Department of Social Statistics

SST/BST 2213 – Advanced Mathematics

Coordinate Geometry
Unit – 01
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Location of a point in a plane (R2)

Coordinate of P is (3, 2)

Exercise – 01

1. Write down the coordinates of the point A, B, C, D, and E

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2. Sketch your own axes and plot the following points

P (2, 4) Q (-2.5, 7) R (4, -1/2) S (0, 0.5) T (2, 0)

Answer for the Exercise -01

1. A (2,2), B (0, -2), C (3, -4.5) and D (-2.5, -3)

2.

2.

Distance between two points

The distance between points A and B is AB

AB = (x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2

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Exercise – 02

01. Find the lengths of the straight lines joining the following pair of points

(i) A (3, 2) and B (8, 14)

(ii) C (-1, 3) and D (4, 7)
(iii) O (0, 0) and B (7, 4)
(iv) P (-1, -4) and Q (-3, -2)
(v) S (p, q) and T (r, n)
(vi) Find the length of AB, BC and AC

(vii) Three of the following four points lie on a circle and origin is the
centre of the circle. which are they and what is the radius of the
circle?

A (-1, 7), B (5, -5), C (-7, 5), D (7, -1)

Answer for the Exercise – 02

1. A (3, 2) B (8,14)
AB = ( 3 − 8) + ( 2 − 14 ) = ( −5) + ( −12 )
2 2 2 2

AB = 25 + 144 = 169 =13

2.C (−1,3) D (4,7)

CD = ( −1 − 4 ) + ( 3 − 7 ) = ( −5) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2

CD = 25 + 16 = 41 = 6.403

3.O (0,0) B (7, 4)

OB = ( 0 − 7) + ( 0 − 4) = ( −7 ) + ( −4 )
2 2 2 2

0 B = 49 + 16 = 65 = 8.062

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4. P (−1, 4) B (−3, −2)
PQ = ( −1 − −3) + ( 4 − −2 ) = ( 2) + (6)
2 2 2 2

PQ = 4 + 36 = 40 = 6.325

5. S ( p, q) T (r , n)
ST = ( p − r ) + (q − n)
2 2

6. A (−4,1) B (7,3) C (−3, −2)

AB = ( −4 − 7 ) + (1 − 3) = ( −11) + ( −2 ) = 121 + 4 = 125 = 11.18
2 2 2 2

BC = ( 7 − −3) + ( 3 − −2 ) = (10 ) + ( 5) = 100 + 25 = 125 = 11.18

2 2 2 2

AC = ( −4 − −3) + (1 − −2 ) = ( −1) + ( 3) = 1 + 9 = 10 = 3.162

2 2 2 2

7. O (0,0) A (−1,7) B (5, −5) C (−7,5) D (7, −1)

OA = ( 0 − −1) + ( 0 − 7 ) = (1) + ( −7 ) = 1 + 49 = 50 = 7.07
2 2 2 2

OB = ( 0 − 5) + ( 0 − −5) = ( −5) + ( 5) = 25 + 25 = 50 = 7.07

2 2 2 2

OC = ( 0 − −7 ) + ( 0 − 5) = ( 7 ) + ( −5) = 49 + 25 = 74 = 8.60
2 2 2 2

OD = ( 0 − 7 ) + ( 0 − −1) = ( −7 ) + (1) = 49 + 1 = 50 = 7.07

2 2 2 2

A, B and D are the points lie on the circle and 7.07 is radius of the circle

The midpoint of a straight line

Let M, be the mid point of AD

Coordinate of A is (x1 , y1 )
Coordinate of D is (x 2 , y 2 )
 x1 + x2 y1 + y 2 
Coordinate of M is  , 
 2 2 

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The coordinate of a point which is lie on the line that divides internally in the
ration m: n

A (x1 , y1 ) C ( x, y) B ( x2 , y2 )

 nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 

Coordinate of C is  1 , 
 n+m n+m 

The gradient of a straight line

Change in y
Gradient =
Change in x

Example: Find the gradients of the lines joining the following pair of points (4, 3) and
(8, 12)

