4 EVS SEM-1 Textbook

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ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Class - 4 (Semester - 1)
Textbook Development Committee
Editorial Board
Sri. S. Suresh Kumar IAS
Commissioner of School Education & State Project Director, SS, AP, Amaravati.
Smt. Vetriselvi. K IAS

Special Officer, English Medium Project, O/o CSE-AP, Amaravati.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Director, SCERT, AP, Amaravati.
Sri K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.

Director, Govt. Textbook Press, AP, Amaravati.
Editors
Dr. K. N. Shoba M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D (English), M.A. (Edu.)
Asst. Professor, Anna University, Chennai.
Dr. E. Uday Bhaskar Reddy Prof. (Retd.) Dr. Suman Bandi Prof.
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam. Regional Institute of English, Bangalore.
Dr. K. Sreeramulu Prof. (Retd.) Dr. R. Pardhasaradhi

Head of the Dept. of Zoology, Associate Professor and Head,
VSR & NVR College, Nagarjuna University. Sri Y.N. College, Narsapur.
Dr. D. Gopala Krishna Principal (Retd.) Dr. G. Chenna Reddy Associate Prof.
IASE, Rajamahendravaram. Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur.
Dr. N. Upendar Reddy Prof. (Retd.) Dr. P. Vinay Kumar Principal,

SCERT, Hyderabad. DIET, Angaluru, Krishna (Dt.).
Dr. V. Raghava Rao Lecturer (Retd.)

APRJC, Hyderabad.
Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.
i
© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati
First Published 2020

New Impression 2021, 2022, 2023
All rights reserved
No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means
without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any
form of binding or cover other than that in
which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being
imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the
Commissioner of School Education,
Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh.
This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh
Printed in India
at the A.P. Govt. Textbook Press
Amaravati
Andhra Pradesh
ii
Co-ordinators
Dr. T. https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
V. S. Ramesh, M.Sc., M.Ed., Ph.D.
Dept. of C&T, SCERT, AP.
Sri D. David, M.Sc., M.Ed.
Assessment Cell, SCERT, AP
Smt S. Umamaheswari, M.Sc., B.Ed.
Digital Education, SCERT, AP
Authors
Sri. M. Hari Prasad, SA (BS),
ZPHS, Giddaluru, Kurnool District
Sri. V. Srinivasulu, SA (BS),
MPUPS, Chintalapalli, Kurnool District
Sri. C. Nagendra Prasad, SGT,
MPPS, GC Palem, Bandiatmakur, Kurnool District
Smt. K. Sabitha Lakshmi, SA
ZPHS, Kannurupalem, Visakhapatnam District
Smt. S.Padmavathi, SA
ZPHS, Vepagunta, Visakhapatnam District
Smt. N. Kusuma, SGT
GDET, MCPS, Patamata, Vijayawada, Krishna District
Sri B. RajaSekhar, SGT
MPUPS, Chukkavalasa, Vijayanagaram District.
Smt. G. Sujatha, SA
ZPHS, Kalluru, Ananthapuram District.
Smt. K. Sri Latha, SGT
MPPS, Kothagudem, West Godavari District.
Sri M. Zakir Hussain, SGT
MPPS, Palyamthanda, Pamidi, Ananthapuram District.
Illustrator
Uttam
Sri P. Ramachandra Rao, MPPS, Jakeru, Vizianagaram District
Sri T. Kalidasu, ZPHS, Vepagunta, Visakhapatnam
DTP & Designing

Published by Government
Star Media of Andhra
Services, Pradesh, Amaravati
Hyderabad.
Sri A. Ramaraju, Lasya Graphics, Vijayawada.
iii
Foreword
The Government of Andhra Pradesh has unleashed a new era in school education by introducing
extensive curricular reforms from the academic year 2020-21. The Government has taken up curricular
reforms intending to enhance the learning outcomes of the children with focus on building solid foundational
learning and to build up an environment conducive for an effective teaching-learning process. To achieve
this objective, special care has been taken in designing the textbooks to achieve global standards.
As a part of the curricular reform, in order to ensure quality transaction of textbooks, handbooks
are given to teachers with elaborate lesson plans for better pedagogical techniques. For the practice of
the students, workbooks are given which will reinforce the learning in the classroom. Parental handbooks
are prepared to impart awareness regarding the teaching-learning process to the parent community. QR
codes are incorporated in the beginning of each lesson to enable learning outside the classroom.
Semester system is going to be implemented from this academic year for 1 to 5 classes.
Environmental studies textbooks have been developed in bilingual approach. In this textbook, eleven
lessons have been incorporated on various themes like Family, Plants and Animals around us, Our body,
Food, Water, Shelter, Travel, Relations, Games and Recreations etc. In order to reinforce the concepts,
several projects and activities are given to inculcate scientific temperament. Questions are framed for
each lesson to recapitulate the conceptual understanding and to achieve competencies required for
project work, drawings and model makings. Each lesson is provided with eye catching illustrations to
engage the children. The key concepts of the lessons are included under key words and the salient
features of the lessons are given under the title "What we have learnt " for the review of the important
concepts. An effort has been made to relate the scientific concepts with the real-life events thereby
developing and promoting scientific temperament.
We are grateful to Honourable Chief Minister Sri.Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy for being our source
of inspiration to carry out this extensive reform in the education department. We extend our gratitude to
Sri. Botcha Satyanarayana, Honourable Minister of Education for striving towards qualitative education.
Our special thanks to Sri. Budithi Rajsekhar, IAS, Special Secretary, School Education,
Sri. S. Suresh Kumar, IAS, Commissioner of School Education & State Project Director, SS,
Smt. Vetriselvi.K, IAS, Special Officer, English Medium Project for their constant motivation and guidance.
We convey our thanks to the textbook writers who studied curriculum from Chicago to Singapore
and recommended best practices across the globe to reach global standards. Our heartfelt thanks to NCERT,
SCERT of Kerala, Tamilnadu and Karnataka in designing the textbooks. We also thank our textbook
writers, editors, artists and layout designers for their contribution in the development of this textbook. We
invite constructive feedback from the teachers and parents in further refinement of the textbook.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy

Director
SCERT, Andhra Pradesh
iv
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v
Instructions to the Teachers
( Children should understand, observe, explore and love their environment. Hence, the text book
on Environmental studies at primary level is given the title ‘Our World’.
( The syllabus and lessons are written according to the context of our Andhra Pradesh State and the
themes based on the learning outcomes of the National Council For Educational Research And
Training (NCERT).
( The contents of the lessons are prepared on the themes family, plants and animals, food and water,
where do we live, communication and transport, our traditions and cultures and our universe.
( There are eleven lessons under seven themes. Each lesson is enriched with colourful pictures to
make children understand the concepts better.
( Every lesson starts with either a real life situation or child experiences. It give opportunity to hands
on experience.
( Children are encouraged to talk about the concepts and their experiences in the classroom.
( Activities are designed in such a way that the children observe and explore their surroundings,
discuss with their friends, family members, elders and collect the information, tabulate the data, do
experiments, participate in activities and projects.
( This textbook focuses mainly on the processing skills. Hence whole classroom, groups or individual
activities, logos and Q.R codes are also given to specify the different activities . The cat logo poses
a question for children to observe their surroundings and the practices to be followed. The bird
logo comes up with certain suggestions and practices children can do.
( Exercises are given not only to know what children have learnt, but also to exhibit and express
their creativity, experiences and thoughts. So all children should be given a chance to participate in
the activities.
( In each lesson there is an activity ‘Let us do’, to give scope for children to explore. Children
should do these activities either individually or in a group.
( There is another activity by the title ‘Think and Discuss.’ A scope is provided for the children to
think and discuss them with teachers or elders. Children should identify them independently.
( ‘Key words’ are given at the end of each lesson. These are the important concepts of the lesson.
Children’s conceptual understanding should be evaluated with the key words. Salient features of
the lesson are given by the title ‘What we have learnt’. Children should be made to read these
features. These are given to review the concept.
( In each and every lesson, the activities are incorporated keeping in view the Continuous and
Comprehensive Evaluation (C.C.E).
( Teacher should note down the progress of children based on the competencies achieved.
( If 80% of the children can do this, then only the next lesson should be taken up and remedial
coaching should be conducted for those children lagging behind.
vi
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vii
Our National Anthem | C≤rj·T ^‘·+
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he »q>∑DeTq n~ÛHêj·Tø£ »j·TùV≤!

