lj=;+= @)&( ;fpg g]kfn ;+jt† !!

$@ lbNnfuf–u'FnfYj July–August 2022

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/]vfb]jL >]i7 n ;fyLsf] ;xof]u – @!
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Psk|ltsf] ?= !%.– Web-site‚ www.gorkhapatra.org.np
d"No jflif{s ?= !%).– Email‚ munamonthly@gmail.com

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 1

 k|sflzt ug{'ePsf]df xfdL uf]/vfkq kl/jf/k|lt

d'gfnfO{ cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}F .

sIff–% cWoog/t ljBfyL{
afof]sf ;fd'bflos :s'n

kq sfu]Zj/L dgf]x/f–@, cfnfkf]6, sf7df8f}F

d'gf k9\g kfpg'k¥of]

dnfO{ d'gf k9\bf /dfOnf] nfU5 . 1fgj4{s
d'gf xfdL ljBfnodf k':tsfnodf klg km';{bsf]
;dodf k9\g] u5f}{ . xfd|f]lt/ d'gf g} cfp“b}g .
gd:sf/ ;fyLx? h]7sf] d'gfdf xfd|f] ljBfnosf] klg cfPsf] lyof]
t/ xfdLn] k9\g / x]g{ kfPsf] 5}g . b]zel/sf
xfdL afof]sf ;fd'bflos :s'n, cfnfkf]6, afnaflnsfn] d'gf k9\g kfpg'k5{ . xfd|f] u'NdLdf
sf7df8f}Fsf] sIff–% df cWoog/t ljBfyL{ klg d'gf cfpg] agfOlbg xfdL cg\'/f]w ub{5f}{ .
xf}F . xfdLx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf afn dfl;s klqsf xfdLn] ;a} cª\s k9\g g} kfPsf] 5}gf]+ . 6f9f
d'gf k9\g] u5f}{+ . o;df /x]sf ljljw ;fdu|Ln] 6f9fsf ljBfyL{x?sf] nflu klg d'gfn] ;f]lrlbg'
xfdLnfO{ cToGt dgf]/~hg lbg] u/]sf] 5 . xf]nf . xfd|f] 3/ j/k/ k':ts k;ndf cfOlbP
xfdLnfO{ d'gfdf k|sflzt lrqsyf eg] Psbd} xfdL v'zL x'g] lyof}+ .
dg k5{ . lrqsyfdf x/]s cª\sdf ljz]if k"l0f{df 1jfnL
;Gb]zd"ns syf / /dfOnf] lrq b]Vbf cfgGb sIff %
cfpF5 . lrqsyf cToGt} ;Gb]zk|b nfU5 . /]Gjf] Oªln; ;]s]G8/L :s'n, u'NdL
of]afx]s w]/} :tDe 5g\ h;n] xfdLnfO{
dgleq}af6 k9\g] afgLnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ d2t u/]sf]
5 . d'gf xfdLnfO{ Psbd} w]/} dgkg]{ dfl;s klqsf c;f/sf] d'gf dg k¥of]
xf] . ljBfnodf d'gf lgoldt ul/lbg'ePsf]df
ljBfno k|zf;gnfO{ xfdL emg\ w]/} wGojfb lbg c;f/sf] d'gfsf] cfj/0fdf ;fgf] aRrfn]
rfxG5f}F . xfdL afnaflnsfsf] ?lr, rfxgf / v] t /f]lk/x]sf] b]Vbf v'zL nfUof] . xfdL ;fgf]
efjgfcg';f/ g]kfns} klxnf] afn klqsf d'gf eP klg hfgsf/L ;a} If]qsf] /fVg'k5{ . ToxL
p2]Zon] ljBfnon] klg ;fgf ;fgf s]6fs]6LnfO{

hGdf]T;j
gfd ===========================================
kf;kf]6{
;fOhsf] ljBfno ==========================================
kmf]6f]
hGdldlt ===================================
7]ufgf ========================================
2 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{
 lrqsyf dg k5{
d d'gf lgoldt k9g] u5{' . d'gfsf] lrqsyf
dnfO{ w]/} /fd|f] nfU5 . x/]s dlxgf km/s
km/s ljifoj:t'df cfpg] lrqsyfdf ;dfj]z
ljifo cToGt} ;do ;fGble{s nfU5 . slxn]
cfunfuLsf] ljifodf slxn] sf]/f]gfsf] ljifodf
slxn] b]zdf kl//x]sf] cfkt\ljkt\sf] ljifodf
hfgsf/Ld"ns nfU5 . lrqsyfdf ljz]if 1fg
ePsf] cleefjsn] ug{'ePsf] sfd eP/ xf]nf
lrqsyf xfdL ;a}sf nflu /fd|f] ljifo nfU5 .
cfzf 5 cfpg] lbgx¿df klg cem} /fd|f] /fd|f]
lrqsyfx¿ k9\g kfOg] 5 .
Plng ltdlN;gf
sIff (, g]l/s cª\u|]hL :s'n
zª\vd"n, sf7df8

afnaflnsfsf :yfg
Affnklqsf d'gf ;w}F gofF nfU5 . x/]s
dlxgfdf s]xL g s]xL ljifoj:t'x¿ gofF gofF
nfU5g\ . Pp6f s'/f eg] dnfO{ Psbd} eGg
v]tdf /f]kfO{ b]vfpg / wfgsf] dxTj a'emfpg dg nfu]sf] 5 . d'gfdf ;fgf afnaflnsfsf]
n}hfg' ePsf] xf]nf . s]6fs]6L klg slt w]/} bª\u ;fdu|LeGbf 7"nf] dfG5]x¿sf] n]v a9L x'G5 .
lyP . d'gfdf ;fgfeGbf ;fgf afnaflnsfsf] klg ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu pko'Qm ;fdu|L geP/ xf]
?lr / rfxgf a'em]/ cfj/0fdf /flvlbg'ePsf]df of sf]/f]gfsf sf/0f . ToxfFaf6 afnaflnsfsf]
xfdLnfO{ v'zL nfu]sf] 5 . cfpg] lbgx?df ljz]if ljifodf s]xL ug{ g;lsP/ xf] . xfd|f] cfFvf
rf8kj{x?df klg o;}u/L ;fgf s]6fs]6LnfO{ hlxn] klg xfdLh:t} ;fyLx¿n] n]v]sf]
:yfg lbg'xf]nf . s'/fdf kg{] u5{ . To;}n] cfpg] lbgx¿df d'gfn]
cl:dtf Gof}kfg] Totflt/ klg Wofg lbg'knf{ .
sIff * pT;j jnL
:dn x]eg :s"n, lrtjg sIff &, a|fO6 ˆo'r/ :s'n
g}sfk, sf7df8f}F

hfgsf/L
efOalxgLx¿, xfdLn] d'gfdf ;kmf / lrl6Ss kf/]/ n]lvPsf] x:tn]vg sljtf
tyf n]vnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ h:tfsf] t:t} k|sflzt ug]{ ;'?jft u/]sf 5f}F .
efOalxgLn] klg cfkm"n] n]v]sf sljtf tyf n]v k|sfzgsf nflu o; dfl;ssf]
Od]n 7]ufgfdf :Sofg u/]/ jf lr7Ldfkm{t k7fpg ;Sg'x'g]5 . ;w}Fem}+ d'gfn] efOalxgLsf]
l;h{gfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . n]v /rgf k7fpFbf efOalxgLn] cfˆgf] kmf]6f] clgjfo{
k7fpg'xf]nf .
;Dkfbs

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 3

 :s'n sg{/ klg cfdfsf] cx+ e"ldsf x'G5 .
afnaflnsf x'ls{P/ ljBfno hfg yfn]kl5

;+ :s[tdf Znf]s g} 5, …gfl:t ljBf ;d]

rIf'gf{l:t dft[ ;df]u'¿Ú cyf{t\ ;+;f/df
ljBf h:tf] s'g} g]q 5}g / cfdf h:tf] sf]xL
pgLx¿sf] z}lIfs pGgogsf nflu cleefjs
ljBfnok|lt ljZj:t x'G5g\ . cfdf–afaf 3/,
Joj;fo / sfof{nosf sfddf Jo:t x'g'kg{]
u'¿ x'Fb}gg\ . cfdfsf] dxTj hLjgsf s'g If0fdf afWotf klg 5 . hfFul/nf] / k];fk|lt k|lta4
x'Fb}g / < b; dlxgf ue{df /fv]/ sl7g kL8fn] lzIfsn] cleefjssf]] Tof] ljZjf;nfO{
;Gtfg k}bf ePb]lv kfngkf]if0f ug{, x'sf{pg / cfkm\gf] st{Jodf ¿kfGt/0f klg ul//x]sf
plrt lzIff Pj+ ;+:sf/df cleefjs, To;df x'G5g\ . ljBfnosf] PSnf] k|of;n] ljBfyL{sf]
u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] nIo k"/f x'g ;Sb}g .
lzIffljb\ k|f=8f= ljgos'df/ s'l;otn]
cfkm"n] k9fOdf l9nf;':tL ubf{ cfdfn]
;Demfpg] u/]sf] / To;af6 k|]l/t ePsf] xfn}
Ps cfn]vdf JoQm ug'{ePsf] 5 . æafa' ltd|f]
lktfhLn] lzIff cfh{g ug{ g;s]sf] kl/0ffd d}n]
ef]u]F . d]/f] Tof] ;kgf ltdLaf6 k"/f xf];\ eGg]
rfxfG5' .Æ cfdfsf tL egfOnfO{ 8f= s'l;otn]
;Demg 'dfq ePsf] 5}g, gofF k':tfsf nflu k|]/0ff
k|sfz l;njfn ldnf];\ eg]/ ;fj{hlgs ug'{ePsf] 5 .
kb\df]bosf] z}lIfs ;'wf/ cleofg cfdf–afaf 3/, Joj;fo / sfof{nosf
sfddf Jo:t x'g'kg{] afWotf klg 5 .
aRrfnfO{ :t/Lo lzIff hfFul/nf] / k];fk|lt k|lta4 lzIfsn]
cleefjssf]] Tof] ljZjf;nfO{ cfkm\gf]
:s"nn] u'xf¥of]{ st{Jodf ?kfGt/0f klg ul//x]sf
x'G5g\ . ljBfnosf] PSnf] k|of;n]
cfdfnfO{ ljBfyL{sf] u'0f:t/Lo lzIffsf] nIo k"/f
x'g ;Sb}g .

4 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 æ5f]/f 5f]/Ln] u[xsfo{ u/]sf 5g\
ls 5}gg\ eg]/ lgoldt x]lb{g'.
;kmf;'U3/df Wofg lbg nufpg'.
ljBfnon] gaf]nfP klg ;do ;dodf
cfP/ ;f]wk'5 ulb{g'.Æ cfdfx¿;Fusf
ck]IffnfO{ ;'gfpFb} k|wfgfWofks
gf/fo0fk|;fb uf}tdn] eGg'eof].

ljBfnodf cWoog/t 5g\ .

ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIf
jL/]Gb| -t'N;Lk|;fb_ cj:yLn] k9fOdf ;'wf/
Nofpg cleefjnfO{ af]nfP/ ljBfyL{sf
;d:of a'em\g] / ;dfwfg ug{] sf]l;;
eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . cfwf/e"t txb]lv g]kfnL
/ cª\u|]hL b'j} dfWoddf k9fOg] ;f] ljBfno
k|wfgfWofks gf/fo0fk|;fb uf}td :yfgLo Jofkf/L / Joj;foLsf 5f]/f5f]/L a9L
cWoog u5{g\ .
z}lIfs u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df cfdfx¿sf] ToxL k"j{k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf,
e"ldsfnfO{ ljBfnon] cg'e"t ug{] u/L k|of]u k"j{k|wfgGofofwLzx¿ s]bf/gfy pkfWofo,
u/fpg kxn x'g yfn]sf] 5 . cg'k/fh zdf{, k"j{dGqLx¿ 8f= k|sfzrGb|
sf7df8f}Fsf] d'6' kb\df]bodf]8 l:yt kb\df]bo nf]xgL, sdn yfkf, snfsf/x¿ xl/j+z
dfWolds ljBfnon] ljBfnodf sIff ! b]]lv % cfrfo{, dgf]h uh'/]n, /fds[i0f 9sfnsf
;Ddsf ljBfyL{sf cfdfx¿nfO{ afnaflnsfsf] k"j{ljBfyL{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] kb\df]bodf kl5Nnf]
lzIffaf/] ljdz{ sfo{qmd ;'? u/]sf] 5 . ;dodf ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof qmdzM a9\bf] 5 .
ljBfno / 3/df afnaflnsf s;/L k"j{k|fyldsb]lv sIff !@ ;Dd ;~rflnt
kl9/x]sf 5g\ < To;af/] cleefjs;Fu ;f] ljBfnodf ! b]lv # ;Dd dG6]Zj/L
;fd'bflos ljBfnodf sd} dfqfdf bf]xf]/f] ;+jfb 9fFrfdf l;sfOG5 . ljBfnon] v]Nb} l;Sb}sf]
x'g] cj:yfdf pQm ljBfnosf] lgdGq0ffnfO{ dfGotfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 . ljBfnodf
cfdfx¿n] ;xif{ :jLsf/]]/ lzIff ;'wf/sf] ofqfdf xfn k"j{k|fyldsb]lv sIff !) ;Dd $() /
;fd]n x'g] ;ª\sNk u/]sf 5g\ . sIff !! / !@ df %&) ljBfyL{ cWoog/t 5g\
æ5f]/f 5f]/Ln] u[xsfo{ u/]sf 5g\ ls eg] lzIfs sd{rf/Ltkm{ sIff !) ;Dd $@ /
5}gg\ eg]/ lgoldt x]lb{g' . ;kmf;'U3/df Wofg dflyNnf] sIffdf @* hgf sfo{/t 5g\ .
lbg nufpg' . ljBfnon] gaf]nfP klg ;do cf7 /f]kgL hUufdf km}lnPsf] ;f] ljBfnon]
;dodf cfP/ ;f]wk'5 ulb{g' .Æ cfdfx¿;Fusf ljBfyL{sf] rfk y]Ug sIff ^ b]lv ( ;Dd egf{
ck]IffnfO{ ;'gfpFb} k|wfgfWofks gf/fo0fk|;fb ug'{k"j{ k|j]z k/LIff lng] u/]sf] 5 . o; jif{ tL
uf}tdn] eGg'eof] . sIffdf #%) hgfn] k|j]z k/LIff lbPsfdf !%)
cfdf ;d"xsf] a}7sdf ;xefuL lgd{nf gofF ljBfyL{nfO{ dfq} egf{ ul/Psf] k|wfgfWofks
vqLn] o; k|sf/sf] a}7s ljBfnodf klxnf] uf}tdn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .
k6s ePsf] / o;df aRrfx¿sf] k9fOaf/] lj;+ @))# df :yflkt ;f] ljBfnonfO{
lzIfs / cleefjsaLr bf]xf]/f] ;+jfbsf] sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfn] sIff !! / !@ df
cj;/ ldn]sf] k|ltlqmof lbg'eof] . cleefjs lj1fgtkm{ gd'gf agfpg] nIo;lxt cg'bfg lbg
lzIfs ;ª\3sL ;b:o vqLsf b'O{ ;Gtfg ;f]xL yfn]sf] 5 . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 5

 hfgsf/L

lgb]{lzsfsf] cg';"rL %
cg';f/ ljBfnosf] d'Vo
efu Knf:6/ u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ 5
ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO
/ lkmsf kx]Fnf] /ª nufpg'kg]{
5 . kx]Fnf] /ª pHofnf] x'g] /
ljBfnosf] /ªn]
a'l4hLjLnfO{ dg kg]{ ePsfn] s:tf] k|efj k5{ <
o;nfO{ aflx/L efudf k|of]u
ug{ elgPsf] 5 .

af naflnsf k9\g], a'‰g] / pmhf{zLn

aGg] pd]/ afNosfn xf] . elgG5,
:s''n] ljBfyL{ hLjg . ljBfyL{ hLjg
Pp6f /dfOnf], pT;flxt / afn lqmofsnfk
klg hLjgsf nflu :d/0fLo cj:yfsf ¿kdf
lnOG5 . of] ;do dflg;sf] hLjg dxìjk"0f{
dflgG5 . ljBfyL{ hLjgsf] cWoogn] dflg;sf]
eljiosf] lbzflgb]{z u/]sf] x'G5 . d]g'sf sfsL{
…x'g] la?jfsf] lrNnf] kftÚ eg]em}+ ;fg}b]lv

6 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

cleefjssf] plrt /]vb]v, dfof, k]|/0ff, nufpg'kg]{ 5 .
lgb]{zg tyf ;xof]u kfpg ;s]sf afnaflnsf
eljiodf b]zsf c;n gful/s aGg ;S5g\ . cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk df]xn] lghL ljBfno
o; cy{df cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] k9fO n]vfOdf /f]hfOdf
ljz]if Wofg lbg] cleefjsn] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/L k9fpg clwsf+z
¿kdf b]zsf] ljsf;df klg e"ldsf v]n]sf] cleefjssf] /f]hfO lghL ljBfno x'G5 . ;/;tL{
7x5{ . To;sf nflu vf;u/L laBfnoleqsf x]bf{ ;/sf/LeGbf lghL ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf]
Joj:yfkg ug''{kg]{ ljleGg kIf M cfsif{0f klg w]/} lghLdf g} 5g\ . ;/sf/Lsf]
t'ngfdf lghL ljBfnodf dxFuf] z'Ns eP klg
ljBfnodf s:tf] /ª nufpg''k5{ < z}lIfs tyf jftfj/0fLo ¿kn] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff,
;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefun] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk tyf afnaflnsfd}qL
;fj{hlgs ejgdf k|of]u x'g] /ª;DaGwL l;sfO z}nL, ;fdflhs ultcg';f/ z}lIfs
lgb]{lzsf g} 5 t/ o;sf] kfngf gePkl5 lzIff cWofkg Joj:yfkg x'g] ePsfn] ;fdfGotof
ljefun] ;a} lhNnf lzIff sfof{nonfO{ …sn/ jftfj/0f vf]Hg] ul/G5 . /fd]5fk lhNnf
sf]8Ú k|of]u ug{ kl/kq u/]sf] 5 . lgb]{lzsfsf] 3/ePsL xfn sf7df8f}F tf/s]Zj/ gu/kflnsfdf
cg';"rL % cg';f/ ljBfnosf] d'Vo efu Knf:6/ a:b} cfPsL pdf e08f/L xfdLn] /fd|f] lzIff
u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ 5 / lkmsf kx]Fnf] /ª nufpg'kg]{ kfpg ;s]gf}F, aRrfnfO{ eg] Tof] sdL x'g glbg
5 . kx]Fnf] /ª pHofnf] x'g] / a'l4hLjLnfO{ dg ;'ljwfo'Qm z}lIfs jftfj/0f x]5f+}{, To:tf]
kg]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ aflx/L efudf k|of]u ug{ vf]Hbf lghL laBfnodf kfOG5 eGg''x'G5 .
elgPsf] lzIff ljefusf k|jQmf bLks zdf{n]
hfgsf/L lbg''eof] . ejgsf] 5fgf] /ftf] /ªsf] ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf
6]/fsf]6f 6fOn jf :n]6 x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ljBfnosf] ef}lts cj:yf afnd}qL l;sfO
o;}u/L ‰ofn / 9f]sfsf] rf}sf]; tyf vfkf jftfj/0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ k"jf{wf/dWo]
;]tf] jf uf9f v}/f] x'g'kg]{5 . sIff sf]7fsf ;a}eGbf dxìjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ljz]iftM z}lIfs
leQf lqmd jf cfO{ef]/L /ªsf] x'g'kg]{ Aoj:yf k|lqmofsf tLgj6f kIfx?M nufgL, k|lqmof /
5 . sfo{df Psfu|tf Nofpg], pHofnf]kg pknlAwdWo] ef}lts k"jf{wf/nfO{ nufgLsf]
a9fpg] / d}nf] gx'g] ePsfn] o:tf] /ª k|of]u kIfaf6 x]g]{ ul/G5 . ljBfnosf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/
ug{ elgPsf] 5 . o;}u/L l;lnª, ;efsIf, eGgfn] ljBfnosf] hUufhldg, ljBfno
sf]l/8f]/ / e¥ofªsf] leQfsf] dflyNnf] xftf, ljBfno ejg, sIffsf]7f, k|of]uzfnf,
efudf ;]tf] /ª nufpg ljefun] eg]sf] 5 . k':tsfno, kmlg{r/ -lkhgxf]n, 6]a'n,
sf]l/8f]/ / e¥ofªsf] tNnf] efudf eg] v}/f] /ª b/fh, ¥ofs, 8]:sa]Gr_, zf}rfno, vfg]kfgL,
v]nd}bfg, z}lIfs ;fdu|L, sfnf] / ;]tf]kf6L,
>Job[Zo ;fdu|L, b/fh, ljB'tLo pks/0f,
ljBfnosf] ef}lts kIf sDKo'6/, rd]gfu[x, 5fqfaf;, ;+/If0f u[x
afnd}qL z}lIfs jftfj/0fsf cflb kb{5g\ .
cGo kIfx?;Fu klg ;DalGwt ljBfnosf] ef}lts kIf afnd}qL z}lIfs
x'G5 . To;}n] afnd}qL jftfj/0fsf cGo kIf;Fu klg ;DalGwt
ljBfnosf ljljw kIfdWo] x'G5 . To;}n] afnd}qL ljBfnosf ljljw
kIfdWo] ef}lts kIfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ljz]if
ef}lts kIfsf] Joj:yfkgdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . /fd|f] ef}lts cj:yfn]
ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ x'G5 . u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|fKt ug{ dxìjk"0f{ e"ldsf
v]Ng] x'Fbf ljBfnosf] ef}lts Joj:yfkgsf]
kIfdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k/]sf] xf] . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 7

 lj1fg

PcfO{ M …cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;Ú

cyf{t\ 5f]6s/Ldf …PcfO{Ú
o;/L a'emf}“ eg]/ lrlgG5 . PcfO{n] xfd|f]
lbdfun] h:t} sfd u5{ .
sDKo'6/ cyjf s'g} klg
l8lh6n k|0ffnLsf nflu
dfG5]n] agfOlbPsf] dl:tis
eg]/ klg efOalxgLn] a'em\g
;S5f} .

ljZjf; /]UdL

c g'xf/ b]vfP/ cyjf cf}Fnfn] 5f]P/

df]afOnsf] …nsÚ v'n]sf] t efOalxgLn]
kSs} b]Vg'ePsf] xf]nf . clg o'6\o'adf afn
k6s df]afOndf cfkm"n] rfx]sf] k|Zg ;f]w]/
cfjfhaf6} pQ/ klg t kfpg'ePsf] xf]nf .
cflv/ of] ;a} s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 <
lel8of] x]bf{ qmd};Fu c¿ klg To:t} lel8of] sltkonfO{ of] hfb'h:tf] nfUg ;S5 .
cfpg] u/]sf] t ofb xf]nf . sltkonfO{ ;fdfGo g} klg nfUg;S5 t/ g
efOalxgLn] slxn} ;f]Rg'ePsf] 5, of] hfb' xf], g t ;fdfGo s'/f g} . h;/L xfdLn]
df]afOndf x'g] Dofkn] xfdLnfO{ s;/L 7\ofSs} ;f]r]sf]÷vf]h]sf] s'/f df]afOn cyjf sDKo'6/df
eg]s} 7fpFdf k'¥ofpF5 < …cf]s] u'unÚ eGb} slt clxn] ;lhn} kfpg ;S5f}F, To;sf] k5fl8

8 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

;ˆ6j]o/n] sfd ul//x]sf] x'G5 . h;nfO{ … u5{ . ltg} 8]6fsf] cWoog u/]/, To;nfO{ /fd|f];Fu
cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;Ú cyf{t\ 5f]6s/Ldf … s]nfP/ glthf lgsfN5 . elgG5, 8]6f g}
PcfO{Ú eg]/ lrlgG5 . PcfO{n] xfd|f] lbdfun] PcfO{sf] ;a} yf]s xf] . 8]6f geO{ PcfO{sf]
h:t} sfd u5{ . sDKo'6/ cyjf s'g} klg cf}lrTo x'Fb}g .
l8lh6n k|0ffnLsf nflu dfG5]n] agfOlbPsf] efOalxgLx¿, 8]6f eg]sf] ljj/0f xf],
dl:tis eg]/ klg efOalxgLn] a'em\g ;S5f} . tYofª\s xf] . h:tf] xfdLn] km];a's rnfpFbf
k|ljlwsf] clxn]sf] hdfgfdf PcfO{ ;a}eGbf xfd|f] gfd, pd]/, 7fpF /fV5f}F, Tof] g} 8]6f xf] .
w]/} rf;f]sf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . To;f] t casf km];a'sdf xfdLn] s] s] s'/f x]5f}{+, slt ;do
s]xL bzs PcfO{sf] bzs klg x'g]5 eg]/ x]5f}{+, sxfF sxfF uPsf] s'/f /fv]sf 5f}F, Tof] ;a}
rrf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . …8«fOe/n]; sf/Ú cyf{t\ cWoog u/]/ PcfO{n] xfd|f] ?lr / cfgLafgL
8«fOe/lagf g} sf/ rNg;Sg] ;kmn k/LIf0fkl5 kQf nufpF5 . To;}sf] cfwf/df xfd|f] km];a'sf]
t PcfO{nfO{ casf] eljio klg eGg] ul/G5 . Go'h lkm8df ldNbf]h'Nbf] s'/f cfpF5 . lhd]n,
o'6\o'a, l6s6s, OG:6fu|fd, Pk:6f]/ oL ;a}n]
s] xf] PcfO{ < o:tf 8]6fsf] cWoog u/]/ xfdL;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf]
PcfO{ Ps k|sf/sf] ;ˆ6j]o/ xf] . of] sG6]G6 b]vfpF5 .
;ˆ6j]o/n] ljleGg lsl;dsf 8]6fsf] k|of]u o;/L 8]6fsf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ To;nfO{