3 − 12 12 − 3 9
Gradient = = = = 2.25
4−8 8−4 4

Exercise - 03

01. Find the gradients of the lines joining the following pairs of points

(i) (-2, -3) and (4, 6)

(ii) (5, 6) and (10, 2)
(iii) (0, a) and (9, 0)
(iv) (0, 0) and (a, b)
(v) (p, q) and (r, s)

02. Find the coordinates of the mid – points of the lines AB and CD where

A (1, 2) and B (5, 2)

C (3, 4) and D (7, 1)

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Answer for the exercise -03
1.
(i) (−2,3) (4,6)
3 − 6 −3 1
Gradient = = =
−2 − 4 −6 2
(ii) (5,6) (10, 2)
2 − 6 −4
Gradient = =
10 − 5 5
(iii) (0, a) (9,0)
a−0 a
Gradient = =
0 − 9 −9
(iv) (0,0) (a, b)
0 − b −b b
Gradient = = =
0 − a −a a
(v ) ( p , q ) ( r , s )
q−s
Gradient =
p−r
2.

(i ) A (1, 2) B (5, 2)
 1+ 5 2 + 2 
Midpont =  ,  = ( 3, 2 )
 2 2 

(ii) C (3, 4) D (7,1)

 3 + 7 4 +1 
Midpont =  ,  = ( 5, 2.5)
 2 2 

Equation of a line

In coordinate geometry, lines in a Cartesian plane can be described algebraically by

linear equations and linear functions. In two dimensions, the characteristic equation is
often given by the slope intercept form

y = mx + c
m: Gradient / slope
C: Intercept

The y intercept of a straight line is simply where the line crosses the y-axis

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In the above diagram the line crosses the y axis at 1, Thus, intercept (C) =+1

Examples:

(i) y = 3x + 8
m = 3, c = 8

(ii) y = -5x-7
m = -5, c = -7

(iii) 2y = -4x + 5
y = - 2x + 5/2
m = -2, C = 5/2

Example: Find the equation of the straight line joining the following pair of points

(4, 6) and (9, 15)

y = mx + c

Substitute the point (4, 6) for the above equation

6=mx4+c
6 = 4m + c 1

Substitute the point (9, 15) for the above equation

15 = m x 9 + c
15 = 9m + c

2 – 1 2
9 = 5m
9/5 = m
c = 6 – 4 x 9/5
= - 6/5

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 Equation is
9 −6
y= x
5 5
5 y = 9x − 6

Draw a line

To draw a line on Cartesian plane, need at least two points

Example:

y = 3x + 2
x = 0 y?  y = 3 x 0 + 2 = y = 2 (0, 2)
x = 1 y?  y = 3 x 1 + 2 = 5 (1, 5)

Exercise – 04

01. Determine whether the following points lie on the given lines

(i) y = 6x + 7 (1,13)
(ii) y = 2x + 2 (13,20)
(iii) 3x + 4y = 1 (-1,1/2)

02. Find the equation of the straight line of given gradients, passing through the points
named

(i) 4 (1,3) (ii) 3 (-2,5) (iii) 1/3 (2,-5) (iv) -5/3 (1/4,-3)

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 03. Find the equation of the straight lines joining the following pair of points

(i) ( 1, 6 ) and ( 5, 9 ) (iii) ( 1/2, 2 ) and ( 3, 6 )

(ii) ( 3, 2 ) and ( 7, -3 ) (iv) ( -1/2, 0 ) and ( 5, 11 )

04. Find the equation of the following lines

Parallel lines

Parallel lines have equal gradients

Example: y = 2x + 1 y = 2x – 5
y = 2x – 8 2Y = 4x + 3

Perpendicular lines

If two lines are perpendicular, the product of their gradients is -1

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 Example: y = 3x – 8
y = -1/3 + 5

−1
Consider re product of two different slopes 3  = −1
3

Exercise - 05

Find the equation of the straight line

(i) Through (5, 4), parallel to 3x-4y+7 = 0

(ii) Through (-2, 3), parallel to 5x-2y-1 = 0
(iii) Through (4, 0), perpendicular to x + 7y +4 = 0
(iv) Through (-2, -3), perpendicular to 4x-3y -5 = 0

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