Bharata-bhagya-vidhata uÛ≤s¡‘· uÛ≤>∑´$<Ûë‘ê!
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha |ü+C≤ã, dæ+<ÛTä , >∑T»sê‘·, eTsêsƒê,
Dravida-Utkala-Banga Á<ë$&É, ñ‘·ÿfi¯, e+>±!
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga $+<Û´ä , Væ≤e÷#·\, j·TeTTHê, >∑+>±!
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga ñ#·Ã\ »\~Û ‘·s+¡ >±!
Tava Subha name jage, ‘·e X¯óuÛHÑ êy˚T C≤π>!
tave subha asisa mage, ‘·e X¯óuÛÑ Ä•wü e÷"π>
gahe tava jaya-gatha. >±ùV≤ ‘·e »j·T>±<∏ë!
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he »q>∑D eT+>∑fi<¯ ëj·Tø£ »j·TùV≤!
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata. uÛ≤s¡‘· uÛ≤>∑´ $<Ûë‘ê!
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he, »j·TùV≤! »j·TùV≤! »j·TùV≤!
jaya jaya jaya jaya he. »j·T »j·T »j·T »j·TùV≤!!
- Rabindranath Tagore - s¡M+Á<äHê<∏é sƒê>∑÷sY
Pledge | Á|ü‹»„
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.
I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.
- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao
uÛ≤s¡‘<· X˚ +¯ Hê e÷‘·èuÛ÷Ñ $T. uÛ≤s¡rj·TT\+<äs÷¡ Hê dü¨<äsT¡ \T.
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BìøÏ ns¡Ω‘· bı+<ä&Üì¬ø’ düs«¡ <ë H˚qT ø£èwæ #˚kÕÔqT.
Hê ‘·*<¢ +ä Á&ÉT*ï, ñbÕ<Ûë´j·TT*ï, ô|<ä\› +<ä]ï >ös¡$kÕÔqT. Á|ü‹yê]‘√qT eTsê´<ä>± q&ÉT#·Tø=+{≤qT.
»+‘·Te⁄\|ü≥¢ <äjT· ‘√ ñ+{≤qT.
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yê] ÁX‚j÷Ó _Ûeè<äT˝∆ Ò Hê Äq+<ëìøÏ eT÷˝+.
- ô|&’ eç TÁ] yÓ+ø£≥ düTu≤“sêe⁄
viii
Learning Outcomes
For All Classes New Text-Books
Academic Standards
Open Below Link
The Learning outcomes - academic standards to be achieved through the Class - 4 Text book
'Our World' have been given below. These should be achieved by the end of the academic year.
The Teaching-Learning process should be carried out with the inclusion of these standards.
The following processing skills should be developed among the children.
1) Conceptual Understanding : Children should understand the different concepts given

in the 11 lessons of this text book. They should compare these with their real life
experiences. They should be able to give examples, say similarities and differences,
classify, explain and give the reasons.
2) Questioning and Hypothesis: Children should be able to question about the

surroundings, situations and incidents they have seen and observed.
3) Doing and Explaining: Children should be able to do smaller and simpler experiments
and explain the concepts. They should be able to tell the sequence of the steps of the
experiment and the things that are used.
4) Information Skills - Projects : Children should grasp, note, tabulate and analyze the
things by observation, reading and discussing with others. They should be able to infer
the analysis and do the generalization. They should participate actively in the projects.
Projects should be exhibited and explained by them in the class.
5) Drawing and Model Making: Children should be able to explain the concepts by
drawing and colouring the pictures and by making models.
6) Appreciation: Good attitudes should be developed among the children. They should
recognize and appreciate the greatness of animals, birds, plants and people of their
society. The values like kindness, co-operation, working together etc., should be
inculcated. They should be able to identify and appreciate the diversities of the
surroundings and society. They should be able to appreciate different food habits, life
styles, cultures and traditions. Personal hygiene, good food habits, doing the personal
work by themselves, helping the elders and children with special needs should be
encouraged.
ix
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x
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
|ü]düsê\ $C≤„q+
Class (‘·s¡>∑‹) - 4
Semester (ôd$TdüºsY) - 1
Lesson No. of
Lesson Name Month Pages
No. Periods
bÕsƒ¡+ dü+K´ bÕsƒ¡+ ù|s¡T |”]j·T&ÉT¢ HÓ\ ù|J\T
1. Family 10 June 2-23

≈£î≥T+ã+ pHé
2. Green World 11 July 24-39
Vü≤]‘· Á|ü|ü+#·+ E˝…’
3. Animals Around Us 9 July 40-55
eTq #·T≥÷º ñqï »+‘·Te⁄\T E˝…’
4. Sense Organs 9 August 56-77
C≤„H˚+Á~j·÷\T Ä>∑wüßº
5. Eat Together 10 September 78-93
eTq+ ‹H˚ ÄVü‰s¡+ ôdô|º+ãs¡T
6. Water 10 October 94-109
˙s¡T nø√ºãs¡T
Teacher corner Student corner
Chapter https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
1
Learning Outcomes
Pupils will be able to:
understand the relationships among the members of a family.
understand an extended family and changes in families.
identify different types of families.
identify different types of home appliances.
Deepika went to her grandparent’s house during summer vacation. She saw an old
photo of her family members and wanted to know the persons in the photo. Her
grandfather went on to explain:
2 Class - 4 Our World

bÕsƒ¡+
1
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$$<Ûä s¡ø±\ >∑èVü≤√|üøs£ D
¡ ≤\qT >∑T]ÔkÕÔsT¡ .
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$e]+#·≥+ yÓTT<ä\Tô|{≤º&TÉ .
‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 3

Deepika : Grandpa! Who is the tall man in the photo?
Grandfather : He is your
For father,
All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
Deepika : Oh! Then, who is this girl in a half saree?
Grandfather : Don’t you recognize her? She is your aunt.
Deepika : Then, this is uncle Rajesh! Am I right?
Grandfather : Yes, you recognized him rightly.
Deepika : Where is he now?
Grandfather : He is in Nellore.
Deepika : Grandpa, why is he in Nellore?
Grandfather : He works there.
Family Tree
All families are not the same. Some families consists of only father, mother and
children. In some families, along with father, mother and children, grandparents like
grandfather and grandmother also live together.
Now, let us observe Deepika’s Family Tree.

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‘ê‘·j·T´ : Äj·Tq MT Hêqï>±s¡ T.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 5

Deepika’s Family

Name of the member Relation to Deepika
Description
Bhaskar Rao Grandfather Father’s father

Sarojanamma Grandmother Father’s mother
Rajesh Uncle (ô|<äH› êqï) Father’s brother
Roja Aunty (ô|<äH › êqï) Uncle’s(ô|<äH› êqï) wife
Srinivas Uncle (e÷eT) Aunty (n‘·)Ô husband
Swathi Aunty (n‘·)Ô Father’s sister
Kishore Father -
Bharathi Mother -
Yagna Cousin Uncle’s (ô|<äH› êqï) daughter
Pragna Cousin Uncle’s (ô|<äH › êqï) daughter
Nitish Cousin (u≤e) Aunty (n‘·)Ô son
Bharath Brother Sibling (‘√ãT≥Tºe⁄)
The members of the family who are related to your mother are your
maternal family members. The members of your family who are related to
your father are your paternal family members. The parents of your mother
are your maternal grandparents. The parents of your father are paternal
grandparents.
My mother has one brother. He has two children Revanth and Sanjana. Sanjana is my
mother’s niece (y˚Tqø√&É\T). Revanth is my mother’s nephew (y˚Tq\T¢&TÉ ).
Match the following:

1. Father’s father ( ) a. Grandmother
2. Father’s mother ( ) b. Aunty
3. Father’s brother ( ) c. Uncle
4. Father’s sister ( ) d . Grandfather

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sêCÒwt ô|<äHêqï ‘·+Á&çøÏ k˛<äsT¡ &ÉT
s√C≤ ô|<äe› Tà ô|<äHêqï uÛ≤s¡´
Áoìyêdt e÷eT n‘·jÔ T· úÛsÑ Ô¡
kÕ«‹ n‘·jÔ T· ´ ‘·+Á&çøÏ k˛<ä]
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e÷ neTà≈£î y˚Tq\T¢&TÉ .
»‘·|üs¡#·+&ç:
1. ‘·+Á&çøÏ ‘·+Á&ç ( ) n) Hêj·TqeTà
2. ‘·+Á&çøÏ ‘·*¢ ( ) Ä) n‘·Ô
3. ‘·*ø¢ Ï k˛<äsT¡ &ÉT ( ) Ç) u≤u≤sTT / ô|<äHêqï
4. ‘·+Á&çøÏ k˛<ä] ( ) á) ‘ê‘·jT· ´
‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 7

Activity
Write the names of yourForfamily members
All Classes and
New Text make
Books Openyour
Belowfamily
Link tree.
Maternal Paternal
Grandparents Grandparents
Mother Father
Our aunts, uncles and their children are our relatives. They are also a part of our
family. We call them our extended family.
Let us see how a change occurred in Anil’s family.
Wedding
Anil’s uncle got married last month. Anil
likes his new aunt a lot. Yesterday she
cooked his favourite recipe. She also helps
him with his homework. Our family will
change when new relatives join our family.
Do you think there will be any change in Anil’s family

after this wedding?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 9

This is Komala’s Family. She is more excited to see her newborn sister and has decided to
give her a name too.
Who are the new arrivals in Komala’s family?

