotors that produces the speed variation, since the higher
the rotation speed, the greater the braking force generated by the electromagnetic field.
that passes through the rotor discs. The kinetic energy of the vehicle is dissipated in the
form of heat through cooling fins on the rotor discs.

The main advantage of this braking system is that since it has no friction between
mechanical parts, wear and maintenance are minimal, and it allows very heavy vehicles,
such as trucks , buses or trains , to be braked with hardly any energy consumption.

"Brake by wire":

Recently, some German luxury vehicle brands are working on fully electric braking
systems, known by the English word "Brake by wire", or braking by electric cable, in
Spanish. This system does not have any direct action on the wheels, neither mechanical
nor hydraulic.

The driver of the vehicle activates a pressure sensor through the brake pedal, which
directly transmits the information to a braking computer, which in turn collects readings
of wheel rotation speeds and from an accelerometer installed in the center of the
vehicle. , and with this data it calculates the amount of braking necessary to comply
with the brake pedal's commands. Finally, it operates electric motors in the brake
calipers of each wheel as necessary.

There are detractors of this system, since the possibility of failure in the event of
complete loss of power to the system has not yet been solved. On the other hand, it has
the advantage of saving weight in the vehicle, as well as less maintenance, and greater
simplicity of electrical wiring compared to ABS and current systems.

The electronic braking system: what is it and how does it work?

The electronic braking system is one of the most important elements for safety in a
vehicle and its good condition is essential at all times.

Since last year 2009, vehicle manufacturers have incorporated the Electric Wedge Brake
into their models, what we know as the electronic braking system and which has
represented a great advance in terms of active safety devices for the automobile,
replacing the classic brakes. hydraulic ones for electric ones.
Thus, we will say that the electronic braking system is generally configured as a system
that is directed through a control unit that is responsible, through the use of sensors, for
collecting the necessary information about the state and the vehicle behavior.

Thanks to the information collected by the control unit, the brake activity will be
boosted, always based on needs and in such a way that the percentage of braking
received by each of the vehicle's wheels is controlled. In this way, when pressing the
brake pedal in our vehicle, we will control the intensity of the braking, making it more
or less strong and based on our requirements.

The braking percentage, in addition to depending on ourselves, will also be conditioned

by the existence of systems such as stability control (ESP), traction control (TCS,
ASC+T, ASR or EDS), the anti-lock braking system ( ABS) or power steering.
Therefore, for braking to occur in a controlled manner both in distance, intensity and
stability regardless of the state of the road, these systems will have to act together in an
efficient and balanced manner.

Image N° 2 braking systems

Before the electronic braking system was incorporated into vehicles, they acted in the
same way through a hydraulic system which continues to be maintained in current
electric brakes and the only difference lies in the way in which they are controlled. For
this reason, if the electrical brake system were to fail, we would still have our
conventional system and we would be able to brake if necessary.

Below we leave you with an image in which we can identify each and every one of the
elements that make up the electronic braking system:
 Image No. 3 brake system.

Once we have reached this point, we will not need to remember the great advance in
terms of safety that the electronic braking system has represented, because thanks to the
control unit that we have already talked about in this post and the rest of the systems
that They act in conjunction with the braking system, there is greater communication
and coordination. As a drawback of this type of braking system, as we have also
mentioned before, we found that due to possible electronic problems that could arise in
it, it would stop working, giving way to the conventional braking system and slightly
losing efficiency. .

FOUCAULT principle - are a phenomenon that occurs when a conductor (metal)

passes through a variable magnetic field. The relative motion causes a recirculation of
electrons, or induced currents within the conductor.

The main advantage of this braking system is that since it has no friction between
mechanical parts, wear and storage are minimal, and it allows very heavy vehicles, such
as trucks, buses, or trains to be braked with hardly any energy consumption.

Electric brake , there are two types:

 Regenerative brake
 Rheostatic brake or dynamic brake .

Regenerative brake

A regenerative brake or KERS (kinetic energy recovery system) is a device that reduces
the speed of a vehicle by transforming part of its kinetic energy into electrical energy .
This electrical energy is stored for future use.
The regenerative brake in electric trains feeds the train's energy source. In battery
vehicles and hybrid vehicles , energy is stored in a battery bank or capacitor bank for
later use.

Regenerative braking is a type of dynamic braking . Another type of dynamic brake is

the rheostatic brake , through which the electrical energy generated during braking is
dissipated in the form of heat . Traditional braking, based on friction , is still used along
with regenerative braking for the following reasons:

Regenerative braking does not effectively reduce speed at low levels

The amount of energy to be dissipated is limited to the energy absorption capacity of the
energy system, or the state of charge of the batteries or capacitors. A non-regenerative
effect can occur if another vehicle connected to the power grid does not consume it or if
the batteries or capacitors are fully charged. For this reason it is necessary to have a
rheostatic brake that absorbs excess energy.

