1. Present the concept and characteristics ofeconomic density?

2. What is globalization? Explain the causes ofglobalization

3. Why does Apple choose China as the place tomanufacture its products? List the positive effectsof
globalization.
4. Concept of economic geography and keyquestions when studying economic geography
5. What is the smart city? Why do we focus todayon smart cities? The components of the smartcity?
(textbook p.244)
6. Present the advantages and disadvantages of thesharing economy
7. What is sharing economy and model? Presenting some sharing economic models appliedin economics
8. What is climate change? Presenting thenegative impacts of climate change on theVietnamese
economy
9. Describe the four most densely populatedregions in the world. Explain why East Asia andSouth Asia are
the two most populous regions in the world.
10. What are average density, farmland density andfarmer density?
11. Why Vietnam has a high population density?Apply geo-economic theory to explain whypeople accept
the high cost of living to live in ornear Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
12. The concept of humanistic tourism resources?Presenting strengths of Vietnam's humanistictourism
resources
13. Why is space so integral to the survival of capitalism as an economic system?
14. What is the distinctive role of geography in the global configuration of transnational corporation (TNC)
production networks?
15. What difference does logistics make to the nature and operation of production networks?
16. Why is consumption such a geographically variable process?
17. Why are there growing tendencies for the recentralization of retailing at the urban scale?
18. How are the causes and impacts of climate change uneven across space?
19. Is global finance placeless? Briefly discuss about your answer.
20. What are the risks that may limit the global reach of transnational corporations (TNCs)?
21. Are there cultural limits to global reach of transnational corporations (TNCs)? Briefly discuss about your
answer.
21. Briefly describe the bid-rent curve and how it is applied to land use.
22. Briefly describe the nature of core and periphery economies.
23. Briefly describe just-in-time production.
24. Using examples in the real world to discuss about the End-of-the-State thesis in the era of globalization.
25. Discuss how the motion of capitalism has made economic growth so uneven
26. How does the emergence of a post carbon green economy reshape existing economic ‐ geographies?
27. In what ways, and to what extent, is spatial proximity important to economic processes?
28. Using examples in the real world, explain why transnational corporations organize transnational activities
differently across different industries and host regions.
29. Using examples in the real world, explain the risks that may limit the global reach of transnational
corporations
(TNCs)
30. Using examples in the real world, explain how the territorial state produce uneven rights for labour migrants
31. Using examples in the real world, explain how the patterns of retail globalization evolving
32. Using examples in the real world, explain how individuals use consumption to develop place - based
identities
33. Using examples in the real world, explain why global standards important in addressing major development
issues?
34. Advantage and disadvantage of geography features

1. Present the concept and characteristics ofeconomic density?

- Concept: Economic density is a concept that refers to theconcentration of economic activity within
ageographic area. This can include factors such asthe number of businesses, jobs, and economicoutput
within a given space.The concept of economic density is based on theidea that when economic activity is
concentratedin a small geographic area, it can lead to increasedefficiency, innovation, and productivity. This
isbecause businesses and workers can more easilyshare ideas, resources, and infrastructure, whichcan lead
to cost savings and increasedcollaboration.
- The characteristics of economic density include:
+ High concentration of economic activity withina small area.
+ Efficient use of resources due to close proximityof businesses and consumers.
+ Increased opportunities for innovation andcollaboration among businesses.
+ Higher wages and job opportunities due toincreased competition for labor.
+ Reduced transportation costs due to shorterdistances between businesses and consumers.
2. What is globalization? Explain the causes ofglobalization
- Definition: Globalization refers to the process ofincreasing interconnectedness andinterdependence of the
world's economies, cultures, and societies. It is driven by advancesintechnology,transportation, and
communication,which have made it easier and faster to connectpeople and businesses across borders.
- The causes of globalization include:
+ Advances in technology: The development ofthe internet, mobile devices, and
othercommunication technologies have made it easierfor people and businesses to connect with
eachother across the world.
+ Liberalization of trade policies: Governmentshave increasingly removed barriers to trade, suchas
tariffs and quotas, which has led to increasedinternational trade and investment.
+ Growth of multinational corporations: Largecompanies have expanded their operations acrossborders,
creating global supply chains and drivingeconomic growth in many countries.
+ Migration: The movement of people acrossborders has increased, driven by factors such
aseconomic opportunities, political instability, andcultural exchange
+ Cultural exchange: The spread of popularculture, such as music, movies, and fashion, hasled to
greater cultural exchange and understandingbetween countries
3. Why does Apple choose China as the place tomanufacture its products? List the positive effectsof
globalization.
- Apple chooses to manufacture its products inChina for several reasons, including:
+ Lower labor costs: China has a large pool oflow-cost labor, which makes it cheaper to producegoods
there than in other countries.
+ Skilled workforce: China has a large and skilledworkforce that is capable of producing high-quality
products.
+ Access to raw materials: China is a majorproducer of many of the raw materials used
inelectronics manufacturing, such as rare earthmetals.
+ Infrastructure: China has invested heavily ininfrastructure, including transportation
andcommunication networks, which makes it easierto move goods and communicate with suppliers.
+ The manufacturer (subcontractor): quickresponse to the request of Apple.
+ Closed production chain.
- Positive effects of globalization include:
+ Increased economic growth: Globalization hasled to increased international trade and cross-border,
which helped to drive economic growth inmany countries.
+ Improved living standards - reduce poverty:
X As economies grow, people's livingstandards tend to improve, with increased accessto education,
healthcare, and other basic needs.
X Globalization has helped to reducepoverty in many countries by creating jobs andeconomic
opportunities.
+ Cultural exchange: Globalization has led togreater cultural exchange and
understandingbetween countries, which can help to promotepeace and cooperation => leads to
reduction ofcultural barriers.
+ Increased innovation: As companies compete ona global scale, they are forced to innovate
andimprove their products and services in order tostay competitive.
+ Increases in environmental protection in theworld.
+ Higher degrees of political and economicfreedom in the form of democracy.
4. Concept of economic geography and keyquestions when studying economic geography
- Concept (textbook p.15): Economic geographyis concerned with the economics of geographyand the
geography of economics. What is thespatial distribution of economic activity? How isit explained? Is it
efficient and/or equitable? Howhas it evolved, and how can it be expected toevolve in the future? And
what is the appropriaterole of government in influencing this evolution.
- When studying economic geography, some of the key questions that researchers seek to answer include:
1. Where?: Where did/are the phenomenon,processes, patterns happened/happening?
2. Why there?: Why did/are theyhappened/happening there? (not at adifferent/other place?)
3. How?: How are they in the relationships tothose at other places, and affect or are affected byhuman
life and natural environment?
5. What is the smart city? Why do we focus todayon smart cities? The components of the
smartcity? (textbook p.244)
- Definition: A Smart City is an innovative citythat uses ICTs (Information and CommunicationTechnologies)
and other means to improve qualityof life, provide digital connectivity and increaseefficiency of urban
operation & services enablingbetter decision making. While ensuring that itmeets the needs of present
and future generationswith respect to economic, social & environmentalaspects.
- The focus on smart cities has increased in recentyears due to several reasons, including:
1. Rapid urbanization: As more people move tocities, there is a growing need to find ways tomanage
resources and infrastructure moreefficiently.
2. Technological advancements: Advances intechnology, such as the Internet of Things (IoT)and
artificial intelligence (AI), have made itpossible to collect and analyze vast amounts ofdata in
real-time, which can help to improvedecision-making and optimize resource allocation.
3. Environmental concerns: Smart cities can helpto reduce carbon emissions and otherenvironmental
impacts by optimizing energy use,reducing waste, and promoting sustainabletransportation.
- The components of a smart city typicallyinclude: smart buildings, smart utility, smartbusiness,
safety and security, smart environment,smart agriculture, smart government, smartmobility, smart health,
smart education, internet ofthings, open data
By integrating these components, smart cities cancreate a more sustainable, efficient, and livableurban
environment for their citizens.
6. Present the advantages and disadvantages of thesharing economy
- Some positive impacts of sharing economy onthree main actors namely customers, serviceproviders, and
platform providers:
+ Customers:
• Sharing economy provides affordable choices:people can access different kinds of goods
andservices without purchasing to own them.
• Sharing economy provides customers with amore convenient and efficient way of
purchasinggoods: Before hiring or using any goods, orservices, they can read feedback
from previouscustomers as some useful suggestions to makewise decisions. Besides,
consumers can look atvarious products at customized price ranges, withvarious guarantees, and
under differentconditions.
+ Service providers:
• Instead of wasting underutilized assets, they cangain additional income from them.
• By working on the same platform with manydifferent people, they can easily react to
markettrends, as well as receive feedback from thatupgrading and changing their services which
suitcustomers’ needs to maximize profit.
+ Platform providers: They can increase theirrevenue by connecting customers with
serviceproviders because when every transactionbetween them is made, they always receive profit.
- Benefits of sharing economy for society as awhole:
+ Economic benefit: More competition, lowercosts, local economic benefits (wages),
moreproductivity/efficient use of resources.
+ Reduce some negative impacts on theenvironment, environmentally friendly: Instead ofthrowing
away some less-used goods, we can lendthem to others.
+ Building communities.
- The drawbacks of sharing economy:
+ Internet reliance: People can not access serviceswithout internet connection.
+ Provide unrealistic expectations: Beingdisappointed because the services or goods do notmeet their
expectations.
+ No long – term employment.
+ Creates global competition in local economies(eg: Airbnb makes rents significantly higher
indesirable locations)
+ Lower security: services do not have someterms to protect customers’ benefits.
+ Regulator uncertainty: late in launching relatedregulators, for example, related to
consumerprotection.
+ Tax problems (the biggest problem):
• Can be a theoretical limit for governments.
• According to the Norwegian Sharing EconomyCommittee, some basic tax challenges include:
o Service providers have limited experience in taxrules.
o The tax base may weaken when the activitiesshift from the traditional economy to the
sharingeconomy.