Write about some exciting things in your family.
One of the reasons for changing the structure may be a wedding or a birth in the family.
Some changes took place in the families of Komala and Anil due to different reasons.
Write down the reasons for these changes

• In Komala’s family
• In Anil’s family
There can be many reasons for

Can you think of
changes in families. Like Anil and
some more
Komala, we should also welcome our
reasons?
new relatives with love and affection.
This will help them to become a part of
the family.
The changes in a family are either due to joining or leaving. This is a very natural
change that anyone may experience. Some leave their homes on the purpose of a job,
or to study. Changes may takes place when someone in the family gets married or
when someone expires in the family. We feel happy when someone joins our family and
we feel sad when someone leaves us.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 11

Think
For Alland Discuss
Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
Besides these, what other reasons could bring changes in families?
Let us see how certain changes occured in the

families of Peter and Varun.
Peter’s family lives in Ongole. Peter’s father
received a letter from his office. The letter said
that he was promoted. He had to leave for
Nellore. Peter’s family vacated the house and left
for the new town. Similarly, Varun’s father also
got a promotion. He was transferred from
Vijayawada to Nuzvid. But Varuns’s father did
not take his family to the new town. He travels
to office from home.
Discuss with your friends and speak out the changes that
might come in the families of employees.
Peter’s Family Varun’s Family
• Where did they reside before • Where did they reside before
promotion? promotion?
• Where is the family after promotion? • Where is the family after promotion?
• What changes might have come in • What changes might have come in
Varun’s family after his father started
Peter’s family after shifting?
travelling to the new town from his
home daily?
Families will not be in the same state always. Changes come in the families due
to various reasons. You have seen that the changes occur in families due to certain
reasons such as marriages, births, transfers to other towns and so on. The changes
may occur not only because of these reasons but also due to business, studies,
employment or death of a member in the family etc. Besides these, when we compare
the present times with the past, we find many changes have taken place in the families.
This results in the increase of small families.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 13

Look at these pictures:
What differences do we
find in these pictures?
Types of families
In the above pictures we see two types of families. One is a joint family and the other
is a small family.
A family with mother, father and children is called a nuclear family. A

family with grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts and cousins is called a joint
family.
Let us know more about the types of families that we find in our society.
Nuclear Family
Hello! I’m Kiran, I live

with my mother and
father. I have a sister. My
parents take care of us.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 15

Joint Family

Hi! I’mhttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
Pushpa. I live with my
parents. I have a sister, uncle,
aunt and cousins. My
grandparents also live with us.
Single parent Family
I am John. These are my

mother, brother and sister.
I lost my father in an
accident. My mother takes
care of us.
Grandparent Family
Hi! I am Rahul. I live with

my grandparents. I lost my
parents in an accident. My
grandparents look after
me.
Mother Dependent Family
Hi! I’m Srinu. I live with my

parents, but my mother
takes care of the family
because my father is ill.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 17

Which
For All Classes Newfamily do Open
Text Books you belong to?
Below Link
Usually, father and mother take care of a family. But, due to some reasons certain
families face problems. When parents become sick or get into some bad habits, the children
feel that they are ignored. Sometimes they also get into some bad habits and the
environment of the family is totally disturbed. Due to this, the responsibility of the family
lies on the single parent (mother or father). The parent has to work to earn as well do the
household chores.
Do you know how hard your mother works?
We see many families becoming victims of alcohol and putting them into
troubles. Consumption of alcohol is injurious to health. Therefore, the
Government of Andhra Pradesh is taking steps to ban alcohol consumption
in a phased manner.
Srinu’s father got addicted to alcohol. One day Srinu’s father promised him that
he would not take alcohol. After that he could spend more time for his family.
Group Activity
Discuss with your friends and write the type of family they belong to:
S.No. Friend’s Name Type of Family
Usage of Home appliances

Just as there are changes in families, there are changes in their life styles. Previously
people did all the household works manually. But now-a-days, we use different
appliances that make our work easier and faster.

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1
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 19
Observe the pictures given below.
Have you seen these home appliances?
Then and Now
Then - People slept in verandahs and in courtyards. They enjoyed the fresh air of
palm leaves or bamboo fans.
Now - Mostly people sleep indoors as it is safer. They sleep under ceiling fans or
some use aircoolers in the room. The use of airconditioners and refrigerators has
become very common. But do you know the gas used for cooling in such appliances,
when leaked out, pollutes the atmosphere? It is dangerous.
Think and Discuss

• Why do people use these appliances?
• How did people do the different kinds of work,
when these appliances were not there?
Electrical home appliances have changed the method of working. Due to this we
are consuming more electricity and have reduced physical exercise to the body.
nuclear family, joint family, single parent family, mother dependent family,
siblings, transfer, promotion, home appliances, family tree.

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• The relationship among the members of a family in a family tree.

• Our relatives are also a part of our family. We call them our extended family.
• A wedding, the arrival of a new born baby and transfers etc., are the reasons for
changes in the structure of a family.
• A family with mother, father and children is called a nuclear family.
• A family with grandparents, parents, uncles, aunts and cousins is called a joint
family.
• In our society there are many types of families like single parent family,
grandparent family, mother dependent family.
• To help us in our household work, we use home appliances.
Improve Your Learning
I. Conceptual Understanding.
1. State two reasons for the increase of nuclear families.
2. Write the resons for changes in a family?
3. Give two reasons how the use of home applainces changed the life style of people.
II. Questioning and Hypothesis.

4. A new family moved to your neighbourhood. What questions will you ask to know
about their family?
III. Experiments and Field Observations

Observations.
5. Draw some pictures of home appliances.
IV. Information Skills and Projects.

6. Collect names of your family members and draw your family tree.
V. Drawing and Model making.

7. Make your family tree with paper carving.
VI. Appreciation.
8. Whom do you like most in your family, write a few lines about them ?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 23

2
Learning Outcomes
identify simple observable features of root, flowers and fruits in
their immediate surroundings.
understand how plants prepare food.
identify the different types of fruits and their benefits.
Hima, with her grandfather went to a garden on a holiday. Hima observed all the plants in
the garden.
Hima : Grand pa, do plants grow everywhere?
Grand pa : Yes, my dear, plants grow almost everywhere in the world.
Hima : Grand pa, do all kinds of plants grow everywhere ?
Grand pa : No Hima, different plants grow in different places.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 25

Do you know where plants grow?
We can see different plants and trees around us. They make the world green and colourful.
Do the same kinds of plants grow in all regions?
Different plants grow in different regions depending on the soil and climate.
Based on their dwelling places, plants are of two types- Terrestrial and Aquatic.
Terrestrial plants
Tall trees like

pine, oak grow
on mountains.
Trees like banyan, peepal, mango,

tamarind and blackberry grow in
plains.
Desert plants
Cactus, barrel cactus, golden barrel

cactus grow in deserts. They store
water in their thick stems and use it.
Cactus plants grow in deserts.
Plants that grow on land are called Terrestrial Plants.
Have you ever seen plants growing in water?

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Aquatic plants
Plants that grow in water
Forare calledNew
All Classes Aquatic plants.
Text Books Open Below Link
Duckweed and water hyacinth Water lily and lotus have roots that fix the
float freely on water. plants to the bottom of the ponds and lakes.
Mangroves grow in marshy or

Hydrilla and tape-grass grow under water.
swampy areas.
Write the names of plants based on their dwelling places:
Aquatic Plants Terrestrial plants
Hima : Grand pa, this is a tomato plant. Isn’t it ?

Grand pa : Yes, please pick one and observe it.
A plant is divided into two systems, the root system and the shoot system. The
part of the plant above the soil is called the shoot system and the part that is below
the soil is called the root system.