PcfO{;Fu w]/} 7"nf 7"nf 8]6f ;DalGwt dfG5];Fu pkof]uL x'g] u/L glthf
ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 . lgsfNg] sfd PcfO{n] u5{ . PcfO{;Fu w]/} 7"nf
To:tf 7"nf 8]6fnfO{ …lau 8]6fÚ 7"nf 8]6f ljZn]if0f ug]{ Ifdtf x'G5 . To:tf 7"nf
elgG5 . o:tf 8]6f dfG5] 8]6fnfO{ …lau 8]6fÚ elgG5 . o:tf 8]6f dfG5]
cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] dl:tis k|of]u u/]/ cWoog,
cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf] dl:tis k|of]u u/]/ ljZn]if0f ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5 t/ PcfO{n] 5f]6f]
cWoog, ljZn]if0f ug{ w]/} ;do ;dod} To;sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ rfx]sf] s'/f
nfU5 t/ PcfO{n] 5f]6f] ;dod} lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ .
To;sf] ljZn]if0f u/]/ rfx]sf] s'/f kl5Nnf] ;do efOalxgLn] dl;g nlg{ª,
lgsfNg ;xof]u u5{ . l8k nlg{ªh:tf zAbx¿ klg ;'g]sf] x'g'k5{ .
oL b'j} PcfO{leq} k5{g\ . dl;g nlg{ªn] k|fKt

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 9

8]6fnfO{ cWoog u/]/ sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fd agfpg
;xof]u u5{ . xfd|f 8]6f st} unt k|of]u x'g] /
cem ;lhnf];Fu eGg'kbf{ 5l/P/ /x]sf To;af6 vt/f a9\g] xf] ls eGg]
8]6fnfO{ k|fKt u/]/ To;}sf] cfwf/df o;n] lrGtf klg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf]
j}1flgs eljiojf0fL ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . ;'/Iffsf nflu PcfO{ lgdf{tfn]
hlt w]/} dl;g nlg{ªsf] k|of]u x'G5, Tolt g} 7"nf] nufgL klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
cg'ejsf] cfwf/df …cNuf]l/bdÚ sf] k|of]u u/]/ To;}n] efOalxgLn] OG6/g]6df
dl;g nlg{ªaf6 s'g} klg s'/fsf] cg'dfg ug{ cfˆgfaf/] 8]6f /fVbf w]/} Wofg
;lsG5 . h'g\ ljZjf;of]Uo x'G5 . cNuf]l/bd k'¥ofpg'k5{ .
Ps lsl;dsf] ;"q cyjf lgod xf] h;n] k|fKt
8]6fsf] u0fgf ug]{ cyjf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . kl/jt{g cfO/xG5 .
l8k nlg{ªn] s'g} klg s'/fsf] ulx/f] cWoog PcfO{ k|ljlwdf cfPsf] To:t} kl/jt{gsf]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ eGg] cy{ /fV5 . PcfO{sf] ;Gbe{df kl5Nnf] pbfx/0f xf] . hlt w]/} dfG5] k|ljlw
eg] l8k nlg{ª eGgfn]] ljleGg k|0ffnLaf6 k|fKt k|of]u u5{g\, Tolt g} w]/} 8]6f pTkfbg
8]6fnfO{ cWoog u/]/ dflg;sf] dl:tisn] h:t} x'G5g\ . dflg;n] x/]s lbg OG6/g]6df s]xL
1fg tyf hfgsf/L cfh{g ug]{ k|lqmof xf] . g s]xL 8]6f l;h{gf u/]s} x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf
…l8k nlg{ªÚn] 8]6fsf] cToGt ulx/f] ljZn]if0f nflu km];a'sdf xfdLn] s]xL gn]v] klg xfdLn]
u/]/ dfgj dl:tisn] h:t} sfd ug]{ s'/fnfO{ s:tf] s:tf] sG6]G6 x]¥of}F eGg] s'/f km];a'ssf]
hf]8 lbG5 . o;sf nflu w]/}eGbf w]/} ;"rgf cNuf]l/bdn] kQf nufOlbG5 . xfdLn] x]l//x]sf
tyf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u x'G5 . 8«fOe/ n]; sf/ s'/f km];a'sn] 8]6fsf ¿kdf lnG5 . o;/L
l8k nlg{ªsf] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . h'g OG6/g]6;Fu hf]l8Psf hf]sf]xLsf] 8]6f x'G5 .
u'unn] k/LIf0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o:tf] 8]6f cyfx x'G5 .
;du|df PcfO{ eGgfn] pknAw ;"rgf tyf 8]6f a9\b} hfFbf To;af6 dfG5]sf] cfgLafgL
tYofª\ssf] k|of]u u/]/ dflg;sf] dl:tisn] ug{ cWoog ug{ PcfO{ ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L
;Sg] sfdnfO{ PlKns];gdfkm{t u/fpg] k|0ffnL x'G5 . vf;u/L sDkgLn] cfˆgf] Joj;fo
xf] . o;n] s:tf] cj:yfdf dfG5]n] s:tf] lg0f{o a9fpg, cfˆgf jf:tljs u|fxs klxrfg ug{ /
lng ;S5, kl/l:yltcg';f/ dfG5]sf] s:tf] k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;w}F cfˆgf] ;]jf k|of]u ug{ k|]l/t
k|ltlqmof x'g;S5 eGg];Dd hfgsf/L ;S5 . ul//xg PcfO{sf] k|of]unfO{ hf]8 lbO/x]sf 5g\ .
csf]{lt/ :jf:Yo If]qsf 7"nf 7"nf cWoog,
PcfO{ g} eljio dflg;sf] b}lgs ultljlw / cfgLafgLsf]
efOalxgLnfO{ yfxf g} xf]nf, k|ljlw Ps} hfgsf/L lng]h:tf sfdsf nflu PcfO{sf]
7fpF /xFb}g . ANofs PG8 XjfO6 l6eL :df6{ k|of]u a9\g yfn]sf] 5 .
6]lnlehg;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5, tf/ k|of]uaf6 PcfO{sf] k|of]un] w]/} 7"nf sfd ;xh} ug{
dfq 6]lnkmf]g ;Dej x'g] ;do tf/ljxLg ;lsg] eP klg o;sf] ;'/Iffsf] s'/f eg] ;w}F
df]afOn;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 . df]afOnd} klg pl7/xG5 . xfd|f 8]6f st} unt k|of]u x'g] /
6'hL, ly|hL x'Fb} kmf]/hL ljZjJofkL ag]sf] 5 . To;af6 vt/f a9\g] xf] ls eGg] lrGtf klg
cem sltko b]zn] kmfOehLsf] ;kmn k/LIf0f x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu PcfO{
ul/;s]sf 5g\ . lgdf{tfn] 7"nf] nufgL klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
l;S;hLaf/] klg cWoog cg';Gwfg To;}n] efOalxgLn] OG6/g]6df cfˆgfaf/] 8]6f
x'Fb}g . o;sf] dtnj k|ljlw lg/Gt/ /fVbf w]/} Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . cfgf uf]Ko 8]6f
abln/xG5 . ;docg';f/ ablng] dfG5]sf ;s];Dd OG6/g]6df /fVg] sfd ug'{x'Fb}g . unt
?lr, rfxgf / cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ klg sfd ug]{n] 8]6faf6} xflg ug{ ;Sg] ePsf]n]
gofF k|ljlwsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}n] k|ljlwdf efOalxgL o:tf] s'/fdf ;w}F rgfvf] x'g' x} . á

10 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

sljtf

afbnsf]
¿v
gLnf] gLnf] cfsfzdf
afbnsf] ?v .
ToxL ?vdf x]/ ;fyL
xfQLh:tf] ¿k .
;'F9 klg nfdf] nfdf]
7"nf 7"nf sfg .
s]zj/fh clwsf/L 8Nn] 8Nn] e'F8L 7"nf]
nlDsFb} 5 vfg .
x}g x}g 5}g To:tf]
d t b]V5' leGg} .
afFb/ xf] h:tf] nfU5
;s]gf} ls lrGg} <
k'R5/ 5 nfdf] nfdf]
pk|mgnfO{ l7Ss .
ltd|f] s'/f ;'Gbf ;'Gb}
nflu;Sof] lbSs .
km]l/ x]bf{ cfsfzdf
afbnsf] ?v .
Tof] ?v t km]l/P5
cs}{ cs}{ ¿k .
b'O{ ;fyL ub}{ lyP
aft 9]nkm]n .
g afFb/ g 5 xfQL
;dosf] v]n .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 11

 lj1fg
Plgd];gn] tl:a/, lrq
/ k|of]u ePsf kfqnfO{
rnlrqs/0f cyf{t\
ultzLn agfpg', j:t'
/ kfqnfO{ rnfodfg
ePsf] efg u/fpg' xf].
Plgd];gn] /]vflrq,
df]8]n, kfq, lghL{j
j:t'nfO{ ultzLn
agfpF5. clxn] of] k|ljlw
aRrf, afnaflnsf, o'jf
/ jo:s ;a} pd]/
;d"xsf JolQmdfem
lgs} ?rfOPsf] 5.

sf 6'{g eGg] lalQs} efOalxgLnfO{ 6d

PG8 h]/L, 8f]/]dg, 5f]6f eLd, df]6' cf}/
kTn'sf] ;Demgf x'G5 . km';{bsf] ;dodf /dfOnf] Plgd];g s] xf]
ug{ xfdL sf6'{g x]5f}{+ . sf6'{g x]bf{ /dfOnf] t x'G5
o;sf ;fy} oL sf6'{gn] xfdLnfO{ s]xL 1fgu'gsf
s'/f;d]t l;sfpF5g\ . To;}n] efOalxgL Û o;
s;/L agfpg] <
k6s sf6'{g s;/L aG5 / Plgd];g s] xf] eGg] Plgd];g xf] . oL ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ sf6'{g ag]sf
ljifodf s]xL hfgsf/L lnpF x} t . 5g\ . h:tf] ls 6d PG8 h]/Ldf b]lvg] ;a} kfq
Plgd];g s] xf] t < Plgd];gsf] zAbsf] lghL{j x'g\ t/ Plgd];gsf] k|of]uaf6 pgLx¿
pTklQdf hfFbf, Plgd];g zAb Nofl6g … lxF8\g], xfpefp ug]{, xfF:g], ?g], vfg]h:tf xfdLn]
animātiōnÚ …Plgd];gÚ af6 cfPsf] xf], h;sf] ug]{ ;a} sfd u5{g\ . o;sf k5fl8 Plgd];g
cy{ hLjg k|bfg ug'{ eGg] x'G5 . Plgd];g k|ljlwn] sfd u/]sf] 5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGbf,
eg]sf] s'g} klg lghL{j j:t'nfO{ ;hLj k|f0fL;/x Plgd];gn] tl:a/x¿, lrqx¿ / k|of]u ePsf
xfpefp, ultzLn / rnfodfg agfpg] ljlw g} kfqx¿nfO{ rnlrqs/0f cyf{t\ ultzLn
agfpg', j:t' / kfqnfO{ rnfodfg ePsf] efg
u/fpg' xf] . Plgd];gn] /]vflrq, df]8]n, kfq,
lghL{j j:t'nfO{ ultzLn agfpF5 . clxn] of]
k|ljlw aRrf, afnaflnsf, o'jf / jo:s ;a}
pd]/ ;d"xsf JolQmdfem lgs} ?rfOPsf] 5 .
efOalxgLx¿ Û Plgd];gsf] If]q lgs} km/flsnf]
5 . xfdLnfO{ Plgd];g eGg] lalQs} sf6{'g jf
cho zdf{ Plgd]6]8 lkmNd eGg] ;DemG5f}F t/ Plgd];gdf
a|f]8sf:6 u|flkmS;, Sof/]S6/ Plgd];g, k|8S6
Plgd];g, eLPkmPS;, sDkf]lhl6ª, Dof6 k]lG6ª
12 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{
clxn] Plgd];g
sf6'{g, lkmNd
/ 8s'd]G6«L
sDKo'6/sf]
k|of]uaf6 aGg]
ePsfn] klxnfeGbf
;lhnf] ePsf] 5 t/
klg Plgd];g lgs}
vlr{nf], w]/} ;do
nfUg] / emGeml6nf]
5.
h:tf ljleGg ljwf 5g\ . oL Plgd];gsf ;Sb}g lxF8\g ;Sb}g To;df hLjg jf Hofg
cfˆg} If]q / pkof]u 5g\ . ljz]if u/L clxn] xfn] h:t} xf] . klxnf klxnf sf6'{g Plgd];g ubf{
rngrNtLsf cfwf/df Plgd];gnfO{ kfFr ljleGg xfp efpsf w]/} lrq cfjZos kYof]{
k|sf/df afF8\g ;lsG5, k/Dk/fut Plgd];g, To;sf w]/} lrq agfpg w]/} snfsf/n] lbg
@ 8L Plgd];g, ly|8L Plgd];g, df];g u|flkmS; /ft sfd uy]{ . clxn] Plgd];g sf6'{g, lkmNd
jf eLPkmPS; Plgd];g / :6k df];g Plgd];g . / 8s'd]G6«L sDKo'6/sf] k|of]uaf6 aGg] ePsfn]
;g\ !()* cu:6 !& df k]l/;sf] ufpdf]G6 klxnfeGbf ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 t/ klg Plgd];g
sDkgLn] ;+;f/sf] klxnf] k"0f{ Plgd]6]8 sf6{'g lgs} vlr{nf], w]/} ;do nfUg] / emGeml6nf] 5 .
Fantasmagorie ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lyof] . efOalxgLx¿ Û Plgd];gsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]
of] sf6'{g OdfOn sf]x]nn] xftn] sf]/]/ agfPsf k|of]u dgf]/~hgsf nflu x'g] u5{ . Plgd];g
lrqaf6 tof/ ePsf] klxnf] sf6'{g Plgd];g xf] . k|ljlw clxn] l6eLdf, kmf]gdf / OG6/g]6df
Plgd];g zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] zAb Plgdfaf6 k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . 6]lnlehgdf, Plgd];g k|foM
lnOPsf] xf], h;sf] cy{ cfTdf x'G5 . Plgd];g lj1fkg ;Gb]z lbg, afnaflnsfnfO{ dgf]/~hg
o:tf] k|ljlw xf] h;sf] k|of]uaf6 Ps lrq, kmf]6f] lbg sf6'{g, lkmNd / 8s'd]G6«Ldf k|of]u ul/G5 .
jf j:t'nfO{ jf:tjd} rNg ;Sg], lxF8\g ;Sg] h;n] pgLx¿nfO{ /dfOnf] ug{, xfF:g / nfdf]
/ af]Ng ;Sg] agfOG5 . efOalxgLx¿ Û csf]{ ;do;Dd dgf]/~hg lbg] u5{ . á
;/n zAbdf eGbf Ps lrq jf kmf]6f hf] rNg -Ph]G;L tyf ljleGg cgnfOgsf] ;xof]udf_

!) /dfOnf Plgd];g l;sfpg] df]afOn Pk

1. Animation Kit (iPhone, iPad)
2. Toontastic (Android, iPhone, iPad)
3. Tellagami (iPhone, iPad)
4. Animoto (iPhone, iPad)
5. FlipaClip - Cartoon Animation (Android, iPhone, iPad)
6. Puppet Pals HD (iPhone, iPad)
7. Animation Desk (Android, iPhone, iPad)
8. PicsArt Animator (Android, iPhone, iPad)
9. Stop Motion Studio (Android, iPhone, iPad)
10. Stick Nodes - Animator (Android, iPhone, iPad)

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 13

 v';L
‘o;/L x'G5f}+ ===’

w]/} dflg;n] wg ;DklQ efOalxgLx¿ Û ltdLx¿ ;fg} pd]/af6

ePsfnfO{ dfq ;'vL / v';L n]vk9 ug{ yfn]sf 5f} . ltdLdWo] s]xLnfO{
n]Vg k9\g lgs} /dfOnf] nfU5 . s]xLnfO{ eg]
b]Vb5g\ . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, v';L k9\g n]Vg dg} nfUb}g xf]nf . ;fFRr} ltdLdWo]
x'g g;Sg] dfG5] wg ;DklQ / s]xLn] t eljiodf /fd|f] sfd kfpg / k|z:t
;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]/ klg v';L wg sdfpg'k5{ eg]/ klg kl9/x]sf 5f} xf]nf .
eljiodf s]xL /fd|f] u/fF} eg]/ . clxn] d]xgt
x'g ;s]sf] x'Fb}g . ug{' lgZro klg /fd|f] s'/f xf] . ljBfnodf ltdLn]
efiff, lj1fg, ul0ft / ;fdflhs ljifo k9\5f}
xf]nf . /, oL ljifo kSs} klg k/LIff k9\gs}
nflu agfOPsf ljifo xf]Ogg\ . xfdLn] c¿;Fu
s;/L s'/fsfgL ug{'k5{ < k|s[ltdf ljleGg 36gf
s] sf/0fn] eO/x]sf 5g\ < ljleGg km/s ts{
lbg;Sg] / 1fg lnP/ ljifo j:t'df ;dfwfg
lbg ;Sg] aGg lj1fg / ul0ft ljifo k9]sf 5f}
g} . o;afx]s ;fdflhs ljifon] ;dfhdf s;/L
k|]dgf/fo0f e';fn a:g] < l5d]sL;Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{nufotsf
s'/f l;sfpF5 . ltd|f] ljBfnodf g[To, snf,

14 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

;ª\uLt, :jf:Yo tyf zf/Ll/snufotsf ljifo
klg k7gkf7g x'g] ub{5g\ Sof/] Û cfhsn ;+;f/sf
ltd|f] dgdf s:tf] s'/f rn]sf] 5 < To; w]/} b]zn] ljBfnosf
s'/fn] ltdLnfO{ v';L agfPsf] 5 ls 5}g <
clg v';L x'gsf nflu s] ug{'k5{ < eGg] ljifo kf7\oqmddf v';L
ljBfnodf k9fO x'G5 t < v';L t x'g] s'/f x'g] snfnfO{ klg
xf] k9\g] s'/f xf]Ogh:tf] nfUg;S5 ltdLnfO{ . hf]8]sf 5g\ . tL
hLjgdf geO{ gx'g] / ;Dk"0f{ lsl;dsf pknlAw b]zdf afnaflnsfnfO{
xfl;n u/]kl5 a9LeGbf a9L vf]lhg] lrh v';L
g} xf] . olt dxìjk"0f{ s'/f eP klg lsg st} klg ljBfnodf s;/L
v';L x'g gl;sfPsf] xf]nf < v';L x'g] eGg]af/] klg
;dfhdf ltdLn] w]/} lsl;dsf dflg; b]v]sf l;sfpg] ul/G5 .
5f} . wgL, ul/a, lzlIft, clzlIft, bofn',
lgb{oL ;xof]uL, c;xof]uL cg]sf}F lsl;dsf
dflg; ;dfhdf e]l6G5g\ . w]/} dflg;n] wg nflu k9\g'k5{, ;fyLn] eGbf /fd|f] ug{'k5{ dfq
;DklQ ePsfnfO{ dfq ;'vL / v';L b]Vb5g\ . eg]sf] ;'lgG5 . /fd|f] k9]/ w]/} cª\s Nofpg'k5{
ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, v';L x'g g;Sg] dfG5] wg eGb} cleefjsn] k9fOnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] klg
;DklQ / ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]/ klg v';L x'g kfOG5 . cfdf–afn] dfof gu/]/ lsg ;w}F k9–
;s]sf] x'Fb}g . p;n] hlt ;kmntf kfP klg, k9 dfq eGg'x'G5 h:tf] klg nfU5 ltdLnfO{ .
aflx/af6 hlt ;DkGg b]lvP klg leq}af6 v';L pxfFx¿n] ltdLnfO{ dfof u/]s}n] k9\gsf nflu
x'g hfg]sf] x'Fb}g . oltv]/ p;sf wg ;DklQn] k|]l/t ug{'ePsf] xf] t/ k9fO dfq ;a}yf]s eg]
p;nfO{ emg} b'MvL agfPsf x'G5g\ . xf]Og lg . k9fO ;Fu;Fu} /fd|f s'/fsf] l;sfO
dg v';L ePg eg] wg ;DklQ sfd x'g'kb{5 .
nfUb}g . xfd|f dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fn] o'g]:sf]n] l;sfOsf rf/j6f ;"q cufl8
klg eg]sf 5g\ lg . ltdLnfO{ ;Demgf 5 æ;fu ;f/]sf] 5 . p;sf cg';f/ xfd|f] l;sfO s]xL
/ l;:g' vfPsf] a]; cfgGbL dgn] .Æ dg gofF s'/f hfGgsf nflu x'g'kb{5 . o;eGbf
v';L ePsf] dflg; eg] gld7f] vfgf vfFbf jf cem a9L cfkm" / ;dfhsf nflu s]xL /fd|f]
;fdfGo lsl;dn] afFRbf klg v';L x'g;Sb5 . sfd ug{sf nflu x'g'kb{5 . t];|f] ;"qsf ¿kdf
csf]{ lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] hLjgsf] ;a}eGbf o'g]:sf]n] c;n aGgsf nflu l;sfO x'g'kb{5
7"nf] pknlAw eg]sf] v';L eP/ afFRg ;Sg' eg]sf] 5 . p;n] rf}yf] ;"qsf ¿kdf ;dfh /
xf] . ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5, clxn] ;+;f/df dfgl;s ;fyLefO;Fu ;Fu} /xgsf nflu l;sfO ug{'kg]{
;d:of lgs} a9]sf] 5 . dfgl;s ;d:ofdWo] s'/f cl3 ;f/]sf] 5 . cfhsf xfd|f ljBfnodf
klg ;a}eGbf w]/} dflg; v';L x'g g;Sg] /f]un] hfGgsf nflu dfq l;sfO ug]{ rng a9]sf] 5 .
kLl8t ePsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ lat]sf] ;dodf u/]sf hfg]/ dfq k'Ub}g . jf:tjdf s]xL ug{sf nflu
sfd la;{g} ;Sb}gg\ . kZrftfk ub}{ pgLx¿sf] l;sfO x'g'kb{5 . To;eGbf cem a9L t c;n
lbg laT5 . csf{y/L dfG5] eljiodf s] x'g] dfG5] aGgsf nflu / ;d'bfodf /fd|f] dflg;
xf] eg]/ 8/fpFb} afFlr/x]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] ag]/ ;xof]uL e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf nflu l;sfO
klg jt{dfg ;dosf] oyfy{nfO{ a'em]/ cfgGb x'g' kbf]{ /x]5 .
lng ;Sb}gg\ . pbf;Lgtf / qf;bLh:tf /f]un] o'g]:sf], o'lg;]kmnufotsf ;+:yfx¿n]
pgLx¿ kLl8t ePsf x'G5g\ . v';L x'g] snf klg l;sfO ;Fu;Fu} l;Sg'kg]{
ljBfnodf w]/} ljifo k9] klg v';L x'g] snfsf] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ . cfhsn ;+;f/sf w]/} b]zn]
k9fO Hofb} sd ljBfno dfq x'G5 . ;fFRr} ljBfnosf kf7\oqmddf v';L x'g] snfnfO{
ltdLn] 3/df s;/L v';L x'g'k5{ eg]/ l;s]sf klg hf]8]sf 5g\ . tL b]zdf afnaflnsfnfO{
5f} t < w]/} h;f]sf] 3/df t c¿nfO{ lhTgsf ljBfnodf s;/L v';L x'g] eGg]af/] klg