o What is sharing economy and

model?
o Presenting some sharing economic
models applied
o in economics
o What is sharing economy and
model?
o Presenting some sharing economic
models applied
o in economics
7. What is sharing economy and model? Presenting some sharing economic models appliedin economics
- The sharing economy refers to forms ofeconomic “exchange that are facilitated throughonline platforms,
encompassing a diversity of for-profit and non–profit activities that all broadlyaim to open access to under-
utilized resourcesthrough what is term sharing”.
- This economic model has three main actors aswell as three main characteristics:
+ It’s based on the use of online platforms asdigital intermediaries that greatly reduce the costof
connecting large numbers of potentialconsumers and producers, according to algorithmscontrolled by the platform
owners.
 + It’s peer-to-peer, involving direct transactionsbetween buyers and sellers of goods and services.
+ It’s access-based, enabling participants to buyaccess to, rather than ownership of, a resource orservice for a period of
time => allows for the moreefficient use of previously underutilizedresources.
- Some sharing economic models applied ineconomics:
+ AIRBNB – accommodation-sharing platform: Apeer-to-peer marketplace for people to rent outresidential
accommodation on a short-term basis.
+ Zipcar – car and ride-sharing platforms: Abusiness-to-consumer vehicle rental platformoffering per hour
rental of vehicles located withincommunities.
+ PeoplePerHour and Taskrabbit – Peer-to-peeremployment market: Peer-to-peer marketplacesfor micro-
employment opportunities.
+ Peerby and Streetbank – peer-to-peer platformsfor sharing and circulating resources: A peer-to-peer platform which
enables people to freely anddirectly give unwanted and underutilized items toothers in their local area.
8. What is climate change? Presenting thenegative impacts of climate change on theVietnamese
economy
- Definition: Climate change refers to a large-scale, long-term shift in average weatherconditions – including
precipitation, temperature,and wind patterns.
- Negative impacts of climate change on theVietnamese economy: Climate change impacts –mainly higher and
more variable temperatures andsea level rise are already disrupting economicactivity and undermining growth.
+ AgricultureVietnam’s economy is highly dependent onagriculture, and climate change may
negativelyimpact farm revenues. The impact of climatechange on agriculture is reflected in the problemsof
agricultural land, plants, livestock, theirsurvival and development, water supplydifficulties and natural
disasters affectingagricultural production.There would be more extensive inundation of cropland in the rainy season
and increased salineintrusion in the dry season as a consequence of thecombination of sea level rise and higher
riverflooding. For the Mekong River Delta, a majorityof rice area could be lost due to inundation andsaline intrusion.
+ AquacultureHigher temperatures, an increased frequency ofstorms, sea level rise, and other effects of
climatechange are likely to affect fish physiology andecology as well as the operation of aquaculture.
+ InfrastructureCurrent and future domestic infrastructure isinfluenced. For instance, the physical asset of
roadinfrastructure will be vulnerable to climate changeimpacts. * Climate change is not only negatively affectingstrategic
sectors, such as fisheries and agriculture,but also slowing labor productivity growth,increasing cooling costs due
to highertemperatures, and harming human health
9. Describe the four most densely populatedregions in the world. Explain why East Asia andSouth Asia are the
two most populous regions in the world.
- There are four areas in the world where theaverage density of population is more than 100persons per sq.
km. These are:
1. East Asia (China, Japan, South Korea andTaiwan).
2. South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, SriLanka, Maldives and Nepal)
3. North-West Europe (UK, France, Germany,Netherlands, Poland, Belgium, Luxembourg,Ireland, Denmark,
Spain, Portugal and Italy).
4. Eastern North America (North-East UnitedStates and South-East Canada).
- The reasons why East Asia and South Asia arethe two most populous regions in the world: Because of favorable national
conditions: The tropical monsoon climate, which is suitablefor production and daily living activities, coversthe majority of
the territoryLarge, fertile alluvial plains as well as coastalplains exist => Create good opportunities
forpeople to develop cattle farming as well as growindustrial crops. Besides, these two areas alsohave a lot of
rivers, which provide plentiful watersources for production and living.
The natural rate of population growth is high. The rapid development of the labor force(increases
rapidly both in quantity as well asquality) => higher productivity => higher livingstandards => more and more
people from differentcontinents in the world migrate to Asia and settledown there every year. Early agricultural
development requires a lot oflabor, especially for the cultivation of rice. Being the origin of major religions
(Indian,Buddhism, etc.), the site of early territorialexploitation, and the foundation of ancientcivilization
(Indus-Ganges river basin). Religious beliefs, along with some abuses(especially gender discrimination) , exist in
ruralareas of South Asia and East Area, is also thereason for these two areas to have largepopulations
10. What are average density, farmland density andfarmer density?
- Average density (ARITHMETIC DENSITY) isthe total mass of a region divided by the totalvolume of that
region.
Average density= (total population)/(total landarea - km2)
- Farmland density (PHYSIOLOGIC DENSITY)is measured as the number of people per unit areaof arable land.
Farmland density= (total population)/(total arableland area - km2)
- Farmer density (AGRICULTURAL DENSITY)is measured as the number of farmers per unit areaof arable land.
Farmer density= (total number of farmers)/(totalarable land area - km2)
11. Why Vietnam has a high population density?Apply geo-economic theory to explain whypeople accept the
high cost of living to live in ornear Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Vietnam has a high population density:The reason for this state of population density is massive increase in
population while land resources is restricted.
Vietnam is densely populated for a number of reasons.
- Favorable climate and fertile land make it suitable for agriculture -> food can be produced ->sustain a large
population.
- Additionally, the country has a strong tradition ofhaving large families, which has contributed to a high birth
rate.
- Over the past several decades, there has been a significant amount of migration to urban areas in search of better