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Hima : Thatha, that rabbit is digging the carrot in the garden. But Tomato plant
why is there Fora carrot inside the soil instead of a root?
Thatha : Yes, Hima some plants store their food in their roots. Carrot
is also a root that stores food. So it is inside the soil. Beetroot

and raddish are also roots growing inside the soil.
Do the roots of all plants grow inside the soil?

How are roots useful to plants ?
Roots hold the plant firmly to the soil and absorb nutrients from the
soil.
Roots are of two types. The tap root has a thick main root
that goes deep into the soil and several thin side roots
grow from the main root.
Tap root Example: neem, tamarind etc.
Fibrous roots are bushy. A number of tiny roots are attached to the
lower end of the stem like a bunch.
Example: paddy (rice), jowar, maize, grains etc. Fibrous roots
For trees like banyan, neem and tamarind the roots grow deep
into the soil. For the plants like rose, jasmine etc., the roots
do not grow very deep into the soil. The roots of water plants
are soft and spongy to help them float. Root are generally
brown in colour.
Aquatic roots
Uses of roots
Carrot, beetroot, radish are taken as food.
Carrot Beetroot Radish

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 31

Camel grass (vattiverlu)

is used as cooling mats Lemon grass roots are
during summer and as a used in fragrant oils
freshener in the and insect repellents.
almirahs.
Think and Discuss
Which part of the plant attracts you very much?

Do you know how we use flowers ?
Hima plucked a Hibiscus

Thatha : Hima, do you know the parts of a flower?
Hima : I do not know, Thatha.
Thatha : The colourful part of a flower is called a petal. Apart from that it has a
sepal, receptacle, stamen and pistil.
Let us observe the parts of a hibiscus flower in detail
Stamen
Pistil
Petal
Receptacle Sepal
Bud

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 33

Flowers are of different shapes, colours and sizes. Flowers are used for
decorations. Hibiscus, Neem and Tulasi are used in making medicines. Rose, Jasmine,
Lily and Lavender give pleasant fragrance and are used in making beauty oils and
perfumes. Some flowers can also be eaten as food. Example: Cauliflower.
Grand pa : Hima, do you know that flowers grow into fruits.
Hima : Really! Thatha I am feeling hungry, shall we eat some fruits?
Thatha gave her some grapes and sapotas to eat. She ate that grapes
and was surprised to find no seeds in them.
Hima : Thatha, I know all fruits have seeds. But why there are no seeds in these
grapes?
Grand pa : Recently farmers have started producing seed-less fruits through hybrid
technology.
Fruits are an excellent source of vitamins and minerals and they are high in fibre.
Ugadi pickle is a special festival food item. This is the most

popular dish of Ugadi festival in A.P., Telangana and Karnataka.
This is a mixture that has six different tastes i.e. sweet (r|æ), sour
(|ü⁄\T|ü⁄), salt (ñ|ü), acrid (e>∑sT¡ ), spice (ø±s¡+) and bitter (#˚<Tä ). This is
made of ingredients like raw mango, tamarind, jaggery, neem flowers and raw
coconut. Most of the ingredients are obtained from plants. These six tastes
symbolically represent the six emotions in life.
Fruits like lemon and

amla have medicinal
values.
Fruits like soap-nuts

(kunkudu), shikakai are
used for cleansing hair.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 35
Hima : Grand pa, each part of the plant is very useful to us. Is’nt it?
Grand pa: Yes Hima, plants are a great gift of nature.
Plants prepare their food on their own

using carbon dioxide, water and
sunlight. This process is called
photosynthesis.
Hima : Thatha, I collected some fruits and flowers from our garden.
I made a garland with these flowers.This is my gift for you.
Grand pa: Thank you dear, it looks beautiful.
Plants and trees are gift of Mother Nature. There are many uses
of plants and trees. In the name of development we are cutting down
trees and we are not planting again. This causes a lot of climatic changes.
Let us safeguard nature by protecting our environment and planting lot of trees.
shoot system, root system, tap root, fibrous root, minerals,

turmeric, nutrients, garland, aquatic, terrestrial, marshy
swampy, climate

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 37

• Plants that grow in plains or mountains are terrestrial and that

grow in water are aquatic.
• A plant body has two systems - the shoot system and the root
system.
• Roots are of two types - Tap root and Fibrous root.
• Flowers are useful in many ways. They produce fruits. Fruits
are rich in vitamins, minerals and fibre.
• We must protect our environment.
1. Write a brief note on the uses of plants.
2. Give examples of land and water plants.
3. Identify and write some desert plants in your surroundings.
4. What questions would you like to ask a gardener in your village to know about
different types of plants ?
III. Experiments and Field Observations.
5. Go to a nearby garden or nursery identify and write the names of as many flowers,
plants.
6. Make a chart on the types of plants based on stems and hang it in your class room.
7. Make some flowers using colour papers and decorate your class.
VI. Appreciation.
8. Grow a flowering plant at your home.
Record the progress of its growth and discuss with your friends.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 39

Chapter For All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link
Learning Outcomes
identify different features (beak, teeth, claws, ears, hair, nests / shelters)
of birds and animals.
Differentiate between carnivores, herbivores and omnivores.
know about the group behaviour of animals and birds.
show concern towards animals and birds.
Sarath likes to watch programmes of

animals on the T.V. But he wanted
to see the animals directly.
During summer vacation
Sarath visited a zoo with his family.
He saw many animals and birds
there. After the vacation he shared
his experiences with his friends in the
school.
Sarath: Sudha! I saw a big elephant
in the zoo. It has very big ears.
Sudha: Did you see a rabbit there?
Sarath: Yes, I saw the rabbit and its ears are quite big. There I bought a book "Animal
world". The pictures of the animals are interesting. Do you want to see it? His friends
saw the picture and started laughing. Can you guess why?
That’s because the ears of the animals have been misplaced.
What is your favourite animal?

3
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 41

Activity
Observe the picture in the previous page. The elephant
has small ears. Its funny. Actually these are not the
elephant’s ears. These are the rat’s ears. Now match the
correct ears to the animals given below.
Giraffe Elephant Buffalo Deer Cat Rabbit Mouse
The ears of the animals differ in size and shape. It is also funny to note that we cannot
see the ears of some animals.
Activity Identify the animals given according to the visibility of their

ears and group them.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 43

Ears Visible Ears Invisible
Closely observe birds in your surroundings. Can you see their ears? They all
have ears but we cannot see them.
You know very well that ears help us to hear. A bird has tiny holes on both sides
of its head. Generally, these holes are covered with feathers. They help the bird to
hear. If you observe carefully, you will see tiny holes on the head of a hen.
Kiran : Sarath! Did you see a zebra in the zoo?
Sarath : Yes Kiran, I saw it. The black and white stripes of the zebra are so attractive
and I also saw the leopard. It has black spots on it.
Have you observed the skin of the dog, cat or any other animals around
you?
We can recognize the animals by the

colour, pattern and texture of the hair present
on their skin. Touch a dog, how do you feel?
Touch a buffalo, how do you feel? Some
animals have thick fur. The skin of some
animals are very smooth. The skin of some
animals is used to make bags. The thick fur of
the sheep is used to make sweaters and blankets.
Activity
Match the animals shown here with

the picture of their skins.
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The animals whose ears can be seen and has fur on their skin give birth to babies.
They are called as Viviparous. The animals whose ears cannot be seen and does not
have hair on the skin lay eggs, incubate and hatch their young ones. They are called as
Oviparous. Generally mammals are viviparous and give milk to their young ones.
Dolphins give birth to babies and

feed their young ones with milk.
Discuss in groups and fill in the table.
Animals that give birth to babies Cow,

Animals that lay eggs Hen,
In the zoo, Sarath also saw many animals eating their food.
Have you seen what animals eat?
All animals do not eat the same food. Some eat only plants, some eat meat and
some eat both plants and meat. The mouth and limbs of animals are patterned based
on the type of food they eat.
Herbivores eat only plants or plant
products. They have sharp cutting and strong
grinding teeth. Some examples for herbivores
are Buffalo, Goat, Zebra, Deer and Horse.
You might have seen a Caterpillar eating leaves.
• Can you say that a Caterpillar is a herbivore ?
Hi! Do you know me? I am a cow. I

eat grass and greens.
I am a herbivore.
Carnivores are the animals that eat the meat

of other animals. They have long sharp teeth.
Some examples are cat, dog, lion. Birds that
are carnivores use their beaks to tear the
I am a tiger. I eat the flesh of
meat. e.g. eagle, vulture.
other animals. I am a carnivore.
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For All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link who am I ?
Omnivores eat both plants and

animals. They have sharp cutting teeth,
strong grinding teeth and canines.
Human beings are also Omnivores
I am a bear. I eat both plants and due to their food habits.
animals. I am an omnivore.
• Can you say why a crow is an omnivore?
Activity
Identify the animals and classify them in the given table.
Pigeon Cat Dog Kangaroo
Tiger Rabbit Lizard Monkey Snake
Fish Squirrel Frog Crow
Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores
Sudha : Sarath,what else have you seen in the zoo?

