lj=;+= @)*) c;f]h, g]kfn ;+jt† !!

$# u'FnfYjM–rnffYjM, September–October 2023

jif{ ## cª\s !) k"0ff{ª\s #()

eStaxfb'/ yfkf
ljifo;"rL
lg= ;Dkfbs

nIdL vltj8f n e]8fsf] ;flns – !^

;x–;Dkfbs n afn>d d'Qm kflnsfdf ah]6 – @@
/fh]Gb| >]i7 n sf]OnLsf] aRrf – #)
;fh;Hhf n eljio agfpFb} u'N;g – %^
n 3d08sf] glthf – ^)
;fg'/fd bfxfn
cfj/0f k[i7
sf]lknf
;'gLnaxfb'/ vqL n a'gs
' f] skfn – !$
z'4fz'l4
n d]/f] b]z – !&
/]vfb]jL >]i7 n s;n] agfof] af < – @#
pTkfbg n /dfOnf] d'gf – %(
uª\uaxfb'/ kGyL
Jofkf/ ;fy} lgoldt ‚tDe ƒ
euL/y a:g]t k|ltof]lutf
ljt/0f Joj:yf
sfof{no 7]ufgf
uf]ƒvfkq ;+‚yfg
wd{ky, sf7df8f}+
sfo{sfƒL cWoIf lji0f'k|;fb ;'j]bL tyf kf]=a=g+= @#
kmf]g g+= $@%)@&@
dxfk|aGws nfnaxfb'/ P]/Låfƒf lj1fkg M $@@&$(#
uf]ƒvfkq ;+‚yfgsf nflu ljtƒ0f M $@@)^#*
d'lb|t tyf k|sflzt„ uf]/vfkq If]qLo sfof{no lj/f6gu/
k|b]z:t/Lo sfof{nox¿ M
sf]xnk'/, x]6f}F8f, hgsk'/, kf]v/f, ;'v]{t,
a'6jn / wgu9L
Psk|ltsf] ?= !%.– Web-site‚ www.gorkhapatra.org.np
d"No jflif{s ?= !%).– Email‚ munamonthly@gmail.com

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 1

 d d'gfsf] lgoldt kf7s x'F
d d'gfsf] lgoldt kf7s x'F . dnfO{ o;df k|sflzt
;fdu|L w]/} g} dg k5{ . d dfq d'gfsf] lgoldt
kf7s xf]Og d]/f] afaf klg #) jif{b]lv lgoldt
d'gf lstfa k9\g] ug'{x'GYof] /] . clxn] klg o;f]
lgofln/xg' x'G5 pxfFn] . b/af/ xfO:s'ndf sIff
d'gfnfO{ $ df k9\bf pxfFn] hGdlbgsf] kmf]6f] / s]xL ;fdu|L
k7fpg'ePsf] lyof] . d'gf k|sfzgdf Tof] ;fdu|L

kq 5flkP/ cfPkl5 w]/} v';L x'Fb} :s'nel/sf ;fx|f

lzIfsnufot ;fyLnfO{ b]vfpFb} v';L ;f6\g'ePsf]
lyof] /] . To:t} sxfgLx¿ dnfO ;'gfpFb} pxfFn] g}
dnfO{ d'gf k9\g k|]l/t ug]{ ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;}n]
d klg d'gfsf] lgoldt kf7s ePsL 5' .
cfs[lt cof{n
afnaflnsf af]l8{ª :s'n
sIffM $, a'9fgLns07, sf7df8f}F .

cfxf a's k|mL k|mfO8]

d'gf dfl;ssf] ebf} cª\s lgs} /fd|f] nfUof] .
;a}eGbf /fd|f] t sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfleqsf
ljBfnodf ;~rfng ePsf] a's k|mL k|mfO8]sf af/]df
k9\g kfpFbf v';L nfUof] . xfdL h:tf ;fgf ;fgf
afnaflnsfn] klg k9fO;Fu} l;k l;Sg] cj;/ kfP
hLjgdf k9fO;s]kl5 klg xfdLn] w]/} s'/f l;Sg
/ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;S5f}F . of] s'/f b]zel/sf
cGo ljBfnodf klg nfu' x'g' k5{ . b]zel/sf
;a} ljBfyL{n] pSt l;k l;Sg] cj;/ kfpg' k5{

hGdf]T;j
gfd ===========================================
kf;kf]6{
;fOhsf] ljBfno ==========================================
kmf]6f]
hGdldlt ===================================
7]ufgf ========================================
2 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
h:tf] dnfO{ nflu/x]sf] 5 . a's k|mL k|mfO8] eGgf;fy d'gf ;Kt/ª\uL km"naf/L
lbdfudf k9\g gkg{], emf]nf n}hfg gkg{], u[xsfo{ ug{
gkg{] ePkl5 dg klg v';L x'g] g} eof] . d'gfdf w]/} ;fdu|L Ps};fy k9\g kfpFbf v';L nfU5 .
;dLIff ltldlN;gf d}n] lvr]sf] kmf]6f], ;|i6f ;|+jfb, x:tn]vg, sljtf,
g]l/s :s'n syf, cg'ejh:tf ;fdu|Ln] afnaflnsfsf] n]vg
sIffM &, zª\vd"n sf7df8f}F . ;+:s[lt a9fPsf] 5 . k7g ;+:s[lt a9fPsf] 5 .
afnaflnsfnfO{ s]xL n]Vg / gofF s'/f ug{ k|]l/t klg
u/]sf] 5 . d'gfdf k|sflzt w]/} :tDedWo] lrqsyf
;fgf v]nf8L pHHjn xl/z/0f 9'ª\ufgf / /fh]z dfgGw/ ;/n] agfpg'e
xfd|f k|]/0ff Psf] lrq emg} k|]/0ffbfoL 5 . cfpg] lbgdf klg
o;/L g} 1fgj4{s s'/f k9\g kfOof];\ eGg] xfd|f]
d'gfsf] ebf} cª\sdf k|sflzt cAan pHhjnsf z'e]R5f 5 . t/ sltko :tDex? eg] lgoldt 5}
af/]df k9\g kfpFbf cfgGb nfUof] . sd pd]/df g} gg\ . h:t} k/b]z Hofb} g} pkof]uL lyof] t/ cr]n
v]ns'bdf nfUof] eg] zf/Ll/s ljsf; x'G5 . dfG5] k|sflzt x'Fb}g . k/b]zdf xfdLn] ljb]zsf] hg;+Vof,
cg'zfl;t aG5 . v]ndf x'g] ;fgf]ltgf] lhtn] klg efiff, d'b|f, e"uf]n, l5d]sL d'\n'sx?sf af/]df k9\g
pRr dgf]an a9fpF5 eGg] dfGotf 5 . Tof] ;a} kfpYof}F t/ To:tf] hfgsf/Ld"ns :tDdnfO{ k'gM
pHHjnsf] v]n hLjg k9]/ yfxf eof] . pxfFn] k|sflzt u/L xfdLh:tf ljBfyL{x?sf] cfu|xnfO{ k'gM
t :s'n] hLjgdf g} tLg j6f cGt/f{li6«o v]ndf :yfg lbg'x'g]5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 .
k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf] ;'Gbf v';L nfUof] . t]SjfGbf] / z}n]z sdf{rfo{
dnvndf pxfF lgs} t]h x'g'xF'bf] x/]5 . t]SjfGbf] hgHof]lt dflj
v]ndf pxfFn] xfn;fn} /ht kbs klg k|fKt u/]/ sIffM ^, lrtjg
b]zsf] gfd pRr kfg'{ePsf] /x]5 . csf]{ Tolt
k|rngdf gcfPsf] v]n eP klg pxfFsf] snf
sf}zn 7'nf] s'/f xf] . h'g lgs} sl7g v]n klg
/x]5 . o;/L d'gfdf pxfFsf af/]df hfGg kfpFbf lgs} n]v tyf /rgfaf/]
v';L nfUof] .
;/f]h e6\6/fO{ efOalxgLdf ;""rgf
6ª\ufn dfWolds ljBfno d'gf dfl;s klqsfn] ;;fgf
sIffM *, 6ª\ufn, sf7df8f}F . efOalxgLsf syf, sljtf, :s]r,
ofqf ;+:d/0fnufotsf l;h{gf k|sfzg
x:tn]vg dg k5{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf]
k|sfzg d'gfn] o;df efOalxgLs}
d'gfdf cfpg] x:tlnlvt ;fdu|L x]/]/ dnfO{ lgs} l;h{gfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] hfgsf/L
k|]/0ff ldn]sf] 5 . y/Ly/Lsf sljtf w]/} ;fyLn] u/fpg rfxG5f}F . d'gf klqsfsf] p2]Zo
d'gfdf 5kfpFbf x:tn]vgsf :j¿kx¿ klg km/s klg efOalxgLnfO{ n]Vgdf pTk|]l/t ug]{ /
km/s k|s[ltsf x'g] /x]5g\ . cfkm"nfO{ klg s;/L l;h{gzLn agfpg] xf] . /, efOalxgLnfO{
x:tn]vg /fd|f] agfpg] eGg] ?lr a9\b} hfg] /x]5 . o:tf l;h{gf k7fpg klg cg'/f]w ub{5f}F .
x:tn]vgdf 6f9f 6f9fsf lhNnfaf6 klg ;fyLx¿n]
n]Vg'ePsf] b]Vbf emg\ v';L nfu]sf] 5 . of] :tDe munamonthly@gmail.com
cToGt} /fd|f] 5 . k7fpg' xf]nf
;/:jtL rf}w/L –;Dkfbs
cfbz{ afn ljsf; dflj
sIffM (, ndh'ª .

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 3

 cfj/0f n]v

nIdL vltj8f

;xefuL clwsf+z afnaflnsf

g]kfn gcfP klg b]v]sf],
kl/jf/df s'/f ubf{ ;'g]sf] tyf
dgleq}af6 cfˆgf] b]zsf] dfof a]nfotdf
nfu]sf sf/0f g]kfnsf af/]df ;a}
s'/f hfGg pT;flxt b]lvGy] . g]kfnL snf
of] dgd} 5 g]kfn
of] d'6'el/ g]kfnsf] dfof
lxdfn emF} c6n
e"uf]nn] 6f9f eP klg cfˆgf] b]zk|ltsf] dfof
/ ;Demgf o;/L g} s;}n] sljtfdfkm{t s;}n]
uLtdfkm{t t s;}n] g[To / clegodfkm{t a]nfotdf
a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf g]kfnL afnaflnsfn] g]kfnL
snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ljljwtfnfO{ dg 5'g] u/L k|:t't
u/] .
g]kfnL efiff, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f tyf
k|jw{g ug{] p2]Zon] g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf nflu
a]nfotdf cfof]lht ;f+:s[lts sfo{j|md k|ltef
gIfq–@)@# df ;xefuLx¿n] cfcfˆgf] ;d"xtkm{
k|lt:kwf{ u/]/ k'/:s[t x'g] cj;/ klg kfP .
5 jif{b]lv !@ jif{;Ddsf] ;d"x cGtu{t ePsf]
k|ltef gIfq– @)@# sf] :kwf{df u[idf v8\sf klxnf]
ljh]tf, cfef clwsf/L bf];|f] / cfl>of ;'j]bLn]
t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . o;} u/L !# jif{b]lv
4 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 cfj/0f n]v
sfo{qmddf ;a}sf] cfsif{0f ag]sL lyOg
;fgL kfFr jif{sfL gfgL Unf]l/of /]gf/ . pgL
lgs} /fd|f] nodf g]kfnL af]lN5g eg] w]/} g[To
ug{ klg l;kfn' l5g\ . pgnfO{ g]kfnsf] af/]df
w]/} s'/fx? hfgsf/L /x]5 . pgnfO{ g]kfnL
vfgf, g]kfnL rf}aGbL rf]nL, 6Lsf clt g}
dg kg{] /x]5 . pgn] sfo{qmddf dL7f] nodf
g]kfnLefiffd} cfkmgf] kl/ro lbOg . pgsf]] afaf
cli6ofsf] gful/s eP klg cfdf g]kfnL ePsfn]
g]kfnsf] af/]df w]/} s'/fx?df ?lr /fVg] pgsf]
afgL /x]5 . cli6ofb]vL a]nfotdf ePsf]
sfo|{qmddf cfkm\gf] k|:t'tL b]vfpg kfpFbf
pgL emg v'lz lyOg . 3/df cfdf;Fu} g]kfnL
efiffd} s'/f ug{ dg k/fpg] Unf]l/of k6s k6s
g]kfnL uLt ufpg eg]/ cfkm} :6]hdf k'lUyg
/ df\Os dfu]/ af]lnxlNyg . g]kfnsf]
kz'kltgfy, n'lDjgL, d'lqmgfysf]
af/]df cfkm"nfO{ w]/} s'/f yfxf
ePSf] / g]kfnsf] w]/} dfof
nfUg] klg pgn] ;'gfOg .

!^ jif{;Ddsf ;d"x cGtu{t O;fgL a/fOnL klxnf]

ljh]tf, l/of lu/L bf];|f] / ;'lgtf nfld5fg]n] t];|f]
:yfg xfl;n u/] .
cfof]hs ;+:yf k|ltef gIfqn] b'j} ;d"xtkm{
klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] x'\g]nfO{ qmdzM 5 ;o kfpG8,
kfFr ;o kfpG8 / rf/ ;o kfpG8 gub k'/:sf/
k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] .
sfo{j|mddf ;xefuL x'g a]nfot tyf o'/f]ksf
ljleGg b]zaf6 cfPsf @@ hgf afnaflnsfn]
g]kfnL efiff, snf / ljzfn ;+:s[ltnfO{ uLt,
;ª\uLt, g[To, ufog, lrqdfkm{t tyf ljleGg
lsl;dsf g]kfnL nf]safhf ahfP/;d]t cfcfˆgf]
k|ltef k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
;xefuL clwsf+z afnaflnsf g]kfn gcfP
klg b]v]sf], kl/jf/df s'/f ubf{ ;'g]sf] tyf gf}dtLafhf, k~r}afhf, lwd]afhfnufotsf ljleGg
dgleq}af6 cfˆgf] b]zsf] dfof nfu]sf sf/0f ;f+:s[lts emfFsLsf] k|bz{gL ul/Psf]
g]kfnsf af/]df ;a} s'/f hfGg pT;flxt b]lvGy] . atfpg'eof] . ;fy} afnaflnsfnfO{ yk hfgsf/L
ljBfnodf cfcfˆgf] b]z cg';f/sf] efiff af]lng] xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon], sfo{j|md:yndf yf¿, du/,
sf/0f g]kfnL efiffdf af]nLsf] no slt klg u'?ª, g]jf/, afx'gnufotsf ljleGg hfthfltsf]
ldNb}gYof] t/ klg pgLx¿ tf]t] af]nLd} eP klg klxrfg elNsg] klx/g tyf ;fdu|L;d]t /flvPsf]
hfgL ghfgL g]kfnL efiffd} af]n]/ k|lt:kwf{df plqP . lyof] .
a]nfotdf rf/ jif{;Dd nuftf/ cfof]hgf ljb]zL e"lddf x'ls{/x]sf g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf
ul/Psf] pSt ;f+:s[lts sfo{j|mddf pkl:yt nflu g]kfnL efiff, snf / ;+:s[ltsf] hfgsf/L
afnaflnsfnfO{ g]kfn / g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg lbg] tyf ;/+If0f / ;+jw{g;Fu} k':tfGt/0fsf]
lbnfpg k|ltef gIfqsf kl/sNkgfsf/ /fh]Gb| v;n] nflu;d]t sfo{j|md k|]/0ffbfoL ePsfn]] ;xefuL
sfo{j|mddf o; jif{ s'df/Lsf] k|bz{g, nfv]gfr, afnaflnsf;d]t lgs} pT;flxt b]lvGy] . á
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 5
 sljtf

d sf] x'F d wgLsf] 3/ w]/} jf; a:5'

d} x'F dflg; dflg;x¿ aLr ul/asf]df eGbf
nf]e nfnr cg'ej u/fpg] . dflg;x¿ ;a} v'zL x'G5g\
d} x' pgLx¿nfO{ d}nfO{ kmsf{O kmsf{O uGbf
d]/f] cefjdf ?jfpg] . d ljgf ul/asf] 5}g P]z cf/fd
d g} x'F ;+;f/el/sfnfO{ ;a} kfpF5g\ wgL P]z
Jofkf/df rnfpg] . d eGb}5' ca d sf] xf]nf <
;f]Rg';' t yfxf kfpg' eof] ls 5}g
yfxf kfpg' eP h:tf] 5 < d x'F k};f .
d sf] xf]nf <
P ltdL zLnf, cxf] xl/dfof
xf]Og xf]Og d s'g} zLnf xl/dfof xf]Og
d t s'g} lghL{j j:t' xf]
h;n] tkfO{+ c? j:t' lsGg' x'G5 .

d t ;'6s];leq a;]/ ;+;f/

3'Dg k/] xh'/ Ozf cof{n
d geOsg sxfF aGYof] xf]nf / sIffM !), O8g Oªln; :s'n
kz'kltsf] uh'/ a'6jn–!!, gx/k'/ .
s'g} klg s'/f cfFl6;s]kl5 ;Sb}gg\
d ljgf ug{ k"/f
d s;};Fu yf]/} x'G5' t s;};Fu w]/} .
d hlt g} hf];Fu eP klg sf]xL ;Gt'i6 5}gg\ .
oxfF d ;Fu .

6 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 Ps lbg ;'bg cfˆgf] ;fyL;Fu 3/ hfFb} lyof] .
ToxL a]nf Ps hgf ;fyLn] eGof], æP Û d}n] ufFhf
NofPsf] 5' . cfh lzjsf] k|;fb lng'k5{ .Æ ;'bgn]
eGof]Æ …ufFhf vfg x'Fb}g lsgeg] o;n] xflg u5{ .Æ
t/ ;'bgn] eg]sf] s'/f pgLx¿n] dfg]gg\ .

o:tf kf] ToxL a]nf af6f] k/]/ rf/÷kfFr hgf ufpFn]

dbgsf] 3/ eP/ v]t hfFb} lyP . ToxL a]nf
pgLx¿n] ;'bgsf] ;fyLx¿n] ufFhf vfPsf] b]v] /

bfh'efO
;'bgsf] 3/ uP/ bfh' dbgnfO{ s'/f nufOlbP .
clg ;'bg 3/ hfFbf dbgn] ;f]Wof], æs] ltdL ufFhf
vfG5f} <Æ ;'bgn] s]xL af]n]g . of] b]v]/ dbgn]
l/;n] s/fP/ ;f]Wof] . ;'bgnfO{ klg l/; p7\of] /
b'O{ efOsf] w]/} a]/ emu8f k¥of] .
s]xL ;dokl5 pgLx¿sf dfdf pgLx¿sf] 3/
cfpg'eof] . clg æs] eof] <Æ eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof],
æltdLx¿ ;fx|} ldNYof}, s] eof] eg <Æ ;'bgn]
eGof], æx]g"{ g dfdf, d}n] ufFhf vfPs} 5}g , TolQs}
nf]saxfb'/ sfsL{ ufFhf vfPsf] eg]/ bfO emu8f ug'{x'G5 .Æ
sIffM * dbgnfO{ nfUof] ls ;'bgn] cem} em'6 af]ln/x]sf]
;dfh ;'wf/ dflj lyof] . To;}n] dbgn] s/fof], …cem} vfPsf] 5}g
/] . slt gefsf]Ú s'/f u/]sf] t < b]Vg] ufpFsf
dfG5]n] dnfO{ geg] h:tf] . o;/L egfeg x'Fbf b'O{
efOsf] km]l/ emu8f k¥of] . clg dfdfn] b'j}nfO{ r'k
nufP/ ;f]Wg'eof], æs] s'/f ePsf] lyof], n eg t
Psfb]zdf Pp6f ufpFdf bfO / efO lyP . bfOsf] <Ú To;kl5 ;'bgn] ;a} s'/f Ps÷Ps u/L eGof] .
gfd dbg / efOsf] gfd ;'bg lyof] . pgLx¿ ;Fu} dfdfn] aNn s'/f a'‰g'eof] / eGg'eof], æ;'g dbg,
:s'n hfGy], v]Ny] clg Ps csf{nfO{ k9fOdf ;'bgsf] s]xL bf]if 5}g . ;'bg lgbf]{if 5 .Æ dfdfn]
;xof]u klg uy]{ . pgLx¿sf] d]nldnfk b]v]/ ;a} s'/f ldnfP/ a'emfPkl5 aNn b'O{ efOsf] lrQ
ufpFsf dflg;x¿ eGy], æbfh'efO x'g' t dbg / a'‰of] / pgLx¿ r'k nfu]/ a;] / pgLx¿nfO{
;'bg h:tf .Æ Joy{}df emu8f u/]em} nfUof] . oxL eP/ ;fyLx¿
s'/f ga'emLsg s;}nfO{ s]xL bf]if nufpg'x'Gg .
wGojfb . á

…;'g dbg, ;'bgsf] s]xL

bf]if 5}g . ;'bg lgbf]{if 5 .Ú
dfdfn] ;a} s'/f ldnfP/
a'emfPkl5 aNn b'O{
efOsf] lrQ a'‰of] /
pgLx? r'k nfu]/ a;] /
pgLx?nfO{ Joy{}df emu8f
u/]em} nfUof] . oxL eP/
;fyLx? s'/f ga'emLsg
s;}nfO{ s]xL bf]if
nufpg'x'Gg .