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 15

 3/kl/jf/, cfkmGt, ;fyL;ª\uL / ljBfnodf
u'?x¿af6 dfof kfpFbf ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfU5 <
ltdL v';Ln] km'?ª\u x'G5f} xf]nf . c¿ dflg;n]
ltdLnfO{ ;Ddfg u/]/ af]Nbf ltdL leq}af6 v';L
x'G5f} xf]nf lg . ltdLn] u/]sf sfdsf] k|z+;f ub}{
ltd|f s'/f ;'lglbFbf emg\ v';L nfU5 xf]nf . c¿
dflg;n] cfkm"nfO{ d"No lbFbf k|fKt x'g] v';LnfO{
uDeL/ lsl;dsf] v';L elgPsf] 5 .
;a}eGbf pRr:t/sf] v';LnfO{ j}1flgsn]
lbuf] v';L gfds/0f u/]sf 5g\ . ;d:of ;dfwfg
ubf{ / gofF s'/f kQf nufpFbf ltdLnfO{ slQsf]
v';L nfU5 < /x:o yfxf kfpFbf / ;d:of
;dfwfg ubf{ k|fKt x'g] v';L nfdf] ;do;Dd
/xG5 . o; v';Ln] xfdLnfO{ emg} pdª\lut
agfpF5 . oltv]/ xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ wGojfb
lbg ;Sb5f}F . xfd|f dgdf s:tf ljrf/ cfPsf
5g\ a'‰g ;Sb5f}F . cfkm"nfO{ ;r]t cj:yfdf
/fVg ;Sb5f}F . ;r]t cj:yfdf ul/Psf sfdn]
xfdLnfO{ emg} v';L agfpF5 .
;a}eGbf pRr:t/sf] v';LnfO{ dg t lgs} r~rn x'G5 lg . slxn]sfxLF t
j}1flgsx¿n] lbuf] v';L sIffdf k9fO eO/x]sf] a]nf klg dg stf stf
gfds/0f u/]sf 5g\. ;d:of 8'n]sf] x'G5 . cfkm}FnfO{ lrg]/ cfˆgf] z/L/ /
dgsf] jt{dfg cj:yfnfO{ dx;'; ug{ ;s]df
;dfwfg ubf{ / gofF s'/f kQf xfd|f] dg xfdLaf6 6f9f efUg ;Sb}g . z/L/;Fu}
nufpFbf ltdLnfO{ slQsf] v';L dg eof] eg] lat]sf 36gfn] xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg
nfU5 < /x:o yfxf kfpFbf / ;Sb}gg\ . eljiodf x'g] ;d:ofn] jt{dfgnfO{
;d:of ;dfwfg ubf{ k|fKt x'g] afwf k'¥ofpg klg ;Sb}gg\ . clg t xfdL
dxfTdf ufGwLn] eg]em}+ cfˆgf] ;f]rfO, egfO /
v';L nfdf] ;do;Dd /xG5. u/fOsf aLrdf ;dfgtf Nofpg ;Sb5f}F . ha
xfd|f] ;f]rfO, egfO / u/fO Ps} lsl;dsf] x'G5
ta xfdLdf v';Lsf] dfqf emg} a9\g yfNb5 .
l;sfpg] ul/G5 . v';L x'g] snf l;sfOg] b]zsf leq}af6 v';L eof}F eg] xfdLn] cK7\of/f
ljBfyL{n] lgs} /fd|f] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] sfd klg ;lhn} ;DkGg ug{ ;Sb5f}F . xfdLn]
kfOPsf] 5 . hLjge/ h] hlt sfd u5f}{F tL ;a}sf] cfzo
/fd|f] lrh kfPdf / dg nfu]sf] sfd ug{ xfdLnfO{ v';L agfpg] xf] .
kfPdf hf] klg v';L eOxfN5 lg h:tf] nfU5 ha xfdL cfkm" v';L x'G5f}F xfdL xfd|f]
xf]nf ltdLnfO{ t/ dgf]j}1flgsn] v';LnfO{ tLg ;dfh / ;dfhsf c¿ ;b:onfO{ klg v';L
k|sf/df afF8]sf 5g\ . xfd|f kfFr OlG›oaf6 k|fKt agfpg ;Sb5f}F . xfd|f] k9fO, n]vfO, l;sfO
x'g] v';LnfO{ pgLx¿n] ;a}eGbf tNnf] :t/sf] / v]nfO ;a} s'/fsf] nIo v';L x'g' g} xf] .
Ifl0fs v';Ldf /fv]sf 5g\ . dL7f] vfFbf, /fd|f] o;}n] cfkm"nfO{ lrgf}F, v';L agf}F / c¿nfO{ klg
nufpFbf, /fd|f] s'/f b]Vbf, dL7f] s'/f ;'Gbf / v';L agfpg] k|of; u/f}F . ljBfnodf u'?x¿af6
/fd|f] af:gf ;'ª\bf cfpg] cfgGb Ps}l5gdf v';L x'g] snf klg l;Sg' kb{5 . cfzf u/f}F
x/fP/ hfG5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd casf s]xL lbgdf ltd|f ljBfnodf klg v';L
v';L u/fpg ;Sb}g . x'g] snfsf] k9fO x'g]5 . á

16 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 syf

cfdfsf]
dfof
la xfgsf] ^ ah] g} /]l8of]sf
nflu df]6/;fOsndf
x]6f}F8f ahf/ lg:s]F . Pp6f
cf}iflw dfUof] xf]nf eGb} d
Psl5g t ;f]Rg afWo ePF .
Ps}l5gdf pm cf}iflw af]s]/ kf]
;fgf] afa' ;a};Fu cfˆgf] xft lgl:sof] .
km}nfpFb} k};f dflu/x]sf] lyof] . d}n] p;sf] lk5f ug{
s;}n] k};f lems]/ lbGy] t sf]xL 5f]l8gF . p bf}l8Fb} Ps hgf
gaf]nL lxF8y] . Tof] ;fgf] afa' la/fdL dlxnfsf] glhs k'Uof]
d]/f] glhs klg cfOk'Uof] . d;Fu / eGof] , cfdf cfdf cf}iflw
;LPd l/dfn klg k};f dfUof] . p;sf] gd| af]nL, vfg';\ . d}n] ltd|f nflu
dlng cg'xf/ b]v/] dnfO{ klg vf]sLsf] cf}iflw lsg]/ NofPsf]
dfof nfUof] . d}n] klg yf]/} k};f 5' lg . n em6\6} p7 ca
p;sf] xftdf lbPF . cf}iflw vfpmÆ eGb} s/fof] ..
;fgf] 5f]/fn] cfkm" dnfO{ nfUof], olt ;fgf] p;n] cfdfnfO{ w]/} dfof
czQm ePsf] afa'n] lsg k};f dfUb} lxF8]sf] ug{] /x]5 . ;fgf] 5f]/fn] cfkm"
xf]nf . dgdg} ;f]r]F . p;nfO{ czQm ePsf] ;dodf dfu]/
;dodf dfu]/ eP a]nfP/ s]xL ;f]w' ;f]w' nfUof] / eP klg cf}iflw lsg]/ vfg
klg cf}iflw lsg]/ af]nfPF . afa' of] k};f hyfefjL lbPsf]df cfdfsf] cg'xf/df
vfg lbPsf]df vr{ gu/ x} . v';L g} v';L b]lvGYof] . afa'n]
cfdfsf] cg'xf/df p x; eGb} af6f] nfUof] . emf]nfaf6 s]xL vfg]s'/f lems]/
v';L g} v';L d]/f] af6f] klg pt} ePsfn] d klg cfdfnfO{ v'jfpFb} lyof] .
b]lvGYof] . klg p;sf] kl5 kl5 nfUb} uPF . of] b[Zo b]v]/ d klg w]/} g}
afa' t xQkQ kmfd]{;Ldf k:of] . efj's ePF . cfdfsf] dfof
æ:of:of ub}{ p;n] Pp6f ;+;f/df ckf/ 5 . s;};Fu
vf]sLsf] cf}iflw dfUof] . lsg t'ngf ug{ ;lsFb}g .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 17

 sf]lknf

sljtf

k9\g' /fd|f] 5 k9\g' /fd|f] 5 .

k9\g k7fOb]pm laGtL xfd|f] 5 .
5f]/f5f]/L b'j} x'g\ ;Gtfg
k9\g' /fd|f] 5
b'O{ cfFvfsf gfgL x'g\ eG7fg .
g/fvg sfd dfq u/fO{
x'Gg ljsf; 5f]/L gk9fO .
k9\g] hfg] x] xfd|f bfh'efO
k7fp eg lbbL / a}gLnfO{ .
lbg laTof] r/fpFb} afv|f ufO{
d uf]7fnL k9]sf bfh'efO .
x]nf xf]nf xfdL hfg] 3/df eg
oxL s'/fn] lk/f]N5 xfd|f] dg .
;Demgf tfdfª
cfdf k9] ;Gtfg} lzlIft
xfd|f] ljsf; x'G5 lglZrt sIffM ^
;/:jtL dflj
clxn] esf] e]befj x6fpm 6f]vf, sf7df8f}F
;an] 5f]/L k9\g k7fpm .

18 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 syf
/fdsf] h'lQm
P sfb]zdf Pp6f ufpF lyof] . Tof] ufpF w]/}
7""nf] lyof] . Tof] ufpFsf] gfd gu/ lyof] .
gu/df b'O{ kl/jf/ a:g] uy]{, /fd / wgLnfnsf]
kl/jf/ . wgLnfnsf] kl/jf/ wgL lyof] eg]
/fdsf] ;fdfGo . wgLnfn ;DkGg kl/jf/sf .
p;n] k|foM 3/df w]/}h;f] kf6L{, ef]hsf sfo{qmd
eO/fVy] . /, pgLx¿n] sfo{qmd u/]/
rn]sf] ef]hkl5 ar]sf] vfgf hlxn] klg /fdsf]
3/cufl8 nu]/ ˆofFSy] . wgLnfnsf] kl/jf/n]
lg/Gt/ o:t} ul//xg] x'Fbf /fdsf] kl/jf/ lbSs
ePsf lyP . o;/L hlxn] klg cfˆgf] 3/cufl8
vfgf ˆofFs]sf] b]v]/ lrlGtt /fd / pgsL
>LdtL /Ltf Pslbg wgLnfn;Fu s'/f ug{ p;sf]
3/df uPsf lyP .
3/df uP/ pgLx¿n] vfgfsf ljifodf
s'/f u/] t/ pgLx¿sf] s'/f s;}n] klg Wofg
lbP/ ;'g]gg\ . To;kl5 /fd / /Ltf wgLnfnsf] cf?ifL ;fksf]6f
3/af6 lg:s] . /flt /fdnfO{ Pp6f /fd|f] h'lQm sIffM ^,
cfof] . clg p;n] csf]{ lbg wgL/fd l5d]sLsf] kf7zfnf g]kfn kmfpG8];g
3/cufl8 kmf]xf]/} kmf]xf]/ nu]/ ˆofFSof] . kmf]xf]/
ˆofFs]sf] yfxf kfPkl5 wgLnfn aflx/ cfof] . lrRofP/ /fdnfO{ af]nfof] . s] eof] < kmf]xf]/
b]v]/ l/; p7\of] tkfO{+nfO{ < ;f]Rg'xf];\ t x/]s
lbg xfdLnfO{ s:tf] dxx'; x'G5 xf]nf < x]g{'xf];\
d}n] of] rfx]/ u/]sf] kSs} xf]Og . of] t xh'/nfO{
;Demfpg / a'emfpgsf nflu u/]sf] x'F .
d]/f] o:tf] Jojxf/n] g/fd|f] nfUof] eg] d
dfkmL rfxG5' t/ cfkmF} ;f]Rg'xf];\ t of] kmf]xf]/
xfd|f] jftfj/0fsf nflu slt xflgsf/s 5 <
tkfO{+n] o;/L hyfefjL ˆofFs]sf] vfgfn] Psflt/
jftfj/0f k|b"lift x'G5 eg] csf]{lt/ cgfjZos
dufPsf] / v]/ uPsf] vfgfn] slt dfG5]x¿sf]
k]6 el/G5 < cfh ljZjdf ef]sd/Lsf sf/0f
wgLnfnsf] kl/jf/n] lg/Gt/ slt w]/} dflg; dl//x]sf 5g\ <
slt w]/} afnaflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/
o:t} ul//xg] x'Fbf /fdsf] kl/jf/ ePsf 5g\ < xf], tkfO{+nfO{ ;r]t u/fpg
lbSs ePsf lyP. o;/L hlxn] xfdLn] tkfO{+sf] 3/cufl8 kmf]xf]/ kmfn]sf xf}F .
klg cfˆgf] 3/ cufl8 vfgf xfdLn] slxNo} vfgf ˆofFSg' x'Fb}g / aRof] eg]
ˆofFs]sf] b]v]/ lrlGtt /fd cfjZos k/]sf] dfG5]nfO{ lbg'k5{ .Æ /fdsf] s'/f
wgLnfnn] a'‰of] / cab]lv vfgf gˆofFSg]
/ pgsL >Ldlt /Ltf Pslbg lg0f{o u¥of] . of] syfaf6 xfdLn] vfgfsf] dxìj
wgLnfn;Fu s'/f ug{ p;sf] a'em\of}F / hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfNg' unt xf] eg]/
3/df uPsf lyP. yfxf kfof}F . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 19

d ;fg} 5' . d w]/} s'/f ug{ / af]Ng t ;lSbg
t/ cfdfn] l;sfPsf] s'/f 1fgL eP/ dfG5' .
dnfO{ 6]lnlehg x]g{ / lrq syf clg sf6{'g
dgsf] s'/f d'gfdf
x]g{ dg k5{ . 7"nf] ePkl5 klg d 6]lnlehgdf
;dfrf/ k9\g] sfd ug{] eg]/ ;f]lr/x]sf] lk|G; e6\6/fO{
5' . d}n] s]xL lbg klxnf Pp6f afnaflnsfsf] sIffM o's]hL
sfo{qmddf efu lnPF . 7"nf] :6]hdf lxF8\g clg nf]6; :s'n /fgLaf/L
dfOs ;dfP/ af]Ng klg hfg]F . dnfO{ u'?x¿n]
l;sfpg'eof] .
dh:t} w]/} ;fyL / bfOlbbLn] klg l;Sg'eof] .
Tof] sfo{qmddf d ;a}eGbf ;fgf] lyPF . ;a}n] dh:t} w]/} ;fyL / bfOlbbLn]
dnfO{ dfof ug{'x'GYof] . d}n] lj:tf/} !% lbgsf] klg l;Sg'eof]. Tof] sfo{qmddf
aLrdf dfG5]sf] cufl8 af]Ng], gfRg] / dgsf
s'/f g8/fOsg eGg l;s]F . xfd|f] sfo{qmdsf] d ;a}eGbf ;fgf] lyPF. ;a}n]
clGtd lbg Ps xhf/eGbf a9L dfG5]sf] cufl8 dnfO{ dfof ug{'x'GYof].
d}n] klg cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg] clg k|Zgsf]
pQ/ lbg] u/F] . d]/f] pQ/ lbPsf] ;a}nfO{ dg
k/]5 . cufl8 a:g'ePsf] lg0ff{osn] dnfO{
tfnL ahfP/ :jfut ug{'eof] . ;fgf] eP klg /]l8of] g]kfndf nu]/ 3'dfOlbg] eGg'ePsf] 5 .
xfdLn] 7"nf] sfd ug{ ;lsg] /x]5 . cufl8 d klg 7"nf] ePkl5 bfOlbbLh:t} af]Ng] /x/ 5 .
pleP/ af]Ng] afgL ePkl5 d}n] :s'ndf klg d}n] sfo{qmddf efu lnPkl5 gfRg klg hfg] .
;fyLx¿sf] cufl8 af]Ng] afgL ul//x]sf] 5' . af]Ng klg hfg] . km';{b eof] eg] km]l/ klg cEof;
3/df cfdfn] Pslbg g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf of ul//xg] 5' . á

d]/f] b]z vf]Hb} lxF8] d]/f] b]z xhf/f}Fsf] tfFtLleq

g]kfn cflv/df b]z kfPF d}n] cfˆg} 5ftLleq .
slt ;'Gb/ d]/f] b]z t/fO{, kxf8 lxdfn
km"naf/L em}+ ;'Gb/ kfPF cfˆg} b]z g]kfn ..
jL/x¿sf] alnbfg / /utsf] ufyf
ax'n hflt, efiff, wd{ ;'Gb/ g]kfn dftf .
ljZj ;fd' ge'ms]sf] ;u/dfyf em}+ lz/
:jfjnDaL clt c6n g]kfn em}+ jL/ ..
lxdfnsf] lxpFb]lv t/fO{sf] pj{/ df6f]
d g]kfnL :jfledfgL g]kfn g} clGtd af6f] .
zfGt g]kfn eujfg\ a'4 zflGtsf cu|b"t
of] b]zsf] /Iff ug{ ldnLh'nL p7 ..
gbLgfnf, kxf8, kj{t ;Dkbfsf] wgL
uj{ u5f}{+ g]kfnnfO{ g]kfnL xf}F xfdL .
k|flKt e6\6 ;'g rfFbL xL/fdf]tLeGbf Kof/f] b]z
sIffM &, afns'~h dfWolds ljBfno ;lhPsf g]kfnLsf] emg}\ /fd|f] e]if ..
n'e'–*, nlntk'/

20 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 lh1f;f
;fyLsf] ;xof]u
t/ ToxfF cfpg'ePsf clwsf/sdL{n] /fd|f] 5'jfO
/ eGgfn] s;}n] v/fa lgot g/fvL dfof :g]xn]
x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;xL 5'jfO eG5, elg/xFbf
d]/f] dgdf r} em:; k¥of] unt 5'jfO eg]sf]
s:tf] x'G5 xf]nf . dgdf k|Zg p7\of] . ;a} ;fyL
r'k lyP t/ clwsf/sdL{ eg] af]ln/x]sf lyPF .
ha/h:tL r'Dag ug{ vf]Hg', cfkm"eGbf
;fgfnfO{ of}g;DaGwL lel8of] b]vfP/ anfTsf/
ug'{, uf]Ko cª\u jf cK7\of/f] nfUg] 7fpFdf xft
xfNg' / 5'g' v/fa 5'jfO xf] . o;/L elg/xFbf
;f;f clwsf/L d]/f] 3/ glhssf] ;fyLnfO{ csf]{ 3/df a:g]
sIffM * a'af ;dfgsf] dfG5]n] To;}u/L 5f]Psf] s'/f
gjf]bo lzz' ;bg d]/f] ;fyLn] dnfO{ ;'gfPsf] ofb cfof] . pm klg
x]6f}+F8f lx+;fdf k/]sL /lxl5g\ eGg] s'/f aNn yfxf kfPF .

3f d cfˆg} 3/sf] 5fgfdfly cfO{ k'lu;s]sf]

lyof] . ha d]/f] cfFvf v'n] . /flt
ca]/;Dd u[xsfo{ ug'{k/]sfn] laxfg l9nf;Dd
/fd|f] s'/f l;Sg kfPsf]df xfdL ;a} v';L
lyof}F . ljBfnon] ;do;dodf o:tf sfo{qmdsf]
cfof]hgf ug]{ xf] eg] xfdLn] w]/} s'/f yfxf
;'ltP5 . xtf/xtf/ p7]/ laxfgsf] vfhf vfPF . kfpF5f}F . clwsf/sdL{nfO{ labf u/]/ ;a} sIff
k':ts x]g]{ ;do klg kfOgF, Aofu 7Ls u/]/ ;lsPkl5 3/ cfO{ gk'Ub} /f]zgL af6f]d} emf]qmfP/
aflx/ lg:sFbf vfgf tof/ eO;s]sf] /x]5 . a;L /x]sL lyOg\ . afafnfO{ :s'6/ /f]Sg nufP/
…gfgL vfgf vfg cfOhf]Ú cfdfn] d /f]zgLtkm{ a9]F .
af]nfpg'eof] . …x'G5, x'G5Ú eGb} ljBfno æ/f]zgL s] eof] <Æ d}n] ;f]w]F .
kf];fs nufPF, skfn sf]/]/ vfgf vfg a;]F . æ8/ nfUof] 3/ hfgÆ /f]zgLn] egL .
xtf/xtf/d} vfgf vfP/ ljBfnotkm{ nfu]F . d ælsg 8/fPsf] <Æ d}n] km]l/ k|Zg u/]F .
k'Ubf ljBfnodf k|fy{gf ;'? eO;s]sf] /x]5 . ækm]l/ dnfO{ Tof] dfG5]n] To;/L g} x]l//x]sf]
emf]nf 5]pdf /fvL d klg k|fy{gfdf hf]l8PF . 5 pm af6fdf x]/ tFÆ geGb} Tof] dfG5] ToxL
k|fy{gf ;lsPkl5 d cfˆgf] emf]nf af]s]/ sIfftkm{ lyof] . d}n] p;sf] xft ;dft]F / eg]F æ/f]zgL Tof]
nfu]F . klxnf] 306L g} cfh g]kfnL ljifosf] dfG5]sf] 5'jfO unt 5'jfO xf]Æ To;sf af/]df
lyof] . ;fydf clwsf/sdL{sf] pkl:ylt /x]sf] ltdLn] af]Ng'k5{ lxF8 hfcf}F æd klg af]N5' .Æ
lyof] . ;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ u/]/ u'?afn] cfh /f]zgL 8/fO8/fO d;Fu} cfOg\ . Tof] dfG5]nfO{
ltdLx¿nfO{ pxfFx¿n] ;xL / unt 5'jfOsf /f]zgLn] s'/f ug{ yfn]kl5 …Tof] dfG5] 8/fof]Ú
af/]df s]xL s'/f eGg cfpg'ePsf] 5 . ufpFsf ;a} hgf hDdf ePF, /f]zgLdfly ePsf]
æslt hgfnfO{ yfxf 5 xft p7fp tF <Æ u'?n] lx+;f pm gaf]Ngfn] r'k lyof] . af]n]kl5 ;a}n]
;f]Wg'eof] . /f]zgLn] cfkm"nfO{ yfxf gePsf] t/ yfxf kfP / p;nfO{ k'ln;sf] lhDdf nufOof] .
hfGg rflxF pT;'stf atfOg\ . u'?n] s;}nfO{ /f]zgLsf] cg'xf/df v';L 5fof] . d klg v';L
cfpF5 eg]/ ;f]Wbf ;a}n] 6fpsf] lgx'/fP/ ePF . cfh ljBfnodf l;s]sf s'/f sfd nfUof],
a;]F . sIffsf]7fsf] ;]tf] kf6L{df Pp6f lrq xfdL o'6\o'adf cg]s y/Lsf s'/f x]g'{eGbf
b]lvof] . cfkm"h:t} s]6f / s]6Lsf] lrqn] ;a}sf] o:tf s'/f lsg x]b}{gfF}, lsg ;f]Rb}gfF} cfkm}Fn]
Wofg lvRof] . cfkm"dfly k|Zg ul//x]F . s]an k|Zgsf] jiff{t\df
…nf s] xf]nfÚ d]/f] dgdf lg pT;'stf nfUof] /ft lalt/x]sf 5g\ . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 21

 sljtf

l/t]z rf}nfufOF
sIffM *
Kof/fug klAns :s'n
sf7df8f}F
cfdf
cfdf . ltdL hGd lbg] dnfO{
cfdf . ltdL k|f0f lbg] dnfO{
cfdf . ltdL af]6, d km"n To;sf]
xf] bfg ltd}| hlt h] 5 d]/f] .
cfdf . 5 ltd|f] dlxdf ckf/
l;l4Gg ufP klg af/Daf/
x/bd axfOsg k|]dwf/f
lbG5\of} dnfO{ sltsf] ;fxf/f .
c;ª\Vo ltd|f] u'0fsf] ltldQ
s]xL s'/f 5}g lbg] daf6
;+;f/ of] hlt ;hfpg] 5'
;k"t ltd|f] sxnfpg] 5' .
lalu|/x]sf] d agfOlbG5'
;f/f ?g]nfO{ x;fOlbG5'
1fgL eO{ gfd sdfO pRr
aGg]5' ltd|f] d ;'of]Uo k'q .

22 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 n]v
1fgu'gsf s'/f

;fs{sf] t];|f] lzv/ ;Dd]ng g]kfndf ;DkGg

cGtl/Ifdf dfgj;lxt ofg ePsf] lyof] . ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddn]gdf g]kfnsf
k7fpg] klxnf] /fi6« /l;of xf] . tkm{af6 ;a}eGbf a9L k6s efu lng] JolQm
lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g\ . pgn] kfFr k6s
e}/j cof{n ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf efu lnPsf lyP .
xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGwsf/
x'g\ . pgsf hoe'F8L,
unaGwL, sfps'tL,
Olt>L / b; cf}tf/
xf:oJoª\Uo lgaGw
x'g\ . pgn] oL
lgaGwsf dfWodaf6
;fdflhs ljs[ltnfO{
Joª\uofTds z}nLdf
k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld ;fxf/f xf] .
of] clk|msfdf k5{ .
ljZjdf
;a}eGbf w]/}
afFRg] k|f0fL
s5'jf xf] .

;"o{nfO{ x]g{ agfOPsf] pks/0fnfO{

Heleoscope elgG5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ;fIf/tf lbj; * ;]K6]Da/df

dgfOG5 .

g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] @%cf}F

:yfgdf k5{ eg] Pl;ofsf] !!cf}F :yfgdf k5{ .

g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~h !@ j6f 5g\ . ;ld/ vgfn

lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fli6«o sIffM %
uf]bfj/L /]l;8]lG;on :s'n
lgs'~h xf] . á uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
;|f]t ;fdu|L ljleGg k':tssf] cWoogaf6
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 23
 sljtf

d[To'
dflg; s;/L d5{
ha uf]nL 5ftLleq k5{
of ha cGofo u5{ .

ha aU5 /Qm of ta aG5 czQm .

ha /f]u nfU5 of t ef]s nfU5 .

ha ltvf{ nfU5 of ha O{iof{ nfU5 . ;fo'Ho a:g]t

ha nf]e nfU5 of rf]6 nfU5 . sIffM *
uf]bfj/L /]l;8]lG;on :s'n
x'g t dflg; db}{g d[To'lt/ l3l;{P/ . uf]bfj/L, nlntk'/
pm d5{ lal;{P/ .

sfd afnf]/L 5Gb

:s'naf6 cfP/
cfˆgf] n'uf km]/]/
vfhf vfg a:5' d .