economic opportunities, which has also contributed to the country's population density.
- A long coastline allows Vietnam to have access to transportation and boost international trade, encouraging the
growth of economic activities.
- The availability of natural resources can be processed and used in industry and manufacturing-> encourages a
higher population density
- Effective social welfares public services, including education and health care, attract peopleleading to a higher
population density.
- A safe and reliable government with political stability can encourage people to a country, leading to an increased
population density.
People accept the high cost of living to live in ornear Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
-Hanoi and HoChi Minh City are located close totwo fertile river deltas, with favorable naturalconditions,
so since the past, it has attracted alarge number of people to make a living.
- These two cities are densely populated. Socommodity demand is high, which leads to a
largeconsumption market, and large domestic andforeign inves tment capital is concentrated.
- Convenient transportation system with manytypes of railway Crailway, automobile,airplane,...
and HCM city is the largest transportand telecommunications hub inVietnam (Convenient transportation
system)
- Hanoi and HCM have so many big universities,hospitals, research institutes,... At the same timethey
are two largest commercial, financial andbanking centers.Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City create
most of the wealth of Vietnam - to benefit, Vienamese must live adjacent.
- More job opportunities with high salary: Although the job market is a lot more competitive,there are a
lot of job opportunities and a wide variety of jobs available that you can take part in. Large corporations
tend to flock to cities, and one look at city skyscrapers will give you a good idea of what companies you
can apply to.
- More chances of meeting new people: Encounter new people and will be in the mix of meeting
someone who can suggest an opportunity.It’s likely you will become friends with a few people as you
become more familiar with the city lifestyle and develop your own group of connections and network +
gain better life experiences.
- Better infrastructure and education opportunities: There are more educational opportunities and a lot of
different courses and institutions available in cities. All major and affluent colleges/universities are
located in or neara big city.
- Better health care: There are more opportunities for a healthy lifestyle in cities, such as good doctors
and vaccination opportunities. Many of the bigger and top-rated hospitals are located in cities.
- Amenities: Cities provide a wide array of entertainment options (shopping centres, theatres, cinemas,
museums
12. The concept of humanistic tourism resources?Presenting strengths of Vietnam's humanistictourism
resources
 The concept of humanistic tourism resources: Allthe material and spiritual wealth created by humans from
the past to the present can attract people to conduct tourism activities.Humanistic tourism resources are the
things and factors that have the function of tourism by mankind's creation, reaction times, national politics,
economic culture, social customs. Its main contents include people's life, historical relics, culture and arts, ethnic
customs, cultural landscapes, social environment. It can be seen from this that the humanistic tourism resources
collectively reflect the style of a certain region and nation and are the crystallization of human history and
culture.
 5 categories: religion and belief, cultural heritage system, local festivals, traditional handicraft villages,
culinary culture. - Presenting strengths of Vietnam's humanistic tourism resources: Various types of humanistic
tourism resources, including ancient architectures,historical, cultural and archaeological relics, folk festivals and
regional food culture.
+ Vietnam currently has 8 world heritages recognized by UNESCO. Five of them are culturalheritage, and 1
mixed heritage. As of 2020, Vietnam has more than 41,000 monuments and landscapes, more than 4,000 are
classified as national, and more than 9,000 are ranked at provincial level. The density and number of relics
are the highest in 10 provinces in the Red River Delta (56% of the national monuments and 46% of the total).
Moreover, Vietnam has a total of 128special national monuments. The Red River Delta is also the region
with the most ranked monuments in the country with 47 relics and 21 ofthem in the capital Hanoi
+ Folk songs 9 folk songs have been recognized by UNESCO as intangible cultural heritage. Distributed in
every corner of the country, folk songs can be found in every village, province.
+ Festivals:
X The country has nearly 9,000 festivals (folkfestivals, religious festival, historicalrevolutionary festivals,
festivals imported fromabroad)
X UNESCO-recognized festivals
+ Saint giong festival
+ Worship of Hung King in Phu Tho
+ The Mother Goddesses of Three Realms
X Festivals distributions
Festivals are distributed in all three regions of thenorth, central and south, in which the northerndelta is the
most abundant. The localities withmany festivals are Hanoi, Bac Ninh, Ha Nam, HaiDuong and Phu Tho

13. Why is space so integral to the survival of capitalism as an economic system?

Space has become an increasingly important factor in the survival of capitalism for a few reasons:
Resource Extraction: With the increasing demand for natural resources, space exploration has become a new frontier
for companies seeking to extract valuable resources from other planets or asteroids. This provides new opportunities for
economic growth and expansion.
New Markets: As companies explore space, they are also opening up new markets for goods and services. Space
tourism, for example, is becoming an increasingly viable market, and companies like SpaceX and Virgin Galactic are
investing heavily in developing new technologies to support this market.
National Security: Space is also integral to national security, and companies that can provide space-based
capabilities, such as satellite imagery or communications, can play a critical role in national defense and security.
Technological Advancements: The push to explore space has also driven innovation and technological advancements,
which can then be applied to other industries and sectors, further driving economic growth and development.
Overall, space has become an increasingly important factor in the survival of capitalism as an economic system due to
the new opportunities it provides for resource extraction, market expansion, national security, and technological
advancements.