Sarath : I have also seen birds in their nests and observed the way they eat their food.
Sudha : Do all the birds eat in the same way as hens eat?

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Let us observe the beaks of the birds. Are they same?
The beaks of the birds are not
For the same.
The shapes of the beaks depend on their
food habits. Some have small beaks;
some have long and some have curved
beaks. They are sharp and strong.
Beaks are actually jaws of birds.
Birds use their feet for walking, climbing, swimming

and perching. Claws are used for holding food and in self-
defense. The shape of their claws and feet depends on their
food habits. The claws of the bird have long curved nails.
Birds build different nests. They build their nests for laying eggs. Usually the
male birds build the nests and the female birds lay eggs in them. Once the young ones
develop wings, they fly off from the nest. Birds build very strong nests.
A crow builds its nest with twigs and dried leaves. The weaver bird weaves its
nests with grass, leaves, twigs and roots. The tailor bird stitches leaves together into
a nest. An eagle builds its nest with large sticks, grass or plant stalks, on the rocky
cliffs or on high trees.
We have learnt where birds live. Do you know where animals live?
Animals live in different shelters. Some animals live with us in our surroundings
and some lives in the forest. Wild animals live in the forest. Animals like rabbits live in
burrows; lions and tigers live in caves or bushes. Monkeys live on trees. Insects like
spiders weave their own web.
List the animals that live with us in our
Activity
surroundings.
Group behaviour of animals

Sudha always wondered why the ants move in a line. She came to the classroom and
asked her teacher the reason behind it.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 51
Sarath also expressed his doubt about the flock of birds
flying in the sky in a V-shape.
For AllThen the
Classes teacher
New explained
Text Books them
Open Below Link
about the group behaviour of birds and animals.
Regarding the flock of birds, migrating birds need to fly

long distances. During their journey they may lose their
energy. To avoid this they fly in a V-formation.
Ants live together like us. The colony consists of

queen-ants, male-ants and the worker-ants. There
is discipline and work division in their colonies. Ants
release a secretion which help to pass information
of food to other ants.
Honeybees build the hives and live in groups.

They share food with other bees and feed the bee
larvae. Without working as a group they cannot build
such an awesome honey-comb.
The elephants in the forest live together in

herds. Nearly ten or twelve elephants move in a
herd along with their babies. The elderly female
elephant leads the herd. This way of living in
groups provides protection.
Animals make the Earth an interesting place to live in. We should not destroy
the dwelling places or harm them. Like us they also have a right to live on this Earth.
viviparous, oviparous, mammals, pattern, colonies, secretion,

migration, protection

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 53

• Animals adapt themselves to the place where they live.
• Different birds have different beaks and claws.
• Herbivores eat only plants.
• Carnivores eat meat of animals.
• Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
• Some animals have special behaviour to protect themselves.
• Animals that lay eggs are called oviparous and animals that give birth to young
ones are called viviparous.
• Birds use beaks and claws to get their prey.
• Birds build their nests to lay eggs.
• Animals live in groups for their survival and defend themselves from enemies.
• We should show concern towards animals.
1. Give some examples of animals that have thick fur on their skin.
2. Why is a hen called an oviparous?
3. Sarath says that the duck and the crocodile belong to the same group. Do you
agree, why or why not?
4. What will happen if there are no crows ?
5. Observe the legs of a dog and a hen and write about them.
6. Collect the pictures of Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores and make a
scrapbook.
7. Draw the picture of the animal that you like very much and colour it.
VI. Appreciation.
8. What activities would you like to do to protect birds?
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 55

Chapter
Learning Outcomes
identify the sense organs.
understand the functions of sense organs.
understand the difference between Good touch and Bad touch.
It was Swetha's birthday. She

arranged a party in her home. She
wore a new dress. Friends greeted her
with a birthday song "Happy Birthday
to You". She was happy to listen to
the song. Swetha gave chocolates to
everyone. They all enjoyed the taste
of the chocolates. They shook hands
and wished her. Raju gave a handmade
birthday card. Swetha was happy and
when she opened the card it gave out
a pleasant smell.
• Which organ helped to taste the chocolate?

• How did Swetha smell the perfume?
Activity
In class 3 we have learnt that our body is divided

into three parts head, trunk and limbs (hands and
legs). Now label the parts of the head.
4 https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 57

Our Senses
Have you ever tasted anForiceAllcream?
Classes While
New Text eating the ice
Books Open cream
Below Link you can feel a chillness,
and you can taste the sweetness.
Let us see the following. Name the parts of the body that help you to know the
senses. Write it in the space provided. One has been done for you.
Flower smells
Ice is cold Elephant is big Phone is ringing Candy is sweet good
skin (touch)
_____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________
The eyes help us to see. The nose helps us to smell things. The ears help us to
listen, the tongue helps us to taste food and the skin helps us to feel the sense of
touch, hot or cold. We can see, hear, taste, smell and feel with the help of these five
organs. They are called sense organs. Sense organs help our body to respond to different
stimuli. They are very sensitive. We need to take care of them. The effective functioning
of these organs is a symbol of a healthy body.
Can you walk in complete darkness? Why?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 59

Eyes
Our eyes help us toFor
see. Eyes are
All Classes NewourTextsense of sight.
Books Open Below Link
We enjoy watching this colourful world. The eyelids and
eyelashes protect our eyes. We need to take care of our

eyes.
What other activities can we do with our eyes ?
Care of the eyes

1. Read in an appropriate light only. Too dim or too
bright light is harmful to our eyes.While reading
keep a distance of 30 centimetres between the
eyes and the book.
2. Watch television from a minimum distance of 6 feet.
3. Playing of video games continuously in a cell phone
or computer, watching T.V. may stress the eyes and affect our eyesight.
4. When you have an itch, in the eye, do not rub your eyes, gently wash your eyes
with clean and cool water.
5. Do not play with sharp and pointed objects. They may accidentally cause
damage to eyes which leads to blindness.
6. Do not look at the sun or at bright light directly. It may damage the eye sight.
Bees have five eyes,

The Braille script is used by blind people
typical from other insects.
to read. People who can't see are blind.
But they can walk with the support of a
special stick. They can read a special Birds like eagle,
script called Braille. Louis Braille invented vultures and hawks
this special script for the blind. The sense have a very good
of touch helps them to read. sense of vision.
The owl can see

in the dark.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 61

Let us Play
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Discuss in your class.
What will you do if you see a blind man waiting to cross

the road?
Nose
Raju came home from school. Before entering house
itself, he found his mother preparing some delicious
food. How did he know? Can you smell a rose when you
are affected by cold? Why?
We breathe and smell things with our nose. The
hairs in the nose, filter dust particles in the air and help
us to breathe clean air.
• Which smells do you like and which you do not like?
Safety Precations
1. Do not put any objects inside the nose
2. If anything strucks inside the nose, gently blow it out, or consult
a doctor immediately.
3. If the nose is blocked due to cold, it's better to inhale vapour. That
will help to clear it.
4. Do not put your finger into your nose. It may spread infections.
5. Always breathe with the nose and not with the mouth.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 63
• Animals like dogs and cats have a very keen sense of smell.
• Sniffer dogs are used by the police for tracking criminals, hidden weapons
and bombs. So, police train the dogs.
• Elephants can smell water even from a distance of three kilometres.
Ears
When there is a very loud noise, you close your ears. Why?
We hear sounds with our ears. Different sounds help us to
understand the world around us. The eardrums present
in our ears are very sensitive. If you hear loud sounds like
thunder, Diwali crackers, loud speakers or music
continuously through ear-phones it may damage your
sense of hearing. We should keep our ears clean.
Care of the ears
1. Do not clean the ears with hair pins, match sticks or any other objects. It may
harm the ears.
2. Dry the ears after taking a bath with a soft cloth as water may go into the ears and
harm you.
3. Do not insert pencils or slate pencils into your ears as they may damage your ears.
4. Do not burst crackers as they frighten animals, disturb babies and old people.
Tongue
How do you feel when you

eat a tasty item?
• Nocturnal animals
The tongue senses
that are active
different tastes such as
during night such as
sweet, bitter and sour
owls, bats have a
through the taste buds
very sharp sense of
present on the tongue. It
hearing.
helps us to taste different
• Cats can hear even
low noise. food. The tongue helps us to
speak.
Can you speak without
moving your tongue? Just
try.
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Care of the tongue
• Clean your tongue daily with the tongue cleaner after brushing. If you do not clean
your tongue, it may cause bad breath.
• Brush your teeth twice a day, after you wake up and before going to bed.
• Do not eat too hot or too cold food. They may damage your taste buds and teeth.
• The people who cannot talk, use sign language to express their feelings.
• Frogs, lizards, chameleon use their tongue to

catch food.
• Giraffes have long tongue.
• Snakes use their tongue to feel the sense of smell.
Skin
If you touch a hot tumbler, what will you do immediately? Why?