Psl5g v]n]/
;fyL;Fu e'n]/
u[xsfo{ u5{' d .
cg'idf l/dfn dL7f] vfgf vfP/
sIffM ! gofF syf ;'g]/
gjf]bo lzz' ;bg ;dod} ;'T5' d .
x]6f}F8f

24 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 syf u/]sf lyP .
;ljtfsf afa' ul/a g} eP klg ;dembf/
/ a'l4dfgL lyP / ;a}nfO{ ;dfg 7fGby] t/
sljtfsf afa'sf] eg] ul/anfO{ x]Kg] :jefj
lyof] . syf o:tf] lyof], jgdf b'O{j6f d[u lyP .
pgLx¿ ;fx|} ldn]/ a;]sf lyP . Ps lbg Pp6f
l;sf/Ln] Pp6f d[unfO{ 3fOt] agfof] . bf];|f]
d[u cln af7f] /x]5 . p;n] cfˆgf] ;fyLsf]
Hofg arfpg jgd} /x]sf] af3nfO{ cg'go
ljgo u¥of] . kl5 af3n] klg d[ux¿ klg
jgs} ;fyL x'g\ eGg] ;f]r]/ p;nfO{ arfpg'k5{
eGg] nfu]5 . l;sf/Lsf] glhs} uP/ ulh{of] .
l;sf/L t af3 b]v]kl5 Tof] 3fOt] d[u 5f8]/
efUof] . l;sf/Lsf] k~hfjf6 cfkm" afFr]kl5
d[un] af3nfO{ wGojfb lbof] .
syf ;s]/ sljtfn] egL, æafaf xfd|f]
klg /ut /ft} x'G5 . clg ul/asf] klg
/ut /ftf] x'G5 . hª\unL hgfj/df t
aflx/af6 cfPsf] l;sf/Lb]lv cfˆgf ;fyLnfO{
arfpg'k5{ eGg] efjgf cfpF5 eg] xfdL t dfG5]
xf}F lsg ul/anfO{ ;xof]u ug{] / 3d08 gug{]
sljtf / ;ljtfsf] afgL ug{'k5{ .
5f]/Lsf] s'/f ;'g]/ sljtfsf] afafn] cfˆgf]
d]n klg cfFvf v'n]sf] eGb} 5f]/LnfO{ wGojfb
lbP . sljtf v';L eO{ . ToxL lbgb]lv km]l/
sljtf / ;ljtfsf] kl/jf/ ;dfg tl/sfn] ldn]/
a:g yfn] . á
s ljtf / ;ljtf Pp6} sIffdf k9\g] ;fyL
x'g\ . sljtfsf afa' wgL kl/jf/sf
x'g\ eg] ;ljtfsf] afa' ul/a 5g\ t/ klg
pgLx¿ Pp6} ufpFdf a:5g\ . pgLx¿ k'/fgf
;fyL klg x'g\ .
;ljtf / sljtf b'j}sf 3/df afa'cfdf
dfq} 5g\ . sljtfsf] afa'n] slxNo} ul/asf]
dd{ a'em]gg\ . pgdf ePsf] wgsf] 3d08n] g}
;ljtfsf] afa';uFsf] :yfloTj u'dfPsf /x]5g\ .
wgL–ul/asf]] åGån] pgLx¿ aLrdf lj:tf/}
kfgL af/faf/sf] l:ylt cfPsf] s'/f sljtf
;ljtfn] yfxf kfOg\ .
ul/a / wgL ;dfg xf] eg]/ sljtf /
;ljtfn] cfˆgf cleefjsx¿nfO{ a'emfpg w]/}
sf]l;; u/] t/ sljtfsf afa' of] s'/f dfGg k|z+;f k/fh'nL
tof/ g} ePgg\ . ;ljtfsf] a''jfn] s'/f a'em] klg sIffM ^
sljtfsf] a'jfdf b]lvPsf] 3d08n] ga'em]s} em+} :dn x]eg df]8n :s'n, cfFk6f/L

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 25

 afnlgaGw

c? ;fdfGo ?v la?jfeGbf a]Un}

k|sf/n] xnxnL a9\b} hfg] d]/f] ljz]iftf
xf]. z/L/ j[l4s} cg'kftdf d]/f km]b,
h/f clg xfFuflaFuf km}lng] ub{5g\.
ltg} xfFufx¿nfO{ 9fs]/ d'G6f,
kfn'jf knfpF5g\.

d kLknsf] af]6 Û
;+ ;f/sf c¿ c;ª\Vo ?v j[Ifh:t} d klg
jg:kltsf] cflbd l;ª\uf], ;Unf], :j¿k
x'F . dnfO{ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] z/L/ lnP/ pld|Fb}
ubf{ cfFs'/f lklk/f eg]/ lrGy] dflg;n] . cln
a9\b} uPkl5 la?jf, a'6f], kf]y|f] cflb gfd lbP/
;Daf]wg ug{ yfn] . x'Fbfx'Fb} d]/f] lbg–k|ltlbgsf]
a9f]Q/L / xfFuflaFufsf] km}nfj6 b]v]/ j[Ifsf]
gfn] ;Ddfg k|s6 ug{ yfn] .
c¿ ;fdfGo ?v la?jfeGbf a]Un} k|sf/n] g/]Gb|/fh kf}8]n
xnxnL a9\b} hfg] d]/f] ljz]iftf xf] . z/L/ j[l4s}
cg'kftdf d]/f km]b, h/f clg xfFuflaFuf km}lng] :j¿k e]l6g ;S5 . yf]/} dfq df6fsf] uGw kfP
ub{5g\ . ltg} xfFufx¿nfO{ 9fs]/ d'G6f, kfn'jf klg d pld|lbG5' . eL/df nx/fOlbG5', kx/fdf
knfpF5g\ . kfOtfnfdf bx|f h/f / cfªdf nx/f cl8P/ kftsf emG8f kmx/fOlbG5' . s'g} lbnbf/
knfP/ w/tLsf] leqL efu;Dd cF7\ofpFb} d]/f] a6''jfn] e]6] sf};Lsf udnf / au}Frfdf ;lhg
b]xj[If 7l8Pkl5 xfjfx'/L, r6\ofª / cl;gfkfgLn] k'U5' . s'g} k|f}9 wdf{tLn] e]6] gbL lsgf/sf]
klg xNnfpg ;St}g . clg s] rflxof] / < dlnnf] df6f]df ;'ljwf;fy pleg k'U5' . dlnnf]
d]/f] tfut b]v]kl5 dfG5]x¿ p;} gtd:ts e"ldsf] /:jfbg ub}}{ lbg b'O{ u'gf, /ft rf/ u'gf
ag]/ hAa/ j[Ifsf ¿kdf lrGb} hfG5g\ . km/s a9]/ wtL{nfO{ 5xf/L lbG5' .
wtL{nfO{ cf]t / kfgLsf] ;|f]t;d]tsf] hu]gf{ ug]{ cGt cf>o gkfPsf ;;fgf r/fr'?ª\uLnfO{
d]/f] dxQf a'e]m/ >4f,cf:yf k|s6 ug{ yfN5g\ . xfFuflaFuf, sfk, 6f]8s
\ f / kft kltª\u/df af; a:g
d Pp6f ;Eo eJo kLkn j[If x'F . d]/f] hGd klg lbG5' . xfjfx'/L / 3fdn] lklN;Psf v]tfnf,a6'jfnfO{
sd hf]lvdk"0f{ / /f]df~rs 5}g . r/fr'?ª\uLn] cf]t / zLtn 5xf/L lbG5' . Wofg, ;fwgf /
dfpm af]6af6 r'Rrfdf l6k]/ nu]sf kmnsf a'l4ljj]ssf] kf7 lbg] ;Gt dxGtx¿nfO{ of]u /
;;fgf leqL bfgfaf6 d]/f] aLhf/f]k0f x'G5 . elQmbz{g l;sfpg cfjZos kg]{ 5xf/L lbG5' .
kx/fsf] cGt/ s'Gt/, wfFhf lr/f, l;dG6]8 3/sf eujfg\ a'4n] klg d]/} km]bsf] 5xf/Ldf xf]
sf};Lsf hf]gL{, 9n, gfnL hxfF klg d]/f] ;fgf] tk:of u/]/ 1fg kfPsf clg pkb]z lbPsf .

26 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

a:tL a:tLnfO{ zLtn xfjf lbg], 3fdkfgLaf6 kf7 Û lsgeg] d v'nf kf7zfnf x'F . d]/f] k]mbdf
hf]ufpg cf>o lbg] sfd ub{5' . d j}+zsf] a;]/ k9 . xfFuf, clg kft kft x]/]/ ;+;f/e/
l;/fglt/ plSnPsf] a]nf rsf]{ 3fdnfO{ 8Dd km}lng l;s . slta]/ s'g kftn] rf]nf k]m/]/ gofF
5]s]/ wtL{nfO{ uDnª\u zLtn 5xf/L cf]8fpFb} kft knfpF5, Tof] ltdL yfx} kfpFb}gf} . cf]Onfpg
pleFbf dflg; p;} gtd:ts x'G5g\ clg d hflGbg, k'/fgf kftsf] 7fpFdf gofF gofF ag]/
elQmefjn] cf]tk|f]t eP/ nIdLsf ¿kdf ;Ddfg knfpg' d]/f] :jfefljs wd{ xf] .
ub}{ 7"nf] PsfbzL, a'4 k"l0f{df 57, r08Lk"0f]{ / ;w}} xl/of] kl/of] x'g', udSs ulDsg', xfFufdf
pwf}nL, pef}nL kj{ dgfpF5g\ . tlGsFb} cfsfz tfs]/ nlDsg' d]/f] v'jL xf] . d
cfFk, rfFk / y/Ly/L km"nsf u'R5f plgPsf] slxNo} rsf]{ 3fdn] cf]OnfP/ ;'Sg, xfjfsf
tf]/g 6fFu]/ ;f+:s[lts pT;j dgfpF5g\ . tL kj{sf] emf]Ssfn] ahfP/ pFwf] e'mSg / cl;gfsf
cltl/Qm :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf k/Dk/fut 5]j/, yKk8n] w'NofP/ kTs/ aGg hflGbg . l;s ltdL
ljjfx, j|taGw, 3]jf cflb kj{sf] ;fª\u]sf] a]nf klg o:t} kf7 daf6 .
klg k"hf w"k, w'jfF;lxt ;Ddfg ug]{ k|rng cem} s'g} dgsf/L, wdf{tL eb|hgn] slxn]sxLF

j/kLknsf] ljjfxnfO{
lji0f'nIdLsf] ljjfx
klg eG5g\ w]/}
g/gf/Ln]. xfdL b'O{sf]
km]bsf] hldg ;DofP/
rf}tf/f] lrg]kl5 Tof] 7fpF
a6'jfsf] cf>o aG5.

sfod 5 . g]kfndf dfq xf]Og ef/t aª\unfb]z, d]/f] glhsdf j/sf] a'6f] NofP/ /f]lklbG5g\ .
>Lnª\sf, OG8f]g]l;of, DofGdf/, sDk'lrof cflb pgL lj:tf/ lj:tf/ x'ls+{b} uP/ a6j[If aG5g\
b]zdf ;d]t b]jtfs} ¿kdf kLknsf] k"hf ug]{ clg s'g} k/f]ksf/L dfG5]n] xfdL b'j}sf] k]mbdf
rng clxn] klg sfod} 5 . rf}tf/f] lrg]/ nf]xf]/] 9'ª\uf] /flvlbG5g\ . l;Gb"/,
?g d}n] hfg]sf] 5}g . d ;w}F cfsfzlt/ k"mn r8fP/ ;fOt u5{g\ a6'jfx¿ . xfdL b'j}nfO{
x]/]/ xfF;f] 5b}{ /xG5' . gLnf] cDa/nfO{ e]6\ofpg s'g} s'g} nx8L eQmn] tf]/gn] afFw]/ ljjfx klg
/ tf/f l6Kg eg]/ xfFufx¿ dflydfly k}mnfpF5' . ul/lbG5g\ . j/kLknsf] ljjfxnfO{ lji0f'nIdLsf]
dnfO{ hf8f] udL{ / lxdfn t/fO{sf] k/jfx /xGg . ljjfx klg eG5g\ w]/} g/gf/Ln] . xfdL b'O{sf]
kxf8sf 8fF8fsfF8fdf 6f9}af6 lrlgg] u/L pleg' km]bsf] hldg ;DofP/ rf}tf/f] lrg]kl5 Tof] 7fpF
clg t/fO{sf rp/, vlnxfg / rf}af6fdf htftt} a6'jfsf] cf>o aG5 .
k}mlng' d]/f] zlQm / ;fdYo{ xf] . ;x;| xfFuflaFuf ;do laTb} hfFbf xfd|f] km]bsf] rf}tf/f] b]p/fnL
k}mnfP/ a6'jfnfO{ 5xf/L lbg' ufpFn] eb|hgnfO{ gfdn] lrlgG5 . ToxL b]p/fnLdf a6'jfn] kftL
d]nfkd{sf] ;Nnfx ug]{ 7fpF lbg', ylst ulnt r9fP/ z'e;fOtsf] cf/fwgf ub{5g\ . b]jtfsf]
el/of a~hf/fnfO{ ysfO dfg]{ cf>o lbg' d]/f] :yfg dfq ;Lldt /xFb}g, ufpFsf ufO{a:t' em/]/
sfd xf] . ltvf{ d]6\g] kfgL3f6 klg rf}tf/Ld'lg lgdf{0f
ltdL l;s dg'jf xf] daf6 oL / o:t} cg]sg ul/lbG5 s;}n] . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 27

 lrqsyf

28 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 29
30 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 31
32 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 33
34 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{
 ;+:s[lt hn lzjnfO{ ck{0f u/]df lzjsf] cl;d s[kf
k|fKt x'g] wfld{s dfGotf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
To;}n] dlxnfx¿sf] lzj dlGb/df w]/}
g} eL8 klg b]lvG5 . 3/df dlxnfn]
k"hf u/]kl5 ;a} kl/jf/df
cfzLjf{b ldN5 . kl/jf/nfO{ g}
/fd|f] x'G5 .
efOalxgLx¿ ;fpgdf
lxGb' wd{df ljZjf; ug{]x¿n]
lsg xl/of] /ª nufpg] u5{g\
t o;sf] sf/0f klg hfgL /fvf}F
x} . ljz]if u/L ljjflxt dlxnfn]
xl/of] /ªsf] r'/f, kf]t], ;f/L jf
xl/of] /ª wf/0f ubf{ eujfg\ lzj
k|;Gg x'g] clg kl/jf/df v';L a9\g]
/fd|f] k|efj k5{ eGg] dfGotf 5 . xl/of]
/ª eujfg\ lzjsf] dg kg{] /ª xf] . To:t} of]
dlxgfdf /ftf], kx]Fnf] /ª klg w]/} nufOG5 . /ftf]
/ªnfO{ v';L / ;f}efUosf] k|tLs dflgg] ePsfn]
;fpgdf of] /ª nufpFbf b}lgs hLjgdf klg
;f]r, ljrf/ / sfo{df ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{
a9\g] ljZjf; ul/G5 . x/]s /ªsf] cfcfˆg}
dgf]lj1fg 5 . /ªx¿sf] dfgjhLjg / dg;Fusf]
;sf/fTds clg gsf/fTds efjx¿ 5g\ .
To;}n] cfˆgf] /flzcg';f/ xfdL /ªx¿sf] k|of]u
ug{] u5f}{+ .
efOalxgLx¿ xfdLn] h:tf] /ªsf] n'uf
nufP klg xfd|f] dg, jrg clg ug{] sfd eg]
;w}F /fd|f] x'g'k5{ . ;sf/fTds efjn] ul/Psf
ef OalxgLx¿, ;fpg dlxgf w]/} /dfOnf]
dlxgf xf] lg ltdLx¿nfO{ klg yfxf 5 .
sfdsf] glthf klg /fd|f] cfpg] u5{ . á
of] dlxgfdf htftt} xl/ofnL b]lvG5 . df};d
klg /dfOnf] x'G5 . of] dlxgfnfO{ eujfg\ lzjsf]
pkf;g ug{] dlxgfsf ¿kdf lnOg] x'Fbf wfld{s
xl/of] /
cf:yf / ljZjf;sf ¿kdf klg emg\ /dfOnf]
nfUg] dlxgf xf] .
;fpg
;a}eGbf /dfOnf] t of] dlxgfdf xl/of] n'uf
nufpg], xl/of] z[ª\uf/ ug{] klg ul/G5 . o;n]
j/k/sf] jftfj/0f g} dgdf]xs / /dfOnf] x'G5 .
;;fgf s]6fs]6L klg xftdf xl/of], kx]Fnf] r'/f
clg xl/of] 8]«; nufP/ lxF8]sf] b]lvG5 . 7"nf]
dfG5]n] klg ;fgf]n] klg nufPsf] b]Vbf j/k/sf]
dfxf]n g} xl/ofnL b]lvG5 . ;fpg dlxgfnfO{
eujfg\ lzjsf] lk|o dlxgfsf ¿kdf dflgFb} /fwf 9sfn ;fksf]6f
cfOPsf] 5 . of] dlxgfdf gbL jf tnfpsf] kljq
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 35
 syf

;+jfb
dw';"bgk|;fb l3ld/] afnL / df6f]
ls ;fgsf] v]tdf ux'F nx nx kfs]sf lyP .
ux'F kmn]sf] e"ldn] ux'F;Fu cfˆgf dgsf]
efj k|s6 ug{ yfn] e"ldn] eg], æltdLx¿nfO{
c? ls;fgh:tf d]/f] ls;fg
5}gg\ pksf/L / dgsf/L 5g\
ca ls;fgn] afnf leœofpF5g .Æ pgL. d a;]sf] eGbf pQ/lt/
ca ls;fgn] of] e"lddf wfg /f]K5g, Tof] x]/ s]xL klg g/f]k]sf] rf}/ 5.
wfg d cl3 cl3sf] eGbf a9L kmnfpg] dg 5 .
ux'Fx¿n] ;f]w], ælsg e"ld cfdf < xfdLeGbf ToxfFsf] 3fF;n] ls;fgsf ufO{
wfgnfO{ dfof .Æ e}F;L x[i6k'i6 5g\. ls;fgn] dnfO{
e"ldn] elgg\, æltdLx¿nfO{ klg d}n] lgs} ljsf;] dn vfgf vfg lbFb}gg\.
dfof u5{', kL/ gu/ . wfg eg]sf] b]j lkt[nfO{
cIftf klg x'G5, wfgsf] klg sfd 5 pgnfO{ ls;fgsf ufO{e}F;L x[i6k'i6 5g\ . ls;fgn]
wfGonIdL klg eG5g \. dnfO{ ljsf;] dn vfgf vfg lbFb}gg\ . ToxL
c¿ ls;fgh:tf d]/f] ls;fg 5}gg\ pksf/L ufO{e}F;Lsf cuf{lgs dn vfg lbG5g\ . dnfO{
/ dgsf/L 5g\ pgL . d a;]sf] eGbf pQ/lt/ cln ;d:of OG› dxf/fhn] kf5{g\ . ;dodf
x]/ s]xL klg g/f]k]sf] rf}/ 5 . ToxfFsf] 3fF;n] slxn]sfxLF kfgL lbFb}gg\ .

36 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 d]/f] ls;fgn] x/]s c;f/ !% df d]/f] 5ftL sfd ug]{ v]tfnfnfO{ ls;fgn] dxf/fgL eg]/
cª\uel/ wfg /f]K5g\ . /f]kfxf/ -dlxnfx¿_ dfg u5{g\ . lbgel/ lgx'l/P/ v]tdf wfg /f]Kbf
c¿ ls;fgsf] sfd 5f8]/ klg dnfO{ ysfO t tL dxf/fgLx¿nfO klg nfU5 eGg] bof
xl/ofnL ;hfpg cfpF5g\, nf7]n] sf]bfnL u/]/ km'sf lrp/f gvfcf] bxL rflxF dfu eG5g\ .
NofO{ d]/f jl/kl/ 5l/Psf ufF7fu'F7L ldnfpF5g\ . bxLdf l3psf] efu x'G5 . ljz]if /f]u gePsfnfO
/f]kfxf/nfO /f]Kg df6f] g/d xf];\ eg]/ uf}dftfsf bxLn] vfgf krfpg] sfd u5{ zlQm klg lbG5 .
alnof k'qx¿ -uf]?_nfO{ lx8fpF5g\ . /f]kfxf/nfO{ o:tf bofn' ls;fgnfO{ d}n] bof gu/] s;n]
;lhnf] kf5{g\ . u5{ < e"ldsf s'/f ux'Fn] ;'lg/x] .
lbgdf vfhf vfg c¿ ls;fgn] 6fg]{ clxn] klg c;f/ !% bxL lrp/f vfg]
k'¥ofpg] nf]e u5{g\ eg] dnfO{ aLplahg lbg] rng 5 / vfg'cl3 cfkm"n] dfgL cfPsf b]jL
ls;fgn] dg km'sfP/ /fd|f 8f]nf lrp/f / bxL b]jtfnfO{ r9fpg] klg ul/G5 . á
clg y/Ly/Lsf crf/ t/sf/L NofpF5g\ .
d}n] cl3 eg]sf] rf}/df a;]/ ;a} sfd ug]{ lbgdf vfhf vfg c?
v]tfnfnfO{ ykL ykL vfhf v'jfpF5g\ . To;kl5
gl/jn, ld>L, 5f]s8f klg afF8\5g\ . ls;fgn] 6fg]{ k'¥ofpg] nf]e
d]/f To:tf dgsf/L ls;fgnfO{ d]/f an u5{g\ eg] dnfO{ aLplahg
a'Ftfn] EofP;Dd w]/} cGg lbg d nfU5 . s] lbg] ls;fgn] dg km'sfP/
ug{' d}n] dfq rfx]/ gx'g] /x]5 . OG› dxf/fhn]
dnfO{ ltvf{ nfUbf kfgL ;do;dodf lbFb} uP /fd|f 8f]nf lrp/f / bxL clg
d d]/f ls;fgnfO{ w]/}eGbf w]/} cGg lbGy]F . y/Ly/Lsf crf/ t/sf/L
wfg /f]Kg] lbg laxfg} ;a} 3/kl/jf/ /fd|f eP/ NofpF5g\ .
cfpF5g\ . d]/f] cª\u cª\udf rf/}lt/ k"hf u5{g\
dnfO{ . d klg dSv k5{', kfgLn] leh]sf] lxnf]
d]/f] z/L/sf df6f] ;a}n] e"lddftfsf] k|;fb eg]/
6Lsf klg nufpF5g . olQsf] e"ldsf] ;Ddfg
c¿ ls;fgn] ug{ hfg]sf 5}gg\ .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 37

 ljZjs} xf]rf] dflg;
g]kfnsf 8f]/axfb'/ vkfª\uLn]
ljZjs} ;a}eGbf xf]rf] dflg;sf]
ljZj sLlt{dfg agfPsf 5g\ .
lulgh a's ckm jN8{ /]s8{n]
pgnfO{ ;f] pkflw lbPsf]
xf] . lulgh a'ssf cg';f/
pgsf] hGd ;g\ @))$ sf] !$
gf]e]Da/df ePsf] lyof] . pgL
!& jif{sf ePsf 5g\ . pgsf]
prfOsf] dfkg ;g\ @)@@ sf]
dfr{ @# df sf7df8f}Fdf ul/Psf]
lyof] . pgsf] prfO @ lkm6 $=( OGr /x]sf] lyof] . l;Gw'nLsf
afl;Gbf pgL ufpFs} :s'ndf kl9/x]sf 5g\ .
/fdk|;fb cfrfo{

;a}eGbf nfdf] l;;fsf] k'n

leotgfdsf] kxf8L e]udf lgld{t
l;;fsf] k'nn] ljZj sLlt{dfg sfod
u/]sf] 5 . of] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf nfdf]
l;;fsf] k'n xf] . k'n ^#@ ld6/ nfdf]
5 / !%) ld6/ ulx/f] uN5Ldfly ag]sf]
5 . …XjfO6 8«ofugÚ gfd lbOPsf] of]
k'n clxn] ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf] s]G›
ag]sf] 5 .

e]8fnfO{ tLg jif{ h]n

blIf0f ;'8fgdf dlxnfsf] xTof u/]sf] cleof]udf e]8fnfO{ tLg
jif{ h]n ;hfo ;'gfOPsf] 5 . ;'8fgsf] cfO{ /]l8of]sf cg';f/
blIf0f ;'8fgdf $% jifL{of clwo' rflkªnfO{ cfqmd0f u/]kl5
e]8fnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf lnOPsf] lyof] . e]8fn]
rflkªnfO{ af/Daf/ 6fpsf]df xfg]/ pgsf] s/ª
efFlrPsf] lyof] . uDeL/ rf]6sf sf/0f $% jifL{of
dlxnfsf] tTsfn d[To' ePsf] lyof] . ?Da]s O:6sf]
cSo'n of]ndf ePsf] ;f] 36gfkl5 e]8fnfO{ kqmfp
u/L k|x/L rf}sLdf /flvPsf] lyof] . d]h/ Plnofx dfaf]/n]
eg], ædflns lgbf]{if 5g\ / ck/fw ug]{ e]8f g} xf], t;y{
of] kqmfp ug{ of]Uo 5 .Æ of] e]8fnfO{ ;}Go lzlj/df
tLg jif{ /flvg]5 . :yfgLo cbfntn] e]8fsf dflns
b'of]gL dGofª wfnn] kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ kfFrj6f ufO{
a'emfpg'kg]{ cfb]z lbPsf] 5 .