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 7

 :s'n sg{/

;a} ljBfyL{ / cleefjsf] rfxgf x'G5– …

;fd'bflos ljBfno sd z'Nsdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lng] .Ú o:tf] ;'ljwf
lqk'/]Zj/l:yt ljZj lgs]tg dfWolds ljBfno
lbg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;df ljZj lgs]tg gd'gf

cAandWo] Ps ;flat klg ePsf] 5 . cleefjs / ljBfyL{sf]

cfjZostf / dfu cg';f/ cl3 a9\bf clxn]
ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf] le8 y]uL g;Sg' 5 .

…ljZj lgs]tgÚ ljBfyL{sf] le8 TolQs} ePsf] xf]Og, ToxfF cAan

/ u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf;n] g} xf] .
/, clxn] of] ljBfnodf cª\u]|hL dfWoddf dfq}
cWoog cWofkg x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
xfn pQm ljBfnodf cfwf/e"t sIff -ECD_
b]lv dfWolds tx !@ ;Dd rf/ xhf/ b'O{
;o ljBfyL{ cWoog ub{5g\ . Tof] ;fd'bflos
lzIfs b/aGbL dfq} xf]Og lJfBfnosf] pNn]Vo ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof xf] . clxn]
ljBfyL{sf] cg'kftdf sIffsf]7fsf] o; ljBfnodf s'g} klg sIffdf egf{ ug{ :yfg
klg cefj 5 h;sf sf/0f Pp6} 5}g . k|wfgfWofks x]/Da/fh sF8]nsf cg';f/
;a} sIff k"0f{ ¿kdf el/Psf 5g\, gofF egf{sf nflu
sIffdf ^* hgf;Dd ljBfyL{ /fVg' :yfg 5}g .
k/]sfn] To;tkm{ klg ;DalGwt k|wfgfWofks x]/Da/fh sF8]nn] eGg'eof], æo;
lgsfon] Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . ljBfnodf sfo{/t () k|ltzt lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf
cfˆgf afnaflnsf o; ljBfnodf g} k9fpg] u/]sf
5g\ .Æ pxfFn] cfˆgf afnaflnsf klg oxLFaf6
cWoog u/]sf] atfpFb} eGg'eof], æk|foM ;a} ;fyLn]
cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L af]l8{ª :s'ndf gnu]/ oxL
cWoog u/fpFbf oxfFsf] cfsif{0f yk a9]sf] 5 .Æ
To;} u/L o; ljBfnodf hLjgf]kof]uL /
k|of]ufTds lzIffdf hf]8 lbg] u/]sf 5f}F, o;n] klg
cfsif{0f yk]sf] xf] pxfFn] eGg'eof] . o; ljBfnodf
lzIfssf] cg'kl:yltdf s'g} klg sIff vfnL eP/
zld{nf kf7s ljBfyL{n] k9\g gkfpg] cj:yf xF'b}g k|To]s sIffdf
/flvPsf ljifout dlg6/n] sIffnfO{ k"0f{tf lbG5g\ .
8 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 :s\n sg{/
ut jif{ @^( hgfn] P;OO{ lbPsfdf ;a}eGbf
sd klg !=* lhlkP 5 . ev{/} k|sfzg ePsf]
sIff !@ sf] k/LIffkmndf klg P]ltxfl;s glthf
xft k/]sf] k|c sF8]n atfpg'x'G5 . pxfFn] v';L
x'Fb} eGg'eof], æsIff !@ df cGt w]/} ljBfnosf] o; ljBfnodf
sf] l/hN6 lalu|P/ cfpFbf o; ljBfnodf ;du|df hLjgf]kof]uL
(# k|ltzt afnaflnsf /fd|f] glthfsf] ;fy pQL0f{ / k|of]ufTds
ePsf 5g\ . of] xfd|f] nflu ;kmntf xf] .Æ
xfn o; ljBfnodf %* hgf ;/sf/L cg'bfgdf lzIffdf hf]8
sfo{/t lzIfs /xg'ePsf] 5 eg] lghL ;|f]taf6 lbg] u/]sf 5f}F,
;d]t u/L !$% lzIfs sd{rf/L sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . o;n] klg cfsif{0f yk]sf] xf] . o;
ljBfyL{sf] rfksf sf/0f clxn] sIff !) df kfFr ljBfnodf lzIfssf] cg'kl:yltdf s'g}
j6f ;]S;g -;d"x_ agfP/ k7gkf7g eO/x]sf] 5 .
ljBfnosf] P]ltxfl;s cj:yf klg sIff vfnL eP/ ljBfyL{n] k9\g
lj;+ @))# df3 !( ut] :yfkgf ePsf] o; gkfpg] cj:yf xF'b}g k|To]s sIffdf
ljBfnosf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 . tTsfnLg lzIffk|]dL /flvPsf ljifout dlg6/n] sIffnfO{
:j= g/dfg >]i7n] Go'/f]8sf] oª\ufnl:yt cfˆg} k"0f{tf lbG5g\ .
3/sf] Pp6f sf]7fdf 5 hgf ljBfyL{af6 ;'?

ug'{ePsf] o; ljBfnon] clxn]sf] cj:yf;Dd o;/L nfdf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] / b]znfO{ cfjZos
cfOk'Ubf lgs} g} ptf/r9fjsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] kg]{ hgzlSt hGdfPsf] o; ljBfnonfO{ lj;+
ljutn] b]vfpF5 . @)%) sf] bzsdf eg] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof 36]/ lgs}
;~rnfgsf] 5 jif{kl5 lj= ;+= @))( af6 gfh's cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] lyof] .
lqk'/]Zj/df xfn ljBfno /x]sf] :yfg j+zL3f6af6 lj;+ @)$% lt/ b'O{ xhf/ b'O{ ;o ljBfyL{ k'u]sf
k7gkf7gnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] xf] . :j/ lsGg/L ljBfyL{ 36]/ gf} ;odf cfPkl5 36\g'sf sf/0f s]
tf/fb]jL, jl/i7 ufos k|]dWjh k|wfg, s]bf/eSt eGg] ;Gbe{df k"j{ljBfyL{ / ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfo;Fu
dfy]df, 8f= /fdz/0f dxt, 8f= c?0f ;fold, 5nkmn ubf{ ;dosf] dfu cg';f/ ;~rfng ug{
sfdkfsf] k"j{k|d'v ljBf;'Gb/ zfSo, ;lrj g;Sg' eGg] lgisif{s} cfwf/df ;'wf/sf] kf6f]
uf]s0f{dl0f b'jf8Ln] klg o;} ljBfnaf6 dfWolds ckgfP/ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cfOk'u]sf] egfO k|c
lzIff xfl;n ug'{ePsf] atfOPsf] 5 . sF8]nsf] 5 . cª\u|]hL dfWoddf cWoog u/fpg]
To;} u/L km'6an v]nf8Lx¿ klg o; ljBfnon] sfdkfsf] klxnf] ljBfno
pTkfbg u/]sf] 5 . w]/} h;f] k"j{ljBfyL{ lghfdtL cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k7gkf7g ug]{ klxnf] ;fd'bflos
If]qdf 5g\ ;fy} lrlsT;s ag]/ klg oxfFsf] ljBfno ljZj lgs]tg /x]sf] k|c sF8]nsf] bfaL
pTkfbgn] b]zsf] ;]jf ul//x]sf 5g\ . 5 . @)%^ ;fnaf6 g} cª\u|]hL dfWoddf k7gkf7g

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 9

;'? ubf{ sfdkfsf cGo ;fd'bflosdf ;'? gePsf] klg ;DalGwt lgsfon] Wofg lbg cfjZos 5,Æ
pxfFsf] bfaL 5 . k|f/Dedf sIff !, @ / # df cWoIf >]i7n] eGg'eof] .
cª\u|]hLdf sIff ;'? ul/Psf] xf] . ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df b/aGbL ldnfg ub}{
;f]xL ;doaf6 g} ljBfyL{ k9\g yfn] klg cª\u|]hL sfdkf
g} d'Vo h8 /x]5 eGg] efg ePkl5 j|mlds ¿kdf ljBfnon] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vosf] cfwf/df lzIfs
;a} sIffdf cª\u|]hL dfWod ul/Psf] lyof] . lj;+ cfjZos elg/xFbf otf sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf
@)^) sf] bzsaf6 eg] j|mlds ¿kdf ljBfyL{ lzIff ljefun] klg sfdkfleqsf *( j6} ;fd'bflos
a9\g yfn] clxn] o; ljBfnodf clgjfo{ ljifo ljBfnodf b/aGbL ldnfgsf] sfd ug{ nfluPsf]
g]kfnL / ;fdflhsafx]s s'g} klg sIff g]kfnLdf hgfPsf] 5 . ljefusf k|d'v ;Ltf/fd sf]O/fnfn]
k7gkf7g xF'b}g . xfn sfdkfn] ;fd'bflos ljBfnon] b/aGbL
r'gf}tL ldnfgsf] sfd cl3 a9fpg nfu]sf] eGb} pSt
lj;+ @)&$ / @)&% df o; ljBfnon] /fli6«o ;dodf e/;s ljZj lgs]tg ljBfnonfO{ b/aGbL
lzIff k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/]sf] :d/0f ub}{ k|c sF8]nn] k7fpg] k|of; ul/g] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
ljutsf oL / o:t} ;kmntfnfO{ arfO/fVg' casf] b/aGbL ldnfgsf] j|mddf pSt ljBfnodf
d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . To:t} ljBfnodf b/aGbL k7fpg g;s] klg cfjZos cg'bfg lbP/
ljBfyL{sf] cg'kftdf lzIfs b/aGbL sd /x]sf] eP klg ;xof]u ug]{ atfpg'eof] . xfn k|rlnt lzIff
eGb} ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf uf]kfn P]g, @)@* n] u/]sf] Joj:yf / sfdkfsf] lzIff P]g,
>]i7n] j}1flgs ¿kdf cfjZos b/aGbL ylklbg @)&% tyf ljBfno Joj:yfkg lgodfjnL, @)&$
cfu|x ug'{eof] . n] u/]sf k|fjwfg cg'¿k ljBfnox¿ ;~rfngdf
ælzIfs b/aGbL dfq} xf]Og ljBfyL{sf] cg'kftdf 5g\ . rfn' cfly{s jif{df sfdkfn] ;du| lzIffsf
sIffsf]7fsf] klg cefj 5 h;sf sf/0f Pp6} nflu Ps ca{ #@ s/f]8 gf} nfv ## xhf/ ?lkofF
sIffdf ^* hgf;Dd ljBfyL{ /fVg' k/]sfn] To;tkm{ ljlgof]hg u/]sf] 5 . á

sljtf
/fVg' k5{ cfkm}F;Fu
ld7f] dl;gf] vfO{ Ho]i7 gful/snfO{ ;Ddfg
;Ddfg ug{' k5{ ;w}F
Ho]i7 gful/snfO{
:ju{ x'G5 j[4nfO{
cfˆg} 3/sf] 5fgf]
a];xf/fnfO{ dfq
j[4f cf>d nfg'
sdhf]/ x'G5 z/L/
pd]/ a9\b} hfFbf
3/leq aflx/ ubf{
x'g ;S5 afwf
emls{P/ af]Ng' x'Gg
lrQ b'Vg ;S5
sf]dn x'G5 dg pgsf] ;bLIff a]Naf;]
cfF;' aUg ;S5 sIffM %, cj]/g]; OG6/g];gn Ps]8]dL
af]em xf]Ogg\ Ho]i7 gful/s zª\vd"n, sf7df8f}+
;Ddfg u/L x]/f}F
pgLx¿nfO{ x]Kg] ;f]r
cfh}af6 Tofuf}F
10 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 sljtf÷ljrf/

;'gf}nf]
eljio cd"No hLjg xf] ljBfyL{ hLjg
hxfF agfpg l;lsG5 eljiosf] ejg .

hxfF x'G5g\ sfo{ cgluGtL

t/ lbOG5 xfdLnfO{ xfd|} sNof0fsf lglDt .

xfF;L, v';L latfpg' k5{ ljBfyL{ hLjg

v]Ng' k5{ / dx;'; ug'{ k5{ lr;f] kjg .

x/]s kfOnf ;r]t eP/ rfNg' k5{

ljBfsf] ;+;f/df dg dl:tis em'Ng' k5{ .

cg':df /fhf]kfWofo x/]s 306f x'G5 TolQs} g} dxìjk"0f{

sIffM !), uf]bfj/L /]l;8]lG;on :s'n Ps dg'io 1fgsf sf/0f x'G5 ;Dk"0f{ .
nlntk'/

slnn} 5' sf]lknf d clxn]

kmj|m]/ km"n x'G5' .
afnljsf;df k9L n]vLsg
d km'Ng] 5'
;jf]{Rr lzv/ 5'G5' .

OHht /fVg] u'?af, u'?cfdfsf]

hfFb}gg\ slxn} v]/ .
pxfFs} cflzif lz/df /fvLsg
sxfF k'U5' kl5 x]/ .

ug'{ x'Gg ck/fw hfgL hfgL slxNo}

oL xf]Ogg\ /fd|f afgL .
o:t} afgL /xL /x] xfdLdf
o;n] ug]{ 5 7'nf] xflg .
cfs[lt cof{n
c;n 1fgL aGg] xf] hLjgdf sIffM $, afnljsf; af]l8{ª xfO{:s'n
c¿ rfxgf 5}gg\ s]xL a'9fgLns07, sf7df8f}F
;Ddfg u/] afafcfdf / 7'nfsf]
:ju}{ e]l6G5 ToxLF .
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 11
 @() s/f]8 jif{
k'/fgf] lxdgbL
blIf0f clk|msfsf] ;'gvfgLdf ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf
k|frLg lxdgbL km]nf k/]sf] 5 . of] lxdgbL b'O{ ca{
() s/f]8 jif{ k'/fgf] xf] . cfd ¿kdf lxdgbL „
w|'jLo If]q jf lxdfnL If]qdf x'g] u/]sf]df blIf0f
clk|msfsf] ;dtn If]ql:yt ;'gvfgLleq lxdgbLsf
cjz]if km]nf kg{' cfZro{sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
of] lxdgbLsf] cWoog ug{ j}1flgsn] blIf0f
clk|msfsf] pQ/k"j{df cjl:yt kf]ª\uf]nf ;'k/u|'ksf]
;'gvfgLdf ulx/f] efuaf6 df6f] lgsfn]/ k/LIf0f
u/]sf lyP . k/LIf0fsf j|mddf ToxfF e]l6Psf]
r6\6fg #@) s/f]8b]lv @*) s/f]8 jif{ klxn]sf]
ePsf] k'li6 eof] . To;cl3 klg s]xL j}1flgsn]
;f] If]qdf k|frLg lxdgbLsf k|df0f kQf nufP klg
To;sf] pd]/ kQf nfUg ;s]sf] lyPg .
j}1flgssf cg';f/ of] k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]
lr;f] If]q ePsf] k|df0f klg xf] . o;af6 k[YjLsf]
;'?jftL cj:yfsf] df};d, kof{j/0f tyf hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf ljifodf 1fg tyf a'emfOdf lj:tf/ x'g]
/fdk|;fb cfrfo{ / cWoogsf] gofF cWofo ;'? x'g] 5 .

;ft lbg;Dd
?g] o'js
Ps hgf gfOh]l/ofnL o'js lulgh a'sdf
gfd n]vfpg nuftf/ ;ft lbg;Dd /f]Psf 5g\ .
h;sf sf/0f pgn] cfFvfsf] uDeL/ ;d:of ef]Ug'
k¥of] t/ lj8Dagf pgsf] gfd lulgh a'sdf
n]lvPg .
o'js 6]Da' Pa]/]n] ;a}eGbf nfdf] ;do;dd
cfF;' aufP/ ?g] ljZj sLlt{dfg agfpg] sf]l;;
ul//x]sf lyP . o;sf nflu pgn] k"/} Ps
;ftf;Dd ?g] sf]l;; u/] / k"/} ;ft lbg;Dd /f]O/x]
t/ To;sf] glthf ;'vb lgl:sPg . pgn] s]xL
;dosf nflu cfFvf g} b]Vg 5f8] eg] 6fpsf]
b'Vg] clg cg'xf/ / cfFvf;d]t ;'lGgP/ lrGg}
d'l:sn x'g] h:tf] eP . b[li6ljxLg;d]t ag]F . ;'lGgPsf] cfFvfsf] efu
pgn] eg], æd}n] cfF;' aufpg] sfd /f]Sg' k¥of] clxn];Dd cf]ln{Psf] 5}g .Æ
lsgeg] o; j|mddf d}n] uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:of;Fu pgsf] gfd lulgh a'sdf btf{ ePg lsgeg]
h'Wg' k¥of] . d $% ldg]6sf nflu cf+lzs ¿kdf pgn] o;sf nflu cfj]bg g} u/]sf lyPgg\ .

12 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 Ps hgf lszf]/L b'nxLsf nflu n]lvPsf] Ps
/f]dflG6s kq %! s/f]8 ?lkofFdf laj|mL ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfsf bf];|f] /fi6«klt hf]g P8D;n] ;g\ !*@$
%! s/f]8df laSof] kq
sf] l8;]Da/ !$ df n]v]sf] kq olt d"Nojfg\ ag]sf]
xf] . pgn] cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw ePsf Ps
ldqsL 5f]/Lsf] lax]df ;xefuL ePsf] cj;/df
tL lszf]/L a]x'nLsf nflu z'esfdgf / ;Demgfsf
nflu n]v]sf lyP of] kq . ;f] kl/jf/n] of] kq
kl5Nnf] b'O{ ;o jif{b]lv st} ;fj{hlgs gu/L
;'/lIft ¿kdf /fv]sf] lyof] .
of] kq hf]g P8D;n] l5d]sL lszf]/L tyf dlxnf;Fu} a]x'nfsf] tkm{af6 ljjfxdf pkl:yt
a]x'nL Pn]g dfl/of a|]s]6nfO{ n]v]sf lyP . ePsf lyP .
dfl/of / pgsf kltsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw ufFl;Psf]df cfkm"n] gofF hf]8LnfO{ hLjg, k|]d / ;Ddfg lbg]
cfkm"v';L ePsf] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . hf]g klg pgn] kqdf pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;fy} pgn]
P8D; a]x'nLsf l5d]sL /x] klg lax]sf] lbgdf eg] cfkm"nfO{ a]x'nLsf] ;Rrf ldq eGb} kqdf x:tfIf/
cfˆgf ldq hh{ lk6/ / Ps hgf /f]laG;g gfdsL u/]sf 5g\ .

efO/; vfg] hLj

j}1flgsn] efO/; vfg] hLj kQf nufPsf 5g\ . cd]l/sfsf] o'lgel;{6L ckm g]a|f:sf lnª\sgsf
j}1flgsn] efO/;nfO{ gi6 ug]{ o:tf] hLj kQf nufPsf x'g\ . o;n] efO/;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ eljiodf of]
hLjsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . ;kmf kfgLdf kfOg] of] ;"Id hLj ljZjd} xfn;Dd kfOPsf] o:tf] hLj xf] h;n]
s]an efO/; dfq vfP/ cfˆgf] k]6 eb{5 . o;sf] vfgf eGg' g} s]an efO/; dfq} xf] .
of] hLjsf] gfd xfN6]l/of xf] . of] k|f]l6:6f ju{sf kb{5 . o;n] cfˆgf] skfnh:t} kftnf] ;'F8 kfgLdf
nx/fpF5 / To;}n] efO/; klj|mG5 / vfG5 . k|of]uzfnfdf of] hLjn] Snf]/f]efO/; vfPsf] 5, h'g lgs}
7'nf] cyf{t\ AofS6]l/ofs} cfsf/sf] efO/; xf] . efO/;nfO{ vfP/ g} xfN6]l/ofn] ljZje/sf kfgLsf ;|f]tdf
cfˆgf] ;ª\Vof a9fO/x]sf] j}1flgs atfpF5g\ . /f]rs s] 5 eg] Snf]/f]efO/;nfO{ vfO;s]kl5 xfN6]l/ofn]
cfˆgf] z/L/nfO{ 6'j|mf 6'j|mf kfb{5 / tL x/]s 6'j|mfaf6 gofF xfN6]l/of k}bf x'G5g\ .