14. What is the distinctive role of geography in the global configuration of transnational corporation (TNC)
production networks?
Geography plays a crucial role in the global configuration of transnational corporation (TNC) production networks.
These networks are complex systems that involve multiple actors, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and
consumers, across different regions and countries. Geography influences TNC production networks in several ways:
Location of Resources: The availability and location of natural resources, such as minerals, energy sources, and
agricultural products, can greatly impact TNC production networks. Companies may locate their operations near these
resources to minimize transportation costs and improve efficiency.
Labor Force: The availability and skill level of the local workforce can also affect TNC production networks.
Companies may locate their operations in areas with abundant and skilled labor to reduce labor costs and improve
productivity.
 Infrastructure: The quality and availability of infrastructure, such as roads, ports, and telecommunications, can
impact TNC production networks by affecting transportation costs and logistics efficiency.
Political and Legal Environment: The political and legal environment in different regions and a_{i} tries can greatly
influence TNC production networks. Factors such as tax policies, labor laws, trade agreements, and government
regulations can all impact the cost of doing business and the ease of operating in a particular region.
Market Access: The proximity and accessibility to target markets can influence TNC production networks by
affecting the distribution and marketing of goods and services.
Overall, the distinctive role of geography in TNC production networks lies in the complex interplay between the
location of resources, labor force, infrastructure, political and legal environment, and market access. The combination of
these factors influences the decision making processes of TNCs as they configure their global production networks.

15. What difference does logistics make to the nature and operation of production networks?
Logistics plays a significant role in the nature and operation of production networks. It refers to the process of
planning, implementing, and controlling the movement of goods and services from the point of origin to the point of
consumption. Logistics is crucial in production networks for several reasons:
Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness: Effective logistics can help improve the efficiency and cost effectiveness of
production networks. By optimizing the transportation, storage, and distribution of goods, companies can reduce costs,
minimize waste, and improve delivery times.
Quality Control: Logistics also helps to ensure quality control throughout the production process. By monitoring the
movement of goods, companies can identify and address any issues that may arise, such as damage or delays.
Supply Chain Management: Logistics is a critical component of supply chain management, which involves the
coordination and integration of all activities involved in the production and delivery of goods and services. Effective
logistics can help improve supply chain efficiency, visibility, and control.
Customer Satisfaction: Logistics also plays a key role in ensuring customer satisfaction. By improving delivery times
and reducing errors, companies can enhance the customer experience and build loyalty.
Globalization: With the increasing globalization of production networks, logistics has become even more important.
Effective logistics helps to navigate the complexities of global supply chains, including cross-border trade, customs
regulations, and cultural differences.
In summary, logistics has a significant impact on the nature and operation of production networks. It plays a key role in
improving efficiency, quality control, supply chain management, customer satisfaction, and navigating the complexities of
global supply chains.

16. Why is consumption such a geographically variable process?

Consumption, which refers to the use of goods and services by individuals and households, is a geographically variable
process for several reasons:
Differences in income levels: Income is a major determinant of consumption patterns, and income levels can vary
widely across different regions and countries. Regions with higher incomes tend to have higher levels of consumption,
while regions with lower incomes have lower levels of consumption.
Cultural differences: Consumption patterns can also vary based on cultural norms and values. For example, some
cultures place a greater emphasis on saving and frugality, while others place a greater emphasis on material possessions
and consumerism.
Availability of goods and services: The availability of goods and services can vary depending on a region's level of
development and infrastructure. In less developed regions, access to certain goods and services may be limited, leading to
lower levels of consumption.
Demographic factors: Demographic factors such as age, gender, and family size can also affect consumption
patterns. For example, households with children may have different consumption needs and priorities than households
without children.
Government policies: Government policies can also play a role in shaping consumption patterns, through taxes,
subsidies, and regulations. For example, policies that encourage the use of renewable energy sources may lead to changes
in consumption patterns over time.
17. Why are there growing tendencies for the recentralization of retailing at the urban scale?
First, the central idea is to use combinations of architecture, cultural exhibits, concerts, and ethnic festivals to attract
people to specialty markets, shops, and restaurants. A different, but closely related, form of development has seen
downtown retail revitalization as part of multiple use complexes comprising offices, hotels, leisure facilities, and
convention centers
 Second, in many of the post-industrial cities of developed countries (e.g., New York, Toronto, and Manchester) inner
city retail has been boosted by gentrification processes, which have seen the return of young middle-class professionals to
live in new or renovated apartments in inner city areas. This has created high-income areas that are attractive to shops,
restaurants,
nightclubs, and so on.
Third, large retailers have started to reinvest in the inner city, prompted in part by the gentrification trends just
mentioned.

18. How are the causes and impacts of climate change uneven across space?
The causes and impacts of climate change are not uniform across space and can vary significantly depending on the
location. Here are some of the ways in which the causes and impacts of climate change are uneven across space:
 Causes:
Greenhouse gas emissions: The primary cause of climate change is the release of greenhouse gases into the
atmosphere. Emissions are unevenly distributed across space, with developed countries emitting more per capita than
developing ountries.
Land use change: Activities such as deforestation and urbanization contribute to climate change by reducing the
earth's ability to absorb carbon dioxide.
Industrialization: Industrialization is a significant contributor to climate change, and some regions are more
industrialized than others, leading to variations in greenhouse gas emissions.
 Impacts:
Rising sea levels: Sea levels are rising at different rates in different parts of the world. Low lying areas, such as
small island states, are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels.
Extreme weather events: The frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as hurricanes, floods, and
droughts, are not uniform across space. Regions that are more susceptible to these events may experience greater impacts.
Impacts on ecosystems: Climate change impacts on ecosystems, such as changes in temperature, precipitation, and
sea levels, can vary greatly depending on the ecosystem's location and characteristics.
Impacts on human health: Climate change can have significant impacts on human health, including increased
incidence of heatstroke, respiratory illnesses, and other diseases. The severity of these impacts can vary depending on the
region's climate and local health infrastructure.
In summary, the causes and impacts of climate change are not evenly distributed across space. Some regions are more
ulnerable to the impacts of climate change than others, and some are more responsible for the causes of climate change.
These variations highlight the need for a coordinated global effort to address climate change and to ensure that the most
vulnerable regions and populations are not disproportionately impacted.