38 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 Ps sf]ifLo hLjsf] pmhf{af6 sDo'6/
An' lu|g PNuL cyf{t\ kfgLdf x'g] Ps lsl;dsf] Ps
sf]ifLo ;"IdhLjn] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdfkm{t
;"o{af6 pmhf{ ;ª\sng u5{ . j}1flgsx¿n] of]
;"IdhLjaf6 k|fKt pmhf{ k|of]u u/]/ Ps jif{;Dd
sDKo'6/ rnfpg ;lsPsf] atfPsf 5g\ . SoflDa|h
o'lgel;{6Ldf cg';Gwfgstf{n] To:tf] k|of]u u/]sf
x'g\ . cNuLaf6 ;fgf pks/0f rnfpg pmhf{ pknAw
u/fpg] ljZj;gLo / gjLs/0fLo pkfo x'g;Sg]
ljZjf; cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf] 5 . SoflDa|hl:yt
dfOqmf]k|f];];/ l8hfOg ug]{ sDkgL cfd{n] of]
kl/of]hgfdf SoflDa|hsf cg';GwfgsdL{x¿;Fu
;xsfo{ u/]sf] lyof] . afof]s]ld:6«L ljefusf 8f=
kfcf]nf] af]Da]nL eG5g\ , ænfdf] ;do;Dd h;/L of] k|0ffnLn] sfd u¥of] To;af6 xfdL k|efljt
ePsf 5f}F . xfdLn] s]xL ;ftfkl5 of] aGb xf]nf eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] t/ of] t lg/Gt/ rln/Xof] .Æ

rGb|dfsf] df6f]df la?jf

rG›dfsf] df6f]df la?jf cª\s'/fPsf] b]Vbf j}1flgsx¿ bª\u k/]sf 5g\ . j}1flgsx¿n]
rG›dfaf6 NofOPsf] df6f]df o;/L klxnf] k6s la?jf pdf/]sf x'g\ . o;nfO{ rG›dfdf nfdf]
;do;Dd dflg; a:g ;Dej x'g] agfpg] k|of;df Pp6f dxìjk"0f{ sbd dflgPsf] 5 . ;g\
!(^( b]lv !(&@ ;Ddsf Pkf]nf] cleofgsf qmddf ;ª\slnt w'nf]df cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n]
Ps k|sf/sf] jg:kltsf] aLh /f]k]sf lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ bª\u kfg]{ u/L rG›dfsf] df6f]df b'O{
lbgkl5 g} pQm jg:klt pld|of] . æxfdL slt 5Ss k¥of}F eGg] d tkfO{+nfO{ atfpg} ;lSbgF,Æ
pQm k|of]uaf/] j}1flgs zf]wkqsL ;xn]lvsf Pgf lnhf kf]nn] elgg\ . pgsf cg';f/
rG›dfaf6 ;ª\slnt df6f] / ;fdfGo df6f]df pdfl/Psf la?jfx¿ emG8} 5 lbg;Dd p:t}
b]lvP . To;kl5 eg] ltgdf leGgtf b]vf kg{ yfNof] .

;+;f/s} ;'g;fg 3/
;+;f/df Pp6f o:tf] 3/ 5, h;nfO{ ;a}eGbf ;'g;fg
3/ eg]/ lrlgG5 . cd]l/sfsf] jf]xf]cf a] l:yt 6fk'df
PSn} /x]sf] pQm 3/ 8]9 Ps8 If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 .
af]N8sf]:6 k|f]kl6{hsf Ph]G; laNnL ldlns]gsf] :jfldTjdf
/x]sf] pQm Ps a]8?djfnf 3/ laqmLdf /flvPsf] 5 . ;g\
@))( df ag]sf] pQm 3/ ;fgf] eP klg jf:tjd} cfln;fg
5 . 3/leq ;a}h;f] ;'ljwf, aGbf]a:tL / cfjZostfsf
lrhx¿ pknAw 5g\ . 3/sf leQfx¿ sf7af6 ag]sf
5g\ . ‰ofn9f]sfdf sf7sf vfkfx¿n] 3/nfO{ emg} ;'Gb/ agfPsf] 5 . cgf}7f] t s] eg] ;d'›sf]
aLr efudf /x]sf] of] 3/df cfFwLa]x]/Lsf] s'g} 8/ 5}g t/ Pp6f ;d:ofrflxF s] eg] of] 3/leq
afy?d 5}g clg /ftsf] ;dodf lu4 tyf ;d'›L hLjx¿sf] cfjfh cfpFb5 . of] 3/nfO{ PsfGt
dg k/fpg] tyf cGt/d'vL dflg;sf nflu jf:tjd} :ju{ dflgPsf] 5 . á
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 39
 of] pQ/n]
lk|G;];
…gfdL sn]h P;O{O{ lk|G;]h–@)@
pQ/ lbFbf bz{s emg} pT;flxt b]lv
l;h{gfTds sfddf nufpg kfpFb

tlD;/x]sf lyP . pkl:yt ;a} ;xefuL P;O{O{

;'Gb/Lsf k|lt:kwL{nfO{ s'gfs'gfaf6 ljleGg
vfnsf k|Zg Ps csf]{ u/L cf]Ol//x]sf lyP .
o;}aLrdf Ps …hhÚn] /fv]sf] k|ZgM

c
tkfO{{+ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u slQsf]
;f/ !! ut] zlgaf/sf lbg ug{'x'G5 . olb ug{'x'G5 eg] km];a's, l6s6s,
lyof] . hdnl:yt /fli6«o gffr3/sf] o''6\o'adWo] tkfO{+nfO{ s'g a9L /fd|f] nfU5 /
xn vrfvr el/Psf] . Psflt/ bz{s lsg <
bL3f{df pT;'stf af]s]/ bz{s a;]sf lyP . lg0ff{ossf] of] k|Zgdf k|lt:kwL{ cof{gL
csf{lt/ :6]hdf !%–@) lbgsf] tflnd, 1fg, /fjnn] …dnfO{ o'6\o'a g} /fd|f] nfU5 . o'6\
Ifdtf / ;f}Gbo{sf vfgL P;O{O{ lbP/ a;]sf o'aaf6 xfdLn] cfkm"n] rfx]sf] s'/fsf] vf]hL
;–;fgf slnnf aflnsf pT;'s eP/ snf / ug{ ;fj{hlgs dxìjsf ljifodf ;"rgf k|fKt
Ifdtf b]vfpFb} nfda4 /x]/ otfptf ul//x]sf ug{ / 1fg a9fpg ;lsG5 .
b[Zon] sf}t'xntf hufPsf] lyof] . d]/f] ljrf/df t'ngfTds ¿kdf km];a's /
csf{lt/ :6]hdf P;O{O{ ;'Gb/L aGg] nfnzf l6s6s dgf]/~hg / ;do latfpg] dfWod dfq
af]s]/ nfda4 /x]sf slnnf afnaflnsfnfO{ ePsfn] d o'6\o'as} k|of]u ug{ ?rfpF5' .
k|Zgsf] kf]sf] af]s]/ hhx¿ k|Zg ;f]Wg P;OO{ lk|G;]; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL /fjnn]

40 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 cof{gLnfO{
agfof]===
@@Ú sf] tfh klxl/g ;kmn cof{gLn]
vPsf lyP . km';{bsf] ;donfO{ pgn]
bf lgs} v';L JoQm u/]sL lyOg\ .

lbPsf] oxL pQ/ pTs[i6 eO{ ljh]tf algg\ .

efOalxgLx¿, xfdL d'gfsf] ;fpg cª\ssf]
cfj/0f tl:a/df lz/df tfh klxl/PsL pg}
cof{gLnfO{ b]Vg ;S5f}F . pgL P;O{O{ lk|G;];sf]
pkflw ljh]tf x'g\ .
P;O{O{ lbP/ a;]sf 5fqfnfO{ nlIft u/L l;h{gfTds sfddf nufpg kfpFbf lgs} v';L JoQm
l;hg ldl8ofn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] …gfdL sn]h u/]sL lyOg\ . pgL h]D; :s'ndf cWoog u/]sL
P;O{O{ lk|G;]h–@)@@Ú df !* hgf k|ltof]uLnfO{ ljBfyL{ x'g\ . /fjnn] a]:6 k;{gfnL6L cjf8{;d]t
kl5 kfb}{ cof{gLn] k|ltof]lutfsf] 6fO6n pkflw lhTg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ .
lhTg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ . pgsf] pQ/ lbg] :6]hdf s;/L af]Ng] < hfg]sf s'/f s;/L
km/s z}nL / cfTdljZjf;n] el/Psf] k|:t'ltsf k|:t't ug{] / s;/L cfkm"nfO{ :j:y clg
;fy :6]hdf b]lvPsL cof{gLn] k|ltof]lutfsf] ;'Gb/ agfP/ k|:t't x'g] eGg] s'/f dxìjk"0f{
;'?jftb]lv g} pkl:yt bz{ssf] /f]hfOdf kb}{ 5g\ . d'gf;Fusf] s'/fsfgLsf] qmddf cof{gLn]
cfPsL lyOg\ . elgg\, æ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ cfkm"leq alnof]
…gfdL sn]h P;O{O{ lk|G;]h–@)@@Ú sf] tfh cfTdljZjf; x'g'kg{] /x]5 .Æ lrlsT;f If]qdf
klxl/g ;kmn cof{gLn] pQ/ lbFbf bz{s emg} cWoog ug]{ pgsf] ?lr 5 . á
pT;flxt b]lvPsf lyP . km';b{ sf] ;donfO{ pgn] nIdL vltj8f

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 41

 dgsf] ;fyL d'gf

xfdL Pp6f dflg; csf]{;Fu 5f]Og]

jf Ps csf{sf] z/L/;“u 5f]Og] jf
Ps csf]{nfO{ 5'g] lqmofnfO{ …:kzÚ{
eg]/ a'em\g] ul/G5 .

s] xf] t <
c;n / v/fa :kz{
xf dL ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf}F . xfd|f] hlGdPb]lv
d[To' gx'g] ;do;Dd c¿ dflg;s} jl/kl/
/x]/ cfˆgf] hLjg rnfpg] ub{5f} . o;/L xfd|f]
rfx]/ jf grfx]/ kl/lrt jf ckl/lrt
JolQm;Fusf] ;DaGwdf /xG5f} . o;/L /xFbf
csf{;Fu xfdL zf/Ll/s ¿kn] 5'g] …touchÚ x'g]
b}lgs hLjgrof{df xfdL x/]s gftf ;DaGwsf ub{5 . To; avt xfdLnfO{ 5'6\6} k|sf/sf] …
dflg; / x/]s If]qdf ljleGg lqmofsnfkdf touchÚ sf] dx;'; ub{5f}+ . o;/L xfdL Pp6f
;+nUg x'G5f}+ . To; If]qsf ljleGg vfnsf dflg; csf]{;Fu 5f]Og] jf Ps csf{sf] z/L/;+u
dflg;;F+u s'g} g s'g]} ;dodf hfgL, ghfgL, 5f]Og] jf Ps csf]{nfO{ 5'g] lqmofnfO{ …:kzÚ{
eg]/ a'em\g] ul/G5 . o:tf] :kz{nfO{ xfdL d'Vo
c;n :kz{ …good touchÚ / v/fa :kz{ …bad
touch'. cfh xfdL efO{alxgLx?sf] xh'/sf]
lh1fzf===== …Good touch and Bad touch' of]
xf] eg]/ xfdLn] s;/L yfxf kfpg] t <
xfdL hGdg] lalQs} cfdfsf] sfvdf
/fv]b]lv g} …cfdfsf] :kz{Ú sf] cg''ej lnP/
cfpFb5f}F . o:t} :kz{ xF'b} afaf, lbbL bfh' jf
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿sf] :kz{df x'ls{G5f}+ .
hxfF pxfFx¿sf] :kz{ xfdLnfO{ ;fdfGo / /fd|f]
bLks e6\6/fO{ nfUb5 . pxfFx?n] xfdLnfO{ 5F'bf jf :kz{ ubf{
xfdLdf ;fdfGo k|]defj bzf{Psf] cg'e"lt x'G5 .
To;}u/L xfd|f cfkmGt, ljBfnosf u'?,

42 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

u'?cfdf, ;fyL;Fu xfdL ljleGg ;dodf v/fa :kz{ s;/L a''em\g] -bad touch) M
zf/Ll/s :kz{ x'G5, To;sf] cg'ej ub{5f}+ . olb s'g} dflg;n] rfx] Tof] gftf ;DaGwn]
h'g xfdLn] slxn] dgb]lv dx;'; ub{5f]{ eg] kl/lrt jf ckl/lrt hf] sf]xLn] klg cfkm\gf]
s'g} xfdLn] dgdf lnb}gf} . olb xfdLn] s;}sf] z/L/df :kz{ ubf{ jf s'g} c;xh dx;'; x'g]
:kz{nfO{ dgn] ;x;| :jLsf5f}{ / ;fdfGo ¿kdf u/L dgdf la‰g] u/L cfk"mnfO{ 5'g] ub{5 eg]
lnG5f} eg] To:tf x/]s :kz{ …c;n :kz{Ú To:tf] x/]s :kz{nfO{ …v/fa :kz{Ú eGg] ul/G5 .
-good touch_ xf] . cfdfa'jf, bfh' efO{, lbbL o:tf] :kz{ cfk"mn] dx;'; ubf{sf] ;do
alxgL, ;fyL jf c? hf] sf]xL;Fu zf/Ll/s kl/l:ylt s:tf] lyof] s'g cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{
:kz{ ubf{ jf x'Fbf cfkm"nfO{ jf cfˆgf] dgnfO{ p;n] :kz{ u/]sf] 5 / p ;f]Rg''kb{5 . o;n]
ckgTj :jLsf/]sf] x'G5 . To:tf ;a} :kz{ xfd|f Ps k|sf/sf] a]r}gL jf dgdf gsf/fTds efj
nflu ;sf/fTds phf{ pTkGg ug]{ :kz{ x'g . pTkGg u/fpFb5 eg] To:tf] :kz{ …v/fa :kz{Ú
h:nfO{ o:tf :kz{ h:t} :ofaf;L lbg], cª\ufnf] xf] egL a'‰g'kb{5 . o;df xfdL s] s'/fdf
xfNg], r'Dag ug]{, xft ;dfP/ s'/f ug]{ h:tf ;r]t x'g'kb{5 eg] :kz{ ug]{ JolQm s:tf] 5,
:kz{ kb{5g\ . p:n] s:tf] af]nL Jojxf/ ub{5 / s] s:tf]
h'g dflg;n] xfdLnfO{ :kz{ ubf{ p:sf] cj:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ :kz{ ub{5 jf u/]sf] 5 .
5'jfOaf6 s'g} Ozf/f u/]sf] 5 . h:tf] dxz'; h:t} :kz{ ubf{ sf]xL gePsf] ;dodf ug]{, :kz{
xF'b}g eg] / p:n] xfd|f ;+j]bgzLn cª\u -hg' ubf{ cfˆgf ;+j]bgzLn c+udf ug]{ jf :kz{n]
xfdLx?n] g'xfpFbfsf] ;dodf 5f]K5f}+_ 5'Fb}g eg] cfkm"nfO{ zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s¿kdf c;xh /
To:tf] :kz{ c;n :kz{ xf] egL a'‰g'kb{5 . a]r}gL u/fpg], slxn]sfxLF hfgL hfgL gu/]sf]
o:tf dflg;n] 5F'bf cfk"mnfO{ ;xh dx;'; x'G5 eO crfgs To:tf] 5'jfO x'g k'u]sf] 5 eg]
eg] tL …c;n :kz{Ú leq kb{5g\ . To;df cfˆgf] r]tg dgn] ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 olb
unt cfzon] :kz{ u/]sf] 5 / To:t} gsf/fTds
;f]rsf] efjgf /fv]/ u/]sf] :kz{ jf 5'jfOnfO{
km]l/ klg lg/Gt/ ub{5 eg] / olb To:tf]
:kz{ u/]df Tof] :kz{ v/fa :kz{ xf] egL yfxf
kfpg] ug{'kb{5 . á

:kz{ cfkm"n] dxz';

ubf{sf] ;do kl/l:ylt
s:tf] lyof] s'g
cj:yfdf cfkm"nfO{
p;n] :kz{ u/]sf] 5
/ p ;f]Rg''kb{5. o;n]
Ps k|sf/sf] a]r}gL
jf dgdf gsf/fTds
efj pTkGg u/fpFb5
eg] To:tf] :kz{
…v/fa :kz{Ú xf] egL
a'‰g'kb{5.

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 43

 k/b]z kl/ro
of] Pl;ofsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf k5{.
xf]SsfO8f], xf]G;', l;sf]s' / So';'
hfkfg
hfkfgsf k|d'v rf/ 6fk' x'g\.
hfkfgsf] /fhwfgL 6f]lsof] xf]. tLg
nfv && xhf/ *#% ju{lsnf]ld6/
oxfFsf] If]qkmn 5. hfkfgdf s'n
If]qkmnsf] kfFr efusf] rf/ efu
kxf8n] 9fs]sf] 5. ;a}eGbf cUnf] gj/fh clwsf/L
r'r'/f] dfpG6 km'hL xf].

efOalxgLx¿ ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 hfkfg hfkfgsf] d'b|fnfO{ o]g elgG5 . lsdf]gf] oxfFsf]
6fk'x¿sf] b]z xf] . of] Pl;ofsf] k"jL{ lsgf/fdf /fli6«o kf];fs xf] . hfkfgdf nueu rf/ xhf/
k5{ . xf]SsfO8f], xf]G;', l;sf]s' / So';' hfkfgsf ;fgf 6fk' 5g\ . hfkfgsf] hg;ª\Vof !@ s/f]8
k|d'v rf/ 6fk' x'g\ . hfkfgsf] /fhwfgL 6f]lsof] %) nfv xf/fxf/L 5 . rf/}lt/ ;d'b|n] 3]/]sf]
xf] . tLg nfv && xhf/ *#% ju{lsnf]ld6/ hfkfgaf6 ;a}eGbf glhs kg]{ hldg pQ/df
oxfFsf] If]qkmn 5 . hfkfgdf s'n If]qkmnsf] ?;sf] ;fOa]l/og If]q / blIf0fdf sf]l/of / rLg
kfFr efusf] rf/ efu kxf8n] 9fs]sf] 5 . x'g\ .
;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f] dfpG6 km'hL xf] . lk/fld8 k"jL{ hldgsf] ;tx ag]sf] tLgj6f 6]S6f]lgs
cfsf/sf] of] Hjfnfd'vL kj{tnfO{ hfkfgLx¿n] Kn]6sf] xnrnn] hfkfgdf af/Daf/ e'OFrfnf]
kljq 7fpF dfG5g\ . dfpG6 km'hLnfO{ ljZjsf hfg] u5{ . Ps jif{df oxfF xhf/eGbf a9L e"sDk
;a}eGbf ;'Gb/ lxdfndWo]sf] Ps dflgG5 . hfG5 . oxfF /x]sf nueu @)) Hjfnfd'vLdWo]
oxfFsf dflg;n] hfkfgL efiff af]N5g\ . ;f7Lj6f ;lqmo 5g\ . o; sf/0f hfkfgnfO{

44 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 !#^ k|hfltsf hLjhGt'nfO{ vt/fsf] ;"rLdf
/flvPsf] 5 .
hfkfg /fhtGq ePsf] d'n's xf] . gf?lxtf]
clxn] hfkfgdf /fhf 5g\ t/ /fhf;Fu zlQm
geP klg hfkfgLx¿n] /fhfnfO{ d'n'ssf]
a;f]af;sf lx;fan] vt/gfs 7fpF dflgG5 . k/Dk/f / Pstfsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf lgs} ;Ddfg
hfkfgLx¿ s8f kl/>dLsf ¿kdf ljZje/ u5{g\ . bf];|f] ljZjo'4n] hfkfgsf] cy{tGqnfO{
k|l;4 5g\ . oxfFsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;fg}b]lv Wj:t agfP klg hfkfgL hgtfsf] s8f kl/>d
c¿k|lt, ljz]if u/L cfdfafa' / cfkm"eGbf / gjk|jt{gn] 5f]6f] cjlwd} d'n'snfO{ lgs}
7"nfk|lt ;Ddfg ug{ l;sfOG5 . hfkfgLx¿ dfly k'¥ofof] . ljZjsf Hofb} nf]slk|o ljB'tLo
cfˆgf] / kl/jf/sf] cfjZostfnfO{ eGbf pTkfbgdWo] s]xL hfkfgL xfO{–6]s pBf]un] g}
a9L b]z / ;dfhsf] cfjZostfnfO{ a9L pTkfbg u5{g\ .
dxìj lbG5g\ . ;g\ !(!$ b]lv !(!& ;Dd rn]sf] klxnf]
hfkfgL vfgf klZrdL b]zsf] vfgfeGbf ljZjo'4df hfkfgn] cd]l/sfsf] kIfaf6
w]/} km/s 5 . pgLx¿n] rfdn, df5f / tfhf n8\of] t/ ;g\ !($! sf] l8;]Da/ & tfl/vsf
;fu;AhL a9L vfG5g\ . oxfF df;' sd} vfg] lbg hfkfgn] cd]l/sfsf] xjfO{l:yt kn{
rng 5 . lrNnf] / b'Uwkbfy{ klg yf]/} dfqfdf xfa{/df cd]l/sL hn;]gfdfly ad v;fNof] /
x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ hfkfgL vfgfnfO{ :j:y cd]l/sfnfO{ bf];|f] ljZjo'4df tfGof] . ;g\ !($!
dflgG5 . :j:y vfgfs} sf/0f hfkfgLx¿ b]lv !($% ;Dd hfkfgL ;]gf cd]l/sf / p;sf
ljZjsf cGo b]zsf dflg;eGbf a9L afFR5g\ . ;xof]uLlj?4 n8\of] . ;g\ !($% sf] cu:6df
hfkfgL hgtfnfO{ d'n'ssf] k|fs[lts cd]l/sfn] hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfsf;fsL
;'Gb/tfk|lt ulx/f] nufj 5 . hfkfgsf] clwsf+z ;x/df cf0fljs ad v;fNof] . To;af6 Ps
efu u|fdL0f Onfsfn] 9flsPsf] 5 . 3gf nfv !% xhf/ hgfsf] Hofg uof] . To;sf]
cfjfbLsf sf/0f jGohLjgdf eg] gsf/fTds s]xL lbgkl5 hfkfgn] cfTd;dk{0f u/]sf] lyof] .
c;/ k/]sf] 5 . ;8s lgdf{0f / cGo dfgjLo adn] Wj:t ePsf] ;x/, ;+/rgf / e"uf]nnfO{
ultljlwn] oxfFsf] k|fs[lts af;:yfgdf gf]S;fg klg hfkfgn] s]xL jif{d} x/fe/f agfof] eg]
k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k hfkfgsf sl/a b]znfO{ ;d[4 b]z agfof] . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 45

 ;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutf–%(
;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutf – ^! sf] ;dfwfg
% ^ % $ # ( @ ! * & ^
* & # @ @ ! ( ^ * & % $ #
@ & # * ! * & ^ # % $ @ ! (
# $ ( ( * & $ ^ % # @ !
& ( # % ^ ! $ # @ ! & ( * ^ % $
* & ( ^ % $ ! # @ ( * &
( ! # % & & ^ % @ $ # ! ( *
% ^ * & $ # @ * ! ( & ^ %
# % ! ( * % & ^ $ # @
gfd M ===================================================
sIff M ================ h]7 dlxgfsf] ;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutfsf] ;xL ;dfwfg
k7fpg'x'g] ;xefuLdWo] uf]nfk|yfaf6 ljhoL tL
ljBfno M ============================================ ghgfsf] gfd 7]ufgf tn lbOPsf] 5 M
7]ufgf M ===============================================
!= ;'zf;g yfkf
;'8f]s' k|ltof]lutfsf lgod M sIff %, ljH8d Ps]8]dL, sn+sL„
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g s'kg eƒ]ƒ k7fpg' @= >]o;L hf]zL
kg{5„
] sIff ^, cfO8n df]8]n :s'n, nlntk'/ .
@= sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq o;df ;xefuL #= k|lgzf e08f/L
x'g kfpg'x'g]5„ sIff !), klZrdlaGb' df=lj= yfgsf]6
#= vfnL sf]7fdf ! b]lv ( cÍ dfq eg'{kg{5„ ]
$= s'g} klg sf]7f ƒ xƒkmdf cÍ bf]xf]lƒg' xF'bg„
}
%= s]ƒd]6 ulƒPsf] s'kgnfO{ dfGotf lbOg] 5}g„ k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf dfl;ssf]
^= s'kg @)&( ;fn ebf} % ut]leq cfOk'Ug'kg{5„
] sfof{nodf klƒrokq;lxt ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g
ljhoL ;xefuLnfO{ cg'ƒf]w 5„

afnk|ltefdf efu lng cg'ƒf]w

-!_ d'gf dfl;sdf j}zfv dlxgfdf k|sflzt x'g] afnk|ltefsf nflu …df]lt hoGtLÚ ljifo 5gf]6
ulƒPsf] 5„ o;afƒ] cfˆgf] ljrfƒ k7fpg'xf]nf„
-@_ o; ‚tDedf sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{n] efu lng ;Sg'x'g]5„
-#_ ljrfƒ a9Ldf Ps ;o zAbsf] x'g'kg{5„
]
-$_ ljrfƒsf ;fydf cfˆgf] tl‚aƒ klg k7fpg'xf]nf„
-%_ afnk|ltef @)&( ;fn ebf} % ut];Dd d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfO;Sg'kg{5„
]

46 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 k| l tof] lutfsf k| Z gx? @)&( c;f/sf]
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf – ^! d'gfdf cfwflƒt 5g†„ pQm dlxgfsf] d'gf
cWoog uƒL pQƒ k7fpg'x'g efOalxgLnfO{
hfgsfƒL uƒfOG5„
! @ @ # $$
t];f]{
% ^ %_ u'¿nfO{ eujfg\;/x === cfb/ -#_
^_ s]xL === kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 -#_
& *
&_ hLjg s;/L === x'G5 eGg]af/] -#_
!)_ ufpF ===Tof] a]nf 3/d} l9sL -#_
!#_ cnUu} ==== vfhf vfg' -#_
* !) !$_ ;dodf sfd === dfd s;/L -#_

( !) !! !@ 7f8f]
!_ === lhNnfsf] wfg v]tL -#_
!# !$ @_ /fdfo0f klg p:t} ;/n / === 5 -#_
#_ dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{ === -#_
$_ dfn === -#_
*_ === a'af -#_
(_ ch'{gsf] === ;fy{s ag]sf] lyof] -#_
!)_ === em\ofnaf6 lxdfn -#_
!!_ zflGt, Gofo, === clwsf/ -#_
!@_ xfdL b]jtf === -#_
gfd M ============================================================
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf–%(
sIff M ================ sf] ;dfwfg
ljBfno M ====================================================== !
j
@
df
@
p
#
u
$