6«fG; ;fOa]l/og /]ndfu{

;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] /]ndfu{
xf] . of] /]ndfu{n] ?;sf] /fhwfgL
;+;f/s} nfdf] /]ndfu{
d:sf]nfO{ b]zsf] k"jL{ efudf
cjl:yt Enflbef]:tf]s;Fu hf]8\b
5 . of] /]n dfu{sf] nDafO gf}
xhf/ @%( lsnf]ld6/ 5 .
of] /]ndfu{sf] ofqf k"/f ug{
k"/} ;ft lbg nfUb5 . cyf{t\
?;af6 /]n r9]sf] ;ft lbgkl5
dfq} Enflbef]:tf]s k'luG5 . o;
j|mddf ofq'x¿ ;ft j6f km/s÷
km/s 6fOd hf]gaf6 u'lh|g' kb{5 .
of] /]ndfu{sf] k"/} efu lgs} lr;f]
/ 7fpF 7fpFdf lxpFn] 9flsPsf]n]
lgs} /f]df~rs 5 . á

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 13

 …cfdf===Ú a'g'n] 3/ k'Ug]laltSs} ljBfnosf] eg]/ ;/ld;n] o;f] eGg'ePsf] xf]nf . p;f] eP d
emf]nf sf]7fdf ˆofQ /fVb} cfdfnfO{ af]nfOg\ . … skfn sf6\5' . sf6]kl5 5f]6f] x'G5 . a'g' t skfn
cfdf stf x'g'x'G5 <Ú pgL cem} hf]8n] lrRofpg sf6\g] lg0f{odf k'lug\ .
yflng\ . a'g'n] cfdfnfO{ 3/el/ vf]lhg\ . cfdf t æn, clxn] vfhf vfpm . e/] a'jf, ltdL / d
3/df x'g'x'Gg /x]5 . l5d]sL sfsLsxfF hfg'ePsf] a;]/ ;Nnfx u/f}Fnf . of] skfnnfO{ s] ug]{ eg]/
/x]5 . a'g'n] af]nfPsf] af]nfPs} u/]sf] ;'g]/ pxfF clg lg0f{o u/f}Fnf .Æ cfdfn] eGg'eof] . To;kl5
sfsLsf] 3/af6 cfˆgf] 3/lt/ cfpg'eof] . …s] a'g'n] skfnnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf u'6'd'6' kf/]/ aflgg\ clg
eof] 5f]/L, lsg lrRofPsf] <Ú cfdf] d"n9f]sf vf]n]/ vfhf vfg uOg\ .
3/leq k:g'eof] . a]n'sL cfdf, a'g' / a'jf a;]/ a'g'sf] skfn s]
…cfdf, d ef]lnb]lv ljBfno hfGg .Ú a'g' t ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] 5nkmn eof] . ægsf6 s] skfn .
7'l:sOg\ . nf}, PSsfl; a'g'n] o:tf] eg]sf] ;'Gbf oltsf] skfn t l7Sssf] 5 lg . ltdLnfO{ ;'xfPsf]
cfdf 5Ss kg'{eof] . æs] eof] / < lsg ljBfno klg 5 .Æ a'jfn] eGg'eof] .
ghfg] <Æ cfdfn] crDd dfGb} ;f]Wg'eof] . æca ef]ln t ljBfno labf 5}g Sof/ .
dnfO{ t ;/ld;n] skfn af6]/ cfpm eGg'x'G5 . cF, kl;{ rflxF labf 5 . n', labfsf] lbg skfn
d t af6\lbg skfn . dnfO{ t skfn af6\g Sof sf6\g" . ef]lnrflxF ljBfno g} hfg" . a? skfn d g}
‰ofpm nfU5 .

a'g'sf] skfn
…nf}, olt ;fgf] s'/fdf klg ljBfno g} ghfg]
eGg] x'G5 t .Ú cfdfn] a'g'nfO{ ;Demfpg yfNg'eof] .
nfdf] skfn c;/Nn b]lvg nfu]/ xf]nf ;/ld;n]
af6]/ cfpg' eGg'ePsf] . ltdLnfO{ c;lhnf] eof]

nfdf] ls 5f]6f] <

…cfdf, d ef]lnb]lv ljBfno hfGg .Ú a'g' t
7'l:sOg\ . nf}, PSsfl; a'g'n] o:tf] eg]sf]
;'Gbf cfdf 5Ss kg'{eof] . æs] eof] / <
lsg ljBfno ghfg] <Æ cfdfn] crDd dfGb}
cfFrn >]i7 ;f]Wg'eof] . dnfO{ t ;/ld;n] skfn af6]/
sIffM *, g]kfn 8g a:sf] :s'n cfpm eGg'x'G5 . d t af6\lbg skfn . dnfO{ t
l;l4k'/, nlntk'/
skfn af6\g Sof ‰ofpm nfU5 .

14 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 …P 5f]6f] skfn klg /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . 5 .Æ cfdfn] eGg'eof] .
5f]/L dfG5]nfO{ 5f]6f] skfn g;'xfpg] a'g'n] cfˆgf] sf]7fdf /x]sf] P]gf x]l/g\ . pgnfO{
5f]6f] skfn dg} k/]g . …s:tf] d'8'nf] kf] b]lvg] /x]5 .
jf 5f]/LdfG5] eP/ 5f]6f] skfn /fVg dnfO{ b]v]/ ;fyLx¿n] s:tf] lh:sfpnfg\ . xQ]/L
gx'g] eGg] xf]Og .Ú ca eg] pgsf] a]sf/df skfn sf6]5' . ca km]l/ hf]8\g ldNb}g
dg /dfof] . …clg d s:tf] skfn t .Ú pgsf] dg vNnf] eof] . vfgf vfFbf klg
/fvf}F t < nfdf] skfn klg /fd|f] g} pgnfO{ w]/} af]Ng dg nfu]g . …xQ]/L, 5f]6f] skfn t
s:tf] g/fd|f] b]lvof] Û dh} ePg .Ú dgdf oxL s'/f
x'g] /x]5 . 5f]6f] skfn klg /fd|f] g} v]ln/Xof] .
x'g] /x]5 .Ú pgsf] dgdf skfnsf ef]ln pgL ef/L dg lnP/ ljBfno uOg\ . w]/}
af/]df kf] s'/f v]Ng nfu] . ;fyLn] skfn af6]/ cfPsf /x]5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{
s:tf] /fd|f] b]lvPsf] lyof] . s]xL ;fyLsf] eg] 5f]6}
skfn lyof] . Tof] x]/]/ pgn] lrQ a'emfOg\ . pgsf]
afl6lbpFnf .Æ cfdfn] eGg'eof] . a'g'n] …x'G5Ú eGb} skfn x]b}{ pgsf ;fyLx¿ a'g'sf] glhs} cfP . …
6fpsf] xNnfOg\ . Xof, logLx¿n] dnfO{ ca lh:sfpF5g\ .Ú a'g'nfO{
ef]lnkN6 a'jfn] a'g'sf] skfn afl6lbg'eof] . ToxfFaf6 efuf}F efuf}F nfUof] t/ efu]/ stf kf] hfg'
afl6Psf] skfn klg a'g'nfO{ /fd|f] g} nfUof] . …cf /Û
skfn gsf6f}F ls Sof xf] . af6]sf] skfn klg /fd|f] …a'g', ltdLnfO{ 5f]6f] skfnn] s:tf] /fd|f] ;'xfPsf]
kf] b]lvFbf] /x]5 .Ú pgn] dgdg} ;f]lrg\ . …t/ kl5 5 .Ú ;fyLx¿n] t k|z+;f kf] u/] . ;fyLx¿n] em'6
kl5 t cfkm}Fn] skfn af6\g' k5{ . Sof emGem6 af]n] ls ;fFrf] af]n] eg]/ a'g' Psl5g bf]wf/df
x'G5 . xf];\, 5f]6} skfn /fV5' .Ú a'g'n] km]l/ o:tf] kl/g\ .
;f]lrg\ / skfn sf6\g] g} lg0f{o ul/g\ . …a'jfn] …P 5f]6f] skfn klg /fd|f] x'g] /x]5 . 5f]/L
afl6lbg' ePsf] skfn /fd|f] 5 .Ú a'g'n] a'jfsf] klg dfG5]nfO{ 5f]6f] skfn g;'xfpg] jf 5f]/LdfG5] eP/
k|z+;f ul/g\ . pgL v';L x'Fb} ljBfno uOg\ . 5f]6f] skfn /fVg gx'g] eGg] xf]Og .Ú ca eg]
labfsf] lbg a'g' / a'jf skfn sf6\g skfn pgsf] dg /dfof] . …clg d s:tf] skfn /fvf}F t <
sf6\g] k;ndf uP . cG6Ln] ldnfOldnfO{ a'g'sf] nfdf] skfn klg /fd|f] g} x'g] /x]5 . 5f]6f] skfn klg
skfn sfl6lbg'eof] . hlt skfn sfl6of], Tolt /fd|f] g} x'g] /x]5 .Ú pgsf] dgdf skfnsf af/]df kf]
a'g'sf] dg vNnf] kf] eof] . /fd|f] /fd|f] h:tf] klg s'/f v]Ng nfu] .
clg g/fd|f] g/fd|f] h:tf] klg nfUof] . ljBfno cfpFbf cfkm}Fn] af6\5', 3/ a:bf jf
5f]6f] skfn;lxt a'g' 3/ k'lug\ . a'g'sf] skfn aflx/ lxF8\bf cfˆg} tl/sfn] skfnnfO{ ;DxfN5',
b]v]/ cfdf xfF:g'eof] . ælsg xfF:g'ePsf] cfdf <Æ s'/f ;lsxfNof] lg . ca eg] a'g'n] skfn af/]df w]/}
a'g'n] klg d':s'/fpFb} ;f]lwg\ . æ/fd|f], ;kmf b]lvPsf] ;f]Rg 5fl8g\ / sIffsf]7fleq a;]/ k9\g nflug\ .á

d'gfnfO{ dfof
syf sljtf 5g\ d'gfdf w]/}
k9\g yfN5' 7fgL ;a} d]/} .
lrq syf Kof/f] dnfO{ ;w}Fel/
k9\g yfN5' d'gf u[xsfo{ u/L .
d'gf k9\bf 1fg;Fu} /dfOnf] klg
d'gf k9\g] /fd|f] xfd|f] afgL .
pT;'s x'G5' ;w}F d'gf k9\gnfO{
l;sfpF5 w]/} s'/f d'gfn] dnfO{ . ;'nIf0ff ;fksf]6f
sIffM (, jfluZj/L dfWolds ljBfno
d'gf ltdLnfO{ w]/} w]/} dfof RofXdfl;+x, eStk'/
cf]9fO{ /fv ;w}F e/L 1fgsf] 5fofF .

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 15

 syf

e]8fsf] ;flns
e]8fsf] ;flnseGbf xfdLnfO{ crDd nfUg ;S5 .
dsjfgk'/ lhNnfsf] e|d0fsf] j|mddf lrTnfª ufpFkflnsfsf]
8f= /]jtaxfb'/ sfsL{ dfv'{df cjl:yt e]8f kmfd{df of] ;flns :yflkt 5 . kmfd{sf]
u]6af6 k:gf;fy agfOPsf] kmfd{sf] kfs{df e]8fsf] ;flns
zfgbf/ ¿kdf /flvPsf] 5 . o:tf] e]8fsf] ;flns hxfFsxLF
;fdfGotof dfG5]nfO{ e]8f] lj/n} b]Vg kfOG5 . e]8f kmfd{df ;fdfGo e]8fsf] lrq x''g',
d"lt{ x'g' :jfefljs eP klg of] jf:tjdf ljz]if Ifdtf
h:tf] eGgf;fy lh2Ljfn jf ePsf] e]8fsf] ;flnss} ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] kfOG5 . h;/L
Psf]xf]/f]sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 ljz]if of]ubfg ug]{ JolSt jf ;lxbsf] d"lt{NffO{ ;flnssf
t/ of] e]8f t gfOs] e]8f dfq ¿kdf /fVg] ul/G5, To;/L g} oxfF ljz]if Ifdtf ePsf] jf
xf]Og, ;flRrs} e]8f kmfd{sf] ljz]if of]ubfg u/]sf] e]8fnfO{ ;flnssf] bhf{ lbP/ kfs{df
;]jf jf ;a}sf] enf] ug]{ /flvg' ljz]if vfnsf] l:ylt xf] . o:tf] ;flns b]v]kl5
;dfh;]jL, g]tfsf ¿kdf /x]sf] kª\lStsf/n] o;;DaGwL lh1f;f /fVbf jf:tjd} o;
lyof] . e]8fdf ljz]if Ifdtf eO{ ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/]sf] cfwf/df
of] ;flns lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'Fbf o;sf] cy{ 5'6\6} / dfgj

16 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

k|f0fLsf nflu klg cg's/0fLo /x]sf] hfgsf/L ;a}sf nflu clåtLo lyof] eGg] ;xh} cg'dfg ug{
kfOof] . o;sf/0f o;;DaGwL cfn]v÷syf h:tf] ;lsG5 .
¿kdf n]Vg] hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . olt dfq xf]Og, p;n] ;a}nfO{ cg'zf;gdf
;fdfGotof dfG5]nfO{ e]8f] h:tf] eGgf;fy klg /fVg] ub{Yof] . olb s;}n] lgod pNnª\3g
lh2Ljfn jf Psf]xf]/f]sf ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 t/ u/]df jf csf{sf] 3fF; vfgf vfPdf of] g/fd|f];Fu
of] e]8f t gfOs] e]8f dfq xf]Og, ;flRrs} e]8f l/;fpFYof] / xfGg] 8/ b]vfpg] / t;f{pg] uYof]{ t/
kmfd{sf] ;]jf jf ;a}sf] enf] ug]{ ;dfh;]jL, g]tfsf ;flRrs} eg] xfgL xfNb}gYof] . To;/L t;f{pFbf
¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . Tof] e]8f ljz]if sfd u/]/ dfg]gg\ eg] a? p;n] abdf;L u/]sf] e]8fsf af/]df
clxn] of] ;+;f/jf6 labf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf klg Joj:yfksnfO{ l/kf]6{ uYof]{ . o;/L o;n] l/kf]6{
of] kmfd{n] p;sf] /fd|f] sfdsf] :d/0ffy{df o:tf] u/]sf] cfwf/df Joj:yfksn] Tof] uNtL ug]{nfO{
;flns agfPsf] /x]5 . o; e]8fsf] Jojxf/, ;hfo;d]t lbg] uYof}{ . To:t} p Odfgbfl/tfsf]
rfnrng, ;]jf efj / g]t[Tj Ifdtf x]bf{ e]8fn] klg gd'gf g} lyof] . cfkm" clt Odfgbf/ lyof] t/
dfq xf]Og ljj]szLn dfgj k|f0fLn] ;d]t cg'z/0f s;}n] a]OdfgL u/]sf] yfxf kfP, l/;fpg] / l/kf]6{
ug]{ vfnsf] x'gfn] klg o;n] xfdLlar klg ljz]if ug]{ ub{Yof] . Ps lsl;dn] p;nfO{ cgf}krfl/s
dxìj /fVb5 . lx;fan] Dofg]h/ jf ToxfFsf] lk|o g]tf eg] klg
;a} e]8fsf] x]/ljrf/ ug]{, s;n] vfof] x'g]h:tf] lyof] .
vfPg x]g]{, kmfd{ Joj:yfksnfO{ klg o;;DaGwL of] e]8f] dfq eg]/ ePg, o;sf] u'0f x]g{] xf]
hfgsf/Lsf] ;ª\s]t ub{Yof] eg] s'g} e]8f la/fdL eg] of] slt dxfg\ 5, ;fdfGo dflg;eGbf dxfg\
eP eg] o;sf] hfgsf/L lnO{ Joj:yfkssf] b"tsf 5 . o;sf u'0f cg';f/ e]8fsf] g]tf xf]Og,
¿kdf ;d]t sfo{ ub{Yof] . p;n] af]Ng g;s] klg dflg;÷hgtfsf] g]tf eg] klg x'G5 . of] e]8f eP
;ª\s]taf6 w]/} s'/f cjut u/fpFYof] . jf:tjd} klg slt cg's/0fLo dfgjLo tyf Joj:yfksLo
kmfd{df p ;a}sf] s]Gb|laGb'df /x]sf] eGg klg u'0f o;df kfOG5g\ . xfd|f g]tf jf c¿ hf] sf]xL
lxrlsrfpg' kb}{g . Psrf]l6 of] e]8f g/fd|f];Fu la/fdL dflg;n] o;sf u'0fnfO{ ckgfO{ c;n JolSt,
eof] . To;a]nf ;a} e]8f / kmfd{ Joj:yfksnfO{ ;]js tyf g]tf aGg] cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 . o:tf]
;d]t p;sf] cefj v8\s]sf] cg'e"lt dfq u/]gg\, cg's/0fLo e]8f ePsfn] efOalxgLx¿ e]8fsf
p;k|lt ;a}n] ;xfg'e"ltsf ;fy} b'Mv;d]t JoSt s]xL /fd|f u'0fx¿ l;sL c;n dfG5] ag'g\ eGgsf
u]/sf lyP . o;af6 o; e]8fsf] of]ubfg / ;]jf nflu of] n]v÷syf n]lvPsf] xf] . á

gbLgfnf kxf8
xl/ofnL hª\un
d]/f] b]z xfd|f] b]z agfp
;a} hgf ldn]/ .

ljljwtfdf Pstf
;u/dfyf ePsf
km/s km/s wd{n]
lrgfPsf] g]kfn .
cfo'iff sfsL{
sIffM *, uf]bfj/L /]l;8]lG;on :s'n :ju{ h:tf] b]zdf
nlntk'/ zflGt vf]Hg kb}{g
s'g} uNtL gu/]
xfd|f] g]kfn em'Sb}g .

cUnf cUnf lxdfn cg]sf}F 5 ;+:s[lt

cfsfzdf afbn dgfpF5g\ g]kfnL
;of}Fy/L hfltsf ;'Gb/ zfGt ljzfn
km"n h:t} km'n]sf . Dfft[e"ld g]kfn .
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 17
 afnsyf

;'lgisf ljBfno hfg t/v/ ub}{ lyOg\ . ltgn]

aflx/ cfFugdf s;}n] af]nfPsf] :j/ ;'lgg\ .
æleq sf] x'g'xG5 <Æ aflx/ cfpg";\ g .
…algg\ u'?cfdfÚ
ltgsL cfdf h'g]nL af/Ldf sfd ub}{ lyOg\ .
ltgn] klg s;}n] af]nfPsf] :j/ ;'lgg\ . ;'lgisf
aflx/ bu'b}{ cfOg\ / ;f]lwg\, æxh'/x¿n] s;nfO{
vf]Hg' ePsf] xf]nf <Æ
cfFugdf rf/÷kfFr hgf dlxnf k'?if pleO/x]sf
lyP . pgLx¿dWo] Ps hgfn] eGof], ægfgL Û 3/df
cfdfa'jf x'g'x'Gg <Æ ;'zLnf k|wfgfª\u
;'lgisfn] elgg\, æafaf laxfg} csf]{ ufpFdf
hfg'ePsf] 5 . cfdf af/Ldf x'g'x'G5 . d cfdfnfO{
af]nfOlbG5' x} . ;'lgisfn] cfˆgf] s'/f gEofpFb} cfdf Û lsg nfh dfGg' ePsf] <
af]8L / l;dLsf] t/sf/Lsf] 8fnf] af]Sb} h'g]nL pxfFx? klg xfdL h:t} xf] . pxfFx?
cfFugdf b]vf kl/g\ . ltgn] ;'lgisf;Fu ;f]lwg, aflx/ sfd ug{ hfg'xG' 5 xh'/n]
æ5f]/L Û pxfFx¿n] s;nfO{ vf]Hg'ePsf] xf]nf <Æ 3/sf] sfd ug'x{ G' 5 km/s olQ xf] .
afafnfO{ xf] eg] aflx/ hfg' eP5 eg]/ elggf}F <Æ
pgLx¿dWo] Pp6L dlxnfn] elgg\, ægfgLn] pgLx¿dWo] Ps hgf k'?ifn] eGof], ægfgL t w]/}
t elg;lsg\ . xfdL ufpFkflnsfaf6 cfPsf xf}F . af7L /lx5f}F . slt sIffdf k9\5f}F <Æ
xh'/;Fu eP klg xfdL s'/f u5f}{+ . ;'lgisfn] b'j} xft hf]8\b} elgg\, æxh'/x¿
h'g]nLn] nfh dfg] h:t} u/]/ elgg\, ædnfO{ t ;a}df d]/f] gd:t] . d oxLFsf] ;fd'bflos ljBfnodf
s]xL eGg cfpFb}g . xh'/x¿ gfgLsf] afaf ePsf] sIff $ df k9\5' .Æ
a]nfdf cfpg' eP x'Gg < xfdLn] ufpFdf /x]sf kl/jf/x¿sf] :jf:Yo
ælsg / lbbL < xh'/nfO{ s'/f ug{ cfpFb}g hLjg ladf ug{sf nflu kl/jf/x¿sf] gfdfjnL
<Æ Tof] ;'g]/ h'g]nLn] 6fpsf] nfhn] lgx'l/of] . n]Vg lxF8]sf xf}F .
;'lgisfn] emf]nf af]Sb} elgg\, ækVg';\ cfdf Û d Tof] ;'g]/ ;'lgisfn] elgg\, æP=== xfd|f]
cfpF5' .Æ lzIfsx¿n] klg sIffdf xfdLnfO{ eGg'ePsf]
ltgn] cfdfsf] xft ;dfTb} elgg\, æcfdf Û lyof] .Æ ltdL cfkm}Fn] ltd|f] kl/jf/sf] ;b:ox¿sf]
xh'/n] lsg s'/f ug{ cfpFb}g eGg'ePsf] < d;Fu gfd eg eg]/ an/fd ;/n] eGg'eof] .
slt w]/} /fd|f /fd|f s'/f ug'{x'G5 .Æ ;'lgisfn] elgg\, æTolt s'/f t d]/L cfdfn]
ltgn] cfuGt'sx¿lt/ xft b]vfP/ elgg\, æ eGg ;Sg'x'G5 . ;xL klg u/fpg' k5{ / <
xfdL g]kfnL xf}F . xfdLn] g]kfnL efiffdf s'/f u5f}{+ . Afn/fd ;/n] g} eGg'eof], æk5{ gfg' ÛÆ ltgn]
pxfFx¿n] klg ToxL efiffdf s'/f ug]{ xf] . pxfFx¿n] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ emf]nfaf6 snd lgsflng\ /
csf]{ efiff af]Ng' x'Gg . elgg\, æd xh'/sf] xft ;dfltlbG5' . xh'/n] cfˆgf]
;'lgisfn] cfdfn] af]s]sf] 8fnf]nfO{ e'OFdf gfd n]Vg';\ .Æ
/flvg\ / elgg\, æcfdf Û d clxn] gf} jif{sL ePF . h'g]nLn] To;/L g} 5f]/Lsf] xftaf6 cfˆgf] gfd
dnfO{ pxfFx¿;Fu s'/f ug{ 8/ nfUb}g eg] xh'/ t n]lvg\ . ltgn] cfdfnfO{ elgg\, æca d d]/L
d]/L cfdf kf] lsg 8/fpg'x'G5 <Æ cfdfnfO{ w]/} s'/f n]Vg / k9\g l;sfpF5' .
ltgsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfuGt'sx¿ ;a} xfF:g yfn] . ;'lgisfsf] s'/f ;'g]/ cfuGt'sx¿ ;a}n]
pgLx¿ xfF;]sf] b]v]/ ltgL emg\ nfhn] e't'Ss} Ps};fy eg], ægfg' Û ltdL w]/} c;n /lx5\of} .
eOg\ . ltgn] cfˆgf] ;f8Lsf] 6'Kkfn] d'v 5f]lkg\ / ltdLn] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ kSs} klg k9\g n]Vgdf
k5fl8 kmls{g\ . l;kfn' agfpg] 5f}F eg]/ ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}F .Æ
ltgn] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ ;dft]/ cufl8 NofOg\ Ps hgf cfuGt'sn] eGof], æca xfdL csf]{
/ elgg\, æcfdf Û lsg nfh dfGg'ePsf] < pxfFx¿ k6s cfpFbf lbbLn] cfkm}F ;xL ug'{x'g] 5 . clxn]
klg xfdL h:t} xf] . pxfFx¿ aflx/ sfd ug{ hfg'x'G5 xfdL hfG5f}F . pgLx¿ kms]{/ uP . ;'lgisfn] cfˆgL
xh'/n] 3/sf] sfd ug'{x'G5 km/s olQ xf] .
ltgn] cfuGt'slt/ x]b}{ elgg\, ædnfO{ ljBfno cfdfnfO{ cFufNb} elgg\, æd d]/L cfdfsf] u'?
hfg l9nf] x'G5 s]xL ;f]Wg' 5 eg] eGg';\ . aG5' .Æ cfdf klg d';'Ss xfFl;g . á