Our body is covered with skin which helps us to feel the things
around us. The skin allows us to know whether the things are
hot, cold, rough, smooth, hard or soft. The skin is the most
sensitive of all these senses. It responds to touch.
Care of the skin
1. Have a bath daily. Always use a mild soap.
2. Always keep your skin dry and clean to prevent infections.
3. Take extra care of your skin around fingers, toes, knees,
elbows, private parts as they are likely to get infections easily.
4. Take a bath after play. Bathing washes away the dirt and sweat.
While playing games you may get hurt. If

we do not bathe properly you may get
skin allergies like itching and infections.
How do you feel, when you get hurt?
How can you keep yourself safe?
Personal hygiene is a good habit
to take care for your body. This habit includes bathing,
washing hands and brushing teeth. Every day you come • The skin of a snake
into contact with millions of germs and microbes. They can sense its enemies
settle on your body and make you sick. Personal hygiene even from a long
keeps us healthy. distance.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 67
To be strong and healthy
• Take a head bath at least
For All twice
ClassesaNew week.
Text Books Open Below Link
• Trim nails regularly. It helps to prevent spreading germs into the body.
• Cover the mouth and nose while sneezing.

• Wash hands before and after eating.
• Wash hands with soap after using the toilet.
Differently Abled Persons
Raju won the first prize in the singing
competition. He was given the prize on August 15th.
When his name was called out, he came in a wheel
chair to receive the prize. He was cheered by his
friends. The headmaster appreciated saying that
disability is not a hindrance and does not come in
the way to success. We should encourage them.
Have you ever seen such type of persons in your
surroundings?
People who cannot walk, see, hear or talk are known as person with disabilities
as per the PWD ACT-2016. Some of them are born so, or some may lose their body
parts in accidents. Differently-abled people must be encouraged to face life boldly.
They are equally talented like us. If they are given equal opportunities, they too will
become successful people.
Every person on the earth deserves equal respect. Family members, friends and
teachers must support the differently-abled people. You should not tease or bully
them. Be friendly with them and do not call them by nicknames.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 69

The Government provide financial support and facilities like ramps, crutches,
callipers and wheelchairs etc. to the differently abled persons. In our country there
are many differently abledhttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
people who have succeeded in life. Sudha Chandran,
Ravindra Jain are living examples.
Sudha Chandran is a dancer. She lost her leg in

an accident. But she began dancing with an
artificial leg. She attained success through her
hard work and perseverance.
Ravindra Jain was born blind. Though he is blind he

achieved success in the movie field due to his talent
and hard work.
Good Touch - Bad Touch

One day Usha’s uncle came to her house. Her grandmother asked Usha to bow down
and touch her uncle’s feet. Usha did so, then uncle hugged Usha. She didn’t like his
touch. She felt very uncomfortable.
Let us recall what is good touch and bad touch
Good touch is physical contact that the child is comfortable with and bad touch is
physical contact that make one uncomfortable. Young kids are naturally trusting of
the adults around them and will extend friendships towards strangers without any
doubt.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 71

Private Parts
It is never right for anyone to look at, touch or
talk about your private parts. And it is never right
for someone older to you to ask you to look, touch
Lips
Chest
or talk about their private parts.
Bottom There are some body parts that no one should
Between
see or touch like our chest, between our legs and
legs our bottom. These parts are called private parts.
What do you do when someone touches you in the

wrong way?
1. Say no! Tell the person that you don’t like it and you don’t want to be touched.
2. Get away fast! Run away from the person.
3. Call for help. You can scream.
4. Tell someone you trust what has happened.
5. Believe in yourself. You did nothing wrong.
Tell elders (like parents or Leave the spot Say “Don’t touch”
teacher) till you get help quickly in a loud voice
Some people may play dirty tricks to abuse children. Some of them are,
• Your mother is admitted in the hospital.So I have come to take you there.
• Could you please accompany me and guide me to reach this address.
• Tempting you with gifts or money.
• Distracting you with the promise of sweets or food.
• Take you to room or place when there is no one.
• Touch your body unnecessarily while talking.
• Show you pictures or videos which you are not comfortable in phone/computer or in books.
• Force you to kiss or kiss you without your permission.
• Offer to dress you or undress you.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 73
Activity
If a touch makes me feel unsafe, I say

I tell to my
Hi... Papa! Come with me, I

will give you a chocolate.
What would you do if

a stranger asks you
to come with him?
Activity
Look at the picture and write whether they are good touch or bad touch
How to check signs of bad touch in your friends and family ?

• They are always alone and sad.
• They stay away from their friends and try to harm themselves.
• Fear or afraid of a particular person.
• Asking to accompany where ever they go.
• Lack of interest in studies.
sense organs, blindness, infection, eardrum, Braille script, taste-buds,

good touch, bad touch

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 75

• Sense organs help our body to respond to different things.
• We have to take care of our sense organs.
• The skin is the most sensitive part of the body.
• We should never make fun of people who are differently-abled.
• We should say no if it is a bad touch.
1. How many sense organs are there? What are they?
2. Why are sense organs so important to us?
3. What questions would you ask a differently-abled person to know how he/she
handles his/her difficulty?
4. Taste the food items in your kitchen and list them under different tastes.
5. Collect information about successful people who are differently-abled and fill in
the table. One is done for you.
S.No Name What is the disability
1 Helen Keller Deaf - Blind

6. Draw the picture of your face and label the sense organs.
VI. Appreciation.
7. What will you tell your parents if you experienced bad touch?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 77
Chapter
5
Learning Outcomes
learn the importance of eating together on different occasions.
know how food is wasted.
learn the process of preserving food.
Teja, Kamali and their

parents went to their uncle’s
marriage at Ongole.
They were served a
variety of vegetarian and non-
vegetarian food. They ate
what they liked and enjoyed
eating with family and
relatives.
• Did all of them eat the same
kind of food?
• Are the food habits similar for everyone?
We like to take food with our friends and family members. During picnics and
functions, we enjoy eating together.
• Name the other occasions where you will get a chance to eat together.
Do you like to share your food with others?
Eating food is not only fun but it gives us energy to work. If we do not eat we may
get sick. So, we need to eat food at timely intervals.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 79
One day, Teja fell down during the school assembly. The teachers and students
took him to a shade andForgave him some water to drink. The reason is, he did not take
his breakfast. Most of the children skip breakfast because they may be late or they do
not like what is served at home. Some children may also come to school without eating
because of lack of food also. This makes them feel weak and they do not show interest
in their studies.
• How many of your classmates take breakfast?
• If yes, what do they eat?
• If no, why have they not eaten?
Mid-day meal
During the mid-day meal, Teja
and his class mates sit together
and have their lunch regularly.
They are served eggs, rice,
sambar, chikki, vegetable rice,
lemon rice. The mid-day meal
is based on the daily menu. Teja
brought lemon pickle and Rafi
brought chips from home. They
shared with their friends.
Eating together is a joyful
activity. It develops friendship among them.
Some children like eggs, some do not. Some are vegetarian and some are non-
vegetarian. Some children do not complete all the food served in the plate. They waste
food. This is not a good practice.
Do all the children eat mid-day meal in your school?

What is the menu today in the mid-day meals at your school?
• Some children leave out the vegetables and curry leaves put in the sambar.
Is it a good practice? Why?
Many children in our surroundings do not even get to eat a full meal every day.
This is due to their poverty. They go to school on an empty stomach. Our Government
has decided to provide healthy food to all the children. A nutritious and tasty mid-day
meal scheme has been introduced.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 81

Activity
List out the food items served during mid-day meals at your school for the last few days.
Day Name of the food served
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
What do you do with the leftover

of the mid-day meals at school?
We love to eat food, but sometimes we may like, and sometimes we may not. Some of
us do not like to eat vegetables. But we should always eat vegetables to stay healthy.
Wastage of food at home

Observe the picture given below on how food is wasted in a lot at functions. In the
same manner food is also wasted at home.
How is food wasted at functions?