% ^
7]ufgf M ====================================================== ; Ddf g ; km n
& *
======================================== Gt ; / n] t
* !)
x
( !) !! !@
r lb g df cf
zAbhfn k|ltof]lutfsf lgod M !#
n uf
!$
df
P j g
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL x'g dfly lbOPsf] s'kg g sf] n sf]
eƒ]ƒ k7fpg'kg{]5„ kmf]6f]skLnfO{ dfGotf lbOg] 5}g„
h]7 dlxgfsf] d'gf 1fgd~rsf] ;xL ;dfwfg
@= o;df sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL x'g k7fpg'xg' ] ;xefuLdWo] uf]nfk|yfaf6 ljhoL tLg
kfpg'x'g]5„ hgfsf] gfd 7]ufgf tn lbOPsf] 5 M
#= s]ƒd]6 ulƒPsf] s'kg dfGo x'g] 5}g„ != ;ld/ la=s]=, sIff *
$= ;xL ;dfwfg k7fpg'x'g] a9Ldf tLg hgfnfO{ k'ƒ‚s[t sfe|:] ynL df=lj=, tfs]Z{ j/ .
ulƒg]5„ @= ;ldk l;Ub]n, sIffM %
%= k'ƒ‚sfƒ lng cfpg'x'Fbf klƒrokq lnPƒ cfpg'xf]nf„ ldN;a]/L :s'n, sf7df8f}F .
^= zAbhfn k|ltof]lutf–^! sf] ;dfwfg @)&( ;fn #= k|z+;f l;+ a:g]t, sIff ^
ebf} % ut];Dddf d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfO gy{EofnL :s'n, tfs]{Zj/ .
k'Ug'kg{5„
] k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf dfl;ssf]
sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g ljhoL
;xefuLnfO{ cg'ƒf]w 5„
@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 47
 …s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf – ^!
o;k6ssf] k|ltof]lutfsf nflu …cg'zf;gÚ zAb k|‚t't ulƒPsf] 5„ o;
zAbaf6 a9LeGbf a9L z'4 zAb agfPƒ k7fpg'xf]nf ƒ k'ƒ‚sfƒ lhTg'xf]nf„
…s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf– %( sf] klƒ0ffd
j}zfv dlxgfsf] …s;n] w]ƒ}
zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutfdf gfd M s[zf vltj8f
k|‚t't ulƒPsf] …dfg;k6Ú zAbaf6 sIff M #
;a}eGbf a9L z'4 zAb agfPƒ ljBfno M nf]onf pRr df=lj=
ljhoL x'g'ePsf ;xefuL x'g'x'G5 M 7]ufgf M sf7df8f}F .
!= o; k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuLn] cfkm"n] tofƒ uƒ]sf zAb ƒ ltgLx¿sf cy{ n]lvPsf] kfgf
;+nUg uƒ]ƒ k7fpg'kg{]5„
@= k|‚t't ulƒPsf] zAbdf gePsf cIfƒ gofF zAbdf k|of]u ug{ kfOg] 5}g„ k|of]u ulƒPdf
k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z uƒfOg] 5}g„
#= o;df sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{ dfq ;xefuL x'g kfpg'x'g]5„
lgod

$= ;a}eGbf a9L z'4 zAb k7fpg'x'g] Ps hgfnfO{ k'ƒ‚s[t ulƒg]5„

…s;n] w]ƒ} zAb agfpg] <Ú k|ltof]lutf–^! sf] ;dfwfg @)&( ;fn ebf} % ut];Dddf
d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfOk'Ug'kg{]5„

ƒrgf k7fpg'x'g cg'ƒf]w

n afnaflnsfsf] ax'–cfoflds ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ƒrgf pknAw uƒfpg'x'g
afn ;flxTosfƒ, afn ljz]if1 tyf n]vsx¿;dIf cg'ƒf]w 5„
n afndgf]lj1fgnfO{ Wofgdf ƒfv]ƒ afnaflnsfn] a'‰g] ;ƒn, ;ƒ; tyf ƒf]rs z}nLdf
n]lvPsf ƒrgfnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf k|bfg ulƒg]5„
n d'gf dfl;ssf] xƒ]s cÍnfO{ ljljwtfk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu ljljw ljwfdf n]lvPsf
ƒrgf k7fpg'xf]nf„
n ƒrgfsf ;fydf n]vssf] tl‚aƒ klg k7fpg'xf]nf„
n ;DalGwt lrqx¿ ;+nUg ulƒPsf ƒrgfnfO{ k|fyldstf k|bfg ulƒg]5„
n k|sflzt ƒrgfsf nflu oyf]lrt kflƒ>lds k|bfg ulƒg]5„
n d'gf dfl;ssf nflu k7fOPsf ƒrgfnfO{ 5 dlxgf;Dd cGoq k|sfzgsf nflu
gk7fpg'xf]nf„

k|fKt ƒrgfx¿ u'0f‚tƒ, pko'Qm ƒ ;d;fdlossf cfwfƒdf 5 dlxgfleq k|sflzt

ulƒg] 5g† ƒ ;f] cjlwdf k|sflzt gePsf ƒrgf c‚jLs[t ePsf] dfGg' kg{]5„

48 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

tn lbOPsf] lrqnfO{ Ļ\uLg agfpg'
xf];† ƒ sf]7fdf ;hfpg' xf];†„
/ª e/f}“

k|flKt vltj8f

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 49

 km/s 5'6\ofpm /fh]Gb| >]i7

50 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 Uff];fOFs'08
b]j/fh l;Dv8f

;fyL Û uf];fOFs'08sf] s'/f yfxf 5 < lxpFbel/ lxpF k5{, hD5 kfgL,
;'Gg';\ x} t, of] /;'jf lhNnfdf k5{ . PSn} hfg x'Gg xfdL ;fgf gfgL .
/;'jf stf 5 eGfL ;f]Wg' xf]nf, kfgL eq a:g] k|f0fL x]g{ kfOGgg\,
afUfdtL k|b]z, oxL c~rndf . cUnf ?v, afSnf] emf8L lg b]lvGgg\ .
d]/f] Kof/f] ufpF w'~r]eGbf dfly, w]/} s'08, leGg ¿k, gfd cg]s,
lxdfnsf] sfvdf k'mN5g\ ;'gkftL . s'08 Uff];fOF, e}/j, ;"o{ / u0f]z .
rf/ xhf/ tLg :fo c;L ld6/df, cfxf Û eL/ kfvf, j]ife"iff ldn]sf,
7"nf] cfsfz cUnf] kxf8 ;fydf . w]/} hflt ;a} wd{ ;Fu} a;]sf .
Uff];fOFs'08 ;kmf kfgL e08f/, Uff];fOF If]q kljq, zflGt e"lddf,
tn, dfly, bfofF, afofF ;kmf ;+;f/ . Wf]/} eQm k'Ug] lbg hg}k"l0f{df .
/fd|f 5g\ d7, dlGb/, u'Daf / kf6L, tfdfª / z]kf{, /Llt lylt hfGg,
;a} hgf v';L x'Fb} 3'D5g\ jfl/ kfl/ . hfcf}F x} nfdf, emfFqmL gfr]sf] x]g{ .
cln dfly ;"o{ s'08 tfbLsf] d'xfg, b]z eQm cd/ l;+x 5g\ u'kmfdf,
w]/} eQmhg ToxfF klg k'Ub5g\ . tL jL/ b]Vbf hfU5 elQm 5ftLdf .
lqz"n wf/f d"n Uff];fOFs'08sf], Tof] Uff];fOF If]q ljZjsf] ;Ld;f/,
Uff];fOFs'08 dfOtL lqz"nL gbLsf] Tof] k|s[lt / ;++:s[ltsf] e08f/ .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 51

 L
lrgf/
gfuk~rdL
6f}bx cyf{t\
ssf]{6s bx lqrGb| k|tLIff

gf uk~rdL cyf{t\ gfu;k{sf] k"hf ug]{

lbg . o; lbg ljleGg :yfgdf gfusf]
k"hf ul/G5 . To;dWo]sf] kljq:yn 6f}bx
bxÚ /xg uPsf] xf] . o;}sf] cke|+z eO{ 6f}bx
x'g uPsf] egfO 5 . sf7df7f}Faf6 ;ft lsldsf]
b"/L blIf0fsfnL hfg] af6f]df kb{5 . kfFr ;o
klg gfusf] k"hf ug]{ :ynsf ¿kdf k|l;4 5 . ld6/ nDafO / rf/ ;o ld6/ rf}8fO If]qkmndf
hxfF ssf]{6s gfusf] lgjf; :yfg eg]/ klg of] bx km}lnPsf] 5 . /fhwfgLsf] glhs} /x]/ klg
k'lhg] ul/G5 . h;nfO{ ssf]{6s bx klg rrf{df cfpg g;s]sf] 6f}bx ;'Gb/tfn] klg
eg]/ lrlgFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn efiffdf o;nfO{ el/Psf] 5 . h;sf] clxn] k|l;4L klg a9]sf]
tfxfMbx klg elgG5 . …tfxfÚ eg]sf] …;k{Ú x'G5 . 5 . pkTosfdf 3'Dgnfos uGtJodf of] klg kg{
;k{ cyf{t\ gfusf] af; u/]sf] hnfzo eGg] yfn]sf] 5 .
cy{df g]kfn efiffdf o;sf] gfd tfxfbx‘ jf …tfM d~h'>L af]lw;Tjn] s6'jfn gfds

d~h'>L af]lw;Tjn] s6'jfn gfds :yfgdf kxf8 sf6]/ gfubxsf] kfgL aflx/
:yfgdf kxf8 sf6]/ gfubxsf] kfgL k7fPkl5 ssf]{6s gfu klg cGo gfux¿sf]
aflx/ k7fPkl5 ssf]{6s gfu klg ;fydf aflx/ lg:sg nfu]sf] x'Fbf cgy{sf]
cGo gfux?sf] ;fydf aflx/ lg:sg ;Defjgfb]lv gfubxsf clwklt ssf]{6s
nfu]sf] x'Fbf cgy{sf] ;Defjgfb]lv o; gfunfO{ o; hnfzodf cf>o lbO{ ;Dk"0f{
hnfzodf cf>o lbO{ ;Dk"0f{ j}ejsf] j}ejsf] :jfdL agfP/ /fv]sf] x'Fbf …ssf]{6s
:jfdL agfP/ /fv]sf] x'Fbf …ssf]{6s bxÚ bxÚ eGg] gfd /xg uPsf] eGg] sygL 5 .
eGg] gfd /xg uPsf] eGg] sygL 5. of] bx rf]ef/sf] 8fF8faf6 pQ/–klZrd

52 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

sf]0fdf /x]sf] 5 . k|m]Gr ljåfg\ tyf Oltxf;sf/ 6]s' bf]efg -afudtL / lji0f'dtLsf] ;ª\ud_df
l;NefF n]eLn] 6f}bxnfO{ P]ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0faf6 g'xfpg nfu]sf lyP . pgnfO{ gfu/fhfn] lrg] .
dxìjk"0f{ :yfg dfg]sf 5g\ . o; 6f}bxsf af/]df cg'/f]w ul/sg Tof] j}BnfO{ cfˆgf] ;fydf nu] .
Pp6f k'/fgf] P]ltxfl;s syg o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 6f}bxsf] kf]v/Ldf k'u]/ j}BnfO{ cfFvf lrDng
kfOG5 . nufO{ b'j} hgf bxdf kmfn xfn] . tn k'u]kl5

klxn] d~h'>L af]lw;Tjn] gfubx -g]kfn_ j}Bsf] cfFvf v'Nof] . pgn] cfkm"nfO{ Ps
sf] kfgL ;a} vf]n]/ aflx/ k7fpFbf Tof] kf]v/Ldf /d0fLo b/af/leq k/]sf] b]v] . b/af/sf leQf
a:g] ofjt\ gfu klg au]/ uP . Tof] bxsf ;'gsf lyP . ‰ofn / blng OToflbdf gL/,
gfu/fhf ssf]{6s klg pgLx¿sf ;fy ;fy} dl0f, k'ik/fh cflb hl8Psf lyP . gfux¿sf]
au]/ hfg nfu]sf lyP d~h'>Ln] ljrf/ u/] ls 6fpsf]df dl0fsf] t]hn] ubf{ ToxfF cFWof/f]
;a} gfu uP eg] ev{/ a;fNg nfu]sf] ;x/ lyPg . gfu/fhfn] cfˆgL gflugLnfO{ b]vfP .
a]sfdsf] x'G5 . gfusf /fhf ssf]{6snfO{ /fVg j}Bn] cfˆgf] y}nLaf6 s]xL h8La'6L lems]/
Ps ;/f]j/ -kf]v/L_ lgdf{0f u/], To;sf] gfd 9'ª\ufdf bn]/ cfFvfdf nufOlbP . /fgLsf] cfFvf
xf] 6f}bx . Tof] bxdf ssf]{6s a;]sf 5g\ eGg] t'?Gt lgsf] eof] . gfu/fhf w]/} v';L eP .
oBlk k|l;4 5 . pgn] tL j}BnfO{ 7"nf] pkxf/:j¿k xL/f, df]tL,
>L # dxf/fh rGb|zdz]/ hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffsf dl0f lbP/ k7fP . To;afx]s Ps j/bfg klg
/fHosfndf k|l;4 Oltxf;sf/ l;NefF n]eL g]kfndf lbP– ltd|f ;Gtfg cfFvfsf] cf}iflw ug{df ;fx|}
cfPsf lyP . logn] 6f}bxsf] lg/LIf0f u/]/ of] 7fpF l;kfn' x'g]5g\ .
P]ltxfl;s 5 egL o;sf] rf/}lt/ 9'ªu\ f nufpg /fhf xl/l;+xb]jn] Tof] 36gf yfxf kfP/ la5§}
nufP . of] *$ /f]kgL hn If]q;lxt (^ /f]kgL v';L eP . /fhfn] pQm j}BnfO{ 7"nf] ;Ddfgsf
hUufdf km}lnPsf] 5 . bh{gf}F k|sf/sf kG5Lx¿ ;fy /fv] . 6f}bxsf] dxìjnfO{ w]/}n] a'em]/ g}
oxfF kfOg] x'Fbf r/fsf] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf cfhsf] lbg;Dd klg d]if ;ª\qmflGtsf lbg :gfg
nflu of] 7fpF cfsif{s dflgG5 . ug]{ 7"nf] d]nf nfUb5 eg] gfuk~rdLsf] lbgdf
ls+jbGtL, ssf]{6s gfusL :qL gflugLsf] ;d]t eJo d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . 6f}bxsf] ;+/If0f
cfFvf b'v]sfn] ;fx|} kL8fdf lyOg\ . Ps lbg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4zdz]/sf] kfnfdf yflnPsf]
tL ssf]{6s gfusf] dgdf cfFvfsf] cf}iflw ug{ lyof] . h'4zdz]/sf] kfnfdf bxsf] ;ft s'gfdf
hfGg] dflg; vf]h]/ NofO{ cf}iflw u/fpg nfpg' 9'ª\uf uf8]/ ;'/Iff uf8{;d]tsf] Joj:yf u/L
k¥of] eGg] ljrf/ p7\of] . tL gfu a|fXd0fsf] e]if bxsf] ;+/If0f yflnPsf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf]
lnP/ Ps j}Bsf] vf]hLdf lxF8] . egfO 5, h'4zdz]/sf] kfnfdf ufl8Psf] 9'f
To; ;dodf /fhf xl/l;+x b]jsf j}B cBfjlw b]Vg kfOG5 . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 53

 d]/f] s'rL
clbtL >]i7, sIff M #
s]Pd;L :s'n, zª\vd"n, sf7df8f}F

k|If]k Gof}kfg], sIff M !

;]G6 h]leo{; :s'n, hfjnfv]n .

>]ozL bfxfn, sIffM !

lnl6n PGhN; :s'n,= xfQLjg, nlntk'/

oz' k'g, sIffM (

8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n

k|ldzf /Dt]n, sIffM ( sljtf /fgf, sIffM ^

8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n 8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n

54 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 bLks yfkf, sIffM $
8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n

ljj]z zfxL, sIffM ^

8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n

>Liff rf}w/L, sIffM %

jf;u9L o'gfO6]8 klAns :s'n, alb{of

s/0f zdf{, sIffM ^

nf]s r]tgf dflj, Ko'7fg
k"hf u'Ktf, sIffM *
ldgef{ :s'n

;}nhf bfgL, sIffM ! =, sI

6fOD; OG6/g];gn :s'n, sf7df8f}F lnk'/

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 55

 /]z' kl/of/, sIffM o'sh
] L
cfo'>L e6\6, sIffM % 8fOgflds O=Pd= :s'n
Pe/]i6 Ps]8d] L, cQl/of, s}nfnL

cf/fWof Gof}kfg], sIffM !

cfz'tf]if Gof}kfg], sIffM #
cgGt lzIff ;bg, eQmk'/
dft[el" d :s'n, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/

cfbz{ kf}8n] , sIffM % cflbTo km'ofn, sIffM *

1fg lgs]tg :s'n, zª\vd"n, sf7df8f}F ;}lgs cfjf;Lo dxfljBfno, eQmk'/

56 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 sljtf

;'Gb/tfsf] xf] Tof] Ps d"n

ToxfF km'N5g\ w]/} yl/ km"n
d]/f] km"naf/L
v]n v]N5g\ ToxfF 3fd / 5fof
nfU5 dnfO{ To;sf] w]/} dfof .
km"n km'N5 v]N5 k'tnL;Fu
/ftf / lgnf w]/ g} 5g\ /ª
km"nx¿n] Tof] 7fpF ;h]sf]
p8]sf] df}/Lsf] kª\v ah]sf] .
;'Gb/ 5 Tof] 5 Tof] cgdf]n
ldNb}g ug{ To;sf] tf}n
df}/L kª\v ahfpb} cfpF5
r/f] /dfP/ uLt ufpF5 .
k|f~hn u}x|]
km"nx¿n] kfPsf 5g\ dn sIffM *
d}n] lbPsf] lognfO{ hn a"9fgLns07 :s'n
km"nx¿ km'N5g\ tL ljlrq sf7df8f}F .
nfU5 dnfO{ x]¿F pxL lrq .
ed/fn] ufpF5g\ oxfF uLt
nfpF5g\ km"n k'tnLn] ldt
xf] of] ;'Gb/ d]/f] km"naf/L
/fv]sf] 5' d}n] ;'Gb/ kf/L .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 57

 kl/sf/
g] kfnL ;dfhdf k|rlnt egfO …c;f/ !% bxL
lrp/f vfg', ;fpg !% vL/ vfg'Ú eGg] s'/f
efOalxgLn] ;'Gg'ePs} xf]nf . tkfO{+x¿sf] 3/df
klg ;fpg !% ut] vL/ kfs]sf] / kl/jf/sf]
;b:o e]nf eP/ vfPsf] cg'ej klg ug'{ePsf]
xf]nf eGg] d}n] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . k|To]s jif{
;fpg !% ut] g]kfnLn] vL/ vfP/ dgfpF5g\ .
g]kfndf ljljw hfthfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf]n]
y'k|} rf8kj{ dgfOG5 . o;dWo] ;fpg !% nfO{
eg] /fli6«o kj{s} ¿kdf ;a}n] 3/–3/d} vL/
vfP/ dgfOG5 .
xfd|f xh'/a'jf / xh'/cfdfsf cg';f/
c;f/sf] !% ut]nfO{ v]tdf /f]kfOF ;'? ePsf]
cj;/ dfg]/ bxL lrp/f vfg] / ;fpg !%
df eg] /f]kfOF ;lsPsf] / ysfO d]6\g tftf]–
tftf] vL/ vfg] rng rn]sf] xf] . b"wdf u/d
d;nf / rfdn ld;fO agfOg] vL/ k"hfcfhfdf
klg k|;fbsf ¿kdf r9fOG5 eg] kf]if0fljb\
x¿n] vL/nfO{ kf]if0fo'Qm / zlQmjw{s vfgfsf
kl/sf/sf ¿kdf JofVof u5{g\ . o;sf/0f

;fpg dlxgfsf] s[lifsd{af6 yfs]sf] z/L/nfO{ tfut lbg vL/

vfP/ cf/fd / zlQm a9fpg] rng rn]sf]]
‘vL/’ ljZjf; ul/G5 . jiff{t\sf] ;dodf kfgL w]/} kg]{,
sfd ubf{ leh]sf], sdhf]/ z/L/nfO{ tfhf kfg]{
dfWod vL/ vfg] rngnfO{ lglZrt lbg tf]s]/
vfg] u/]sf] a'em\g ;lsG5 .
vL/ agfpg cfjZos ;fdu|L
b"w, rfdn, lrgL, Njfª, bfnlrgL, dl/r,
sfh', ls;ld;, 5f]s8f, gl/jn cflb ldnfP/
vL/ agfOG5 . b"w / u/d d;nfsf] ld>0fn]
ubf{ vL/ kf]lifnf] aG5 . Ct'cg';f/sf] vfg]s'/f
vfg] g]kfnL k/Dk/fcg';f/ x/]s kj{df aGg]
ksjfGgsf] cfˆg} ljz]iftf 5g\ . To;dWo] vL/
klg k|d'v dflgG5 . efOalxgL xfdLn] rf8kj{
dgfpFbf aGg] vfgf, ldi7fGgsf kl/sf/sf af/]df
;f]Wg] ug'{k5{ . To;af6 xfdLnfO{ kj{ dgfpg'sf]
dxìj cem} /fd|/L a'e\mg ;lhnf] x'G5 / c¿nfO{
kNnjL yfkf To;af/] a'emfpg ;Sg] klg x'G5f}F, x} t . á

58 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

P s /ft d k|Llt xh'/d'df;Fu v'nf
cfsfzd'lg a;]/ s'/f ub}{ lyPF . xfdL
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fsf] s'l~hgLsf af/] s'/f
ub}{ lyof}F . w]/} h'gsf af/df n]Vg'ePsf] x'gfn]
xfdLn] cfsfzlt/ x]g{ yfNofF} .
To; /ft cfsfzdf h'g t lyPg t/
k|ZglrXgsf] cfsf/df ;ftj6f tf/fsf] ;d"xsf]
pHofnf] eg] lyof] . To:tf ;d"xnfO{ gIfq
elgFbf] /x]5 . aRr}b]lv dnfO{ Tof] gIfq dg
kYof]{ . 6]/L Dofdn] cª\u|]hLdf To;nfO{ …lju
l8k/… eG5g\ egL l;sfpg' ePsf] lyof] . Tof]
gIfq b]Vg] laltSs} d}n] xh'/ d'dfnfO{ To;af/] ljb]xf /~hg
;f]w]F / pxfFn] dnfO{ ;a} s'/f a'emfpg'eof] . sIffM %
k|frLgsfnsf ;ft Clifx¿sf gfddf o; :kfOgL Aofan/ Oef]n';g
gIfqsf tf/fx¿sf] gfd /flvPsf] kfOG5 . oL sf7df8f}F
;ft Clifx¿ Psbd} ljåfg\ x'g'x'GYof] . ;+:s[t
efiffdf ;Kt eg]sf] ;ft xf] / ;a}n] cf– agfPsf 5g\ .
cfˆgf] tl/sfn] cfˆgf] gfd ;w}Fsf nflu cd/ pxfFx¿sf] gfd jlzi7, dl/rL, sZok,
cqL, hdbUgL, uf}td, ljZjfldq, ef/Wjh xf] .
d}n] cf7 Clifx¿sf af/] n]v]sf] 5' t/ oL
Clifx¿ ;docg';f/ km]l/g ;Sg'x'G5 . h:t}
:j:yfgLsf] cu:y d'lg klxn] ;KtClif gIfqdf
x'g'x'GYof] clxn] x'g'x'Gg .
;KtClifdWo] jlzi7 ;a}eGbf k'/fgf Clif
x'g\ . jlzi7 / pxfFsf] kl/jf/sf] pNn]v CUj]b
tyf cGo w]/} j}lbs u|Gyx¿df ul/Psf] 5 .
pxfFn] ljleGg k'/f0f hDdf u/]/ n]v]sf] dflgG5 .
pxfFnfO{ CUj]bsf] efu ;ftsf k|d'v n]vs
dflgG5 .
Dfl/rL a|Xdfsf k'q dflgG5 . oxfF sZok
Clifsf lktf / ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLsf xh'/a'jf klg
To; /ft cfsfzdf h'g t lyPg x'g'x'G5 . dl/rLsf] cy{ rGb|df jf ;"o{af6
t/ k|ZglrXgsf] cfsf/df ;ftj6f cfpg] k|sfzsf] ls/0f xf] . pxfF b; k|hfkltdWo]
tf/fsf] ;d"xsf] pHofnf] eg] x'g'x'G5 / hgtfsf k|d'v x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFnfO{
lyof]. To:tf ;d"xnfO{ gIfq ;KtClifdWo] klxnf] Clif dflgG5 .
elgFbf] /x]5. aRr}b]lv dnfO{ Tof] sZokd'lg bfgj, b]jtf, dflg;, u?8,
kz'kG5L, uGwj{, lsGg/, cK;/f / cGo ;a}
gIfq dg kYof]{. 6]/L Dofdn] k|f0fLsf lktf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF CUj]bsf n]vs
cª\u|]hLdf To;nfO{ …lju l8k/… x'g'x'G5 / cfo'j]{bdf afn tyf dlxnf /f]u;DaGwL
eG5g\ egL l;sfpg' ePsf] lyof]. 7"nf] of]ubfg lbg'ePsf] 5 .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 59

 hdbUgL lji0f'sf] 5}6f}F cjtf/ k/z'/fdsf ;KtClifsf] gfd jlzi7, dl/rL,
lktf x'g'x'G5 . pxfF w]/} l/;fxf / n8fOFdf lgk'0f
x'g'x'GYof] . Psrf]l6 w]/} udL{ x'Fbf pxfF ;"o{b]j;Fu sZok, cqL, hdbUgL, uf}td,
l/;fP/ tL/n] lxsf{pg' eof] . a|Xdf eujfg\n] ljZjfldq, ef/Wjh xf]. d}n]
;"o{b]jnfO{ arfpg rKkn / 5ftf ;[li6 ug'{eof] cf7 Clifx¿sf af/] n]v]sf] 5'F
eGg] wd{u|Gydf sygL 5 . t/ oL Clifx¿ ;docg';f/
uf}td Clifn] dxìjk"0f{ dGqx¿ kQf nufpg' km]l/g ;Sg'x'G5. h:t}
ePsf] 5 . pxfF lxGb', af}4 / h}g wd{sf u'? :j:yfgLsf] cu:y d'lg klxn]
x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf gfddf w]/} ehg 5g\ . pxfFn] ;KtClif gIfqdf x'g'x'GYof]
^) jif{;Dd tk:of u/]/ w]/} 1fg k|fKt ug'{ePsf] clxn] x'g'x'Gg.
5 . q]tf / åfk/ o'udf Clif uf}td afFr]sf
pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ljZjfldq cfkm" /fhf eP klg cfˆgf] /fHo sf}/j / kf08jsf u'? b|f]0ffrfo{sf a'jf x'g'x'GYof] .
5f]8]/ Clif aGg'eof] . pxfFn] ufoqL dGq tof/ Clif clqn] clUg, OGb|, / lxGb' tyf cGo
ug'{eof] / cof]Wofsf] /fhk'/f]lxt /xL >L/fd wd{sf 7"N7"nf eujfg\sf nflu w]/} ehg
eujfg\sf] lzIfs x'g'eof] . pxfFnfO{ n]vssf agfpg'eof] . pxfF a|Xdf eujfg\sf] lha|f]af6
¿kdf klg lrlgG5 / pxfF jlzi7 Clifsf] zq'sf pTkGg ePsf] dflgG5 . pxfF bQq]o, b'jf{zf /
¿kdf klg lrlgG5 . zf]dfsf a'jf x'g'x'G5 .
ef/Wjh Clifn] k|frLg ;flxTo / j]bx¿nfO{ d ce}m ;KtClifx¿sf af/] l;Sb}5' . k|Llt
7"nf] of]ubfg lbg'eof] . pxfFn] CUj]b n]Vg xh'/d'df, ljleGg cgnfOg ;fO6 / lstfaaf6
;xof]u ug'{eof] / blIf0f Pl;ofdf w]/} gfd d}n] of] n]v n]v]F . dnfO{ pxfFx¿ tyf xfd|f]
sdfpg'eof] . pxfF j[x:kltsf k'q / dxfef/tsf b]zsf eujfg\, b]jtf / dxìjsf af/] w]/} l;Sg
dg 5 . á