18 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 :d/0f
s:tf] hGd lnof} ltdLn] Ps} rf]l6 hfg]
s:tf] sfo{ u¥of} ltdLn] dxfslj aGg] .
wf]sf] lyof] ltdLnfO{ e]6\g] d]/f] 7'nf]
slt /fd|f] ;f]r lyof] n]Vg], k9\g] pgsf] .
n]Vbfn]Vb} rlr{t eP 5}gg\ clxn] km]l/
lsg uof} hut\ 5f]8L lsg cfpFb}gf} k]ml/ .
;f]R5' clxn] dxfslj lsg kmls{+b}gg\
kmsL{ k]ml/ oxL hut\df lsg cfpFb}gg\ .
s:tf] sfo{ u¥of} ltdLn] ;asf] dg lhTg]
vfg, nfpg, a:gafx]s s]xL g rfxg] .

dxfslj
lgzfg ljs
sIffM *
;/:jtL dflj 6f]vf, sf7df8f}F

dgsf s'/f
of] dgsf] s'/f eg]/ s;}nfO{
aGGf' 5}g xfF;f]sf] kfq dnfO{ .
of] ;+;f/df enf] rfxg] sd} x'G5g\
csf{sf] b'Mvdf ;a} xf:g rfxG5g\ .
crfgf]sf] lk/ v's'/Ln] hfGb}g
oxfF dfG5]n] dfG5]sf] kL8f a'‰b}g . /]l;gf >]i7
sIffM (, lxGb' ljBfkL7 g]kfn
a'em] klg a'em krfpg] w]/} 5g\ oxfF ynL, sf7df8f}F
of] dgsf] kL8f kf]Vg hfpF d sxfF .
;+;f/sf] df]x TofuF' h:tf] nfU5
t/ s] ug'{ cfkmGtsf] dfof hfU5 .
cfkmGtsf] ddfly e/f];f /x]sf] 5
d'6'dfly 9'ª\uf /fvL xfF:g' k/]sf] 5 .
Pp6f d]/f] dg 5 eSsflgP/ ?g]
au]sf oL cfF;' s;n] k'l5lbg] .

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 19

 ljBfyL{sf] Hofg hf]lvddf
afFr] ljBfno, au] ;]tLdf

hf]lvd df]n/] gbL tbf{ ljBfyL{sf emf]nf

/ sfkL lstfa leHg] u/]sf 5g\ . kfgLn]
n'uf;d]t leHg] u5{ . kfgLn] leh]sf]
lr;f] n'uf nufP/ sIffsf]7fdf a:g'
kg]{ kL8f 5 . laxfg leh]sf] n'uf lbpF;f]
z/L/d} ;'S5 .

l;uf;–&, ;fª8f / ynf/ ufpFdf sIff #

;Ddsf] dfq} ljBfno 5 . dflyNnf] sIff k9\g
oxfFsf $) hgf ljBfyL{ Gjf3/L gbL t/]/ sl/a Ps
306fsf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] l;uf;–^ sf] uf0f]z dfljdf
wfpFb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ .
gbL tg]{ :yfgaf6 dfly x]/] df}/f le/ b]lvG5,
uf]s0f{ bofn hxfFaf6 xfn;Dd b'O{ hgfsf] n8]/ d[To' eO;s]sf]
5 . Gjf3/Luf8df au]/ tLg hgfsf] d[To' eO;s]sf]
5 . le/df lxF8\g] af6f] 5}g, gbL tg]{ k'n gx'Fbf
oxfFsf ljBfyL{ x/]s lbg gbLdf x]lnFb} ljBfno
efOalxgLx¿, b'u{d ufpF 7fpFdf clxn] klg gbL cfjthfjt ug{ afWo 5g\ .
jf/kf/ ug]{ k'n gx'Fbf Hofgsf] afhL nufP/ ljBfyL{ hf]lvd df]n]/ gbL tbf{ sIff !) sL 5fqf laGb'
gbL tb}{ ljBfno hfg afWo 5g\ . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] rGb, sIff * sL c~hnL ljZjsdf{, sIff ^ sL
;]tL gbLdf ldl;g] a}t8Lsf] l;uf; ufpFkflnsfdf kg]{ lgd{nf ljZjsdf{, sIff $ sL sNkgf ;fpb, sIff %
Gjf3/L gbL tbf{ afFr] ljBfno k'luG5, Gjf3/Ldf au] sf rj|m P]/nufot ynf/ / ;fª8f ufpFsf ljBfyL{
;]tLdf ljno eOG5 . Gjf3/L gbLn] ljBfyL{sf s}of}F ljBfno cfpFbf hfFbf lgy|'Ss} leHg] u/]sf 5g\ .
;kgf aufO;s]sf] 5 . Gjf3/Ln] aufpFbf xfn;Dd hf]lvd df]n]/ gbL tbf{ ljBfyL{sf emf]nf / sfkL
tLg hgfsf] Hofg uO;s]sf] 5 . of] kL8f l;uf; lstfa leHg] u/]sf 5g\ . kfgLn] n'uf;d]t leHg]
ufpFkflnsf–&, ;fª8f / ynf/ ufpFsf ljBfyL{sf] u5{ . kfgLn] leh]sf] lr;f] n'uf nufP/ sIffsf]7fdf
xf] . a:g' kg]{ kL8f 5 . laxfg leh]sf] n'uf lbpF;f] z/L/d}

20 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

;'S5 . n'uf ;'Sg] a]nf ljBfno 5'6\6L x'Fbf km]l/ 8f]6Lsf] cfbz{ ufpFkflnsf;Dd oftfoft
gbLd} x]lng' kg]{ kL8fn] ljBfyL{sf] lhp lbgel/ k'u]sfn] b}lgs pkef]Uo j:t' lsGg klg hf]lvd
Gofgf] x'g kfpFb}g . lr;f]n] ;fgf sIffsf ljBfyL{ df]n]/ gbL tg'{ kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 .
la/fdL;d]t x'g] u/]sf 5g\ . l;uf;jf;Ln] k'nsf ;kgf b]v] t slxn]
ljBfyL{nfO{ ;f]xL ufpFsL lzlIfsf nIdL klZrd ;]tLsf ;kgf b]v] t/ k'n, df]6/af6f] / uf8L
rGbn] gbL t/fP/ u0f]z dflj n}hfg] / Nofpg] r9\g] ;kgf Gjf3/L gbL / ;]tLsf 5fn;Fu} au]/
sfd ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . lzlIfsf rGb u0f]z lanfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .
dfljdf cWofkg u/fpg] ePsfn] ljBfyL{sf] ;xf/f klZrd ;]tL kl/of]hgf aGg] xNnfn] l;uf;df
aGg'ePsf] 5 . k'nsf nflu k6s k6s dfu u/] clxn];Dd ljB't\sf] /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOg lj:tf/
klg b'u{ddf a:g]sf] s'/f s;}n] g;'g]sf] lzlIfsf / x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . oxfFsf ljBfyL{ 6'sL afn]/ k9\g
ljBfyL{sf] u'gf;f] 5 . afWo 5g\ . lah'nL aQL gx'Fbf ;f]nf/n] sfd gu/]sf]
@)#@ ;fndf :jLs[lt kfPsf] u0f]z dfljdf xfn lbg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf d}gaQL afn]/ ;'Ts]/L u/fpg'
!%) hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\ . ljBfnosf kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
k|wfgfWofks sfn'l;+x ;fpb k'nsf] ;d:of p7fpFb} e"uf]nsf lx;fan] a}t8Lsf] l;uf; ufpFkflnsf
cfpg'ePsf] 5 . a}t8Lsf !) j6} :yfgLo txdWo] ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
;+of]un] ;fª8f ufpFs} lzlIfsf nIdL rGb @$%=$$ ju{ lsdL If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 . &%)
u0f]z dfljdf cWofkg ug]{ ePsfn] pxfFsf] sfFwdf d]3fjf6 Ifdtfsf] hnfzoo'St klZrd ;]tL
cWofkg;Fu} ljBfyL{nfO{ gbL tfg]{ lhDd]jf/L;d]t hnljB't\ cfof]hgf l;uf; ufpFkflnsfd} /x]sf] 5 .
/x]sf] k|wfgfWofks ;fpb atfpg'x'G5 . k'nsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;+/lIft jgsf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
:yfgLo, k|b]z / ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf hgk|ltlglw;Fu l;uf; ;+/lIft jg klg oxL ufpFkflnsfdf /x]sf]
dfu u/] klg ;'g'jfO gePsf] pxfFsf] egfO 5 . 5.
a}t8Lsf] l;uf; ufpFkflnsf clxn];Dd l;uf; ;+/lIft jgdf SofG;/ /f]u lgsf] kfg]{
oftfoft;Fu hf]l8g ;s]sf] 5}g . a;]{lg oxfF nf}7;Nnf / ^% eGbf a9L ax'd"No h8La'6L /x]sf]
Gjf3/Luf8 / ;]tL gbLsf] af9Ln] 3/v]t / lxF8\g] l8lehg jg sfof{no a}t8Lsf] tYofª\s 5 .
af6f] aufpg] u/]sf] 5 . af9Ln] a}t8Lsf] l;uf; l;uf; ufpFkflnsf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] el/e/fp eP
ufpFkflnsf–&, ef}g]nLkftnb]lv 8f]6L lhNnfsf] klg :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|b]z / ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] gbL
cfbz{ ufpFkflnsf–^, kfª alagf hf]8\g] k'n tg]{ k'n, /fd|f] lxF8\g] af6f], lah'nL aQL / :jf:Yo
aufPkl5 clxn] oxfFsf :yfgLo ;d:ofdf k/]sf ;+:yfdf u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf]
5g\ . 5}g . á

Hofg hf]lvddf kf/]/ gbL tb}{ u/]sf ljBfyL{ . tl:a/ ;f}hGoM nIdL rGb
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 21
 afn>d d'St
…kflnsfdf ah]6Ú gfgLafa'' Û xh'/x¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < ;/sf/n] afn>d
z"Godf emfg]{ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 t/ ;lhnf] sxfF
5 / Û kl5Nnf] ;dodf afnaflnsf cem} >dsf] hf]lvddf
5g\ . :jb]zsf w]/} pBf]u Joj;fo aGb x'Fbf a]/f]huf/L
a9\b} uPsf] 5 . h;sf] k|ToIf k|efj afnaflnsfdf k/]sf]
5 . afnaflnsfnfO{ ;:tf]df sfd nufpg ;lsg] ePsfn]
afnaflnsf >ddf cfpg] j|md a9]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] Jojl:yt
tYofª\s st} kfOFb}g . 6]«8 o'lgog clwsf/sdL{x¿ eg]
kl5Nnf] k6s s]xL pBf]uL / Joj;foLn] jo:snfO{
sfdaf6 lgsfn]/ afnaflnsfnfO{ ;:tf]df sfd nufO/x]sf
;Ltf zdf{ 5g . g]kfn 6«]8 o'lgog dxf;ª\3sf cWoIf ljgf]b >]i7n]
sfg'gn] lgif]w u/]sf] sfddf afnaflnsf k|of]u x'Fbf;d]t
;/sf/sf lhDd]jf/ lgsfo a]va/ ePsf] atfpg'eof] .
afn>d cGTo ug]{ lhDdf kfPsf >d, /f]huf/ tyf
!# nfv afnaflnsf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;'/Iff dGqfnon] eg] afn>d 36]sf] tYofª\s
>ddf /x]sfdf b''O{ nfv ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . dGqfnosf cg';f/ !# nfv afnaflnsf
afnaflnsf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] ljleGg >ddf /x]sfdf b'O' { nfv afnaflnsf lgs[i6 k|sf/sf]
>ddf /x]sf 5g . To;f] t kfFr >ddf /x]sf 5g . To;f] t kfFr jif{ klxn] afn >ldssf]
;ª\Vof !^ nfv /x]sf] lyof] . h;df 5 nfv afnaflnsf
jif{ klxn] afn >ldssf] ;ª\Vof lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] >ddf /x]sf] eGg] ul/Psf] lyof] . >d
!^ nfv /x]sf] lyof] . dGqfnosf] of] tYofª\s x]bf{ lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] >ddf /x]sf
afnaflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof 36]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 .

22 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\3n] lbuf] ljsf; nIo -P;l8hL_
df ;g\ @)@% ;Dd afWosf/L >d pGd""ng, cfw'lgs
bf;Tj cGTo, lgs[i6 k|sf/sf] afn>d lgif]w ;g\ oftfoft, …c8cfj/Ú sf] sfd, 3/]n'
@)@% ;Dd ul/g] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . To;f] t afn>d, afnel/of, s[lif afn>d, nfu'
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ n] afn>dnfO{ ;+j}wflgs kbfy{ ;ª\sng tyf a]rlavg, a'gfO
¿kdf lgif]lwt ul/;s]sf] 5 .
5 jif{b]lv sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] u''?of]hgfsf] afn>d, OF6f e6\6fsf] afn>d, vfgL
kl/0ffd z"Go >d, /f]huf/ tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff If]qsf] afn>d, dgf]/~hg If]qsf] afn>d
dGqfnon] P;l8hLsf nIo k|flKt ug{sf nflu -of}g zf]if0f;d]t_, h/L tyf a'6\6f e/fO /
kfFr jif{ klxn] /fli6«o u'?of]hgf hf/L ub}{ @)&( l5d]sL b]zdf knfog ePsf] afn>dnfO{
;fn;Dddf lgs[i6 k|sf/ tyf zf]if0fo'St afn>d
cGTo ug]{ / @)*@ ;fn;Dd ;a} lsl;dsf afn>d /flvPsf] 5 .
cGTo ug]{ of]hgfsf ;fy sfd u/]sf] 5 . ;a}
k|s[ltsf afn>d / cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s dGqfnosf cg';f/ cfly{s jif{ @)&(÷*) df
If]qdf sfd ug]{ kfFrb]lv !& jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf %) j6f kflnsfnfO{ afn>d lgif]w ug]{ u/L b''O{
afnaflnsfnfO{ u'?of]hgfn] ;d]6]sf] 5 . s/f]8 5 nfv ah]6 5''6\ofOPsf] lyof] eg] rfn''
u'?of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfdf oftfoft, …c8cfj/Ú cfj @)*)÷*! df !)$ j6f kflnsfnfO{ afn>d
sf] sfd, 3/]n' afn>d, afnel/of, s[lif afn>d, lgif]w ug]{ u/L tLg s/f]8 /sd 5''6\ofPsf] 5 .
nfu'kbfy{ ;ª\sng tyf a]rlavg, a'gfO afn>d, cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g -cfOPncf]_ sf]
OF6f e6\6fsf] afn>d, vfgL If]qsf] afn>d, tYofª\s cg';f/ ljZje/ !% s/f]8 @) nfv
dgf]/~hg If]qsf] afn>d -of}g zf]if0f;d]t_, h/L afnaflnsf >ddf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . To;dWo]
tyf a'6\6f e/fO / l5d]sL b]zdf knfog ePsf] ;ft s/f]8 #) nfv afnaflnsf hf]lvdk"0f{
afn>dnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . afn>d lgjf/0f;DaGwL >ddf nfu]sf 5g\ . afn >ldssf] s'/f ubf{
/fli6«o u'?of]hgf kfl/t ePsf] kfFr jif{ eO;s] klg blIf0f Pl;ofnL d'n'sdWo] ef/t, aª\unfb]z /
u''?of]hgf cg'';f/ sfd ePsf] kfOFb}g . kfls:tfgkl5 g]kfn k5{ . á

sljtf
of] e]befjsf] af6f]
s;n] agfof] af <
dfG5] dfG5]df kmf6f]
s;n] agfof] af <
s;n] agfof] af <

cflv/ Ps} sf]vaf6

hlGdPsf xf} xfdL b'O{ efO
PsnfO{ alx/f] clg csf]{nfO{ af7f]
s;n] agfof] af <

e]befj clg 5'jf5"t

k|s[ltn] g} agfPsf] xf] eg]
;a} ;a}sf] /ut /ftf]
s;n] agfof] af <
;Gtf]if kl/of/
l;k rNg], >d rNg] t/ a:g cnu df6f] sIff M !), e}/j dflj
afFem ssfgL, 8f]6L
;f]Rbf ;f]Rbf x}/fg x'G5' d
dfG5]nfO{ dfG5]n] lk:g] hfFtf]
s;n] agfof] af <
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 23
 hfgsf/L