19. Is global finance placeless? Briefly discuss about your answer.

Global finance, which refers to the international flow of money and capital, is often considered to be placeless, in
the sense that financial transactions can take place across national borders and without regard to physical location.
However, while it is true that financial transactions can be conducted electronically and instantaneously from anywhere in
the world, global finance is not entirely placeless. Here are a few ways in which the geography of finance matters:
Regulatory frameworks: Financial transactions are subject to national and international regulatory
frameworks, which can differ widely from one country to another. This can create barriers to entry for financial institutions
and limit the types of transactions that can be conducted in certain regions.
Network effects: While financial transactions can be conducted electronically, the global financial system
still relies on networks of institutions and intermediaries that are located in specific regions. These networks can affect the
availability and cost of financial services in different regions.
Economic and political factors: The global financial system is affected by economic and political factors,
such as currency exchange rates, interest rates, and political stability. These factors can vary widely across regions,
affecting the availability and cost of credit and investment capital.
Cultural and social factors: Cultural and social factors, such as trust and reputation, can also play a role in
global finance. Financial institutions and investors may be more likely to work with partners they know and trust, which
can create barriers to entry for new entrants.
In summary, while the electronic nature of financial transactions may make global finance seem placeless, the
geography of finance still matters. Regulatory frameworks, networks of institutions, economic and political factors, and
cultural and social factors all play a role in shaping the global financial system.
20. What are the risks that may limit the global reach of transnational corporations (TNCs)?
Transnational corporations (TNCs) are companies that operate in multiple countries and engage in cross-border
business activities. While TNCs have been instrumental in the globalization of the world economy, they also face a number
of risks that can limit their global reach. Here are some of the risks that TNCs face:
Political risk: TNCs are vulnerable to political risks such as expropriation, nationalization, and changes in
regulatory frameworks. Political instability, conflict, and corruption can also disrupt business operations and limit the
ability of TNCs to operate in certain countries.
Economic risk: TNCs are exposed to economic risks such as currency fluctuations, changes in market
conditions, and shifts in demand for products and services. Economic downturns or recessions can also impact the financial
performance of TNCs
and limit their global reach.
Legal risk: TNCs must navigate a complex web of national and international legal frameworks. Changes in
legal requirements, litigation, and regulatory compliance can all impact the ability of TNCs to operate in different regions.
Environmental and social risk: TNCs may face risks related to their impact on the environment and local
communities. Environmental disasters, social unrest, and reputational damage from negative publicity can all limit the
global reach of TNCs.
Cybersecurity risk: TNCs are vulnerable to cybersecurity threats such as data breaches, intellectual property
theft, and ransomware attacks. These threats can disrupt business operations and limit the ability of TNCs to operate in
certain regions.
Labour risk: Struggles over working conditions and employment practices Resistance and industrial action
by employees; disruptions to global production and employment prospects .
Overall, the risks facing TNCs can limit their global reach and require careful risk management strategies to
mitigate the impact of these risks on their business operations. Effective risk management can help TNCs to navigate the
challenges of operating in multiple countries and to continue to expand their global reach.

21. Are there cultural limits to global reach of transnational corporations (TNCs)? Briefly discuss about your
answer.
Yes, there are cultural limits to the global reach of transnational corporations (TNCs). Culture refers to the beliefs, values,
customs, and behaviors that are shared by a group of people. Different cultures have different ways of interpreting and
responding to things, and TNCs need to take these differences into account if they want to successfully expand their
operations globally. In addition, there are cultural differences in terms of language, communication styles, and social
norms. TNCs that do not understand or respect these cultural differences may find it difficult to build trust with local
customers or to establish productive relationships with local partners. Finally, TNCs also need to be aware of the legal and
regulatory frameworks in different countries, which can vary greatly based on cultural and political factors. In some
countries, for example, there may be strict regulations on foreign ownership of businesses or limitations on the types of
products or services that can be offered. Overall, cultural differences can pose significant challenges to the global reach of
TNCs, and it is important for companies to be aware of and respectful of these differences as they expand their operations
globally

21. Briefly describe the bid-rent curve and how it is applied to land use.
The bid-rent curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between the value of land and its distance from
the center of a city. The curve shows that the value of land decreases as the distance from the city center increases,
reflecting the decreasing willingness of businesses and residents to pay for land as they move away from the center. This is
due to the higher transportation costs and reduced accessibility associated with distance from the center.
In terms of land use, the bid-rent curve helps explain why certain types of land use tend to cluster in certain areas.
For example, commercial and retail land uses are generally located in the central business district, where land values are
highest and accessibility is greatest. Conversely, residential land uses are typically located further from the city center,
where land values are lower and transportation costs are less of a concern. Understanding the bid-rent curve is therefore
important for urban planners and policymakers, as it can inform decisions about zoning, land use regulations, and
transportation infrastructure investments.

22. Briefly describe the nature of core and periphery economies.

The nature of core economies is characterized by high levels of economic development, technological
advancement, and political power. Core economies are often the centers of global financial and economic activity and have
a high degree of influence over international trade and investment. Core economies typically benefit from low-cost raw
materials and labor from periphery economies, as well as access to markets for their products and services.
On the other hand, periphery economies are characterized by low levels of economic development, limited access
to technology, and political and economic dependence on core economies. Periphery economies often serve as suppliers of
raw materials and labor to core economies, and are often subject to unfavorable terms of trade. Periphery economies
typically have limited access to markets for their products and services and face barriers to entry in global markets. The
concept of core and periphery economies is criticized by some for being overly simplistic and for failing to account for the
diversity of economic development within and between countries. However, the idea of a global economic system in which
some countries are more dominant than others remains relevant today, and is a topic of ongoing debate among scholars and
policymakers.

23. Briefly describe just-in-time production.

Just-in-time (JIT) production is a manufacturing strategy that aims to produce goods as they are needed, without
accumulating large inventories of finished products or raw materials. JIT production involves a tightly coordinated system
of production, inventory management, and supply chain management that allows companies to produce goods quickly and
efficiently, in response to changes in customer demand.
Under JIT production, materials are delivered to the production line only when they are needed, and finished goods
are immediately shipped to customers as soon as they are produced. This reduces the need for large inventories of raw
materials and finished products, which in turn reduces the costs associated with storage, handling, and transportation. JIT
production also allows for more rapid and flexible responses to changes in customer demand, as production can be adjusted
quickly to meet changes in order volumes.
JIT production is widely used in industries such as automotive, electronics, and consumer goods, where rapid
response times and high levels of quality are essential to success. However, JIT production can also be challenging to
implement, as it requires careful coordination between suppliers, manufacturers, nd distributors, as well as a high degree of
precision and efficiency in the production process.

24. Using examples in the real world to discuss about the End-of-the-State thesis in the era of globalization.
Here are some real-world examples to illustrate the End-of-the-State thesis in the era of globalization:
Transnational Corporations: One example is the global fast-food chain, McDonald's, which has a significant
presence in many countries around the world. McDonald's is able to shift its production, investment, and employment to
different countries to take advantage of lower costs or more favorable business conditions. This can make it difficult for
nation-states to enforce labor, environmental, and other regulations that could be seen as a barrier to business activity.
Free Trade Agreements: Another example is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was
signed in 1994 by the United States, Canada, and Mexico. NAFTA includes provisions that limit the ability of nation-states
to enact policies that could be seen as discriminatory or protectionist. This can limit the ability of governments to protect
domestic industries, promote local employment, or enforce environmental and labor regulations.
Global Financial Markets: A recent example is the 2008 global financial crisis, which originated in the United
States but had significant impacts on the global economy. The crisis highlighted the interdependence of global financial
markets and the challenges that nation-states face in regulating them.
International Organizations: The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an example of an international
organization that has significant influence over global economic policy. The WTO promotes free trade and often aligns its
policies with the interests of transnational corporations and global financial markets, rather than the interests of nation-
states or their citizens.
These examples show how globalization and the global economy are challenging the traditional role and power of
nation-states in shaping economic outcomes. Nation-states are facing increasing challenges in regulating economic activity,
as economic activity becomes more globalized and integrated. However, it is important to note that the power of nation-
states is not completely eroded, and they continue to play a significant role in shaping economic outcomes in many parts of
the world.