…zLif{s s] xf] <Ú k|ltof]lutf – ^! …zLif{s s] xf] <Ú– %(

zLif{s M ===========================================
k|ltof]lutfsf] klƒ0ffd M
gfd M ============================================== d'gf dfl;ssf] @)&(
sIff M ================ h]7 dlxgfdf k|sflzt …zLif{s s]
ljBfno M ======================================== xf] <Ú–%( k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|fKt
zLif{sdWo] lgDglnlvt zLif{s ;jf{]Ts[i6
7]ufgf M ===========================================
ePsf] 5 M
lgod M
zLif{s M ;8s ;a}sf] ;femf
!= dfly lbOPsf] syfsf nflu ;'xfpFbf] zLif{s k|]ifs M o'lgzf s';f/L
k7fpg'xf]nf„ sIff M %
@= zLif{s 5f]6f] x'g'kg{]5„
#= o; k|ltof]lutfdf sIff !) ;Ddsf ljBfyL{n] dfq ljBfno M lnl6n PGhN;
efu lng kfpg'x'g5„ ] 7]ufgf M xfQLjg, nlntk'/„
$= ;a}eGbf ;'xfpFbf] zLif{ssf nflu k'ƒ‚sfƒsf]
Joj‚yf 5„ ljhoL ;xefuLnfO{ k'ƒ‚sfƒsf nflu d'gf
s'kgdf zLif{s e/]/ @)&( ;fn ebf} % ut];Dddf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf ;Dks{ ƒfVg'x'g
d'gf dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf cfOk'Ug'kg{]5„ cg'ƒf]w 5„

60 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 z'e hGdf]T;j

lbKtL bfxfn cfx/0f Gof}kfg] kl/lw bfxfn

@)&$÷)$÷@& @)&^÷)$÷)^ @)&!÷)$÷)#
vf]lk|ª Oª\ln; Ps]8]dL, eQmk'/ eQmk'/ 1fg lgs]tg :s'n, zª\vd"n

ck{0f uf}td ;fGeL cof{n ljZj sfdt

@)^*÷)$÷)! @)&@÷)$÷!^ @)^(÷)#÷@*
;]G6h]leo;{ :s'n, hfjnfv]n ;f}uft dG6]Zj/L :s'n, d}qLgu/ df]Ifbf :s'n, s'df/Lufn

o'lg; d5fd;L cflbsf vgfn xlif{sf >]i7

@)&)÷)$÷)# @)&^÷)$÷@& @)&#÷)$÷@!
sf7df8f}F ls8\; lna6L{ :s"n, sfu]Zj/L a];L;x/, ndh'ª

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 61

 afnsyf

bf]xf]/f] kmfObf
ljgf]b g]kfn

/f d / ;Ltf bfh'alxgL lyP . /fd k9fOdf

cln sdhf]/ / ;Ltf cln t]h lyOg\ .
pgLx¿ Pp6} sIffdf k9\y] . pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/
af/Ldf kmnkm"n, dWod juL{o lyof] . cfdf 3/sf] sfd ug'{x'GYof],
t/sf/L x'Gy] . uf]7df ufO{a:t', a'jf ;fdfGo hflu/] . 3/df a:t'efp lyP . cfdf
vf]/df afv|f, s'v'/f cflb . c;fWo} d]xgtL x'g'x'GYof] . a'jfn] klg 3/df
slxn] s'v'/f, slxn] afv|f cflb a;]sf] a]nf cfdfnfO{ ;3fpg' x'GYof] .
af/Ldf kmnkm"n, t/sf/L x'Gy] . uf]7df
a]r]/ / a]nfa]nfdf 3/df pAh]sf] ufO{a:t', vf]/df afv|f, s'v'/f cflb . slxn]
t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflb laqmL u/]/ s'v'/f, slxn] afv|f cflb a]r]/ / a]nfa]nfdf
pgLx¿sf] ljBfnosf] z'Ns ltg{] 3/df pAh]sf] t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflb laqmL u/]/
vr{ h'6\Yof] . pgLx¿sf] ljBfnosf] z'Ns ltg{] vr{ h'6\Yof] .
cyf{t\ cfdfs} d]xgtn] pgLx¿sf] k9fO vr{

62 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

rn]sf] lyof] . …x]/ g xfdLn] vfPsf] a]nf . b]Vb}g;\ clxn]
tnaaf6 ar]sf] k};fn] yk v]t, af/L dMd vfO/fVof 5f}F . slxn] rfpldg, slxn]
lsGg] / ;s]df lj:tf/} ;x/df 38]/L hf]8\g] lkhf, slxn] au{/, slxn] s], slxn] s], xfdL
a'jfsf] ;f]r lyof] . o;}n] a'jf ldtJooL t km]l/km]l/ vfG5f}F .
x'g'x'GYof] vr{df lskmfot ug'{x'GYof] . pgLx¿ ;fyLn] cfkm"nfO{ xf]RofPsf] /fdnfO{ dg
ljBfno hfFbf 3/df cfdfn] agfOlbPsf] vfhf k/]g . eGof], æxfdLnfO{ dg kb}{g To:tf] vfhf .Æ
n}hfGy] . vfhfsf ¿kdf slxn] ds}–e6df;, …cF=== kfP kf] dg kYof]{, vfg kfP slt
slxn] abfd–lrp/f, slxn] xn'jf, slxn] k'/ vflGy;\ xf]nf,Æ
L–t/sf/L cflb x'GYof] . vfhf vfg] ;dodf p;sf] lrQ b'Vof] . t/ pm l/;fPg . a?
pgLx¿ klg ;fyLx¿;Fu} a;]/ vfhf vfGy] . pgLx¿nfO{ ;Demfpg] sf]l;; ub}{ eGof],
pgLx¿sf] sIffdf ;Fu} k9\g] wgL kl/jf/sf æltdLx¿ wgL 5f}, ahf/af6 lsg]sf] vfG5f},
;fyL klg lyP . Pslbg Ps hgf ;fyLn] xfdL ;Sb}gf}F, o;}n] 3/af6} h] x'G5 NofpF5f}F,
pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wof], …s] vfhf vfPsf] <Ú vfG5f}FÆ …t/ Pp6f s'/f lg, cl:t ld;n] sIffdf
pgLx¿n] Ps} :j/df eg] …ds}–e6df; .Ú k9fPsf] la:of}{ <Æ
æ5\of, To:tf] klg vfhf x'G5 Ú …ds} …s] s'/f <Ú ;fyLn] ;f]Wof] .
e6df; t ds}–e6df; g} e}uf] lg,Æ p;n] /fdn] eGof], æahfl/of vfg]s'/f gvfg',
eGof] . cg]s y/L d;nf /fv]sf] x'G5, s:tf] s:tf]
æclg s] x'G5 t vfhf <Æ /fdn] k|Zg u¥of] . 7fpFdf agfPsf] x'G5, :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ub}{g,
:jfb dfq} xf], 3/af6} vfhf NofP/ vfg] ug'{k5{ .
o;f] ubf{ bf]xf]/f] kmfObf x'G5, Psflt/ vr{ sd,
csf]{lt/ :jf:Yo /fd|f] .Æ á
kf]v/f yf]s, kfNkf .

tnaaf6 ar]sf] k};fn] yk

v]taf/L lsGg] / ;s]df
lj:tf/} ;x/df 38]/L hf]8\g]
a'jfsf] ;f]r lyof] . o;}n]
a'jf ldtJooL x'g'x'GYof]
vr{df lskmfot
ug'{x'GYof] . pgLx?
ljBfno hfFbf 3/df
cfdfn] agfOlbPsf] vfhf
n}hfGy] . vfhfsf] ?kdf
slxn] ds}–e6df;,
slxn] abfd–lrp/f, slxn]
xn'jf, slxn] k'/L t/sf/L
cflb x'GYof] .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 63

 3'd3fd
; d'b| ;txaf6 hlt hlt dfly l5rf]lnFb}
k'U5f}F, plt plt cfgGb / /f]df~rs
cg'e"lt kfpg ;'? x'G5 . ljZjs} ;jf]{Rr lzv/
lxdfnL oftfoft
;u/dfyf k|j]zåf/ n'Snfaf6 dfly plSnFbf dg}
km'?ª\u x'G5 . sf7df8f}F / kf]v/fkl5 d'n'ssf]
t];|f] Jo:t ljdfg:yn n'SnfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
j]a;fO6 …k|fOe]6 ˆnfO{ 86 sdÚn] /f]df~rs
cg'e"lt lbg] ljZje/sf ljdfg:yndWo] cf7f}F
:yfgdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf] 5 . ;d'b| ;txeGbf b'O{
xhf/ cf7 ;o ^) ld6/dfly n'Snf 5 . n'Snf
xF'b} tLg xhf/ rf/ ;o $) ld6/ dfly /x]sf]
gfDr] l5rf]lnof] eg] p:t} cfgGb cfpF5 . rf/ dgf]h kf}8]n
xhf/ kfFr ;o ld6/ dfly l5rf]lnG5, To;/L cf7 xhf/ cf7 ;o $* ld6/ cUnf !%
ko{6s cfZro{hgs cfgGbsf] cg'e"lt lxdfn b]Vg ;lsG5 . Pp6} 8f“8fdf pleP/ olQ
u5{g\ . #^) l8u|Ldf b]lvg] lxdfn} lxdfnn] w]/} k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / ljljwtfsf] cjnf]sg
3]l/Psf] b]Vbf cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL 7fG5g\ . oqf] cGt kfpg d'l:sn x'G5 .
;do;Dd lsg gcfPsf] xf]nf eg]/ :jo+nfO{
u'gf;f] u5{g\ . gfDr] glhs}sf] v'Gb] v'Dh'ª
ufpFsf] Pp6f 8fF8faf6 tLg xhf/ cf7 ;ob]lv

tl:j/M dgf]h kf}8]n

64 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 gfDr]af6 ;u/dfyf a]; SofDk
k'Ug b'O{b]lv tLglbg;Dd nfU5.
dfn;fdfg cf];fg{ ;8s oftfoft
;'ljwf gxF'bf el/of, rf}F/LufO{, ofs,
u'Drf / vRr8n] af]Sg] u5{g\. pRr
kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf] oftfoftsf]
k|d'v ;fwg g} log} x'g\.
efOalxgL ltdLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 < o:tf]
cb\e"t ko{6sLo cfsif{0f af]s]sf] 7fp“sf]
oftfoftLo ;fwg eg] k}bn jf xjfO{ oftfoft
dfq xf] . gfDr]af6 ;u/dfyf a]; SofDk k'Ug klg
b'O{b]lv tLg lbg;Dd nfU5 . ;+;f/s} ko{6ssf]
cfsif{0f af]s]sf] 7fpFdf eg] dfn;fdfg cf];fg{
eg] lgs} ufx|f] 5 . ;8s oftfoftLo ;'ljwf
gx'Fbf el/of, rf}F/LufO{, ofs, u'Drf / vRr8n]
af]Sg] u5{g\ . pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qsf]
oftfoftsf] k|d'v ;fwg g} log} x'g\ . b}lgs
pkef]Uo ;fdfgb]lv, cf}iflwd"nf], 3/fo;L
;fdfg / lgdf{0f ;fdu|L klg log} lxdfnL ;fwgdf
af]sfP/ n}hfg] Nofpg] ul/G5 .
oxf“ …3/, xf]6n, ljBfno, :jf:Yorf}sL
nufotsf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf ;fdu|L klg
ofs, u'Drf / vRr8df af]sfP/ NofO{ agfOG5 .\
…lxdfndf oL ;fwgsf] ljsNk} 5}g\ .Ú oxfF
l;of]b]lv l;d]G6;Dd hxfhaf6 n'Snfdf ptf/]/
ef/L af]sfP/} gfDr]b]lv a]; SofDk;Dd} k'U5g\ .
;u/dfyf cf/f]xLsf cf/f]x0f ;fdu|L klg To;/L
g} Nofpg] n}hfg] ul/G5 . To;}n] ;fdfgsf] d"No
kf“r u'0ff;Dd dxFluG5 . gfDr]b]lv Sofªhf]df,
nf};f;f, km'ªuL 6fuf, Tofªaf]r], kfªaf]r] / x'g\ . ofs a9L lr;f] 7fp“df a:g] x“'bf tLg
lbªa'r] ef/L af]Sb} k'U5g\ . To;kl5 5s'r], xhf/ rf/ ;o ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] gfDr]b]lv
lbaf]r], y'Snf, nj'r] / uf]/v;]k xF'b} a]; dfly cfwf/ lzlj/;Dd sl/a $# lslddf
SofDk k'U5g\ . ;;fgf vf]nfvf]:nL, uf]/]6f] af6f], a9L b]lvG5 . sf6df/ gx'g] v'Da' If]qe/sf]
k'n, cK7\of/f] kxf8 pSnFb} / cf]/fnf] emb}{ ef/L ofqf ubf{ s'g} WofgftLt ofqfsf] cg'ej x'G5 .
lnP/ rf}kfof k'Ug] u5{g\ . n'Snfb]lv sl/a ^@ kfOn}lkR5] e]l6g] 7"nf–;fgf u'Daf, 5f]g]{t, dfg],
lslddf a]; SofDk /x]sf] 5 . rf/÷kfFr lsld Wjhf / vfbfn] s'g} k'0oe"ld k'u]sf] cg'ej
af6f] t lxpF l5rf]Nb} k'Ug' k5{ . u/fpF5 . ToxL ef/L af]s]sf el/of, rf}F/LufO{,
;d'b| ;txeGbf b'O{ xhf/ cf7 ;o ^) ofs, u'Drf / vRr8sf] n:s/ b]Vbf dg}
ld6/dflysf] n'Snfb]lv kfFr xhf/ tLg cfNxflbt x'G5 . v'nf cfsfzdf 6lNsPsf]
;o ^$ ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] ;u/dfyf a]; lxdfn;Fu} ef/L af]s]sf rf}kfofn] ofqf clåtLo
SofDk;Ddsf oftfoftLo k|d'v ;fwg g} log} / clj:d/0fLo agfp“5 . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 65

 v]ns'b

6]an6]lg;sL h'lgo/ RoflDkog

ljofGsf
g] kfnsf] k'/fgf v]ndWo]df k5{ 6]an6]lg; .
6]an6]lg;df nfUg] v]nf8L klg a9\bf] 5 .
g]kfndf 6]an6]lg; v]Ng] xhf/f}F v]nf8L 5g\ .
k|ltof]lutfdf ljofGsf g]kfnsL
gDa/ Ps gljtf >]i7 / l;sf
k|ltof]lutf x'Fbf v]nf8Lsf] ;xeflutf y]Ug} ufx|f] ;'jfn;Fu dfq xf/]sL lyOg\ .
x'G5 cfof]hsnfO{ . ljz]iftM ljBfno ljBfnodf Pl;og u]d 5gf]6df pgL 6k P6df
6]an6]lg;nfO{ cfsif{0fdf /x]sf] v]n dflgG5 .
h;n] ubf{ g]kfnL 6]an6]lg;sf] hu alnof] 5 . k'lu;s]sL 5g\ . ca oL zLif{
:s'ndf 6]an6]lg; v]n]/ pbfPsf s}of}F v]nf8L cf7 v]nf8Laf6 g} Pl;og u]dsf
5g\ . tLdWo] Ps x'g\ ljofGsf /fO{ . :s'ndf nflu v]nf8L rog x'g]5 . To;}n]
6]an6]lg; l;s]/ cfkm"nfO{ g]kfnL 6]an6]lg;df klg ljofGsfn] !% jif{s} pd]/df
pbLodfg v]nf8Lsf ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't
ul/;s]sL 5g\ . Pl;og u]d v]n] eg] Tof] cfZro{
dfgejgl:yt cfbz{ ljBf dlGb/ -PeLPd_ dfGg'kg]{ 5}g .
:s'nsL ljofGsf clxn] !) sIffdf cWoog/t
l5g\ . ;f]xL :s'ndf pxfFn] ;fgf]b]lv g}
6]an6]lg; v]n]sL x'g\ . PeLPd :s'ndf
PeLPe 6]an6]lg; Sna klg 5 . ;f]xL
Snaaf6 ljofGsf pbfPsL x'g\ . sIff $ df
5Fbf cfkm"eGbf l;lgo/ l;sf ;'jfnn] klxnf]
k6s 6]an6]lg; v]nfPsf] ljofGsfnfO{ ofb
5 . To;kl5 t ljofGsfnfO{ of] v]n olt
dg k¥of] sL pgn] jiff}{+ eof] b}lgs b'O{–tLg k|lht zfSo
3G6f ;do lg/Gt/ 6]an6]lg;nfO{ lbg] u/]sf] .

66 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

:s'ndf ;fg}df nxnx}df 6]an6]lg;df xf]dPsL d~h' ;'jfnh:tf g]kfnsf zLif{ v]nf8Lx¿nfO{
ljofGsfsf] ghflgFbf] tl/sfn] 6]an6]lg;df df]x k/flht ul/g\ . ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf ljofGsf g]kfnsL
a9\b} uof] . cem d]xgt ug]{ afgLn] pgsf] v]n gDa/ Ps gljtf >]i7 / l;sf ;'jfn;Fu dfq
:t/df klg j[l4 x'Fb} uof] . ljofGsf cfkm}F klg xf/]sL lyOg\ . Pl;og u]d 5gf]6df pgL 6k P6df
/dfOnf]sf nflu v]Nbfv]Nb} clxn] 6]an6]lg; k'lu;s]sL 5g\ . ca oL zLif{ cf7 v]nf8Laf6
d]/f] sl/o/ aGb}5 elG5g\ . g} Pl;og u]dsf nflu v]nf8L rog x'g]5 .
PeLPd 6]an6]lg; Snadf 6]an6]lg;df b'O{ To;}n] klg ljofGsfn] !% jif{s} pd]/df Pl;og
bzseGbf a9L ;do latfO;s]sf g]kfnsf k"j{ u]d v]n] eg] Tof] cfZro{ dfGg'kg]{ 5}g .
gDa/ @ 6]an6]lg; v]nf8L k'?iff]Qd jh|frfo{ x'gtM ljofGsfn] cGt/f{li6«o:t/
k|lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . To;}n] klg ljofGsf efUodfgL k|ltof]lutfsf] cg'ej xfl;n ul/;s]sL 5g\ .
algg\ . jh|frfo{sf] /]vb]vdf ljofGsfsf] ljofGsf s]xL dlxgfcl3 dflNbE;df ePsf] blIf0f
6]an6]lg; v]nf8Lsf] ofqf ;'dw'/;Fu cufl8 P;ofnL h'lgo/ / Sof8]6 6]6] RoflDkogl;kdf
a9]sf] xf] . clxn] g]kfnsL gDa/ Ps 6]an6]lg; Sof8]6 uN;{ l6ddf efu lnP/ bf];|f] ePsL
v]nf8L aGg] ;kgf b]v]sL 5g\ . lyOg\ . h'g ;kmntfn] ljofGsf Pl;og h'lgo/
clxn] !% jif{ k'u]sL ljofGsf h'lgo/ :t/df tyf Sof8]6 6]an6]lg; RoflDkogl;kdf rog
o"–!* RoflDkog g} x'g\ . pgn] l;lgo/ :t/df klg eOg\ . o;afx]s pgn] Sof8]6 k|lzIf0f, :s'n
cfˆgf] 5fk 5f]l8;s]sL 5g\ . clxn] g]kfnsL cf]nlDks / P6L6Lo"sf] k|lzIf0fsf nflu tLg
gDa/ rf/ dlxnf v]nf8L x'g\ ljofGsf . ut k6s ef/t e|d0f ul/;s]sL 5g\ .
dlxgf ePsf] Pl;og u]dsf] 5gf]6df ljofGsfn] xfn} ljofGsfn] k|yd ldng sk h'lgo/
:j]R5f g]Djfª, /ljgf dxh{g, Plngf dxh{g, /fli6«o k|ltof]lutfdf o"–!* df :j0f{ / k"0f{dfg
6]an6]lg; RoflDkogl;kdf o"–!^ df :j0f{
kbs lht]sL lyOg\ . :s'n:t/df t ljofGsfn]
w]/} k|ltof]lutf lht]sL 5g\ .
ljofGsf afofFxft] v]nf8L x'g\ . n]ˆ6L
6]an6]lg; v]nf8Lsf] v]Ng] z}nL cfsif{s x'G5 .
cem ljofGsf cfqmfds 6]an6]lg; v]lN5g\ .
ljofGsfsf] cf]e/cn u]d g} /fd|f] x'G5 . To;}n]
klg ljofGsfsf] u]d lgs} cfsif{s b]lvG5 . Tolt
dfq xf]Og n]ˆ6L 6]an6]lg; v]nf8LnfO{ kmfObf
klg /x]sf] x'G5 . k|lzIfs jh|frfo{sf cg';f/
ljofGsf clxn] /fli6«o :t/df afofF xftsf
Ps dfq v]nf8L x'g\ . ljz]iftM 8aN; v]ndf
bfofF / afofF xft] v]nf8Lsf] slDag];gnfO{
pTs[i6 dflgG5 . g]kfndf afofF xftsf] dlxnf
v]nf8L gx'Fbf klg ljofGsfnfO{ o;n] kmfObf ug]{
kSsf 5 .
k|lzIfs jh|frfo{ clxn] g} ljofGsf blIf0f
Pl;ofnL v]ns'b -;fu_df kbs lhTg tof/
eO;s]sf] eGgx'G5 . ;fgf] pd]/df g} l;lgo/
:t/df klg 6k kmfOedf k'uL ;lsg\ . pd]/
pgsf] ;fydf 5 . To;}n] 6]an6]lg;nfO{ o;/L
d]xgt u/]/ lg/Gt/tf lbPdf ljofGsfn] g]kfnL
6]an6]lg;nfO{ 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg]
v]nf8L x'g\, k|lzIfs jh|frfo{sf] egfO 5 . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 67

 1fgj4{s

;a}eGbf ;fgf] r/f

aL xldª\a8{
xldª\a8{ sl/a #))
k|hfltsf /x]sf 5g\. of] r/f
cd]l/sfsf] hnjfo' If]qdf
a;f]af; ub{5g\. oLdWo]
;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|hflt g} aL
xldª\a8{ xf]. o;sf] ;fOh
hDdf @=@% OGr dfq x'G5
eg] tf}n klg b'O{ u|fd dfq
x'G5. c? k|hfltsf xldª\a8{
rf/b]lv kfFr OGrsf x'G5g\.
;a}eGbf 7"nf] xldª\a8{sf] tf}n
@) u|fd x'G5. logLx?sf]
cfsf/ /ª km/s–km/s x'G5.