Image No. 4 regenerative brake.

Rheostatic brake or dynamic brake .

Dynamic braking is applied when a vehicle's electric traction motors are used as
generators to slow the vehicle down. It is called rheostatic braking when the electricity
generated is dissipated in the form of heat through resistances, and regenerative braking
when the energy produced is returned to the power line or stored in batteries for future
use. Dynamic braking reduces wear on conventional braking system components and
can additionally reduce energy consumption.

Operation.- During braking, the fields of the motors are connected to the main generator (
diesel-electric locomotive ) or to the power line ( electric locomotive ), while the rotors are
connected to a bank of resistors or to the power line. The wheels of the locomotive turn the
rotor of the motors, and if the fields are excited, these motors act as generators.
During dynamic braking the traction motors are operating as generators and connected
to the bank of braking resistors , which impose a large load on the electrical circuit,
causing the rotation of the motors to decrease. By varying the amount of excitation in
the motor fields and the amount of resistance imposed on the circuit through the
resistance bank, you can effectively brake by about 2 or 3 km/h.

For permanent magnet motors, dynamic braking is easily accomplished by shorting its
terminals, causing the motor to come to an abrupt stop. This method, however,
dissipates all energy as heat in the motor itself, and cannot be used other than
intermittently and at low power due to limitations in motor cooling. Not suitable for
traction applications.

Image N° 5 dynamic or rheostatic brake of a locomotive.

Comparison between rheostatic and regenerative brake

Rheostatic brakes, unlike regenerative brakes, dissipate electrical energy in the form of
heat by circulating the current generated during braking through huge banks of variable
resistors or rheostats . Rheostatic brakes are used on forklifts and trolleybuses , in
addition to electric and diesel locomotives.

The heat generated by the resistors can be used to heat the interior of the vehicle. If the
heat is dissipated to the outside, it is done so through huge hoods designed to house the
resistor banks.

The main disadvantage of regenerative brakes compared to rheostatic brakes is the need
to match the current generated with the current supplied. With direct current supplies,
this requires that the voltage be strictly controlled. Only with the development of
electronics was it possible to use alternating current sources, since the frequency of the
supply must also be equalized.

Some mountain railways have used three-phase current to drive three-phase induction
motors. This results in an almost constant speed while the motor runs at the necessary
frequency when moving forward or braking.
Advantages of electric brakes.

 Very economical compared to other systems.

 No mechanical modifications to the vehicle are necessary.
 Very safe and easy to install and operate.
 Very low maintenance cost.
 It does not have hydraulic or pneumatic circuits.
 Manual or automatic braking intensity control in relation to the weight of the
trailer.

Conclusions:
The brake under study has good design characteristics, the wear theory is similar to that
of uniform pressure, in my opinion the brake satisfactorily fulfills the functions for
which it was designed, there is a good selection of materials, the system is not complex ,
there is a low probability of failure and in general it is efficient depending on the level
of analysis being carried out. If you want to give more compromising results, such as in
the case of an accident evaluation, you have to be much more rigorous since They have
ruled out several things and assumed others, which can lead to errors in calculations.

Evaluated Parameters
Braking time: acceptable.
Operator strength: the normal force to be performed.
Specific power: there were no references for comparison.
Materials: optimal for the time of construction.
Performance in wear: acceptable. Heat dissipation, temperature control : not evaluated.
Lack of approximate heat transfer models

Bibliography :
[1] NORTON. Robert L. machine design. 1999. p. 959 – 983.
[2] SHIGLEY. Joseph. Design in Mechanical Engineering. McGraw Hill. P. 609-629.
[3] SIEMENS. Electric motors and fans. (Documentation Center) page 1/15
[4] FRESNEDA, Eliseo. Principles of operation of clutches. January 2000.

Linkography:
 https://prezi.com/dcumnzl0lqip/frenos-electricos/ .
 https://es.scribd.com/doc/123770425/SISTEMA-DE-FRENOS-pdf .
 https://www.taringa.net/posts/autos-motos/6898512/Sistemas-de-frenos-electricos-para-
automoviles.html
 https://www.google.com.ec/search?
biw=1366&bih=651&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=cWQxWqG9EKKc_QaurBc&q=imagenes+de+b
rakes+electricos&oq=imagenes+de+brakes+electricos&gs_l=psy-ab.3...
2397127.2399226.0.2399591.11.11.0.0.0.0.554.1828.0j7j1j5 1.9.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-
ab..2.1.551...0.0.q6uFwSVrHv4