25. Discuss how the motion of capitalism has made economic growth so uneven
Capitalism, as an economic system, is driven by the pursuit of profit and the accumulation of capital. This pursuit
often results in uneven economic growth, both within and between countries. There are several ways in which the motion
of capitalism has made economic growth so uneven:
Unequal distribution of resources: In capitalist economies, resources such as land, labor, and capital are
distributed unevenly. This means that some individuals and firms have greater access to resources, which can give them a
competitive advantage over others. This can result in uneven economic growth, as those with more resources are better able
to invest and expand their businesses.
Globalization: The globalization of markets and the increasing mobility of capital have also contributed to
uneven economic growth. In many cases, transnational corporations are able to move their production to countries with
lower labor costs or more favorable business conditions. This can result in job losses and economic decline in the countries
they leave behind, while creating jobs and economic growth in the countries where they relocate.
Political and social factors: Political and social factors also play a role in shaping economic growth. For
example, corruption, instability, and conflict can create barriers to economic growth and deter foreign investment.
Discrimination and inequality can limit the potential of certain groups, such as women or minorities, to contribute to
economic growth. These factors can be particularly pronounced in developing countries, where institutions may be weak or
underdeveloped.
Structural factors: Structural factors, such as the nature of the economy and the availability of
infrastructure, can also contribute to uneven economic growth. For example, economies that are dominated by
a few large industries may be more vulnerable to economic shocks, such as changes in demand or technology. Countries
with inadequate infrastructure, such as poor transportation networks or limited access to electricity, may struggle to attract
investment and promote economic growth.
Overall, the motion of capitalism has made economic growth uneven by creating a system where resources and
opportunities are distributed unevenly, and where political, social, and structural factors can limit the potential for growth.
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach, which includes policies that promote equality and
opportunity, invest in infrastructure, and build strong institutions that can support sustainable economic growth.

26. How does the emergence of a post carbon green economy reshape existing economic ‐ geographies?
The emergence of a post-carbon green economy represents a significant shift in the way that economic activity is
organized and structured. As countries and companies seek to reduce their carbon footprint and transition to more
sustainable forms of production and consumption, they are likely to reshape existing economic geographies in a number of
ways:
New centers of economic activity: The transition to a post-carbon green economy is likely to create new
centers of economic activity in areas such as renewable energy, energy storage, and electric vehicles. This could shift
economic power away from traditional fossil fuel-producing regions and toward areas that have invested in renewable
energy and sustainable technologies.
Changes in labor markets: The emergence of a green economy is likely to create new job opportunities in areas
such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and green building. This could lead to changes in the structure of local
labor markets and the types of skills that are in demand.
Shifting trade patterns: The transition to a post-carbon green economy is likely to create new opportunities for
international trade, particularly in areas such as renewable energy technologies and sustainable agriculture. This could lead
to changes in trade patterns and the geography of global trade.
Infrastructure investments: The transition to a green economy is likely to require significant investments in
new infrastructure, such as renewable energy generation and storage facilities, electric vehicle charging stations, and
sustainable buildings. This could create new opportunities for economic development and reshape the physical geography
of cities and regions.
Overall, the emergence of a post-carbon green economy is likely to reshape existing economic geographies in a
number of ways, creating new centers of economic activity, shifting trade patterns, and requiring significant investments in
new infrastructure. Addressing these challenges will require proactive policies and investments that promote sustainability,
economic growth, and social equity

27. In what ways, and to what extent, is spatial proximity important to economic processes?
Spatial proximity is an important factor in economic processes, and it can influence economic activity in a number
of ways. Here are some examples:
Clustering of industries: Spatial proximity can lead to the clustering of industries in certain locations. For
example, the Silicon Valley region in California is home to many high-tech companies, while the fashion industry is
concentrated in cities like Milan, Paris, and New York. This clustering can create economies of scale, promote innovation,
and encourage collaboration and knowledge spillovers.
Transportation costs: Spatial proximity can influence transportation costs, which can in turn affect the
competitiveness of certain industries. For example, industries that require the transportation of large, bulky goods may be
more competitive when located near transportation hubs or ports.
 Labor markets: Spatial proximity can influence labor markets, particularly in industries that require specialized
skills. For example, the film industry is concentrated in Hollywood in part because of the availability of skilled actors,
directors, and crew members.
Innovation: Spatial proximity can foster innovation by encouraging collaboration, knowledge spillovers, and
the exchange of ideas. For example, the Cambridge Science Park in the UK was established in part to encourage
collaboration between research scientists and entrepreneurs.
Overall, spatial proximity is an important factor in economic processes. It can influence the clustering of
industries, transportation costs, labor markets, and innovation. Understanding the ways in which spatial proximity affects
economic activity can be important for policy makers, business leaders, and economic researchers

28. Using examples in the real world, explain why transnational corporations organize transnational activities
differently across different industries and host regions.
Transnational corporations (TNCs) organize their transnational activities differently across different industries and
host regions based on a range of factors such as market conditions, regulatory environments, and cultural differences. Here
are some examples:
Manufacturing: Many TNCs in the manufacturing industry have moved production to countries with lower
labor costs, such as China, Vietnam, and Mexico. For example, Nike has significant production facilities in Vietnam, while
Apple manufactures many of its products in China. The decision to move production to these countries was largely driven
by the lower labor costs and the availability of skilled workers.
Financial services: TNCs in the financial services industry are subject to a range of regulations that can vary
across different host countries. For example, the Basel III regulations on banking capital requirements have been
implemented differently across countries, with some countries adopting the regulations more quickly than others. This has
led some TNCs to adjust their operations in response to the differing regulatory environments.
Retail: TNCs in the retail industry often tailor their products and marketing strategies to suit the cultural
preferences of the host region. For example, McDonald's offers a range of menu items that are specific to certain countries,
such as the McVeggie burger in India and the McSpicy Chicken sandwich in Singapore. These products are designed to
appeal to local tastes and preferences.
Technology: TNCs in the technology industry often locate their research and development facilities close to
leading universities and other research institutions. For example, Google has established research centers n locations such
as Zurich, Switzerland, and Tel Aviv, Israel, which are home to leading universities and research institutions. This allows
the company to tap into local talent and expertise.
In summary, the organization of transnational activities by TNCs varies across different industries and host regions
based on a range of factors such as market conditions, regulatory environments, and cultural differences. By adapting to
these factors, TNCs can better compete in local markets and take advantage of local resources and expertise.