…skmL Ps efjgf xf] .Ú xfdL ;a}n] tgfj x6fpg

/ ;lj|mo /xg skmL lkpF5f}F . x/]s JolStsf] laxfg
p7]/ cfˆgf] lbgsf] ;'?jft ug]{ ;+:sf/ x'G5 . h;df
skmLn] lgs} dxìjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . s] tkfO{+nfO{
skmL dg k5{ < t/ s] tkfO{+nfO{ o;sf] Oltxf;
yfxf 5 < skmL kQf nufpg] JolSt sfN8L gfdsf]
Olyof]lkofnL afv|f uf]7fnf lyP . h;n] cfˆgf]
afv|fnfO{ lglZrt ?vsf] hfd'g vfPkl5 pmhf{jfg\
ePsf] b]v] . pgn] cfkm}F hfd'gx¿ k|of]u u/] /
To:t} k|efjsf] cg'ej u/] . w]/} jif{kl5 OG:6\ofG6
skmLsf] cfljisf/ hh{ jfl;ª\u6gn] ;g\ !()( df
u/]sf lyP . oBlk of] bf];|f] ljZjo'4;Ddsf] lyPg
ls tTsfn skmLn] ;}lgssf nflu o;sf] ;'ljwfsf
sf/0f nf]slk|otf k|fKt u¥of] .
ca xfd|f] ;'Gb/ /fi6« g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df @) skmL
cf}F ztfAbLsf] dWodf g]kfndf skmLsf] kl/ro
eof] . ;g\ !(^) df ;+o'St /fi6« ljsf; sfo{j|mdn] ;d[l4 sf]O/fnf
g]kfndf skmL la?jfx¿ o;sf] s[lif cEof;nfO{
ljljwLs/0f ug{ Nofof] . g]kfndf skmL v]tL
d'Votof kxf8L If]qx¿ h:t} sfe|], l;Gw'kfNrf]s, u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ls;fgsf nflu j}slNks cfosf]
nlntk'/ / kfNkf lhNnfdf s]lG›t 5 . ;|f]t, u|fdL0f ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf of]ubfg
tkfO{+nfO{ g]kfn skmL dxf]T;jaf/] yfxf 5 < of] k'¥ofPsf] 5 . /, xfd|f] b]zsf] ljsf;df klg d2t
Ps jflif{s sfo{j|md xf], h;n] b]zsf] skmL ;+:s[lt ug{ ;S5 . x/]s s'/fdf r'gf}tL 5g\, To;}n] g]kfnL
k|bz{g ub{5 . :yfgLo skmL pTkfbgx¿ k|jw{g skmL pBf]un] o:tf] u5{ . ;Lldt k"jf{wf/, cfw'lgs
ub{5 / skmL pT;fxLx¿nfO{ skmL pTkfbgsf k|zf]wg ljlwx¿sf] cefj / cGo ljZjJofkL skmL
ljleGg kIfaf/] hfGgsf nflu Kn]6kmd{ k|bfg ub{5 . pTkfbsx¿af6 k|lt:kwf{sf ¿kdf . ;du|df skmL
o;n] xfd|f] b]zsf] cfly{s l:yltdf klg d2t dflg;åf/f ;w}F dgkg]{ lyof], 5 / x'g] 5 . á

u|fxs aGg rfxg] efOalxgLx¿df cg'/f]w

b]ze/sf afnaflnsfx¿ d'gfsf] u|fxs ag]/ nfeflGjt xf]pmg eGg] xfd|f] rfxgf / sfdgf
5 . efOalxgLx¿ u|fxs aGg sf7df8f}Fd} x'g' kb}{g . b]zsf] h'g;'s} s'gfaf6 klg d'gfsf] u|fxs aGg
;lsG5 . o;sf nflu b'O{ pkfo 5g\ . klxnf], uf]/vfkq ;+:yfgsf] wd{kyl:yt k|wfg sfof{no, lj/f6gu/ /
sf]xnk'/l:yt k|b]z:t/Lo k|sfzg sfof{no tyf hgsk'/, x]6f}F8f, kf]v/f, a'6an, ;'v]{t / wgu9Ll:yt ;+:yfgsf]
k|b]z:t/Lo sfof{nodf l;w}F ;Dks{ u/]/ u|fxs aGg] . sfof{nodf l;w} ;Dks{ u/]/ u|fxs aGg c;'ljwf 5 eg]
cgnfOg e'QmfgL k|0ffnLaf6 ;+:yfgsf] a}}Fs vftfdf /sd hDdf u/]/ klg u|fxs aGg ;lsG5 . uf]/vfkqsf]
/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}ª\ssf] ljzfnahf/ zfvfdf !)()!)))%%$())! / g]kfn a}ª\s lnld6]8, Go'/f]8 zfvf
))@))!))%)@$@^))))! u/L b'O{j6f vftf 5g\ . t/ o;df /sd hDdf u/]/ dfq x'Fb}g, o;sf] hfgsf/L k|wfg
sfof{no / k|b]z:t/Lo sfof{nodf tn lbOPsf] kmf]g jf Od]n u/]/ lbg'k5{ . u|fxs ag]kl5 ;+:yfgsf] ljt/0f kx'Fr
ePsf :yfgdf ljt/sn] tkfO{+n] pknAw u/fPsf] 3/sf] 7]ufgfdf klqsf pknAw u/fpg'x'G5 . eg] ljt/0f kx'Fr
gePsf b]ze/sf If]qdf x'nfsdfkm{t klqsf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . efOalxgLx¿ olt ePkl5 ePg t sfObf . cfˆgf]
1fgsf] bfo/f a9fpg cfh} cfkm\gf cleefjsnfO{ eg]/ afnaflnsfsf] dfl;s v'/fs d'gfsf] u|fxs algxfNg';\ x} .
o;sf nflu 7]ufgf /x]sf] 5 M
k|wfg sfof{no )!%#@)^#* Od]n bgorkhapatra207@gmail.com
k|b]z :t/Lo sfof{no lj/f6gu/ M )@!–$&!&$^, (*%!!@(^&^, sf]xnk'/ M )*!–%#!^@#,
(*^!***%^$
hgsk'/ M )$!–%()$@(, (*%!))(&(#, x]6f}F8f M )%&–%()^%!, (*$%)#!%^!, kf]v/f M )^!–%#!*@&,
(*%^)@@^^^, a'6jn M )&!–%$##&^, (*$(^$%#)^, wgu9L M )(!–$!@)$#, (*%*$@!*)!,
;'v]{t M )*#–%())^), (*$()#$@#!
24 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 JolQmTj
u]x]G›zdz]/sf k|d'v cfljisf/
x¿df kfgLd'lg aQL, wfg s'6\g]
sn, 5fnf k|zf]wg sf/vfgf,
xfjf ldn, u]x]G› /fOkmn, u] ug,
jL/ ug, wL/ ug, rf/gfn] tf]k,
kmf]6f]u|fkmLnufotsf 5g\ .
afNosfnb]lv g} ljleGg oflGqs ;fdfg tyf
xltof/ lgdf{0fdf ?lr /fVy] . pgL ax'cfoflds
k|ltef ePsf JolSt lyP . pgsf] ?lr ;ª\uLt,
v]ns'b, lrqsnf / kmf]6f]u|fkmLdf lyof] .
efOalxgLx¿, u]x]G›zdz]/sf] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf 7'nf] of]ubfg 5 . j}1flgs cfljisf/df lgs}
rf;f] /fVg] pgL ;s];Dd s'g} j}1flgsn] s] s'/f
s;/L kQf nufP eGg]af/]df ulx/f] cWoog / vf]h
uy{] . pgn] cfˆgf ;xof]uLsf ;fy lnO{ ;]tf] b/af/
-hdn_, ;'Gb/L hn, afnfh', ef]hk'/sf] d]3rgdf
;;fgf k|of]uzfnf :yfkgf u/L Jojl:yt j}1flgs
cg';Gwfg / cfljisf/sf] yfngL u/]sf lyP .
efOalxgLx¿, 5f]/fsf] k|ljlwk|ltsf] rfxgf / OR5f
b]v]/ jL/zdz]/n] pgnfO{ hfkfg k9\g k7fP .
hxfF pgn] xltof/sf af/]df lgs} vf]h, cg';Gwfg
/ ;xsfo{ u/] h;n] ubf{ pgn] k|ljlw;DaGwL
g]kfns} klxnf] j}1flgs lgs} 1fg xfFl;n u/] . jL/zdz]/ cfkm" k|wfgdGqL
ePkl5 5f]/f u]x]G›nfO{ !$ jif{sf] slnnf] pd]/d}

u]x]Gb|zdz]/ /f0ff tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] xftxltof/ ljefusf]

k|d'vsf] lhDdf lbP . h;n] ubf{ pgdf xftxltof/
/ uf]nLu6\7f lgd{f0fdf lgs} pTk|]/0ff ldNof] . g]kfnL
efOalxgLx¿, tkfO{+x¿nfO{ yfxf 5, g]kfnsf] ;]gfnfO{ rflxg] xftxltof/, af?b tyf cGo aGbf]
klxnf] j}1flgs sf] dflgG5g\ < sltkon] pgnfO{ a:tLsf ;fdfg cfˆgf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnd} lgd{f0f ug{
s]an k|fljlws dfq lyP eGg] u5{g\ . cfh xfdL yfn] .
pgs} af/]df hfgf}F x} t . g]kfnsf] cem egf}F blIf0f efOalxgLx¿, u]x]G›zdz]/n] w]/} cfljisf/
Pl;ofs} klxnf] j}1flgs x'g\, u]x]G›zdz]/ /f0ff . u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] u]x]G› /fOkmn, u] ug, a'jfsf]
pgL tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL jL/zdz]/sf h]7f 5f]/f gfdaf6 jL/ ug, xh'/a'afsf] gfdaf6 wL/ ug tf]k,
x'g\ . pgsf] hGd !(@* ;fn k'; dlxgfdf ef/tsf] d]l;g ug, uf]nL, uf]nf sfl6{h, rf/gfn] tf]k h:tf
sf]nsftf eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] lyof] . hxfF pgsf xltof/x¿sf] lgd{f0f u/] . pgnfO{ gofF gofF sfd
a'jf jL/zdz]/nfO{ g]kfnL k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf sfd ul//xg dg nfUYof] . lj;+ !(%^ df kmf]8 df]6/
ug{ v6fOPsf] lyof] . pgsf] k|f/lDes lzIff lghL sDkgLaf6 sf/ cfoft u/L To;nfO{ vf]nvfn
cª\u|]hL lzIfs 3/d} /flvPsf] lyof] eg] cf}krfl/s kf/L gofF agfpg] k|of; u/] . pgn] wfg s'6\g]
lzIff b/af/ xfO:s'naf6 ePsf] lyof] . pgn] ldn, xfjfaf6 rNg] ldn, afnfh'sf] 5fnf k|zf]wg
sf/vfgf, kfgL36\6 cflb :yfkgf u/] . kfgLd'lg
lah'nL aQL afn]/ ;f/f g]kfnLnfO{ rlst kf/] .
pgL g]kfnL cfljisf/s xftxltof/sf k|d'v
l8hfOg/ Pj+ tTsfnLg zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfdf
hg]{n;d]t ag] . efOalxgLx¿, pgsf] d[To' lj;+
!(^$ ebf} dlxgfdf #^ jif{sf] pd]/df eof] . pgsf]
d[To'sf sf/0f /x:odo 5 . pgnfO{ dlb/fdf ljif
dLg' uf}td ldnfO{ v'jfP/ dfl/Psf] eg] klg of] clxn] klg
cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . á
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]
@)*) ;fpgh 25
 Joyf a'‰g'ePsf] 5, cfh d xh'/x¿nfO{ afudtL
afudtL gbLsf] Joyf gbLsf] syfJoyf eGg uO/x]sf] 5', afudtL gbL
c¿ gbL h:tf] ;kmf 5}g, To;sf] lhDd]jf/L
xfdLx¿ g} xf], d ;w}F of] gbLsf] k'naf6 cfˆgf]
:s'n hfg] cfpg] u5{' .
gbL lsgf/sf] af]6la?jfnfO{ x's{g / xl/ofnL
agfpg afudtL gbLn] cfˆgf] kfgL lbP/ ;xof]u
u/]sf] 5 . t/sf/L kmnfpg l;FrfOsf nflu kfgL
lbP/ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . ToxL gbL cfh clt g}
b'u{lGwt ePsf] 5 . 3/sf 9n ld;fPsf 5g\ .
k'ndflyaf6 gbLdf kmf]xf]/ kmflNbG5g\ . o; sf/0f
o;sf] kfgL b'u{lGwt ePsf] 5 .
/f3j ofbj
sIffM #, ljZj lgs]tg dflj cem} w]/} kmf]xf]/ ld;fof}F eg] s8f uGw cfP/
lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}F lsgf/af6 lxF8\g g;Sg] x'G5f}F . o; sf/0f xfdLn]
o;nfO{ ;s];Dd rfF8} ;kmf /fVg ;'?jft ug{'
k5{ . xfd|f] o; ;'?jftn] gbL ;kmf klg x'G5 /
pkTosfjf;Ldf d /f3j ofbjsf] xflb{s csf]{ dxìjk"0f{ s'/f xfdLx¿n] z'4 xfjf lng klg
cg'/f]w, xh'/x¿ xf], tkfO+{x¿n] afudtL gbLsf] kfpF5f}F . á

sljtf

c;n dfG5]
;fgf xfdL afa' gfgL l;Sg' k5{ /fd|f afgL
v/fa afgL l;Sof}F eg] cfkm}FnfO{ x'G5 xflg .

/fd|f] sfd u/]/ c;n dfG5] algG5

/fd|f] sfd ug]{nfO{ :ofaf; 1fgL elgG5 ..
cfˆgf] sfd cfkm}Fn] ug{ hfGg' kb{5
cfdfafaf u'?n] eg]sf] dfGg' kb{5 .

cfkm"eGbf ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{ hflt xf] ;'gogf kf]v/]n

cfh}af6 c;n dfG5] aGg yfnf}F ;fyL xf] .. sIffM @, sf7df8f}+ d]l/l8og :s'n
afF;af/L, sf7df8f}+

26 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 k|ltof]lutfsf k|Zgx¿ d'gfsf] ebf}df cfwflƒt
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf – &% 5g†„ pQm dlxgfsf] d'gf cWoog uƒL pQƒ
k7fpg'x'g efOalxgLnfO{ hfgsfƒL uƒfOG5„
! @ @ # $$
t];f]{
% ^ %_ =====n] tL ;|ft] ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k5{ -#_
^_ xf]; cfPkl5=====pgLx¿;Fu -#_
& * &_ s'g} ;Gtfg ====sfn] cfˆg} ;Gtfg -#_
!)_ =====dg eg] t[Kt ePg -#_
!#_ csf]{ dg =====/ ef]u ljnf;sf] -#_
* !) !$_ b]zsf b'u{d ====hgtfn] -#_

( !) !! !@ 7f8f]
!_ afnd}qL====== -#_
!# !$ @_ pgLx¿n] h;f]t;f] ====u'hf/f -#_
#_ af3 uh]{sf] cfjfh ;'g]/ ;f/}==== -#_
$_ pHHjn t]SjfGbf] ====cf]nlDks;Dd -#_
*_ t}klg pgsf] dg t[Kt===== -#_
(_ k;n 3'Db} xfdL ====x¿ lsGg -#_
!)_ olt eg]/ ==== 5f]/f sfG5f -#_
!!_ sIff=====k9fOg] -#_
!@_ o'jfn]===ug{ ljb]z s'bg kb}{g -#_
gfd M ============================================================
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf–&#
sIff M ================ sf] ;dfwfg
ljBfno M ====================================================== !
af
@
;f
@
df
#
t'
$

7]ufgf M ====================================================== %
af 6f] df l; Ug
^
n
& *
======================================== n] g lh s gf
* !)
s
( !) !! !@
s d g df s
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutfsf lgod M !# !$
k lx nf g] kf n
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g dfly lbOPsf] s'kg 8f O{ sf] d
eƒ]ƒ k7fpg'kg{]5„ kmf]6f]skLnfO{ dfGotf lbOg] 5}g„
@= o;df sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL x'g ;fpg dlxgfsf] d'gf zAbhfnsf] ;xL ;dfwfg
k7fpg'xg' ] ;xefuLdWo] uf]nfk|yfaf6 ljhoL tLg
kfpg'x'g]5„ hgfsf] gfd 7]ufgf tn lbOPsf] 5 M
#= s]ƒd]6 ulƒPsf] s'kg dfGo x'g] 5}g„ != sljtf vgfn, sIffM &
$= ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg'x'g] a9Ldf tLg hgfnfO{ k'ƒ‚s[t j[x:klt ljBf ;bg, gS;fn .
ulƒg]5„ @= ddtf tfdfª, sIffM (
%= k'ƒ‚sfƒ lng cfpg'x'Fbf klƒrokq lnPƒ cfpg'xf]nf„ s]Pd;L a'4gu/„
^= zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf–&% sf] ;dfwfg @)*) ;fn #= lj1fg >]i7, sIffM &
sflQs % ut];Dddf d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfO b/af/ xfO{:s'n, sf7df8f}F .
k'Ug'kg{5„
] k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf dfl;ssf]
sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g ljhoL
;xefuLnfO{ cg'ƒf]w 5„

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 27

 k|ljlw

/dfOnf]
ljZjf; /]UdL …k8sf:6Ú
OG6/g]6sf] b'lgofFdf clxn] k8sfl:6ªsf] rrf{ emg\emg\
r'lnFb} uPsf] 5 . o'6\o'a, :kf]l6kmfO h:tf ;~hfndf
k8sfl:6ª Psbd} rlr{t x'g yfn]sf 5g\ . efOalxgLn]
k8sfl:6ª kSs} ;'g]sf] x'g' k5{ . To;f] t k8sfl:6ª vf;
k8sfl:6ª cfkm}dF f ljljwtf gofF eg] xf]Og t/ olt a]nf k8sfl:6ª Ps lsl;dn] …6]«G8Ú
;lxtsf] sfd xf] . cltly g} ag]sf] 5 .
af]nfP/, cfkm}nF ] dfq af]n/] , k8sfl:6ªsf] rrf{ olt w]/} x'g'sf] /x:oeGbf cl3 of]
s;}sf k]/| 0ffbfoL s'/f eg]/ s;/L ;'? eof] To;af/] hfgf}F x} t .
cyjf s]xL k9]/ klg k8sf:6 cfOkmf]g lgdf{tf PKknn] sl/a @) jif{cl3 cfOkmf]g;Fu}
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cl8of]sf cfOk8 klg lgdf{0f uYof]{ . h;af6 cl8of] dfq ;'Gg
?kdf ;'Gg ;lsG5 t/ cfhsn ;lsGYof] . o'jfk':tfdfem uLt ;'Ggsf nflu of] lgs} rlr{t
klg lyof] . cl8of]sf nflu k|of]u x'g] cfOk8s} …k8Ú zAb
o;df kl/jt{g u/]/ lel8of];d]t ;fk6L lnP/ o;nfO{ …a|f]8sfl:6ªÚsf] sfl:6ª;Fu hf]8]/
/fVg] ul/Psf] 5 . k8sfl:6ª agfOPsf] xf] . a|f]8sfl:6ª eGgfn] cl8of]
tyf lel8of] k|;f/0f ug]{ eGg] a'lemG5 . h:t} /]l8of],
6]lnlelhgnfO{ a|f]8sfl:6ª dfWod eg]/ a'‰g ;lsG5 .

28 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

o;/L k8sfl:6ª eGg] zAb lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd eg]
lala;Lsf kqsf/ tyf bL uflh{ogsf :tDesf/
a]g Xofd;{n] ug'{ePsf] xf] . pxfFn] ;g\ @))$ df
km]a|'c/Ldf bL uflh{ogdf Ps n]v n]Vb} klxnf]
k6s of] zAb ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] xf] . x]8kmf]g, dfOj|mf]kmf]g, cl8of] ;Dkfbg
k8sfl:6ª cfkm}Fdf ljljwtf;lxtsf] sfd ug{ hfGg] l;k dfq} eP klg
xf] . cltly af]nfP/, cfkm}Fn] dfq af]n]/, s;}sf k8sfl:6ª ug{ ;lsG5 . To;dfly
k]|/0ffbfoL s'/f eg]/ cyjf s]xL k9]/ klg k8sf:6 cltly;Fusf] s'/fsfgLnfO{ /f]rs
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ cl8of]sf ?kdf ;'Gg ;lsG5 agfpg ;Sg] l;k eP t w]/n} ] ;'Gg]
t/ cfhsn o;df kl/jt{g u/]/ lel8of];d]t /fVg]
ul/Psf] 5 .
cfwf/ klg aG5 .
o;dWo] cltly af]nfP/ ul/g] k8sf:6 kl5Nnf]
;do cln a9L rlr{t 5 . To;f] t sfo{j|mddf
cltly af]nfP/ s'/fsfgL ug]{, cGtjf{tf{ lng] sfd
s'g} gofF xf]Og . ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] of] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 . To;dfly cltly;Fusf] s'/fsfgLnfO{
w]/} cl3b]lv g} ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} sfd /f]rs agfpg ;Sg] l;k eP t w]/}n] ;'Gg] cfwf/
ug]{ k8sfl:6ª rlr{t x'g'sf] k5fl8 eg] o;sf] klg aG5 . sfgdf x]8kmf]g /fv]/ clg cufl8
cgf}krfl/stf g} xf] . o;sf] dtna k8sf:6sf dfOj|mf]kmf]g /fv]/ s'/fsfgL u/]sf] lel8of] st}
nflu af]nfOg] cltly;Fu w]/} y/Lsf ljifodf b]Vof}F eg] Tof] klg k8sfl:6ª g} eg]/ efOalxgLn]
e]6df h:t} ;fdfGo tl/sfn] ul/g] s'/fsfgL x'g] a'‰g ;S5f} . ;lhnf];Fu a'‰bf k8sfl:6ªsf
u5{ . k8sf:6nfO{ olt w]/} nf]slk|o agfpg'sf] kl5 nflu vr{ sd x'g], ;dosf] s'g} kfaGbL gx'g],
o;sf] ;do klg e"ldsf 5 . s'/f /f]rs aGb} hfFbf cfkm" cg's"n cltly 5gf]6 ug{ ;lsg] / /dfOnf
To;sf] ;do klg a9\b} hfg] / lglZrt ;doleq lsl;dsf s'/fsfgL a9L x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] nf]slk|otf
;Sg} kg]{ afWotf gx'g] ePsfn] k8sfl:6ªn] w]/}sf] a9\b} uPsf] a'‰g ;lsG5 .
Wofg tfg]sf] b]lvG5 . k8sfl:6ªsf] rrf{ a9\g yfn]kl5 of] cfkm}Fdf
k8sfl:6ª x/ sf]xLn] ug{ ;Sg] / k];f klg aGb} uPsf] 5 . 7'nf dflg;n] dfq xf]Og
;~rf/dfWodn] Wofg lbg g;s]sf t/ ;'Gg ;fgf efOalxgLn] klg k8sfl:6ª u/]/ /fd|f] cfDbfgL
rfx]sf cltly klg Nofpg ;lsg] ePsfn] ub}{ cfPsf k|z:t pbfx/0f 5g\ . efOalxgLx¿;Fu
o;df nfUg]x¿sf] ;ª\Vof al9/x]sf] 5 . ;fgf] ;DalGwt w]/} k8sf:6x¿ eg] syf, sljtf
:6'l8of]h:tf] agfP/ cyjf v'nf 7fpFd} klg jfrg;Fu a9L ;DalGwt e]l6G5g\ . un{ 6]N;, :6f]/L
;fdfGo nufgLdf k8sfl:6ª ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] l;8\;, Go'hL k'n'hL h:tf k8sf:6 efOalxgLdfem
of] ;a}sf] kx'Frdf 5 . x]8kmf]g, dfOj|mf]kmf]g, cl8of] rlr{t k8sf:6 . efOalxgL cfkm}Fn] klg cfˆgf]
;Dkfbg ug{ hfGg] l;k dfq} eP klg k8sfl:6ª ?lr cg';f/ k8sf:6 ;'? ug{ ;S5f} . Ps k6s
k|of; u/L x]g]{ ls < á

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 29

 syf

sf]OnLsf] aRrf
;'ufn] lg0f{o ;'gfP, xfdL
hª\undf u'8F nufP/ a:g]
r/fx¿n] cfhb]lv sf]OnLsf]
aRrf sf]/Ng], v'jfpg], x'sf{pg]
…x'sf{OlbG5g\ c¿n]Ú
sfd ul/lbg xfdL d~h'/ eof}F . zlgaf/sf] lbg lyof] . lk|ltsf / pgsf afa' 3/glhs}sf]
sf]OnLn] 9'Ss eP/ cfˆgf] sfd hª\un 5]p5fp 3'Dg uP . ælk|ltsf ?vsf] xfufFdf x]/ t, Tof]
u/] x'G5 . r/fx¿n] cfˆgf kmv]6f ?vsf] xfFufdf s'g r/f al;/x]sf] xf] <Æ afafn] ;f]Wg'eof] .
km6\km6fP/ tfnL lk6] . lk|ltsfn] elgg\, æ;fgf] r/f t wf]aL xf] afaf ÛÆ csf]{ t
d}n] lrlgg . csf]{ rflxF sf]OnL xf] afn] eGg'ef]] .
;fgf] r/f wf]aLn] Tolt 7'nf] sf]OnLnfO{ lsg cfxf/f
v'jfO/x]sf], sf]OnLsf] afa'cfdf 5}gg\ / < lk|ltsfn] afafnfO{
;f]lwg\ .
To;kl5, afafn] lxF8\b} Pp6f syf ;'gfpg'eof] .
w]/} klxn]sf] s'/f xf] . Pp6f 3gf hª\undf w]/} y/Lsf
r/fr'?ª\uL Pscfk;df ldn]/ a:y] . x/]s j;Gt Ct'df
;a} ?v la?jfn] kfn'jf km]y]{ . kfn'jf r9]kl5 ;a} ?v /fd|f
/ xl/of b]lvGy] . r/fx¿ lgs} /dfP/ ?vsf 8fnL 8fnLdf
v]Ny] . lr/la/ lr/la/ cfjfh lgsfn]/ Pscfk;df v'a
uf]kLrGb| sfsL{ /dfpFy] . pgLx¿sf] cfjfhn] jg ;ª\uLtdo x'GYof] . Tof]
jgdf w]/} sfkmnsf 7'nf 7'nf ?vx¿ klg lyP . j;Gt Ct'
nfu]kl5 sfkmn n6/Dd kmNYof] . sfkmn w]/} r/fnfO{ dg
kYof]{ . h'/]nL, ;'uf, d}gf h:tf w]/} r/f jgdf sfkmn kfs]kl5
cfxf/f vf]Hg st} hfFb}gy] . pgLx¿n] vfg g;s]sf sfkmn
eg] emy]{ . s'lxP/ hfGy] .