Is food wasted at your home?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 83

Food is precious
If food is cooked in excess, then
For All it gets
Classes New wasted.
Text BooksEven at our
Open Below home the leftover food is
Link
thrown away. Some people spill food while eating and some people leave it out in the
plate.
During marriages and other functions, huge amounts of food gets wasted. In
addition to food, water is also wasted at the functions. People take a glass full of
water but they drink a little water and leave out the rest in the glasses.
What kind of plates are used to serve

food at functions ?
We use plastic plates, glasses, bowls, spoons to eat food at functions. Using plastic is
unsafe to our health. Have you ever seen plates stitched with leaves? If yes, describe
how they are made? Prepare plates for eating with banyan or almond or moduga leaves.
We should say no to plastic

If we preserve food in plastic plates, covers
and bottles, plastic particles may enter into
the food and finally get into our body
causing ill-health. And in case we discard
the food it will pollute the soil. Cows and
buffaloes may eat plastic covers along with
food causing sickness. If we burn the plastic, the air gets polluted. So, what can we
do? The only solution is to say no to plastic. We should think of alternatives. Instead
of plastic glasses and plastic plates what can we use?
Look at the picture and understand how we can reuse plastic wastes

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 85

Activity Make a Pen Stand
Take a used water bottle and prepare a penstand.
My flower pot
• Take a plastic bottle. (Any empty water / drink bottle)
• Cut it in the centre. (Ask your teacher or parent to help you.)
• You can wrap a colour paper or colour it.
• Pour water in it and put a money plant. (Any plant)
• Your flower pot is ready.
• Change the water every week. Otherwise mosquitoes will breed.
Preservation of food
One day Teja's mother opened the pickle jar. A white coloured layer had formed on
the pickle. She called Teja to throw the pickle jar into the dustbin. He asked why we
should do so. She said fungus had formed on the pickle.
How can we preserve pickles for a long

period without getting spoiled?
Teja's mother adds salt and oil to the pickle and dries the fryums in the sunlight.
We can preserve pickles, jams and fryums for a long time.
In the same manner, there are many ways of preserving food. Pickles, chutneys,
jams, fryums (vadiyalu) etc. are some of the common preserved food. Salt is a preserving
agent and oil prevents bacteria and fungus to form in the pickle.
Discuss in groups
1. Prepare a list of food items preserved for many days by using extra salt and oil or
drying in the sun.
2. Write the process of preparation of salted - vegetables or fryums (orugulu /
vadiyalu).
• Fresh fruits can be preserved with the help of sugar syrup and by making jams.
• Some vegetables, meat and fish can be preserved for few days by keeping them in
freezers. This method is called freezing.
• We make pickles of fruits, vegetables and green leaves to preserve them for a long
time. By adding excess salt, chilly powder and oil to the vegetables, fruits, meat and
milk also are preserved for long periods.
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 87

Jams Freezing Pickle Fridge
• We can keep vegetables, fruits and milk in the refrigerator for a few days at our
home because of cooling effect.
Project work
1. Prepare Bengal gram (Kandi podi) powder. (Required Ingredients:- Bengal gram,
salt, red chillies and cumin seeds)
Think and Discuss

• How do rats, ants and cockroaches spoil the
stored food grains?
• Have you ever felt bad while throwing away
food and spoilt food grains?
If yes? Why did you feel so?
Food grains like rice, wheat, pulses like grams and oil
seeds like ground nuts are infected by insects and fungi,
causing spoilage and damage to them. Hence to avoid this,
neem leaves are dried and put in the storage bags. The
harvested grain is dried well and stored. Large containers of tin, steel, aluminum or
bamboo are used to keep grains safe from rats, mice and insects.
Field to plate
• Do you know how we get delicious food that is served, in our plate?
• Do you know the persons and activities involved behind the food
you eat?
We buy rice from the market. Usually mother cook our food. Are there
any other persons involved in the preparation of food we eat?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 89

Observe the list given below. Discuss with your teacher and add a few more to the list.
1. Blacksmith – Make sickle
2. Carpenter – Make plough
3.
4.
Every grain is precious because many people like farmers, agriculturalists,

agricultural labourers, blacksmiths, carpenters, millers, vendors etc., put in a lot of
effort and labour in its preparation. With all the combined effort of different artisans,
we get our food. We must thank them and appreciate their valuable services.
mid-day meal, food, preservation, nutritious, food wastage,

foodgrains
• Eating together makes us happy.

• Mid-day meal is a right of children.
• It is improper to waste food and water.
• Eating food without spilling is a good habit.
• Food can be preserved by adding salt and oil or drying in the sun.
• A mouthful of food that we eat is the sweat of lakhs of farmers and labourers behind it.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 91
1. Name some occasions where people eat food together.
2. When does the food get wasted at home?
3. Mention the people whose efforts are behind the process of producing the food we
eat.
4. What questions would you ask a farmer about how they can keep food grains safe
from rats, mice and insects?

5. Observe the list of vegetables used at the mid-day meal for a week and write them
in your notebook.

6. List out the food items that you preserve at home for long periods.
S. No. Name of the Food Preservation Process

Item

7. Make a tree diagram of vegetarian and non-vegetarian food and healthy and junk
food.
VI. Appreciation.
8. You noticed kavya feeding the birds with some grains everyday. How would you
appreciate her act ?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 93

Learning Outcomes

explain the process of producing and procuring water in our daily life.
understand how we get water from local resources.
get a basic idea on the process of evaporation and condensation.
follow the suggested ways to keep water resources hygienic.
explain how water is essential in our daily life.
Latha went to her Grandmother's house during

summer vacation. She went to play along with her friends
Ravi and Nikhitha. While they were playing Latha felt thirsty
and she drank water which Ravi offered.
Latha: Why is this water so salty? Do you drink this water
daily?
Ravi: Yes, this water is from our borewell. We drink this.
Latha: Oh! What about you Nikhitha?
Nikhitha: We drink water from the tap. The gram panchayath
supplies pure drinking water to our houses. We have a big
tank in our village. The water gets purified and is supplied to
the houses.
What are the different kinds of water resources available

in your village?

bÕsƒ¡+ https://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 95

Most villages have tanks for water
resources. This water is mainly used for
agriculture, drinking and other purposes. Let
us know about a village tank.
Our village tank: Yathalavanka cheruvu.
Hello! I am Venkat of Neetiguntlapalli
village of Punganoor mandal in Chittoor
district. In our village we have a tank named
Yathalavanka cheruvu. Let us know about
this tank. The tank was constructed by our
villagers. Earlier this was a small pond. During rainy season the rain water is collected
and stored in the tank. This tank helps us in irrigating the large areas of land. It is the
source of drinking water to the cattle. The tank is holy to all of us.
• Where does water come from, to the tank?
• What are the main uses of the tank?
• Collect information from your grand parents or elders

about the tank, canal nearby your village.
How is a water tank built?
The construction of a tank is a collective programme. First the villagers identify

the source of flood water and a low laying area for the construction of a tank. They dig
the tank and construct tankbunds with mud and stone for storage. Then they dig the
canals from the regions where the water is flooding to the tank. Outlets from the
embankment are built on both the sides.
Why do tanks have outlets?
Some tanks are connected with other tanks with the help of canals. Water
flows from one tank to another in the rainy season. Bukkapatnam and
Dharmavaram tanks in Sri Satya Sai district are of this type. In the same way
canals are dug to fill the tanks with river water. Such tanks are found in
Krishna, East and West Godavari Districts.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 97

Before digging the tank, the ground water level was very low in our village. All
the bore-wells got dried For
upAll
during summer. After the construction of the village tank,
the water level in the groundhttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
increased and the water in the wells and bore wells also
increased. Farmers get water from these bore wells for their fields.
Think and Discuss
• What should be done to increase water level in the ground?

• Why is silt removed from the tank and used in the fields?
Can we drink water directly from the

tank? Is it safe?
Take a water bottle. Collect water from your village tank. Keep the bottle aside for 30
minutes.
Observe the bottom of the bottle
• What did you find at the bottom of the bottle?
• What happens if we drink this water?
• What are the pollutants that pollute the water?
We get diseases like typhoid, cholera, and diarrhea by drinking
water directly from the tank. It is unsafe for drinking.
Tank Pollution
How are tanks being polluted?
Look at the following picture.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 99

Let us see how tanks are being polluted
The people of the village take bath, wash their cattle, clothes, vehicles etc., in
the tanks. Some throw household wastes and dead bodies of animals into the tank.
Some people do not have toilets and use tanks for this purpose. People immerse
idols made with chemicals in the tank every year. It pollutes the water due to which the
fish and the water plants die. The sewage water from the houses are let into the tank.
Chemical effluents from factories also pollute the tank water as well as the
underground water. If the water from such a tank is used for drinking, people will be
prone to diseases and ill-health. These days, people are taking up various programmes
to control water pollution.
Think and Discuss
• What will you do to stop pollution of water in tanks?
Safe drinking water scheme
• How is drinking water supplied in your village?