29. Using examples in the real world, explain the risks that may limit the global reach of transnational corporations
(TNCs)
Five forms of risks that can impact severely on TNCs’ global reach: economic, product, regulatory, labor, and
environmental.
- Economic risks: General Motors (GM): After being one of the most important car manufacturers for more than
100 years, and one of the largest companies in the world, General Motors also resulted in one of history’s largest
bankruptcies. Failure to innovate and blatantly ignoring competition were key to the company’s demise. As GM focused
predominantly on profiting from finance, the business neglected to improve the quality of its product, failed to adapt GM to
changes in customer needs and did not invest in new technologies. Now, the company has rebranded, calling themselves
the “new GM” with the help of US government’s bailout money.
- Product risks: When Starbucks tried to expand their market in Australia, they could not compete with “local
stores’ homespun hospitality and boutique qualities. Though Starbucks is a wildly successful international chain, some
coffee drinkers disliked it for not being original enough, with no compelling reason to choose it over more interesting and
diverse roasts from other shops. Now they still operate in Australia but in a limited market and mostly serves visitors to the
country. The chain also faced issues when it expanded into the Israeli market and closed its six stores there in 2003. Some
commentators criticized the chain for not appreciating coffee culture in Israel and misinterpreting the local consumer base’s
tastes.
- Regulatory risks: Uber’s experiences in China make a good case study on how American tech firms struggle to
succeed in Asia’s biggest economy. For starters, breaking into the Chinese market was incredibly expensive. Uber spent
billions to attract customers and drivers, and losses were quickly piling up. To make matters worse, domestic rivals like
DiDi were also handing out subsidies. On the operational side, Uber ran into several problems. To avoid issues with
China’s data localization laws, the company needed servers on Chinese soil. Its navigation provider, Google Maps, also had
limited accuracy in the country. This left Uber with no choice but to partner with Baidu, a Chinese tech company. The final
cause was likely a set of impending regulations which targeted the ride-hailing industry. Under these rules, Uber risked
losing control of its data, and would need both provincial and national regulatory approvals for its activities. Even further,
subsidies would also no longer be allowed. Uber realized that doing business in China was unsustainable, but its exit
wasn’t exactly a failure. In 2016, Uber sold its assets to rival DiDi and took an 18.8% stake in the company.
- Labor risks: Wal-Mart’s expansion in Germany was a total failure partly due to its failing to understand the
culture of their employees and their customers. Firstly, Germans don’t like - or at least aren’t very used to - very friendly
customer service. Having a greeter at the entrance was unsettling. Having staff smile at customers was also strange–some
male shoppers thought female employees were flirting with them. Then, team spirit is a big part of American Wal-Mart
stores, with team members doing a morning chant to motivate everyone for the rest of the day. Chanting in Germany is best
suited for soccer matches and nowhere else, so there were reports of employees hiding in the bathroom in horror to avoid
the morning chant. Lastly, even in higher-end German grocery stores, it’s customary for shoppers to bag their own
groceries. No shopper wants somebody else touching their groceries after paying. Having Wal-Mart cashiers bag the
groceries themselves was a big confusion for the buyers.
- Environmental risks: When the earthquake and tsunami hit Japan in 2011, a large factory owned by
semiconductor giant Renesas Electronics was forced to suspend their production. This created a huge gap in the automobile
industry. Companies like Toyota and Honda dispatched hundreds of workers to help repair the plant’s cracked walls and
crippled machinery and later contributed some $145 million to save Renesas from bankruptcy. This goes to prove how
fragile the supply chain is for TNCs. When one link of the production line is structed, it would be extremely difficult for
the company to continue its operation.

30. Using examples in the real world, explain how the territorial state produce uneven rights for labour migrants
Labor migration is a complex issue that is shaped by various political, economic, and social factors. The territorial
state, which is responsible for the regulation of the movement of people and goods within its borders, plays a significant
role in producing uneven rights for labor migrants.
One example of this can be seen in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), where a large number of low-skilled migrant
workers from South Asia are employed in the construction industry. Despite the crucial role these workers play in the
country's economic growth, they often face unequal treatment and limited rights. For example, the kafala sponsorship
system in the UAE ties migrant workers to their employers, making it difficult for them to change jobs or leave the country
without their sponsor's consent. This system also leaves workers vulnerable to exploitation and abuse by their employers,
with reports of unpaid wages, unsafe working conditions, and passport confiscation.
Another example of uneven rights for labor migrants can be seen in the agricultural sector in the United States,
where undocumented migrant workers from Mexico and Central America are employed in large numbers. While these
workers are essential to the country's food supply, they often face discrimination and exploitation due to their immigration
status. In some cases, they are denied basic labor rights, such as minimum wage and overtime pay, and are forced to work
in dangerous conditions without proper safety equipment. Dubai is one famous case of questionable rights for migrant
labor. Nearly 90% of Dubai's 3.1 million residents are expats, many of whom are migrant workers brought in to work on
construction projects or in service jobs. Most come alone on the promise of much higher salaries than in their home
countries, so they can send money back to their families. But Dubai and the UAE have long been the subject of complaints
of mistreatment of workers. Migrant workers say they often face brutal work conditions, shifts of 12 hours or more, and
that companies withhold paychecks or workers' passports so as not to let them quit or return home. Most workers are
brought over by recruiters or recruitment agencies, many of which promise exaggerated salaries or job descriptions that
differ greatly from what the workers end up doing. The Country’s reform laws still allowedemployers to charge workers
the recruitment fees that can put them in debt. Most of the workers come of their own accord, out of a serious need to make
money because their home countries are impoverished and the system in Dubai is constantly using that reason to exploit
them even more, allowing them to have the cheapest labor force without actual costs for maintain the workers’ rights.
Overall, the territorial state's control over borders and labor regulations can produce uneven rights for labor
migrants. The examples of the UAE and the US demonstrate how migrant workers are often subjected to limited legal
protections, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse

31. Using examples in the real world, explain how the patterns of retail globalization evolving
- The globalization of retailing is not a new process, dating back as far as the late 1800s. Foreign expansion started to
take off in the 1960s, and was initially dominated by investments between the leading economies of North America,
Western Europe, and Japan. Since the mid- 1990s, however, more aggressive expansion has taken on an entirely new
geographical configuration.
- Three further characteristics distinguish this latest phase of retail globalization. First, the sheer speed of the
international expansion is notable. Second, the scale of investment currently being undertaken is unprecedented. Third, the
impacts of this expansion on the retail structures of the host countries have been significant
- Take McDonald for example, McDonald started with the McDonald brothers in California, operating in a single
restaurant and was later franchised by Ray Kroc to become a symbol in fast food industry. From being a one place
restaurant, the McDonald's franchise continued to increase and expand into different places. It has even made its way into
big and rich places like Japan and New York. Now, McDonald's is currently the biggest contributor to the market share in
the fast-food industry. Since its opening, the restaurant chain has more than 30,000 franchises in more than 120 countries
and has a turnover of approximately 10.5 billion US dollars. One of McDonald's marketing strategies is to expand
overseas. And true enough, more than half of the total restaurants are located abroad. To support this, just in China, over
100 new restaurants were opened in a year, allowing McDonald’s to achieve its 1,000 new restaurants' goal by opening the
2008 Beijing Olympics. This shows the certification of McDonald's globalization. Currently, there are over 2,500
franchises of McDonald's in Brazil. And it's still developing at a rapid rate and through different aspects: culture, charities,
and franchises.
- McDonalds’ impact on the local country is recognizable through its campaigns and activities. McDonald's signifies
some of the American local cultures in many countries. It also allied with the Coca-Cola company to generate profitable
marketing strategies for the benefit of both companies. Every fast food in various locations also performs required
adjustments to meet the interest of the local people in the area, such as the Hindu people or those in Hong Kong, and many
more. For example, the McDonald's menu in Japan includes a teriyaki burger. And even some franchises in locations
outside the US and UK offer Halal.