30 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 w]/} sfkmn em/]sf] b]v]/ Pslbg a'9f] ;'ufn] ;a}n] s] s'/f xf], s] s'/f xf] eg]/ Pp6} :j/df
sfkmn vfg cfPsf r/fnfO{ eGof], ;fyL xf] olt ;f]w] .
ld7f] jgsf] sfkmn xfdLn] dfq vfO{ ;Sb}gf}F . d o;/L ufpFa:tL, hª\un 8''ln/xFbf d}n]
vfOg;s]sf w]/} sfkmn em/]/ s'lxP/ hfG5g\ . cfˆgf] 3/ agfpg / 3/hd ug{ ;lSbgF . d}n] km'n
jgeGbf 6f9f /x]sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ sfkmn kfs]sf] kf/]/ aRrf sf]/Ng cf]yf/f] a:g]lt/ nfu]F eg] sfkmn
va/ lbg kfP slt dHhf x'GYof]] . pgLx¿ klg kfs]sf] ;"rgf ;dodf lbg ;lSbgF . ;dodf ;"rgf
cfP/ ld7f] sfkmn vfGy] . em/]/ s'lxP/ hfg'eGbf gu/] sfkmn jgel/ ;8]/ hfG5 . clg aRrfaRrLsf]
vfPsf] /fd|f] x}g / < /]vb]v ug{ / x'sf{pg] klg ;do x'Fb}g . cfhsf]
;'ufsf] s'/f h'/]nLnfO{ lgs} dg k¥of] . xf] lg, e]nfn] o;af/] klg lg0f{o lnO{ lgsf; lgsflnlbP,
oqf] jgel/sf] sfkmn v]/ hfg' ;6\6f ;a}nfO{ d of] sfd ug{ tof/ 5' . sf]OnLn] ljgd|tf ;fy
sfkmn kfs]sf] ;"rgf lbg;s] t /fd|} x'GYof] . ;a};fd' cfu|x u/L .
dflg;sf] a:tLdf kmn]sf ljleGg kmn / cGg klg e]nf ePsf r/fx¿lar sf]OnLsf] s'/f ;'g]/
t xfdL slt ld7f] dfg]/ vfG5f}F . jgdf kmn]sf] lgs} v}nfa}nf eof] . a'9f] ;'ufn] ;a}nfO{ xNnf
kmn klg pgLx¿nfO{ v'jfpg ;s] t xfd|f] ;DaGw gu/L zfGt eP/ ;dfwfgsf] pkfoaf/] cfcfˆgf
emg} /fd|} x'GYof] . 8fnLdf a;]/ sfkmn vfO/x]sf] s'/f /fVg kfn}kfnf] ;do lbP . ;a}n] s'/f /fVg]
sf]OnLn] yKof], dflg;nfO{ s;/L yfxf lbg] t < j|mddf rt'/ sfun] cfˆgf] egfO o;/L /fVof],
?vdf /x]sf r/flar a'9f] ;'ufn] o;af/] 5nkmn sf]OnL alxgLn] eg]sf] s'/f ;f]x|} cfgf l7s 5 .
ug{ Pp6f a[xt\ e]nf af]nfpg 5nkmn 8fSof] . sf]OnL xfdL ;a}sf] cfkmGt ePsfn] pgsf] aRrf
va/ ug]{ lhDdf kfPsf wf]aLr/f, lra] / h'/]nLn] xfdLn] x'sf{Olbg] jrg lbg' k5{ . sfusf] s'/f
ef]lnkN6 lem;ld;] laxfgb]lv g} cfˆgf] sfd ;'? g;lsFb} ;fgf] wf]aL r/fn] cfˆgf] kv]6f km6\sfb}{
u/] . pgLx¿n] jgel/ /x]sf r/fnfO{ e]nfsf] ;"rgf af]Nof], Tof] s;/L xf]nf / < cfˆgf] aRrf x'sf{pg'
u/] . zlgaf/sf] lbg lyof] . hª\unsf] lardf /x]sf] ls, Tolt 7'nf] sf]OnLsf] aRrf x'sf{pg' .
tnfpglhs} r/fx¿sf] 7'nf] e]nf a:of] . sfun] a'9f] ;'ufsf] km]l/ cg'dlt lnFb} cfˆgf]
a'9f] ;'ufn] ;a}sf] :jfut u/] . e]nf a:g'sf s'/f /fVof] .
sf/0faf/] atfP . sfkmn kfs]sf] va/ dflg;nfO{ xfdL cfh oxfF e]nf ePsf r/fdWo] h;sf
s;/L lbg ;lsPnf < h'/]nLn] k|Zg u¥of]] . u'F8df klg sf]OnLnfO{ km'n kfg{ 5'6 lbg' k5{ .
d}gfr/Ln] klg sfkmnsf] ljz]iftf atfpFb} o;sf xfdLn] km'nnfO{ cfˆg} ;DemL sf]/n]/, ar]/f cfˆgf]
u'0faf/] s'/f /fVof] . hDdf ePsf ;a} r/fn] v'6\6fdf pleg g;s'Gh]n, cfkmF} vfg g;s'Gh]n
o;af/] lgs} 5nkmn u/] . cGTodf pgLx¿n] p;sf] x]/rfx ug]{ jrg lbg' k5{ .
sfkmn kfs]sf] va/ ug{ ;Sg] /fd|f] :j/ ePsf] lra] r/fn] klg sfusf] s'/fdf ;xdlt hgfof]] .
r/f 5fGg r/fx¿sf] :j/ k/LIff lng] lg0f{o u/] . sfusf s'/f ;'g]/ e]nf ePsf ;a} r/f Ps};fy
;'uf, d}gf, lra], wf]aL, h'/]nL, w]/} r/fn] :j/ xfF;] . ;d:ofsf] ;dwfg ug]{ sfusf] a'l4sf] ;a}n]
k/LIffdf efu lnP . sfnf] / g/fd|f] eg]/ ;a}n] tfl/km u/] .
nfdsfn] egL luHofpg] u/]sf] sf]OnL r/L :j/ cGtdf a'9f] ;'ufn] lg0f{o ;'gfP, xfdL hª\undf
k/LIffdf klxnf] eO{ . p;n] jgdf kfs]sf] sfkmnaf/] u'F8 nufP/ a:g] r/fx¿n] cfhb]lv sf]OnLsf]
dflg;nfO{ yfxf lbg sfkmn kfSof]== sfkmn aRrf sf]/Ng], v'jfpg], x'sf{pg] sfd ul/lbg xfdL
kfSof]=== eg]/ cfkm" ufpFufpF 3'Dg] s'/f /fVof] . ;a} d~h'/ eof}F . sf]OnLn] 9'Ss eP/ cfˆgf] sfd u/]
r/f p;n] sfkmn kfSof]===, sfkmn kfSof] ==eg]/ x'G5 .
7'nf] cfjfhdf ld7f];Fu af]n]sf] ;'g]/ bª\u eP . r/fx¿n] cfˆgf kmv]6f km6\km6fP/ tfnL lk6] .
ca sfkmn v]/ ghfg] ef] . ;a}n] afF8Lr'F8L ToxL ;efaf6 sf]OnL cfˆgf] ;'l/nf] :j/df jg
vfg kfOg] ef] eg]/ ;a} v';L eP . r/fx¿n] p;sf] hª\un / ufpF ufpF k'u]/ sfkmn kfSof]== sfkmn
af]nLsf] k|z+;f ub}{ sfdsf] lhDdf lng cg'/f]w u/] kfSof]=== eGb} 8'Ng yfNof] .
t/ sf]OnLn] eg] o;af/] ;f]Rg Ps/ftsf] ;do To;kl5 sf]OnLn] r/fsf] u'F8df /x]sf] km'n
dfUof] . ;a}n] v';L;fy Pp6} :j/df x'G5 eg] . vfOlbP/, kmflnlbP/ cfkm"n] km'n kfl/lbg yfNof] .
ef]lnkN6sf] e]nfdf sf]OnLn] egL, ;fyLx¿, r/fx¿n] klg e]nfsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ cfˆg} ;DemL
dnfO{ lbg nfu]sf]] sfdsf af/]df /ftel/ ;f]r]F . d]/f] cf]yf/f] a;] . aRrf sf9] . clg slxn] ;fgf] wf]aL
klg Pp6f ;d:of 5, ;fyLx¿n] ;'emfO lbg''x'G5 r/fn], slxn] sfun], slxn] lra] r/Ln] sf]OnLsf
eg] d of] sfd ug{ tof/ 5' . ar]/fnfO{ cfxf/f v'jfpFb}, 8'nfpFb} x'sf{pg yfn] . á

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 31

 kmf]6f] lkmr/
;+o'St clw/fHo -a]nfot_ sf]
Pl;og sDo''lg6L ;]G6/, Knd:6]6df
g]kfnL afnaflnsfsf nflu
cfof]lht ;f+:s[lts sfo{j|md k|ltef
gIfq @)@# df ;xefuL afnaflnsf
g]kfnL snf, ;+:s[lt, ljleGg
hfthflt / j]ze"iff emNsfpg] klx/gdf
cfcfˆgf] pd]/ ;d"xcGtu{t k|lt:kwf{sf
nflu snf k|:t't ub}{ .

tl:a/ M s'zn >]i7

32 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 33
 d]/f] s'rL

l;jfª\u; cof{n sIffM !

ls8\; :s'n, blIf0f9f]sf

cfly{s u'?ª, sIffM *

u}8F fsf]6 :s'n, u}8F fsf]6

cf/fWof cof{n, sIffM %

6f]88n;{ :s'n, af}4, sf7df8f}F /]lxzf /fO{, sIffM ^
?aL EofnL :s'n, eStk'/

b]jgf cfrfo{, sIffM % cf/f]g l/dfn, sIff #

;]G6 d]l/h :s'n, nlntk'/ uf]bfj/L /]l;8]lG;on :s'n, nlntk'/
34 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 cflzsf km'ofFn, sIffM %
;'lk|d Ps]8d] L, eStk'/

cfbz{ kf}8n] , sIffM ^

lne/k'n :s'n, zª\vd"n, sf7df8f}F

cflbTo km'ofFn, sIffM !)

;}lgs :s'n, eStk'/

s]/f]g >]i7, sIffM $

cGgk"0f{ df5fk'5]| :s'n
;f}Do >]i7, sIffM ^
lb PS;]lN;o/ :s'n, sf7df8f}F

cf/fWof Gof}kfg], sIffM ! lgdf tfdfª, sIffM ^

sfGhL/f]jf g];gn :s'n, eStk'/ ?aL EofnL :s'n, eStk'/
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 35
 n/]G; /l~htsf/, sIffM !)
jfuLZj/L df=j, eStk'/ clezf lyª, sIffM $
e"dZ] j/ dflj, ;'gsf]zL, l;Gw'nL

cflh{t clwsf/L, sIffM $

hL P; lgs]tg :s'n, x]6f}8F f
bLIff dxh{g, sIffM $
h]D; :s'n, nlntk'/

lxdfgL nfld5fg], sIffM % cflh{t clwsf/L, sIffM $

sf}zn af]l8{ª :s'n, tf/s]Zj/ hL P; lgs]tg :s'n, x]6f}8F f
36 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 dgf]/d kf08], sIffM &
;}lgs cfjf;Lo dxfljBfno, abL{af;

;dLIff l3ld/], sIffM %

u]6j] Ps]8d] L, k]K;Lsf]nf, sf7df8f}F

/f]zgL zdf{, sIffM !

;/:jtL dflj, 6f]vf, sf7df8f}F
cf/;L l3ld/], sIffM &
Unf]an klAns :s'n, l;gfdª\un

hoz/fh cfrfo{ sIffM & cfo'idf k|hfklt, sIffM (

cWoog :s'n, 6f]vf, ;fdfv';L jfuLZj/L dflj, eStk'/
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 37
38 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 39
40 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 41
42 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 43
44 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 45
46 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 47
 km/s 5'6\ofpm /fh]Gb| >]i7

48 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 z'e hGdf]T;j

v'zL tfdfª ;]G;f /fO{ >]of e6\6 z'ed k6]n

c;f]h )$ c;f]h @^ c;f]h !@ c;f]h @#
u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf

;f]lgof e'h]n cg'h lji6 x]df nfdf lgZrn sfsL{

c;f]h !% c;f]h )& c;f]h @) c;f]h !#
u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf

h]lgt tfdfª /rgf ks'jfn ljxd ofbj lboz e6\6

c;f]h !( c;f]h ! @)&^÷)%÷)! @)&$÷)^÷!&
u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf u]6j] Ps]8]dL, k]K;Lsf]nf ls8\; lsG8/NofG8, eQmk'/ gjf]bo lzz', x]6f}F8f

k|l;t l3ld/] OGhf>L e6\6/fO{ clbtL 9'ª\ufgf ;fWjL clwsf/L

@)&@÷)^÷)@ @)&(÷)^÷@! @)&(÷)^÷#! @)&)÷)^÷@&
eStk'/ xfn M c:6]«lnof a'9fgLns07 PgaLPkmP, a'9fgLns07

hfxGjL clwsf/L lhg' jh|frfo{ cfljisf/ 1jfnL lngf k'hf{

@)&^÷)^÷@% @)&)÷)^÷!) @)&%÷)^÷@# @)&$÷)^÷)!
PGh]N; xf]D; ;fpy j]:6g{ :s'n, Dx]kL afuahf/, sf7df8f}F sv/f dG6]Zj/L sf7df8f}F
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 49
 zLif{s
s] xf]
…cfh t zlgaf/ . of x' Û :s'n hfg' klg
kb}{g cfh t Û xh'/cfdf Û ld;n] eg]sf] d]/f] clgtf sf]O/fnf
cfOtaf/sf] u[xsfo{ …zlgaf/ xh'/cfdf;Fusf]
ofqfÚ eGg] zLif{sdf s]xL n]v]/ Nofpg' eGg'ePsf] s] /dfOnf] nfu]sf] xf]nf o;nfO{ < d yf]qL a'9L;Fu
5 . vfgf vfP/ xh'/ / d kfs{lt/ 3'Dg hfg] klg s] ljlw /dfpF5 of] lh/] Û d;Fu klg s] 3'Dg
n . zlgaf/sf] lbg xh'/cfdfnfO{ lnP/ glhs}sf] hfg', a? cfˆg} afcfdf;Fu hfp g cln k/ x} afa'
kfs{df 3'Dg hfg] of]hgf lxh} agfO;s]sf] lyof] Û æxh'/cfdfsf] d'vaf6 olt dfq s] ;'g]sf] lyof]
dfg;n] . emg\ ld;n] g} u[xsfo{ g} lbPkl5 dfg; t SjfF SjfF u/]/ 3/} prfn]/ ?g kf] yfNof] .
dfg;sf] v'6\6f e'OFdf lyPgg\ . dfg;sf s'/f ;'g]/ dfg; To;/L /f]Psf] b]v]/ xh'/cfdfsf] dgdf
xh'/cfdfn] xfF:b} eGg'eof], æd a'9L dfG5];Fu klg e'OFrfnf] uof] . clg vKg g;s]/ dfg;nfO{ rkSs
;dfpFb} 5ftLdf 6fF;]/ xh'/cfdfn] dfof ub}{ eGg
yfNg' eof], æd]/f] /fhf Û g/f]p, d}n] t p;} lhl:sP/
kf] eg]sL t, d uOxfN5' lg d]/f] gflt;Fu, laTyfdf
d]/f] /fhfsf] d'6' s'F8'lNsof] .Æ xh'/cfdfn] kfs{df
hfg] eg]kl5 dfg;sf d'xf/df k'gM ;"o{ pbfP .
vfgf;fgf vfP/ xh'/cfdf / gflt kfs{lt/
v';L x'Fb} lxF8] . ;fgf] ;fgf] vfhfsf] kGt'/f] klg
xh'/cfdfn] ;'6'Ss af]Sg' ePsf] 5 . dfg;n] klg
xh'/cfdfnfO{ vf]sL nfU5 eg]/ tftf]kfgLsf] af]tn
em'G8\ofPsf] 5 . lxF8\bf lxF8\b} af6f]df Pp6f b[Zo
b]v]/ dfg; 5Ss kb}{ xh'/cfdfnfO{ ;f]Wg k'U5,
æ xh'/cfdf xh'/cfdf Tof] ;]tf] 58L af]s]/ lxF8]sf
dfG5] sf] x'g\, clg lsg Tof] ;]tf] 58Ln] af6f]df
6s 6s kfb}{ lxF8]sf <Æ
dfg;sf] 6fpsf] d';fb}{ xh'/cfdfn] nfdf] ;f;
km]/]/ eGg yfNg'eof], æcfFvfdf ljleGg sf/0fn]
ljleGg ;df:of ePsf] x'G5 afa' dfG5]nfO{ . s;}n]
t lkml6Ss} cfFvf b]Vg ;Sb}gg\ lg . s;}n] dw'/f]
dfq b]V5g\ . To;}n] af6f] lxF8\bf o:tf dfG5]n] ;]tf]
58Lsf] k|of]u u5{g\ .Æ
dfg; cem 5Ss kb}{ xh'/cfdfsf] d'vdf x]/]/
s't"xnsf] efjn] af]Nof], æ clg xh'/cfdf Tof] ;]tf]
58Ln] e'OFdf 5f]Pkl5 af6f] b]lvG5 t <Æ xh'/cfdf
sDd/df xft /fVb} xfF:g yfNg'eof] .
af6f]sf] 5]pdf cfpg] hfg] dfG5]nfO{ cf/fd ug{
eg]/ a]Grx¿ /flvPsf] lyof] . xh'/cfdf glhs}sf]
Pp6f a]Grdf yrSs a:b} v'Oo\o u/]/ dfg;nfO{
;]tf] 58Lsf] dlxdf ;Demfpg nfUg'eof], æ;]tf] 58L
lnP/ lxF8\g] dfG5]sf] Wofg cfˆgf] uGtJodf dfq
x'G5 afa' . af6f]df lxF8\bf g/fd|f] af6f]nfO{ 5f]8]/ /fd|f]
af6f]sf] vf]lhdf x'G5g\ . cfˆgf] dfu{eGbf aflx/
pgLx¿ hfFb}gg\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ ;lhn} lxF8\g