• Is there a tank of this kind in your village?
The village panchayat is responsible for the supply of pure

drinking water to the people in rural areas. Overhead tanks are built
under the rural water schemes. The filtered and safe water is supplied
through this scheme to the houses.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 101
There are certain stages involved in purification of tank water.
1. Water from a pond or river is pumped into large tanks called sedimentation
tanks. The sand particles settle down in the tank. Solid particles like leaves,
twigs etc. are removed.
2. Water is sent to the filtration tank. The water is filtered here. Small particles
are removed from the water.
3. The filtered water is sent to the chlorination tank. Bleaching powder is added to
the water. This is called chlorination. This helps to kill the germs in the water.
4. Chlorinated water is pumped to big overhead tanks.
5. Water from the overhead tanks is supplied through water pipes to our homes.
Water without treatment has a lot of harmful micro-

organisms. If this water is taken directly it causes ill-health.
It is good to boil the water before drinking.
Do you know who is responsible to maintain the cleanliness of the

tank?
Let us listen to the sorrowful story of the tank

Sorrow of the tank
Hello friends!
Look at me! I am a village tank. I am dried up and have cracks in me. I used to
be very beautiful with plenty of water.
When I was full of water, children enjoyed swimming and watching the
colourful fish. I used to supply water to the fields. Now, I am dried up and no one
comes to me. My heart melts to see the sorrowful faces of the farmers without
water supply. I am waiting for the rains.
Some people have occupied my river beds
and turned them into farms and some built the
houses. So, the water which has to be channelized
into me is closed. Water has stopped flowing into
me even during rainy season. Some people’s greed
is the reason for how I am today! Will you help
me?

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 103
Tank management
Look at the picture given.
For AllYou canNew
Classes see
TextEichhornia
Books Open Below Link
plants (Gurrapudekka) and algae grown in this tank.
It is our responsibility in protecting our tanks. The

Government has formed a team of farmers as Water
User's Society who are responsible for the
maintenance of the tanks. They remove the weeds in
the tank and its canals. They take the soil deposits
from tanks to their fields. With this, the level of the water in the tank increases.
Think and Discuss
• Low rainfall and closing of water channels are the main

cause for drying of tanks. Discuss other possible reasons
for the drying up of tanks.
How does it rain?

Activity
Place a cup full of water under the sun. Mark a line to show the level of water. Note
the changes in the water level for three days. You will notice that the level of water
has decreased.
Journey of a rain drop
This is because water goes up as water vapour
due to the heat of the sun light.The process of
of changing of water into water vapour is
called evaporation.
Generally, the water in the ponds,
tanks, rivers and seas gets evaporated into
the air. It condenses and forms the clouds.
These clouds cool down due to cool air. Water
vapour turns into little droplets. This is called condensation. When water-drops fall
from clouds, it is called precipitation or rain.
Water evaporates from the surface of the earth and forms the clouds. The clouds
get cooled and fall again to the surface in the form of rain. This continuous cycle is
called the water cycle.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 105

Water magic
We love to drink lemonFor
water,
butter milk etc. We add salthttps://bit.ly/all-classes-new-text-books
or
sugar to make such drinks. They
dissolve in water.
Water has the property of
dissolving substances.
Activity
Take six glasses and fill them with water. Make sure there is an equal amount of
water in all the glasses. Now, put the following things into the water. Stir it with a
spoon. Write your observations in the table by putting (D) mark.
Things Dissolved (mixed) in water Did not dissolve in water Change in colour
Sugar
Salt
Milk
Flour
Dal
Oil
You must have heard people say this water is sweet, this water is salty or this has
no taste. This is because some substances in the soil dissolve in the water that gives
taste to water.
ground water, irrigation, pollution, filtration, effluents, village tank,

evaporation, condensation, water cycle, embankment

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Ç$ ˙{Ï˝À ø£]–b˛‘êsTT.
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ø£è‘·´+
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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 107

• Every village tank has a history.

• Human activities are polluting the tanks.
• The construction of a water tank is a collective work.
• Villagers take the responsibility of maintaining the tank clean.
• Safe drinking water is being supplied to our homes.
• The continuous process of evaporation, condensation, forming rain is called water
cycle.
1. Why do we need tanks?
2. How are tanks being polluted?
3. How should we conserve our tanks?
4. Ask your teacher what will happen if all the tanks dry up.

5. With the help of your teacher, visit a nearby field. Observe how water is supplied to
the fields. Draw a block diagram.

6. Collect information about a tank in your village and write the history of the tank.

7. Prepare a chart showing water cycle.
VI. Appreciation.
8. Prepare some slogans to stop pollution of water.

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‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 109



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For All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link

Smt. Vetriselvi. K IAS

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Sri K. Ravindranath Reddy MA., B.Ed.

Dr. K. Sreeramulu Prof. (Retd.) Dr. R. Pardhasaradhi

Dr. N. Upendar Reddy Prof. (Retd.) Dr. P. Vinay Kumar Principal,

Dr. V. Raghava Rao Lecturer (Retd.)

Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.

First Published 2020

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be

This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

DTP & Designing

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy

Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he »q>∑DeTq n~ÛHêj·Tø£ »j·TùV≤!

1) Conceptual Understanding : Children should understand the different concepts given

2) Questioning and Hypothesis: Children should be able to question about the

1. Family 10 June 2-23

Teacher corner Student corner

2 Class - 4 Our World

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 3

4 Class - 4 Our World

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 5

For All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link

Bhaskar Rao Grandfather Father’s father

Match the following:

6 Class - 4 Our World

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 7

Do you think there will be any change in Anil’s family

8 Class - 4 Our World

neTàyêfi¯fl ‘·*<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\T Hêqï yêfi¯fl ‘·*<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\T

nì˝Ÿ ≈£î≥T+ã+˝À á $yêVü≤+ ‘·sT¡ yê‘· e÷s¡TŒ\T

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 9

Who are the new arrivals in Komala’s family?

Write down the reasons for these changes

There can be many reasons for

10 Class - 4 Our World

ø√eT\ ≈£î≥T+ã+˝À ø=‘·>Ô ± e∫Ãqyê¬ses¡T?

≈£î≥T+ã+˝À e÷s¡TŒ\T »s¡>∑&ÜìøÏ nH˚ø£ ø±s¡D≤\T

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 11

Besides these, what other reasons could bring changes in families?

Let us see how certain changes occured in the

Peter’s Family Varun’s Family

ñ<√´>∑+ #˚ùd yê] ≈£î≥T+u≤\˝À ø£*>π e÷s¡TŒ\qT

|”≥sY ≈£î≥T+ã+ es¡TDY ≈£î≥T+ã+

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 13

A family with mother, father and children is called a nuclear family. A

Hello! I’m Kiran, I live

14 Class - 4 Our World

á ∫Á‘ê\˝À eTq+ @j˚T ‘˚&Ü\qT ø£qT>=q>∑\+?

$$<Ûä s¡ø±\ ≈£î≥T+u≤\T

Vü≤˝À! H˚qT øÏsD¡ ,Y H˚qT Hê ‘·*<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\‘√

‘·s>¡ ‹∑ ` 4 eTq Á|ü|+ü #·+ 15

For All Classes New Text Books Open Below Link

Single parent Family

I am John. These are my

Hi! I am Rahul. I live with

Mother Dependent Family

neTàyêfi¯fl ‘·<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\T Hêqï yêfi¯fl ‘·<¢ +ä Á&ÉT\T

|HÕ , z¿ù e+{ì

çV²CÉeTT&T yîTT¿£Ø\T m&]ýË |sÁT>·TÔsTT.

ú{ìýË |]¹> yîTT¿£Ø\qT m|ð&îHÕ #áÖkÍy?

Ôás>Á Ü· ` 4 eTq ç||+#á+ 27

V²Õ ç&ý²¢, fñ|çt >±dt yîTT¿£Ø\T ú{ìýË|\ |sÁT>·TÔsTT. eT&#³

V¾²eT : ÔÔ! ~ ³yîÖ³ yîTT¿£Ø ¿£<. neÚqT ¿£<?

Ôás>Á Ü· ` 4 eTq ç||+#á+ 29