32. Using examples in the real world, explain how individuals use consumption to develop place - based identities
The use of design through which a customer displays themselves is known as consumer identity. In today's
consumer society, people don't purchase labor and products just for monetary gain. Brands are frequently used as iconic
assets for the formation and upkeep of identity; usage has become increasingly importance driven. People utilize brands
and things to express their personalities.
Consumer identity is believed to draw from issues that cut over the different representative limitations that have
blended during innovation. Consumer research has generally examined how product collaborations help people create their
identities and self. In object-consumer relationships, for example, product configuration might cause fixation. Customers
may get linked and cultivate relationships with explicit material objects, regardless of the brands of these articles. A
collection of goods serves as an increasingly complicated identification toolbox for the celebration of one's identity. They
do not just include obvious physical involvement. The idea is that everyone in consumer social systems is more open to
obtaining the manner of life and identity, presenting a fictional world of the equal open door and unrestricted self
acknowledgment. All things being equal, it is clear, even though noticing advertisements that commend usage as a circle of
human acknowledgment, that main a specific type of identity, a specific type of look, a specific way of being on the planet,
and, obviously, only certain products are recognized as clearly certain, and that they all interest developing portions of
financial and social capital.
Persons' activities and assets are organized around their social characters—the various marks by which their "me"
is seen apart from others and citizens. Personalities differ from traits such as forcefulness or trustworthiness in that the
latter shows how someone operates inside an Identity. Social characters (bookkeeper, golfer, parent) are derived from social
jobs, however, they are not the same. Jobs are consensual solutions, behaviors required of people involved in a certain issue
in the public light, and they divide society in that sense.
Tajfel and Turner developed the Social Identity Theory in 1979. Their concept was developed originally to
understand the mental basis of intergroup isolation. Tajfel attempted to identify the least criteria that would drive members
from one group to separate for the in-group in which they had a position and against another out-group. The social identity
theory was Henri Tajfel's most notable contribution to brain science. An individual's sense of identity is influenced by their
involvement in a social group. Tajfel suggested that the meetings in which people participated were a source of pride and
confidence. Bunches give us a sense of social identity: a sense of belonging to the social world. The social occupations we
assign to ourselves are the foundation of our social personalities, and these characters, in general, form our global self—
our overall sense of who we are. This identity-to-global self-approach operationalizes the social identity hypothesis'
directing reasoning, which is that one's general self-esteem comes from the individual personalities one institutes and
attaches to oneself.
 Previous research on gender identification and consumer behavior suggests that gender orientation identity has a
role in consumer behavior and the establishment of consumer identity.Changing from assisting with data management to
connecting individuals to the rest of the globe, arranging a single insight, and nurturing one's viewpoints on suitable social
behaviors. Regarding consumers' image estimations, it was said that consumer brand utilization is compatible with
consumer gender image and that the gender orientation self might have strong gender consistency effects on brand loyalty.
Customers, for example, like products or brand ambassadors that reflect their sense of manliness and femininity.
Edward Bernays was a twentieth-century advertising pioneer who occasionally used the theory of consumer identity to sell
products to desired target audiences. One example of this was the focus of women's feminist activists attempting to provide
more smokes to women by labeling cigarettes as Lights of Opportunity. This operation took use of the consumer identity of
women by attempting to appeal to men's purchasing habits in order to promote a certain item to this group.
Overall, people use consumption to create place-based identities by supporting local businesses, identifying with
certain brands, and showing off their economic standing

33. Using examples in the real world, explain why global standards important in addressing major development
issues?
Global standards are important in addressing major development issues because they provide a common platform
that all countries can use to ensure coordination and collaboration.
For example, in the realm of environmental protection, countries around the world have adopted the Paris
Agreement as a standard for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and slowing climate change. This agreement binds
countries to follow certain regulations and guidelines, such as regulating the burning of fossil fuels, to reduce global
emissions. By having a common set of standards, nations are able to coordinate their efforts to protect the environment and
prevent climate change.
In the realm of economic development, global standards can provide a framework for international trade and
investments that benefit all countries involved. For example, the World Trade Organization (WTO) sets the rules of
international trade, helping to ensure fair and equitable conditions among countries. By enforcing these standards, countries
can ensure that their investments and business dealings with other nations are conducted in a way that is beneficial to the
countries involved.
Finally, global standards are important for the advancement of social progress. For example, the United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights is a set of internationally recognized standards that all countries should adhere to in order to
ensure the protection of fundamental human rights. By having a standard that all countries must abide by, it becomes much
easier to protect the rights of vulnerable communities around the world.
In conclusion, global standards are essential in addressing major development issues due to their ability to provide
common frameworks for environmental protection, economic development, and social progress. They are a necessary tool
for ensuring coordination and collaboration among countries, allowing for the advancement of development initiatives that
benefit all parties involved.

34. Advantage and disadvantage of geography features

 Advantage
On the one hand, there are several reasons why Vietnam’s geographical features are beneficial to economic
development. Firstly, geographical location plays an important role in economic development. Vietnam has a particularly
important position in terms of transportation: located at the crossroads of important international maritime and aviation
routes. This geographical location facilitates the implementation of the open-door policy, integration with countries around
the world and attracts foreign investment. This creates favorable conditions for our country to exchange and trade with
countries in the region and the world; transportation services (logistics, storage,...) and accompanying services
(restingplaces to eat,...); create conditions for Vietnam to participate in the global supply chain. Moreover, the dynamic,
vibrant Southeast Asia region is a prerequisite for the development of an open economy. Furthermore, Vietnam is located at
the contiguous position between the continent and the ocean, adjacentto the Pacific and Mediterranean biomineral belts;
located on the migration route of many species of flora and fauna. This makes Vietnam have abundant
mineral and biological resources.
Secondly, another reason that it would help to develop the economy is the advantages of the natural conditions.
Vietnam has a humid tropical monsoon climate (hot, humid, lots of rain). This makes the flora system in Vietnam very
diverse and rich. High temperature and high humidity are conditions for trees to be green all year round, developing wet
rice agriculture, diversifying crops and livestock. The dense system of rivers and canals is a favorable condition for
agricultural development. Besides, it also has seas, which are both an important transportation route and a source of marine
resources such as seafood, minerals, etc. This is a condition for the development of marine economic sectors such as oil
exploitation, fishing, and transportation and tourism. Additionally, the biological system in Vietnam is extremely diverse
and rich. In addition, rich mineral resources are also a source of raw materials and fuel for industries.
 Disadvantages
The serious disadvantage of Vietnam's geography is the natural characteristics. The terrain in Vietnam is strongly
dissected, causing difficulties for transportation. The erratic nature of weather and climate factors causes difficulties for
farming activities, crop structure, seasonal planning, natural disaster prevention, etc. in agricultural production. Likewise,
natural disasters and unusual weather phenomena such as storms, floods, droughts, thunderstorms, etc. annually cause huge
losses to all production industries, loss of life and property. The water regime fluctuates erratically, directly affecting
transportation activities, tourism, mining industry,...