;+ ;f/sf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] r/fsf] gfd xf] aL

xldª\a8{ . xldª\a8{ sl/a #)) k|hfltsf
/x]sf 5g\ . of] r/f cd]l/sfsf] hnjfo' If]qdf
OGr dfq x'G5 eg] tf}n klg b'O{ u|fd dfq x'G5 .
c¿ k|hfltsf xldª\a8{ rf/b]lv kfFr OGrsf
x'G5g\ . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] xldª\a8{sf] tf}n @) u|fd
a;f]af; ub{5g\ . oLdWo] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] k|hflt x'G5 . logLx¿sf] cfsf/ /ª km/s–km/s x'G5 .
g} aL xldª\a8{ xf] . o;sf] ;fOh hDdf @=@% of] r/fsf] r'Rrf] lgs} nfdf] x'G5 . ;fgf]
cfsf/sf] eP klg of] r/f lgs} pmhf{jfg\ /
;fx;L x'G5 . cfˆgf] u'F8df cfqmd0f ug{ cfPdf
o;n] cfˆgf zq'x¿nfO{ r'Rrf]n] cfqmd0f ug]{
u5{ . ;k{ tyf 7"nf cfsf/sf r/f;Fu ;d]t
o;n] cfˆgf] r'Rrf]n] gfs tyf cfFvfdf lgzfgf
agfP/ cfqmd0f u/]/ cfˆgf] u'F8 hf]ufpF5 .
cfˆgf] cfsf/h:t} u'F8sf] cfsf/ klg lgs}
;fgf] srf}/fh:tf] x'g] u5{ . o;n] cfˆgf] u'F8
emf8L tyf ?vdf agfpF5 . o;sf] cG8f d6/sf]
c~hnL /Dt]n bfgf hqf] dfq x'G5 .

68 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 of] r/fsf] v'6\6f sdhf]/
x'g] ePsfn] of] ;lhn};Fu
o;sf] lha|f]df ;–;fgf /f}+ x'G5g\ h;sf] lxF8\g ;Sb}g . h;sf
sf/0f km"nsf] /; r';]/ vfg ;lhnf] x'G5 . of] sf/0f o;n] cfˆgf] w]/}
r/fsf] ;'F£g] Ifdtf cToGt sdhf]/ x'G5 t/
o;n] km"nsf] /ª b]v]/ km"nsf] /; vfg] ub{5 . ;do p8]/} latfpF5 . of]
of] r/fnfO{ /ftf] /ªsf] km"n w]/} dg k5{ . Ps} r/f km"nsf] /; / ;fgf
lbgdf of] r/f sl/a Ps xhf/ km"nsf] glhs sL/f km6\ofª\u|f vfP/
hfg] u5{ . of] r/fsf] :d/0fzlQm Hofb} x'g] u5{ .
Ps k6s r';]sf] km"nnfO{ o;n] la;{+b}g . cfˆgf] k]6 eg]{ of] kG5L
of] r/fsf] v'6\6f sdhf]/ x'g] ePsfn] of] x/]s !) b]lv !% ldg]6df
;lhn};Fu lxF8\g ;Sb}g . h;sf] sf/0f o;n] ef]hg ul//xG5 .
cfˆgf] w]/} ;do p8]/} latfpF5 . of] r/f km"nsf]
/; / ;fgf sL/f km6\ofª\u|f vfP/ cfˆgf] k]6
eg]{ of] kG5L x/]s !) b]lv !% ldg]6df ef]hg kv]6f km6km6fpFbf o;sf] cfjfh xldª\ cfpg]
ul//xG5 . h;sf sf/0f vfgfaf6 p;nfO{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ xldª\a8{ gfd lbOPsf] xf] .
zlQm k|fKt x'G5 / w]/} ;do pl8/xg ;lhnf] of] kG5L x]lnsK6/h:t} cufl8 k5fl8
x'G5 . p8]sf] a]nf o;sf] /ˆtf/ &) lsnf]ld6/ bfofFafofF h:tf];'s} tl/sfn] klg p8\g ;S5 .
k|lt3G6f x'G5 . olt dfq x}g xfjfdf l:y/ cj:yfdf ;d]t of]
cToGt tLj| ultdf p8\g] of] r/f Ps ;]s]G8df /xg ;S5 . of] r/fafx]s c¿ s'g} r/f
*) b]lv !)) k6s;Dd kv]6f km6km6fpF5 . klg o; k|sf/n] xfjfdf p8\g ;Sb}g . Ps
h'g s'/f xfdLn] gfª\uf] cfFvfn] l;wf x]bf{ b]Vg ldg]6 ;dodf of] r/fsf] d'6' !@)) k6s
;Sb}gf}F . of] r/fsf] c¿ s'g} k|hfltn] t Ps w8\lsG5 . of] r/fsf] hLjgsfn sl/a rf/b]lv
;]s]G8df @)) k6s;Dd kv]6f km6km6fpF5g\ . kfFr jif{sf] x'G5 . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 69

 x:tn]vg

70 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

sljtf
;fpg dlxgf
ca t x]/ ;fyL xf]
;fpg] ;ª\qmflGt cfpg] ef]
cg]s a'6\6f e/]/
xftdf d]x]GbL nfpg] xf] .
c;f/ d}gf bxL lrp/f
;fpgdf vL/ t
o:tf] rng 5Fb}5
xfd|f] ufpFlt/ t .
s?0ff pbf;L ‘s[i0f’
xl/ofnL htftt}
nfpg] ;a} xl/of]
;f]daf/ lzj k"hf
;fpg d}gfel/sf] .
rf8kj{ ;'? eP
eGg'x'G5 cfdfn]
;fgL a}gL km'?Ss
xl/of] r'/f hfdfn] .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 71

 d]/f] afnfkg

k|]/0ffbfoL JolQmŒj
xif{ :ofª\afª
ef OalxgLx¿, JolQmTjsf] syf cfkm}Fdf
pT;fx / rf;f]sf] ljifo xf] . JolQmTj
ljsf;sf s'/f rfxgf, nugzLntf, Ifdtf,
;fdflhs kl/j]z tyf ;DaGwn] klg l;sfpF5
/ cl3 a9\g pTk|]l/t u5{ eg] /fhgLlts
jftfj/0fn] rNg l;sfpF5 . log} dfGotf /
cfbz{ dfu{bz{s kIf x'g\ . oxL kl/l:ylt;Fu
3'nldn tyf cfbz{sf kf6fnfO{ dfGotf agfO{
rNg;s] cfbz{jfg\ JolQmTjsf] klxrfg agfpg
;lsG5 . o:t} g]kfnL kl/j]z / dfGotfsf
cfwf/nfO{ dfu{bz{s dfg]/ :jtGqtf, dfgj
clwsf/, v'nf ;fdflhs kl/j]zsf] k"0f{ pkef]u
u/L ljleGg hft, wd{, snf, ;+:s[lt, efiff,
e]ife"iff / wd{ k/Dk/fh:tf d"No / dfGotfnfO{
cfbz{ dfg]/ cl3 a9] k|]/0ffbfoL aGg] cfwf/ ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / ;fdflhs
aGb5g\ . o:t} vfnsf pRr ;/fxgLo sbdn] ljsf;sf] cleofgdf ;lqmo hLjg lgjf{x
Gofok"0f{ ;dfhsf] ljsf;, pGglt / ;d[l4tkm{ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs:t/df o:t} ;dfhsf]
8f]¥ofpg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . o;sf nflu w]/} dxfg\ kl/sNkgf / dfGotf :yflkt ug{ nfluk/]sf
JolQmxx¿n] dxìjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ePsf] sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd h]nhLjg latfpg'k/]sf]
5 . To:tf JolQmTjdWo] jof]j[4 ;flxTosf/ lyof] . aLkL sf]O/fnf, ;'j0f{zdz]/, u0f]zdfghL,
tyf /fhg]tf x'g'x'G5, …xif{ :ofª\af] .Ú s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{, dgdf]xg clwsf/L, lgd{n
emG8} Ps ;o jif{ k'Ug'ePsf xif{ :ofª\af]n] nfdf, dfwjs'df/ g]kfn, s]kL cf]nL, snfjtL
y'k|} sljtf, syf, lgaGw, pkGof; / Oltxf;– ;'Aaf, sdn lrqsf/, sd/]8 nIdLeQm,
;+:s[ltsf s[ltx¿ n]Vg'ePsf] 5 eg] nf]ss[i0f e6\6/fO{, Zofdk|;fb, kfl/hft /
g]kfndf nf]stGq :yfkgfsf nflu ;flxlTos, ljgf]b c>'dfnLh:tf ljlzi6 JolQmTjl;tsf]
;DaGw / ofqf u/]sf >L :ofª\af] ;fdflhs
d"No, dfGotf / bz{g clxn] ;dfhsf nflu
k|]/0ffbfoL sfo{ ag]sf] 5 .
Jojxf/sf] kf6f
kfl/jfl/s Joj:yfkg ug{ 7]s]bf/L
Joj;fodf nfu]sf :ofª\af]sf] hLjgdf kTgL
ljBfnfO{ SofG;/n] ;tfPkl5 lg/fzfn] 5fof] .
dx]z k|;fO{+ Psflt/ SofG;/ /f]un] >LdtL ynf kg'{eof] eg]
csf{lt/ b'O{ 5f]/Lx¿sf] lzIffbLIff / ljjfx

72 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

cflbn] ;DklQaf6 l/lQg' k/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{tf ;'/ r9\of] . s]xL ;fyLl;t tfhdxn x]g{ uPF .
kf]Vg''eof] . tfhdxnsf] ;f}Gbo{ x]/]/ efj's ePF . s;f] s;f]
j[4fj:yf / /f]u zøofdf /xg'ePsf xif{ cfF;' em/]5g\, d]/f . ;fyLx¿ 5Ss k/]sf lyP .
:ofª\af]] cfˆgf] afNosfndf afh] aHo} d lj1fgjfbL ;f]rsf] JolQm /fhf dx/fhfn]
l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] a]yfgaf6 bflh{lnªsf] o:tf] p6\k6\ofªdf b]vfPsf] efj'stfn] dnfO{
lbnf/fd a:tLdf emg'{ ePsf] :d/0f ub}{ eGg'x'G5, g5'g' kYof]{ t/ snf / ;+j]bgfsf] cufl8 s;}sf]
afh]n] kfl/jfl/s nfngkfngsf] Joj:yfkg s]xL nfUbf] /x]g5 . h] xf];\ d jgf/; cfOk'u]/
ToxL a:tLdf ug{ yfNg'eof] . bflh{lnª -ef/t_ ;fyLx¿l;t 5'l§PF . d jgf/;df /f]lsPkl5,
df cª\u|]hsf] ;do lyof] . d]/f afj' ldl;g/Ldf d]/f] hLjgsf] …6lg{ª KjfOG6Ú ;'? eof] . d]/f]
sfd ug'{x'GYof] . d]/L cfdf 3/ u[x:yL rnfpg' k'iknfnhLl;t e]6 eof] . d k'iknfnsf]
x'GYof] . d (^ jif{cl3 lbnf/fd a:tLdf hGd]sf] k|lzIf0fdf k/]F . k|x/L / k|zf;gaf6 n'Sb},
x'F . To;a]nf hGdldlt n]Vg] n]vfpg] rng hf]luFb} sfd ug''{kYof], w]/} sfd ;DkGg klg
geP/ xf]nf hGd]sf] ;fn dfq ;'g]sf cfwf/df ul/of] . d bflh{lnªdf hlGdg k'u] klg g]kfnsf]
of] -(^ jif{_ sf] pd]/sf] s'/f u/]sf] x'F . dfof lyof] .
ljBfyL{ hLjg d /fhgLlt ;Fu;Fu} sljtf, syf, lgaGw
d]/f dftflktfsf kfFr efO 5f]/f / tLg alxgL pkGof; n]Vy]F . d]/f] ;flxTodf Tolts} ?lr
5f]/L;lxt cf7 ;Gtfg ePsf lyP . d h]7f] ;Gtfg lyof] . jgf/;af6 lg:sg] o'ujf0fL, bflh{lnªaf6
x'F . a:tLsf] hLjg sl7g x'G5 . lg:sg] …ef/tL / sf7df8f}Faf6
cefj, ul/aL cflbsf sf/0f d ef]6]sf] 5f]/f pgL lg:sg] …zf/bfÚ df d]/f n]v /rgf
/fd|f] :s'ndf k9\g ;lsPg . ;'v;ondf x's]{sL 5flkPsf 5g\ .
a:tLsf c:yfoL 6x/fdf ag]sf /f0ff vfgbfgsL 5f]/L. k|]ldn kn
:s''naf6 d]/f] k|f/lDes lzIff dfuL ljjfx ;Dej lj=;+= @))* s} s'/f xf] .
;'? eof] . cFuf/n] kf6Ldf lyPg. d @% jif{sf] sf7df8fF } 7d]n lgjf;L lqk'/g/
n]v]/ ;'? ePsf] lzIff cª\u|]h x'Fbf d}n] ljBf /f0ffnfO{ l;+x /f0ffsf] 5f]/f kL=Pg= /f0ffl;t
ldl;g/Ln] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;]G6 kTgLsf ¿kdf ;Dks{ eof] . pxfF ;De|fGt afj'sf
kn sn]hdf k'u]/ cl3 a9\of] . leq\ofPsf] lyPF. 5f]/f eP klg xfd|f] sDo'lgi6
d ;fg}b]lv …uDeL/Ú kf6L{df x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsL alxgL
lyPF . ddf r~rntf lyPg . d ljBf /f0ffl;t lrghfg eof] . of]
kfP;Dd kqklqsf lstfa l5rf]n]/ k9\y]F . xfd|f] lrgfhfgL k|]ddf kl/0ft eof] . To;kl5 xfdLn]
a:tLdf lah'nL k'u]sf] lyPg . ;Nnf] afn]/ sfd efu]/ ljjfx u¥of}+F a'6jndf .
rnfOGYof] . dnfO{ cfˆg} hflt, efiff, wd{ / d ef]6]sf] 5f]/f pgL ;'v;ondf x's]{sL /f0ff
;+:s[ltdf uj{ lyof] . lzIff If]qdf eg] lj1fg vfgbfgsL 5f]/L . dfuL ljjfx ;Dej lyPg . d
?lrsf] ljifo lyof] / To:t} lstfa k9\g] ub{y]F . @% jif{sf] x'Fbf d}n] ljBf /f0ffnfO{ kTgLsf ¿kdf
afnfkgsf] …anÚ leq\ofPsf] lyPF . xfdLnfO{ dfg]{ k|of; klg eof] .
dnfO{ v]ns'bdf km'6an dfq dg t/ xfd|f] k|]d cd/ lyof] .
kYof]{ . a:tLdf j/k/ x'g] …DofrÚ s'g} 5f]l8g . k|x/L bdg, efubf}8, ef/t lgjf{;g / cg]s
;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ clgjfo{ ;l/s u/fpFy] . Ps afwf Jojwfgl;t ;fdgf ub}{ xfdL b'j}n] kf6L{
k6s 3/af6 efu]/ l;nu9Ldf km'6an Dofr ;ª\u7gnfO{ dha't t'Nofof}F . ;Fu;Fu} 3/hd
v]Ng k'u]F . To;a]nf oftfoftsf] /fd|f] ;'ljwf klg u¥of}F . cfheGbf ;f]x| jif{cl3 SofG;/af6
lyPg . s]xL lbgkl5 ef]s} Kof;} cg]s u/]/ 3/ pgsf] lgwg eof] . d]n} ;a} ;DklQ ;s]/ klg
kmls{PF . 3/af6 gegL lxF8]sf] x'Fbf slt lbg;Dd arfpg ;lsg . xfd|f b'O{ 5f]/Lx¿ lyP . sfG5L
afj' / cfdf af]n]gg\ . efOalxgLn] rflxF dnfO{ klg SofG;/n] lalt;lsg\ . d}n] wd{k'qL agfPsL
/fd|} uy]{ . sdnfsf] ;fydf 5' . d}n] b]znfO{ w]/} u/]F . ca
d !^ jif{sf] pd]/ x'Fbf tfhdxn x]g{ hfg] kfnf] o'jfsf] . á

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 73

 sljtf

afFb/ d]/f] ;fyL

nIdL aL;L
sIffM *
afF;u9L o'gfO8]6 klAns :s'n
alb{of

;fgf] ;fgf] ;fyL

a:5 ?vdfly
Pp6f k'R5/ x'G5
To;n] e'OFdf 5'G5 .
af]nfpFbf af]nfpFb} r9\5 ?vdfly
h] h:tf] eP klg pm g} d]/f] ;fyL
v'n{s v'n{s pk|Fmb} hfG5 ?vdfly
pxL g} xf] d]/f] Kof/f] Kof/f] ;fyL .
p;sf] d'6' x'Gg
p t ?v} ?Gg
xfGbf v]/L efU5
lrrL kfkf dfU5 .
htftt} htftt} pxL x'G5 /flt
h] h:tf] eP klg pxL d]/f] ;fyL
;fyL ;fyLeGbf eGb} eof] otf /flt
htftt} htftt} p;}sf 5g\ ;fyL
otf t 5Fb}5 g ptf ?vdfly
v}/f] /ftf] eP klg pxL d]/f] ;fyL

74 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

 o; jif{sf] ld; g]kfn lk|oª\sf/fgL
hf]zL 3f]lift ag]kl5 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6
ld; jN8{df hfg] cj;/ klg v'nf
ePsf] 5 .

ld; g]kfn
lk|oª\sf/fgL hf]zL
g]kfndf efu lng / k|lt:kwf{;Dd cfOk'Ug w]/}
g} d]xgt ug{'kg{] x'G5 .
;f]r]h:tf] ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . s'g} klg If]qdf
;kmntf kfpg Tof] If]qk|ltsf] nufj d]xgt,
cg'z;fg / w}o{ 7"nf] s'/f xf] . ;a} s'/fsf]
;+of]u kl5 dfq ;kmntf xft k5{ .
cfpg] lbgdf pxfFsf] ;f]r s] xf]nf t <
s'/fsfgLsf] qmddf pxfFn] cfkm"nfO{ rnlrq
If]qaf6 6f9} /xg] a? cfdfafafsf] Jofkf/nfO{
;3fpg] ;f]r /x]sf] atfpg'eof] . ev{/} hLjgdf
;kmntfsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . cem} w]/} ug{'
afFsL 5 pxfFn] eGg'eof], ca ld; jN8{df

sf] /f]gf ;ª\qmd0fsf sf/0f cl3Nnf b'O{

jif{ ld; g]kfn k|ltof]lutf x'g ;s]g\ .
o; jif{ eg] ld; g]kfndf lgs} /f}gs b]lvof] .
hfgsf nflu klg tof/L ug{'k5{ . g]kfnnfO{
ljZjdfem lrgfpg kfpg' b]zs} uf}/j xf] . d
cfkm"nfO{ efUodfgL ;lDemG5' . ld; jN8{df
o; jif{sf] ld; g]kfn lk|oª\sf/fgL hf]zL 3f]lift g]kfnnfO{ s'g} g s'g} pkflw lhtfpg] cfˆgf]
ag]kl5 g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ld; jN8{df hfg] ;ª\sNk ePsf] klg pxfFn] atfpg'eof] . á
cj;/ klg v'nf ePsf] 5 .
sf7df8f}F lgjf;L @$ jifL{of ld;
g]kfn lk|oª\sf/fgL hf]zLn] cª\u|]hL ;flxTo /
cfd;~rf/df :gfts ug{'ePsf] 5 . ;xefuL
@# hgfnfO{ kl5 kfb}{ hf]zLn] ld; g]kfnsf]
pkflw lhTg ;kmn x'g'ePsf] xf] .
cd]l/sfdf s]xL jif{ cWoog u/]/ pxfF
g]kfn kmls{g' ePsf] xf] . ld; g]kfn ag]kl5
eg] pxFfnfO{ g]kfnd} s]xL ug{] ;f]r 5 . lk|oª\sf
/fgLnfO{ ld; g]kfnsf] pkflw lht]kl5 hLjgsf]
Pp6f /x/ / ;kgf k"/f ePh:t} cg'ej ePsf]
5 . pxfF ld; g]kfnsf] pkflwnfO{ dxìjk"0f{
pknlAw 7fGg'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ljrf/df ld; w|'j nD;fn

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 75

 afnk|ltef

gfu k~rdL

nSsL rf}w/L -yf?_

sIffM *
ljho :df/s dflj
l8NnLahf/–@(,sf7df8f}F

klg nfU5 .
k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 hf]lug] cf:yfn] dfG5]x¿
gfu k"hf u5{g\ . q]tf o'udf eujfg\ >Ls[i0f
hGd]kl5 jf;'b]jn] 9lsofdf af]s]/ hd'gf gbL
tb}{ ubf{ eO/x]sf] 3g3f]/ jiff{df gfu/fhn] cf]t
lbP/ ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf lyP . To:t} eujfg\
gfu k~rdL k/fk"j{sfnb]lv dgfpFb} a'4n] ?vd'lg tk:of ul//x]sf] avt cfPsf]
cfO/x]sf] kj{ xf] . P]ltxfl;s of] kj{ ljleGg cfFwL x'/L atf;nfO{ d'rlnGb gfun] /f]s]/ ;'/Iff
hfltn] ljz]if lsl;dn] dgfpF5g\ . ;fpgsf] k|bfg u/]sf lyP . d'rlnGb kf]v/L clxn] klg
z'Sn k~rdL ltlydf gfusf] k"hf x'G5 . ;l/;[k ef/tsf] af]wuofdf cjl:yt 5 . gfu ;xof]uL
ju{df kg]{ …gfuÚ k|f0fL xf] eg] …k~rdLÚ kljq / ;'/Iff lbg] k|f0fL ePsf]n] lzjhLsf] unfdf
ltly xf] . gfu k"hfdf b"w, nfjf, b'af], vL/, dfnfsf ¿kdf gfu a]l/P/ a;]sf] x'G5 . To;}n]
n8\8', kfg, t'n;Lkft cIftf, kmnkm"n cflb gfu k~rdLsf] 7"nf] dxìj 5 .
r9fP/ k"hf ug]{ ub{5g\ . dxlif{of yf¿dWo] …ljifx/fÚ s'nb]jtf x'g]
;fIfft\ gfunfO{ k"hf ug{ c;Dej ePsf]n] yf¿sf] 3/df -uxj/df_ s'z a]/]/ kfFrj6f
sf7, df6f], l;d]G6 cflbn] agfPsf] gfunfO{ jf gfusf] cfs[lt agfO{ kfFrj6f srf}/fdf b"w /
b}nf]df ufO{sf] uf]a/n] gfusf] tl:a/ 6fF;]/ tyf nfjf -wfg e'6]/ p7]sf] km"n_ r9fO nukfFr] -gfu
kfgLsf] d'xfg, wf/f, 6\o'aj]n, Ogf/ cflbdf k"hf k~rdL_ k"hf ;dfkg ug]{ ub{5g\ . k"hfsf nflu
ug]{ u5{g\ . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf gfukf]v/Lsf] cf]vndf s'6]sf] cIftf k|of]u u5{g\ / ToxL
gfusf] d"lt{nfO{ k"hf ul/G5 . pQm lbg d]nf rfdnn] rf]vf] vL/ ksfO k"hf u/L r9fpF5g\ .

76 @)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{

sljtf

d]/f] ufpF
3/ d]/f] ufpFdf 5
/dfOnf] 7fpFdf 5
u'/fF; km'N5 jgel/
v';L nfU5 dgel/
3/sf] tn af/L 5
em/gf cln kfl/ 5
;';fpF5 em/em/ xl/ cfq]o
dg x'G5 x/x/
ufpF r9\bf psfnf]
a]F;L embf{ cf]/fnf]
nf}/L 6]sL lxF8f}g
ysfO nfUof] a;f}g
sf]OnL r/L s' s' s'
ef]6] s's'/ e" e" e"
clt ;'Gb/ ufpF 5
3'Dg} kg{] 7fpF 5 .

@)&( ;fpg d'gf÷#@ jif{ 77

kmf]6f]lkmr/
d'gf;“u /dfp“b}
lrtjg sfnLvf]nf
OR5fsfdgf ufpFkflnsf . ;f]
‘d'gf’x?
ufpsf] sflnvf]nfsf] Ps
r]kfË a:tL . hxfFsf
;–;fgf afnaflnsfsf]
z}lIfs ynf] b]jLe~HofË
/fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno .
;/sf/L :s'n xf] . oxfF lzz'
sIffb]lv sIff ^ ;Dd
!$) laBfyL{ cWoog/t
5g\ . To; laBfnodf k9\g]
laBfyL{df Ps hgf u'¿Ë
/ b'O{ hgf kl/of/ y/sf
afx]s ;a} r]kfË ;d'bfosf
ljBfyL{ 5g\ .
tL laBfyL{ ul/j
kl/jf/leqsf kb{5g .
To; laBfnodf lk5l8Psf]
ju{ r]kfËsf 5f]/f5f]/L
k9\g] ub{5g . pgLx?
laBfno afx]sf c? k9\g]
s]xL gePsfn] slxn]sfxLF
ljleGg ;+3;+:yf tyf
AolQn] pkxf/:j?k lbPsf
lstfj tyf kqklqsf
?lrk"j{s k9\g] ub{5g .
o:t} pgLx?n] uf]/vfkqaf6

k|sfzg x'g] d'gfnufot

kf7\ok':tsafx]s laleGg
afn;flxTosf k':tsx?
k9g kfpFbf bªu k5{g\ .
o;}qmddf pgLx?n]
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pkxf/df lbPsf] d'gf
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