50 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

;S5g\ . 58Ln] dfu{lgb]{zg u5{ afa', ;xL af6f]
b]vfpF5, 58Ln] dfG5]nfO{ e8\lsg lbFb}g .æ …afa' xfdLaf6 uNtL eof] .
xh'/cfdf af]Nb} x'g'x'GYof] . af6f]df plQg}
v]/ b'O{ hgf hjfg o'jfx¿ ljk/Lt lbzfaf6 of] ;a} af6f]df df]afOn x]/]/
cfpFb}lyP . b'j}sf cfFvf af6f]df lyPgg\ . b'j} lxF8\bf ePsf] b'3{6gf xf],
d:t lyP cfcfˆgf] df]afOndf . af6f] cufl8sf] cab]lv af6f]df df]afOn gx]g]{
vfN6f] klg b]Vg ;s]gg\ . a8]dfgsf] lah'nLsf] jfrf u5f}{+ . ltdL olt ;fgf]
vDaf klg b]Vg ;s]gg\ . clg v'd{'l/Fb} glhs}sf] eP/ klg slt ulx/f] s'/f ug{
kf]ndf uP/ g/fd|f];Fu 7f]lSsP . 8\ofDd cfjfh
cfof] . b'j} Pscsf{df ahfl/g k'u] . x]bf{x]b}{ b'j} ;s]sf] . ltdLnfO{ o:tf] uDeL/
hgf x'lQFb}e'OFdf 3f]K6f] k/]/ n8] . dfg;n] uP/ s'/f s;n] l;sfof] xF afa' <Ú
b'j} hgfnfO{ p6fpg vf]Hof] t/ a];f]dtL s]6fx¿
h'?Ss p7]/ Pscfk;df emu8f kf] ug{ yfn] .
dfg; jfNn k/]/ b'j}sf] emu8f ;'Gb} lyof] . /fd|f] af6f] dfq x]g{ l;sfpF5 /] . æ b'j} s]6f dfg;sf]
æcfFvf x]/]/ lxF8g hfGb}g;\ . ev{/} lsg]sf] d]/f] s'/f ;'g]/ a9f] nlHht x'Fb} Pscsf{nfO{ x]/]/ nfhn]
df]afOn km'6]sf] eP d}n] tFnfO{ tf]/Lsf] km"n b]vfpg] e't'Ss eP . dfg;nfO{ k|]ldn gh/n] x]/]/ s]xL
lyPF .Æ csf]{ emg\ ;'l/P/ af]Nb} lyof] _ jfrf u/]em} u/], æafa' xfdLaf6 uNtL eof] . of]
æt]/f] r}F cfFvf uf]hLdf /fv]/ lxF8]sf] lyO;\, ;a} af6f]df df]afOn x]/]/ lxF8\bf ePsf] b'3{6gf xf],
t]/f]eGbf dxFuf] df]afOn t d]/f] xf] . d]/f] df]afOn cab]lv af6f]df df]afOn gx]g]{ jfrf u5f}{+ . ltdL
km'6]sf] eP, d}n] t]/f] 6fpsf];fpsf] km'6fpg] lyPF, olt ;fgf] eP/ klg slt ulx/f] s'/f ug{ ;s]sf] .
a'lem;\ .Æ ltdLnfO{ o:tf] uDeL/ s'/f s;n] l;sfof] xF afa' <
dfg; 5Ss kb}{ af]Nof] b'j} hgfn] dfg;sf] 6fpsf]df xft 3'dfpFb} dfg;sf]
æbfbf Û P bfbf Û xh'/x¿ klg a? ;]tf] 58L skfn ;'D;'DofP . p d]/f] xh'/cfdfn] . xh'/cfdf
lnP/ lxF8\g';\ g . xh'/cfdfn] eg]sf] ;]tf] 58Ln] j/} a;]/ tLg} hgfsf s'/f ;'Gb} d';'d';' xfF:b}
af6f] b]vfpF5 /], dfG5]x¿ n8\b}gg\ /] . ;]tf] 58Ln] x'g'x'GYof] . á

…zLif{s s] xf] <Ú k|ltof]lutf – &% …zLif{s s] xf] <Ú– &#

zLif{s M ===========================================
k|ltof]lutfsf] klƒ0ffd M
gfd M ============================================== d'gf dfl;ssf] @)*)
sIff M ================ ;fpg dlxgfdf k|sflzt …zLif{s s]
ljBfno M ======================================== xf] <Ú–&# k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|fKt
zLif{sdWo] lgDglnlvt zLif{s ;jf{]Ts[i6
7]ufgf M ===========================================
ePsf] 5 M
lgod M
zLif{s M pkb]z
!= dfly lbOPsf] syfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] zLif{s k|]ifs M lk|o+sf rfkfufOF
k7fpg'xf]nf„ sIff M ^
@= zLif{s 5f]6f] x'g'kg{]5„
#= o; k|ltof]lutfdf sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{n] dfq ljBfno M z'ef/De df=lj=
efu lng kfpg'x'g5„ ] 7]ufgf M u0f]z:yfg, sf7df8f}F„
$= ;a}eGbf ;'xfpFbf] zLif{ssf nflu k'ƒ‚sfƒsf]
Joj‚yf 5„ ljhoL ;xefuLnfO{ k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf
s'kgdf zLif{s e/]/ @)*) ;fn sflQs % ut];Dddf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g
d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfOk'Ug'kg{]5„ cg'ƒf]w 5„
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 51
 d}n] lvr]sf] tl:a/
;fyLx¿, dnfO{ tl:a/ lvRg
Psbd} dgk5{ . s]xL rf8kj{ / s]xL
;df/f]x eof] eg] t cfdfsf] df]afOn
d;Fu} x'G5 .
d}n] d]/f] 3/glhs} /x]sf ljleGg
s'/fnfO{ df]afOnn] lvr]/ d'gf
dfl;sdf k7fPsL 5' .
tkfO{+x¿ Klg cfkm"nfO{ tl:a/
lvRg dg k5{ eg] lvRg] ug'{;\ . o:tf]
ubf{ l;Sg klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . d}n] t
c¿ ;fyLx¿n] lvr]sf tl:a/ klg
x]g]{ / l;Sg] u/]sf] 5' .
leqL dgaf6 tl:a/ lvRg OR5f
nfUof] eg] 3/aflx/ htf klg lvRg
;lsG5 . clxn] km]l/ kfgL kg]{ /
xl/ofnL x'g] l;hg ePsfn] tl:a/
klg /fd|f cfpF5g\ .

;d[l4 kf}8]n
sIffM %
bLk af]l8{ª xfO:s'n
;'Svfgu/, a'6jn, ?kGb]xL

52 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 tn lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ Ļ\uLg
agfpg'xf];† ƒ sf]7fdf ;hfpg'xf];†„
/ª e/f}“

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 53

 afns;Fu
;|i6f ;+jfb

afn;flxTo
afnaflnsfsf] cleGg ldq

;fyLx? d'gfsf] c;f]h cª\ssf nflu xfdL g]kfnL afn;flxTosf If]qdf afnaflnsfsf nflu w]/}eGbf
w]/} k':ts k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf afn;flxTosf/ tyf ;Dkfbs oz' >]i7sf af/]df /dfOnf] s'/f
ug{] 5f}F x} . pxfFsf] !^) ;f7LeGbf a9L afn k':ts k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . pxfFsf k':tsx? clt g}
/dfOnf /dfOnf vfnsf ;lrq;lxtsf afnaflnsfn] klg ¿lr /fv]/ x]g{+] / k9\g] vfnsf 5g\ . To;}n]
t xfdL of] afn;flxTosf] If]qdf pxfFsf gofF gofF l;h{gf b]Vg ;S5fF} . ;fyLx? pxfFx? xfdL h:t}
afn;flxTodf ¿lr x'g]x?sf nflu rlr{t syfjfrs klg x'g'x'G5\ . pxfFn] b]zsf w]/} lhNnfdf syfn]vg,
syfjfrg, leQ]klqsf n]vg, l;h{gzLn n]vg, z}lIfs ;fdu|L lgdf{0fnufotsf tflndx? afnaflnsf,
lzIfs / cleefjssf nflu ljleGg sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . zAbljxLg lrqsyf, dfqf
cg';f/ -l8sf]8]an a's_ sf] lrqsyfnfO{ klxnf] k6s g]kfnL ahf/df Nofpg] pxfF g} klxnf] ;h{s
klg x'g'x'G5 . ;fyLx? cj xfdL lj:t[tdf pxFfsf] afNosfn / ;d;fdlos clxn]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfnL
afn;flxTosf af/]df pxFf;Fu ul/Psf] /dfOnf] ;+jfb k9f} x} t .

54 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 7'nf pd]/sf dflg;n] xfdL ;fgfsf nflu s;/L
n]Vg ;lsG5 <
d ;fgf pd]/sf gfgLafa';Fu ;ª\ut u5'{, g]kfndf g} gePsf] zAbljxLg lrqk':ts
3'nldn x'G5' . pgLx¿sf nflu / pgLx¿åf/f xfdLn] g} g]kfndf ;'? u¥of}F . l8sf]8a] n
n]lvPsf /rgf k9\5', pgLx¿sf Jojxf/x¿ x]5'{,
;f]W5' . o;/L lstfa / afnaflnsfsf Jojxf/ a's, lrqzAb, zAblrq h:tf k':ts cflb
b'j}sf] cWoog ug]{ ubf{ pgLx¿sf nflu n]Vg cflb xfdLn] n]Vof}F . clg tkfO{x+ ?n] k9]/
;lsFbf]/x]5 . /dfpg kfpg'ePsf] 5 . afnaflnsfsf]
nflu gofF s'/f xf] . ;do cg';f/ gofF
xh'/n] n]Vg' ePsf] k':ts k9]/ xfdL /dfpg
kfPsf 5f}F, xh'/ ;fgf] a]nfdf s;/L s] s] k9]/ s'/f a'‰g], k9g] u/] kf] gofF s'/f yfxf
/dfpg' x'GYof] < x'G5 .
vf;} eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] o;/L afnk':ts k9\g
kfPgf}F, xfdL ;fgf ;fgf afnaflnsf ldn]/ kfFr kfFr
?lkofF /sd p7fP/ /fhdfu{g]/sf rf}sdf hfGYof}F . OG6/g]6df k9\g', v]Ng' g/fd|} t xf]Og t/ o;d}
ToxfFaf6 Pp6f, b'O6f lstfa lsg]/ NofO k9\Yof}F . e'mld/xg' t /fd|f] xf]Og . k':ts k9\bf cfFvfsf]
kl5 t ;flxlTos k|ltof]lutfdf k'/:s[t x'g yflnof] . :jf:Yo, k7g Ifdtfsf j[l4, k':tssf kfgf
k9\g] afgL a9\b} uof] . kN6fpFbfsf] dhf, o;sf] ;lhnf]kgf, cIf/ /
zAb;Fusf] ldqtf, k':tssf] :kz{n] lbg] cfgGb
xh'/nfO{ afn;flxTos} If]qdf ¿lr s;/L hfUof] cflb cflb s'/f o;sf ;fx|} ;sf/fTds kIf 5g\ .
xf]nf <
;fg} pd]/b]lv c;n ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt lbg k':tssf s] s'/fn] afnaflnsfnfO{ a9L v';L
;lsof] eg] g 7'nf] ePkl5 klg c;n x'g ;lsG5 . lbG5 <
oxL ;f]r]/ ;fgf afa'gfgLsf nflu n]Vg yfn]F . k9\bf /dfOnf] xf];\ . dgdf 5f]cf];\ . lbdfunfO{
ef/ gk/f];\ . cfxf, of] /rgf t d]/} nflu jf d]/}
xh'/n] t afn;flxTodf gofF gofF k|of]u klg ;fyLsf nflu n]lvPsf] /x]5, s:tf] k9f}F k9f}F nfUg]
ug'{ePsf] 5, Tof] lsg cfjZos 5 < /x]5 eGg] eof] eg], zAb, ljifo, efiffz}nL / k|:t'lt
xf], g]kfndf g} gePsf] zAbljxLg lrqk':ts clg /ª, cfsf/ cflb dgkg]{ eof] eg] t v';L
xfdLn] g} g]kfndf ;'? u¥of}F . l8sf]8]an a's, lbOxfN5 lg x}g < afn;flxTo t afnaflnsfsf]
lrqzAb, zAblrq h:tf k':ts cflb cflb xfdLn] ldNg], v';L lbg] cleGg ldq xf] lg .
n]Vof}F . clg tkfO{+x¿n] k9]/ /dfpg kfpg'ePsf]
5 . afnaflnsfsf nflu gofF s'/f xf] . ;do n]Vg ¿rfpg] xfdL h:tf afnaflnsf s;/L cl3
cg';f/ gofF s'/f a'‰g], k9\g] u/] kf] gofF s'/f yfxf a9\g ;lsG5 <
x'G5 . klxnf w]/} afnk':ts cWoog ug'{;\ . hlt
hflgG5 n]Vg yfNg';\ . n]v]sf s'/f ;fyLefO, u'?
;flxTo n]VgrflxF s;/L / slxn] ;'¿ ug'{eof] / cleefjs;Fu ;femf ug'{;\ . /rgfnfO{ k|sfzg
lg < ug{ lbg], ;d"xdf ;'gfpg] ug{'{;\ .
ljBfnosf u'?sf] k|]/0ffdf d sIff * k9\bf
hfgL ghfgL sljtf n]v]y]F . ToxL a]nfb]lv sljtf afnaflnsfsf nflu n]Vbf la;{g} gx'g] s'/f s]
k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng yfn]F . c¿nfO{ ;'gfpg s] x'g\ lg <
yfn]F . u'?, u'?cfdfn] pT;fx / xf};nf lbg' x'GYof] . afnaflnsfsf] pd]/, ;do / kl/j]z cg';f/sf]
clg t emg\ emg\ n]Vg yfn]sf] d n]v]sf] n]v]s} ?lr, afndgf]lj1fg / afn Jojxf/nfO{ ljz]if
ePF . Vofn /fVg'k5{ .

xfdL t cfhsn OG/6g]6df a9L v]N5f}F, u[idf sdf{rfo{

k9\5f}F . OG6/g]6df v]Ng' k9\g' / ef}lts ?kdf v]Ng' sIffM *
k9\g' s'g /fd|f] xf] < ODk]l/on jN8{ :s'n, xfQLuf}F8f

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 55

 v]ns'b

eljio agfpFb}
u'n;g k|lht zfSo

Pl;of sknfO{ lj|ms]6df ldgL

jN8{ sk klg elgG5 . To;}n]
klg klxnf] k6s o; k|ltof]lutfdf
v]Nb} u/]sf] g]kfnsf af/]df 7"nf]
rrf{ eof] . cem g]kfnL l6dsf
v]nf8LdWo] cn/fpG8/ u'n;g emf
rrf{sf] ljifo aGof] .

efOalxgLx¿, xf] ltdLx¿n] xfn} Pl;of sk

lj|ms]6df g]kfnn] ef/t / kfls:tfg;Fusf] v]n
x]¥of} xf]nf . gx]/]sf] eP klg kSs} klg oL v]naf/]
;'g]sf] x'g' k5{ . Pl;of sknfO{ lj|ms]6df ldgL
jN8{ sk klg elgG5 . h'g k|ltof]lutfdf ljZj
lj|ms]6s} gh/ x'G5 . To;}n] klg klxnf] k6s o;
k|ltof]lutfdf v]Nb} u/]sf] g]kfnsf af/]df 7'nf] rrf{
eof] . cem g]kfnL l6dsf v]nf8LdWo] cn/fpG8/
u'n;g emf rrf{sf] ljifo aGof] .
Tof] lsg yfxf 5, u'n;gsf] pd]/ dfq !&
jif{sf] 5 . pxfF Pl;of skdf v]Ng] sfG5f v]nf8L
lyP . olt sd pd]/df klg u'n;g /fli6«o l6dsf
Ps k|d'v v]nf8Lsf ¿kdf g]kfnL l6ddf lyP .
To;}n] ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr lj|ms]6 ;+:yf cfOl;;Ln]
ljZjs} pbLodfg v]nf8LdWo] Ps / Pl;of skdf
rDsg ;Sg] v]nf8L eGb} u'n;gsf] ;dfrf/
5fKof] . o; n]vdf pg} k|ltefzfnL tyf g]kfnL
lj|ms]6sf] eljiosf ¿kdf x]l/Psf u'n;gsf
af/]df ltdLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg] 5' .
u'n;gsf] hGd ;g\ @))^ km]a|c/L !&
tfl/vdf ;nf{xLsf] dnª\ujfdf ePsf] xf] . pgsf
a'jf clvn]zs'df/ lj|ms]6df lgs} ?lr /fVg'
x'GYof] . To;}n] u'n;gn] klg ;fg}b]lv lj|ms]6
v]Ng] jftfj/0f / ;xof]u kfP . u'n;gdf lj|ms]6
v]Ng] k|s[ltk|bQ u'0f lyof] . pgsf] k|ltef b]v]/ *
sIffdf x'Fbf pgsf a'jfn] u'n;gnfO{ ef/tdf /x]sf]
c?0ff]bo lj|ms]6 Ps]8]dLdf egf{ ul/lbg'eof] .

56 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 lj|ms]6df u'n;gn] h:tf] t]h ultdf afpG;/ kmfNg
;Sg] an/ b]lvPsf] lyPg .
u'n;gsf] of] Ifdtf c;fwf/0f lyof] . pgsf]
;f] k|bz{gnfO{ kmfOgn x]g{ lqlj lj|ms]6 d}bfg
k'u]sf ;f] ;dosf g]kfnL /fli6«o lj|ms]6 l6dsf
k|lzIfs 8]e Xjf6df]/n] lgofln/xg'ePsf] lyof] .
;f] ;do ljZjsk lj|ms]6 lnu @ cGtu{t cd]l/sf
/ cf]dfg;Fu v]Ng g]kfnL l6dsf] aGb k|lzIf0fsf]
3f]if0ff x'g nfu]sf] lyof] . k|lzIfs Xjf6df]/n]
cgk]lIft ¿kdf u'n;gnfO{ klg /fli6«o l6dsf] aGb
k|lzIf0fdf af]nfOxfNg' eof] .
;f] aGb k|lzIf0fdf /fd|f] u/]kl5 u'n;g
g]kfnsf] l;lgo/ l6ddf klg k/] . h;sf] sNkgf
u'n;gn] klg u/]sf lyPgg\ . u'n;gn] klxnf] k6s
/fli6«o lj|ms]6 k|ltof]lutf v]n]sf] 5 dlxgfkl5 g}
/fli6«o l6ddf :yfg agfpg] lj|ms]6/ x'g\ . ;/;tL{
u'n;g alnª dfq xf]Og Aofl6ª klg plQs} x]bf{ u'n;gnfO{ xfdL efUodfgL lj|ms]6/ klg eGg
;S5f}F .
ug{ ;S5g\ . cem afofF xftn] Aofl6ª ug]{ u'n;gn] ;g\ @)@! ;]K6]Da/df cd]l/sflj?4
x'Fbf u'n;gsf] Aofl6ª lgs} cfsif{s b]lvG5 v]n]/ klxnf] k6s /fli6«o l6df kbfk{0f u/] . hxfF
t/ ljz]if ?kdf d]o;{ skdf pgn] kmfn]sf] pgn] cfˆgf] 5fk klg 5f]8] . To;kl5 t u'n;g
t]h ultsf] ann] u'n;gsf] rrf{ ePsf] xf] . /fli6«o l6ddf lg/Gt/ h:t} 5g\ . o;lar u'n;gn]
@$ Pslbj;Lo cGt/f{li6«o v]n v]ln;s] .
pgn] @! ljs]6 lnPsf 5g\ . $** cGt/f{li6«o
ToxLFaf6 u'n;gn] lj|ms]6sf] 1fg k|fKt u/] . u'n;g Pslbj;Lo /g agfPsf 5g\ . 6L–@) cGt/f{li6«o
rf/ jif{ ;f] Ps]8]dLdf /x]sf lyP . klg v]ln;s]sf 5g\ . 5 dlxgfcl3 dfq u'n;gn]
g]kfn kms]{kl5 pxfFn] cfˆgf] k|b]z–@ sf nflu g]kfnsf] lj|ms]6 Oltxf;s} ;aeGbf dxìjk"0f{ kfln
3/]n' lj|ms]6 v]n] . ;f] k|ltof]lutfkl5 pxfFsf] v]n]sf lyP . cfOl;;L ljZj lj|ms]6 lnu @ sf]
sf7df8f}F cfpg] 9f]sf v'Nof] . pxfF sf7df8f}Fdf clGtd v]ndf u'n;gs} cw{ztsLo kflnn] g]kfn
g]S;; lqms]6 Ps]8]dLdf k|lzIf0f ug{ k'u] . g]S;; lht xfl;n u/]/ ljZjsk 5gf]6df :jtM k'Ug
lj|ms]6 Ps]8]dLdf cEof; ul/;s]sf] ;dodf of]Uo ag]sf] lyof] . To;}n] xfdL eGg ;S5f}F, olt
g]kfn k'ln; Snasf lj|ms]6 k|lzIfssf gh/df ;fg} pd]/df lj|ms]6sf] u'n;gsf] sb w]/} cUnf]
u'n;g kg'{eof] . ;f] cEof;df ^=! OGr cUnf eO;s]sf] 5 . á
lszf]/ pd]/sf an/n] t]h ultdf an ˆofFls/x]sf]
b]v]/ k'ln; l6dn] t'?Gt} u'n;gnfO{ g]kfnsf] 7'nf]
lj|ms]6 k|ltof]lutfdWo] Ps d]o;{ sksf nflu
cfa4 u¥of] .
u'n;gn] cfˆgf] klxnf] v]ndf g} k'ln; Snasf
nflu gfos ag] . kmfOgndf klg u'n;g …Dofg
ckm bL DofrÚ ag]kl5 k'ln;n] alnof] dflgPsf]
PkLPkmnfO{ ;lhn} x/fP/ RoflDkog g} aGof] . o;
k|ltof]lutfdf u'n;g ;a}sf nflu ;/k|fOh Kofs]6
aGof] . d]o;{ skaf6 g]kfnn] Ps xf]gxf/ lj|ms]6/
k|fKt u¥of] .
u'n;g alnª dfq xf]Og Aofl6ª klg plQs}
ug{ ;S5g\ . cem afofF xftn] Aofl6ª ug]{ x'Fbf
u'n;gsf] Aofl6ª lgs} cfsif{s b]lvG5 t/
ljz]if ¿kdf d]o;{ skdf pgn] kmfn]sf] t]h ultsf]
ann] u'n;gsf] rrf{ ePsf] xf] . o;cl3 g]kfnL

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 57

 x:tlnlvt

l;l4sf yfkf
sIffM !), Ogf]e]l6e :s'n
z+vd"n, sf7df8f}F

58 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 sljtf

sf]lknf

gf} dlxgf sf]vdf /fvL x'sf{of} cfdf dnfO{

;lsFb}g lal;{g xh'/sf] dfof / ddtfnfO{
cfdf ltdLn] d]/f] nflu w]]/} si6 ;Xof}
cfdf
/flt /flt d ?Fbf ;w}F ltdL laplemof} .
ltdLn] xfdLnfO{ x'sf{pg w]/} kl;gf aufof}
d PSn} ePsf a]nf ;fyL agL x;fof}
ltdLn] d]/f] uNtLdf ;w}F dfkmL lbG5f}
dnfO{ rflxPsf ;a} s'/f ltdLn] k'¥ofpF5f} .
ltdLnfO{ ;a}n] eGb5g\ ddtfsL vfgL
ltdL g} xf] cfdf d]/L d'6'sL /fgL
ltdLn] dnfO{ c;n afgL l;sfof}
d]/f] x/]s kl/l:yltdf ;fy lbof} .
ltdLn] d]/f] lhDd]jf/L lnof}
;To af]Ng' k5{ egL l;sfof} h]l:dg >]i7
ltdLn] l;sfPsf s'/f a'‰g] 5' sIffM &, ;}lgs ljBfno
hLjgdf ;kmn dflg; eP/ b]vfpg] 5' . abL{af;

;fgf ld7f 7'nf /fd|f

lrq syf n]v .
/dfOnf] d'gf kf}/fl0fs syf k9\5'
5f]6f dfq eP klg n]v klg k9\5' .
n]Vg yfn]F uLt . k|ljlwsf af/] d}n]
yf]/} hfg]sL 5' .
/ª\uLrª\uL lrq sf]g{ /dfOnf] ;+;f/df
l;s]sL 5' d}n] . dHhfn] 3'ldof] .
sljtf / syf klg d'gfsf] lrqsyf
jfrg u5'{ hlxn] . ldn]/] kl9of] .
k':ts klg k9\5' d}n] d'gfsf k|ltof]lutf klg
uLt klg ufpF5' . >]of zfxL ;w}F v]Ng] u5'{ .
yf]/} yf]/} d}n] t sIffM (, jfuLZj/L dfWolds ljBfno /dfOnf] d'gf k9\bf
uhn klg n]V5'[ . RofXdfl;+x, eStk'/ ;w}F v';L x'G5'\ .

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 59

 kf}/fl0fs syf

3d08sf]
glthf
eujfg\ s[i0fsL kTgL ;Toefdf hlt /fd|L lyOg\ pgdf
¿ksf] 3dG8 klg Tolt g} a9L lyof] . pgL cfkm"nfO{
;+;f/el/s} ;'Gb/L 7flGyg\ / s;}nfO{ klg ulGbg lyOg\ .
oxfF;Dd ls :jod\ eujfg\s} cGo kTgLnfO{ ;d]t efp
lbg rfxGglyg\ . pgsf] cfzo lyof] cfkm" ;a}eGbf
/fd|L ePsLn] eujfg\ s[i0f ;w}F cfkm}F;Fu a;"g\, cfˆg}
b/af/sf] s}bL ag"g\ t/ eujfg\ s[i0f lsg To:tf x'Gy]
/ . pgsf cGo w]/} sfd lyP . pgsf] s[kflagf :jod\
sdn l/hfn dftf ozf]bfsf] k|]dn] ;d]t pgnfO{ afFWg ;s]sf] lyPg
eg] ;Toefdfsf] k|]dsf] s] s'/f eof] / . pgL eujfg\
s[i0fnfO{ k|]dsf] 8f]/Ln] hlt s:g rfxlGyg\ s[i0f Tolt g}
k/k/ x'g] uy]{ . o;af6 xQ' eP/ Ps lbg gf/b ClifnfO{
af]nfP/ elgg\–
…wt\ nf6L Û ltdL klg slt ægf/bhL Û tkfO{+ t lqsfnbzL{ x'g'x'G5 . :ju{ /
;'wL . eujfg\nfO{ clxn];Dd dTo{sf s'/f;d]t hfGg'x'G5 . oL s[i0f x]g'{;\ g s:tf
lgi7'/L . hlt glhs agfpg vf]H5' plt efUg vf]H5g\ .
s;}n] ;DklQ;Fu tf}Ng ;s]sf nf}g s'g} pkfo atfOlbg';\ tfls lognfO{ ;w}Fel/ cfˆg}
5g\ / ltdLn] ;S5\of} < pgnfO{ cFufnf]df afFw]/ /fVg ;s'F .Æ
v';L kfg{ s'g} ;'grfFbLn] ;Sb}g gf/bhLnfO{ ;Toefdfsf] s'/f a'‰g a]/ nfu]g .
a'‰of} < o;sf nflu t pgs} pgn] d';'Ss xfF:b} eg]–
;a}eGbf lk|o j:t'sf] cfjZostf …pkfo t 5 dftfhL Û t/ sl7g 5 .Ú
k5{ . cfpm Tot} nfuf}F .Ú …sl7g 5 <Ú
…xf] dftfhL Û sl7g 5 .Ú
…s] xf] Tof] eGg'xf];\ g .Ú

60 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{

 …o;df tkfO{+ g} cl3 ;g'{k5{, tkfO{+n] g} s]xL g nufpg .Ú
ug'{ k5{ .Ú gf/bhLsf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;Toefdfsf] lrQ a'‰of] .
…d}n] g} <Ú pgL bfg lng] dflg; vf]Hg yflng\ t/ st} klg
…xf], tkfO{+n] g} .Ú e]l6gg\ . eujfg\ s[i0fnfO{ bfg lng sf]xL klg tTk/
…s] xf] eGg';\ To:tf] <Ú ePgg\ . To;kl5 k'gM gf/bnfO{ g} af]nfP/ ;d:of
…;Sg' xf]nf / k"/f ug{ <Ú atfOg\ . To;kl5 gf/bhLn] d':s'/fpFb} eg]–
…eujfg\nfO{ ;w}F afFw]/ /fVg ;lsg] eP t h] …bfg lng t s]xL lyPg d} lnO{ lbGy]F t/ Pp6f
klg ug{ tTk/ 5' lg .Ú ;t{ 5 .Ú
…To;f] xf] eg] ;'Gg' xf];\ . pkfo ;lhnf] eP klg …;t{ 5 <Ú
k"/f ug{ ufx|f] 5 lsgeg] o;sf nflu eujfg\nfO{ …xf] dftfhL Û ;t{ 5 .Ú
g} s;}sf] xftdf bfg lbP/ k7fpg' k5{ .Ú …s] ;t{ xf] eGg';\ g .Ú
…bfg lbP/ k7fpg' k5{ <Ú …;Sg'x'G5 <Ú
…xf] dftfhL ÛÚ …lsg g;Sg] eg]/ t x]g'{;\ .Ú
…bfg lbPkl5 bfg kfpg]n] g} lnP/ uP eg] lg <Ú …klxn] dnfO{ bfg lbg';\ . To;kl5 eujfg\ s[i0f
…nfFb}gg\ .Ú d]/f x'g] 5g\ . clg pxfFsf] tf}n a/fa/sf] ;'grfFbL
…s;/L eGg ;Sg'x'G5 To:tf] <Ú dnfO{ lbg'xf];\ s[i0f tkfO{+nfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbg] 5' .Ú
…h;n] bfg lnG5 pm;Fu lgu|x lbP/ cfkm}Fn] To;kl5 ;Toefdfn] eujfg\ s[i0fnfO{ gf/bsf]
vl/b u/] efOxfNof] lg .Ú xftdf bfg lbOg\ . s[i0f gf/bsf] kl5 nfu] . o:tf]
…o;sf] cy{ bfg lng];Fu lsGg] eGg vf]Hg' b]v]/ ;Toefdfn] /f]Sb} elgg\–
ePsf] <Ú …P kVg';\ . ;t{ cg';f/ ;'grfFbL lnP/ s[i0f
…xf] To;} eGg vf]h]sf] x'F .Ú dnfO{ lbg' xf];\ .Ú
…p;n] a]lRbg eGof] eg] <Ú …o;df gf/bhL ;xdt gx'g] s'/} lyPg lsg
…eGb}g k};f k};f kfPkl5 . k};f b]v]kl5 ls ;t{ g} To:t} lyof] . ;Toefdf t'nf]df Psfk6L
dxfb]jsf] t tLg g]q v'N5 eG5g\ hfaf] dg'jf . / s[i0f / csf]{k6\l6 ;'grfFbL /fv]/ hf]Vg nflug\
cflv/ s[i0fnfO{ nu]/ s] ug]{ pgn] . g vfg ldN5 t/ eOlbof] s] eg] ePe/sf] ;'grfFbLn] klg k'u]g .
hlt yk] klg s[i0fsf] a/fa/ ePg, x'g ;s]g . ca
dftf ;ToefdfnfO{ cfkt\ k¥of] t/ ug]{ s] . lgs}
ca]/ eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 dftf ?lSd0fLsf]
z/0fdf k/L xf/u'xf/ ug{ nflug\, h;nfO{ o;cl3
cfkm"eGbf g/fd|L 7fg]/ efp lbPsL lyOgg\ .
pgsf] s'/f ;'Ggf;fy dftf ?lSd0fLn]
a'lemxflng\ . To;}n] d'';'Ss xfF:b} elgg\–
…wt\ nf6L Û ltdL klg slt ;'wL . eujfg\nfO{
clxn];Dd s;}n] ;DklQ;Fu tf}Ng ;s]sf 5g\ /
ltdLn] ;S5\of} < pgnfO{ v';L kfg{ s'g} ;'grfFbLn]
;Sb}g a'‰of} < o;sf nflu t pgs} ;a}eGbf lk|o
j:t'sf] cfjZostf k5{ . cfpm Tot} nfuf}F .Ú
olt eg]/ pgn] ;ToefdfnfO{ lnP/ uOg\ /
t/fh'df Pp6f t'n;L kQf /flvlbOg\ . To;kl5
;'grfFbLsf] cfjZostf g} k/]g . ;f]xL Ps kQf
t'n;Ln] g} eujfg\sf] tf}n k"/f ul/lbof] . To;
lbgb]lv ;Toefdfn] slxn] klg To:tf] 3dG8
ul/gg\ .
o; kf}/fl0fs syfdf s] slt ;Totf 5 Tof]
Jof;hL g} hfg"g\ t/ 3dG8 / cxª\sf/sf] glthf
hxfF klg o:t} x'g] s'/f eg] ;To xf] . á
d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 61
 sljtf
b;}F cfof], b;}F cfof]
rª\uf p8fP/ /dfOnf] u/fF}nf . b;}F
ld7f] ld7f] vfcf}Fnf
b;}Fdf xf;f}Fnf .

b;}F cfof], b;}F cfof]

gofF n'uf nufpFnf .

b;}Fdf 3/ hfcf}Fnf
b;}Fdf xf;f}Fnf .

b;}F cfof], b;}F cfof]

5d5d gfrf}Fnf .

;a}n] /dfOnf] u/f}Fnf cf/1L >]i7

b;}Fdf xf;f}Fnf . lnl6n PGhN; :s'n,
xfQLjg, nlntk'/

…s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf – &%

o;k6ssf] k|ltof]lutfsf nflu …gjLs/0fÚ zAb k|‚t't ulƒPsf] 5„ o; zAbaf6
a9LeGbf a9L z'4 zAb agfPƒ k7fpg'xf]nf ƒ k'ƒ‚sfƒ lhTg'xf]nf„
…s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf– &# sf] klƒ0ffd
c;f/ dlxgfsf] …s;n] w]ƒ}
zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutfdf k|‚t't gfd M cg'kdf gu/sf]6L
ulƒPsf] …ljzfnahf/Ú zAbaf6 sIffM (
;a}eGbf a9L zAb agfPƒ ljhoL ljBfno M t?0f df=lj=
x'g'ePsf ;xefuL x'g'x'G5 M
7]ufgf M afnfh', sf7df8f}F .
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuLn] cfkm"n] tofƒ uƒ]sf zAb ƒ ltgLx¿sf cy{ n]lvPsf] kfgf
;+nUg uƒ]ƒ k7fpg'kg{]5„
@= k|‚t't ulƒPsf] zAbdf gePsf cIfƒ gofF zAbdf k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g„ k|of]u ulƒPdf
k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z uƒfOg] 5}g„
#= o;df sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL x'g kfpg'x'g]5„
lgod

$= ;a}eGbf a9L z'4 zAb k7fpg'x'g] Ps hgfnfO{ k'ƒ‚s[t ulƒg]5„

…s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf–&% sf] ;dfwfg @)*) ;fn sflQs % ut];Dddf
d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfOk'Ug'kg{]5„
62 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{
 ;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutf–&#
;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutf – &% sf] ;dfwfg
@ # $ ! # & $ * @ ^ % (
# ^ & * % ( ^ & ! # @ $
( & ! * ^ @ $ % ( # & * !
$ & @ # & @ ( ^ ! % $ * # &
@ % * ! ( # $ * @ ^ & ! ( %
! # ^ % & ! % ( # * $ ^ @
@ $ ( ^ # & $ % @ ! *
$ ^ * & $ * ! # @ ( % & ^
% ( # % & @ * ! ^ ( $ #
gfd M =================================================== ;fpg dlxgfsf] ;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutfsf] ;xL ;dfwfg
sIff M ================ k7fpg'x'g] ;xefuLdWo] uf]nfk|yfaf6 ljhoL
tLghgfsf] gfd 7]ufgf tn lbOPsf] 5 M
ljBfno M ============================================
7]ufgf M =============================================== != ;Dk"0f{ 1jfnL
sIffM &, k/fksf/ df=lj=, eLd;]g:yfg„
;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutfsf lgod M @= ;hn ah|frfo{
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g s'kg eƒ]ƒ k7fpg' sIffM ^, gjf]bLk Ps]8]dL, rfjlxn .
kg{5„
] #= ck{0ff kf}8]n
@= sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq o;df ;xefuL sIffM *, afnp4f/ Ps]8]dL, skg .
x'g kfpg'x'g]5„
#= vfnL sf]7fdf ! b]lv ( cÍ dfq eg'{kg{5„ ]
$= s'g} klg sf]7f ƒ xƒkmdf cÍ bf]xf]lƒg' xF'bg„
}
%= s]ƒd]6 ulƒPsf] s'kgnfO{ dfGotf lbOg] 5}g„ k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf dfl;ssf]
^= s'kg @)*) ;fn sflQs % ut]leq cfOk'Ug'kg{5„ ] sfof{nodf klƒrokq;lxt ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g
ljhoL ;xefuLnfO{ cg'ƒf]w 5„

afnk|ltefdf efu lng cg'ƒf]w

-!_ d'gf dfl;sdf ebf} dlxgfdf k|sflzt x'g] afnk|ltefsf nflu …rf8 kj{ / e]63f6Ú ljifo 5gf]6
ulƒPsf] 5„ o;afƒ] cfˆgf] ljrfƒ k7fpg'xf]nf„
-@_ o; ‚tDedf sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{n] efu lng ;Sg'x'g]5„
-#_ ljrfƒ a9Ldf Ps ;o zAbsf] x'g'kg{5„]
-$_ ljrfƒsf ;fydf cfˆgf] tl‚aƒ klg k7fpg'xf]nf„
-%_ afnk|ltef @)*) ;fn sflQs % ut];Dd d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfO;Sg'kg{5„ ]

d'gf÷## jif{ @)*) c;f]h 63

 cGTodf
clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg
…o;/L a'emfF}Ú
of] ;+ljwfg cfpg'df @)^# ;fnsf] nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d]6]/ NofOPsf] Psflt/sf]
cfwf/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnL hgtfn] dtbfg u/]/
r'g]sf k|ltlglwn] agfPsf x'g\ . h;nfO{ xfdL
eStaxfb'/ yfkf ;+ljwfg ;ef eg]/ hfGb5f}F .
c;f]hsf] dlxgf . o; dlxgfsf] # ut] . xfdL g]kfnLn] ;Demg} kg]{ lbg . pT;'stf hfUg ;S5,
lsg ;Demg] t < ljz]if u/]/ xfdL g]kfnLn] b]zdf nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg cfPsf] lbg eg]/ ;Demg]
ub{5f}F . g]kfnL Sofn]G8/ kN6fpFb} hfFbf c;f]h dlxgfsf] # ut]sf] lbgnfO{ ;+ljwfg cfPsf] lbgsf
¿kdf kfpg] ub{5f}F . of] lbgnfO{ xfdL eJo ¿kdf dgfpg] klg ub{5f}F . x'gt o;cl3 c¿ klg
;+ljwfg cfPsf lbg 5g\ . tL klxnfsf ;+ljwfg lj:yfkg ePsf 5g\ . clxn]sf] kl5Nnf] /
sfof{Gjogdf 5 . clg o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ eg] xfdL clns km/s ¿kdf klg lng] ub{5f}F . vf;u/L
clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ ;fndf cfPsf] xf] . / of] ;+ljwfg To;cl3 ag]sf eGbf km/s ljz]iftf
af]s]sf] 5 / km/s ¿kdf lnG5f}F klg . ca xfdLnfO{ oxfFg]/ lh1f;f x'g ;S5 km/s s] t < eg]/ .
To;cl3 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'Fbf Tolt a]nfsf] ;/sf/df hf] x'G5 pgLx¿n] lj1sf] ;ldlt agfP/
lgdf{0f uy]{ ToxL ¿kdf hf/L ul/GYof] . sfof{Gjogdf cfpFYof] . of] clxn]sf] ;+ljwfg agfpg eg]
km/s k|lj|mof ckgfOPsf] 5 .
of] ;+ljwfg cfpg'df @)^# ;fnsf] nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ ;d]6]/ NofOPsf]
Psflt/sf] cfwf/ 5 eg] csf]{lt/ g]kfnL hgtfn] dtbfg u/]/ r'g]sf k|ltlglwn] agfPsf x'g\ .
h;nfO{ xfdL ;+ljwfg ;ef eg]/ hfGb5f}F . ToxL ;+ljwfg ;efn] g} of] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]sfn]
;/;tL{ x]bf{ clxn]sf] @)&@ sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ rflxF g]kfnL hgtfsf] eg]/ …lnu];LÚ 5 . /, oxL
sf/0f klg xfdL km/s ¿kdf lng] ub{5f}F .
x'gtM xfdLsxfF hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg eg]/ …lnu];LÚ lng sl/a ;ft bzssf] ;ª\3if{k"0f{ kxn lyof] .
@))& ;fndf k|hftGq cfPsf] lbgkl5 g} g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] ;+ljwfg agfpg k|of;/t
lyof] . o; cjlwdf /fhgLlts j[Qdf km/s vfnsf ptf/r9fj cfof] . h;n] ubf{ ;kmntf ldn]g .
bzsf}Fsf] lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{kl5 @)^@÷^# ;fndf ;ft /fhgLlts bn / hgo'4 ul//x]sf]
dfcf]jfbL clg gful/s Ps 7fpF eP . / pgLx¿larsf] ;+o'St zlSt aGof] . h;sf] g]t[Tj
g]kfnL sf+u|];sf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn] u/] . ToxL zlStn] @)^@÷^# ;fndf nf]stflGqs
cfGbf]ng u¥of] . oxL cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfkl5 hgtfsf] ;/sf/ aGof] . To;kl5 ag]sf] ;/sf/n]
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg u/fof] . ;f] lgjf{rgdf hgtfsf k|ltlglw r'lgP/ cfP . ltg} g]kfnL
hgtfn] r'g]sf k|ltlglwdfkm{t ;+ljwfg aGof] . oxL ;+ljwfgnfO{ xfdL xfd|f] b]zdf hgtfåf/f lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg eg]/ a'‰g] ub{5f}F .
g]kfnL hgtfn] r'g]sf k|ltlglw cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@
;fn c;f]h # ut] hf/L ePsf] xf] . o;nfO{ xfdL– …hgtfsf] ;+ljwfgÚ eGg] ul/G5 . Tof] ;+ljwfg
hf/L ePsf] cf7f}F jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . oxL ;+ljwfg cg';f/ clxn] ;ª\3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/
ag]sf 5g\ . log} ;/sf/dfkm{t hgtfn] ;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . xfdL g]kfnL Sofn]G8/ kN6fpFb} hfFbf
cfpg] c;f]hnfO{ ;+ljwfg cfPsf] dlxgfsf ¿kdf ;Demg] ub{5f}F . hgtfn] agfPsf] of] g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] cf7 jif{ k"/f u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cj;/df d'gf afn klqsfn] ;a} g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ xflb{s
z'esfdgf JoSt ub{5 . á

64 @)*) c;f]h d'gf÷## jif{