1. What is the condition for a fluid to be in static equilibrium?

Answer: The sum of all forces and torques acting on each fluid particle must be zero.

2. How is pressure typically measured in fluid mechanics?

Answer: Using a manometer

3. What is hydrostatic pressure on a plane surface directly proportional to?

Answer: Depth of the fluid

4. Which shape experiences the greatest hydrostatic pressure when immersed in a fluid?
Answer: Spherical surface

5. What happens to the stability of an immersed body as its metacentric height increases?
Answer: Stability increases

6. Which property of fluids determines their resistance to flow?

Answer: Viscosity

7. Which instrument is commonly used to measure atmospheric pressure?

Answer: Barometer

8. Which principle states that an immersed body will experience an upward buoyant force equal to
the weight of the fluid it displaces?
Answer: Archimedes' principle

9. Which body would typically experience the greatest buoyant force when immersed in a fluid?
Answer: A hollow wooden cube

10. When a floating body is in stable equilibrium, what is the relationship between its metacentre
(M) and centre of gravity (G)?
Answer: M is above G
11. Which set of equations governs the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in fluid
dynamics?
Answer: Navier-Stokes equations

12. In fluid dynamics, what term is used to describe the total energy per unit mass in a flowing
fluid?
Answer: Specific energy

13. Which of the following is NOT a type of energy associated with flowing fluids?
Answer: Static energy

14. Which device is commonly used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a closed conduit?
Answer: Venturi meter

15. What principle is utilized in a Pitot tube to measure the velocity of a flowing fluid?
Answer: Bernoulli's principle

16. When fluid flows through a converging-diverging nozzle, what happens to its velocity and
pressure?
Answer: Velocity increases, pressure decreases

17. Which flow measuring device relies on the principle of fluid displacement?
Answer: Rotameter

18. In a Venturi meter, where is the maximum velocity of the fluid flow usually found?
Answer: At the throat

19. Which equation represents the principle of conservation of mass in fluid dynamics?
Answer: Continuity equation

20. The term "momentum" in fluid dynamics refers to the product of:
Answer: Fluid density and velocity
21. Which of the following is a common unit for measuring fluid viscosity?
Answer: Poise (P)

22. Which equation describes the conservation of energy in fluid flow?

Answer: Bernoulli's equation

23. Which flow measuring device relies on the principle of pressure drop across a restriction?
Answer: Venturi meter

24. The energy head in a flowing fluid includes which of the following components?
Answer: Velocity head, Pressure head, and Elevation head

25. A fluid flows with a velocity of 5 m/s in the x-direction and 3 m/s in the y-direction. What is the
magnitude of its velocity vector?

Solution:
Step 1: Use the Pythagorean theorem to calculate the magnitude of the velocity vector.
Magnitude = √(vx² + vy²)
Magnitude = √(5² + 3²)
Magnitude = √(25 + 9)
Magnitude = √34
Magnitude ≈ 5.83 m/s

Answer: Approximately 5.83 m/s

26. A fluid particle moves in a circular path with a radius of 0.5 meters at a constant speed of 2 m/s.
What is its angular velocity?

Solution:
Step 1: Use the formula for angular velocity: ω = v / r
Where ω is angular velocity, v is linear velocity, and r is radius.
ω = 2 m/s / 0.5 m
ω = 4 rad/s

Answer: 4 rad/s

27. The flow rate through a pipe is 0.5 m³/s. If the pipe diameter is 0.2 meters, what is the velocity of
flow?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.2/2)² ≈ 0.0314 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

Where Q is flow rate, A is cross-sectional area, and V is velocity.
0.5 = 0.0314 × V
V = 0.5 / 0.0314 ≈ 15.92 m/s

Answer: Approximately 15.92 m/s

28. The pressure drop across a section of a pipe is 500 Pa. If the pipe diameter is 0.1 meters, what is
the flow rate assuming laminar flow?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as fluid viscosity and pipe length) to
solve using the Hagen-Poiseuille equation for laminar flow. Without this information, it's not
possible to calculate the flow rate accurately.

29. If the velocity profile in a pipe is parabolic, with a maximum velocity of 2 m/s and a radius of 0.1
meters, what is the average velocity?

Solution:
For a parabolic velocity profile in a pipe, the average velocity is half of the maximum velocity.

Average velocity = 1/2 × Maximum velocity

Average velocity = 1/2 × 2 m/s = 1 m/s

Answer: 1 m/s

30. A Venturi meter has a throat diameter of 0.05 meters and a pressure difference of 2000 Pa
between the inlet and throat. What is the velocity of flow?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as the inlet diameter and fluid density)
to solve using Bernoulli's equation. Without this information, it's not possible to calculate the
velocity accurately.

31. The power required to drive a pump is 10 kW. If the pump efficiency is 80%, what is the actual
power input?

Solution:
Step 1: Use the efficiency formula: Efficiency = Output power / Input power
0.80 = 10 kW / Input power
Input power = 10 kW / 0.80 = 12.5 kW

Answer: 12.5 kW

32. The specific weight of a fluid is 10 kN/m³. What is the pressure at a depth of 5 meters?

Solution:
Use the hydrostatic pressure equation: P = ρgh
Where ρg is the specific weight, and h is the depth.
P = 10 kN/m³ × 5 m = 50 kN/m² = 50 kPa

Answer: 50 kPa

33. The flow rate through a pipe is 0.2 m³/s. If the pipe diameter is 0.3 meters, what is the velocity of
flow?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.3/2)² ≈ 0.0707 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

0.2 = 0.0707 × V
V = 0.2 / 0.0707 ≈ 2.83 m/s

Answer: Approximately 2.83 m/s

34. The circulation around a closed loop is found to be 10 m²/s. What is the vorticity?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as the area enclosed by the loop) to
calculate the vorticity. Without this information, it's not possible to determine the vorticity
accurately.

35. A fluid flows through a pipe with a velocity profile given by v=2r, where r is the radius of the
pipe. What is the average velocity?

Solution:
For a linear velocity profile v=2r in a pipe of radius R, the average velocity is:
v_avg = (1/R²) ∫(0 to R) v(r) * 2πr dr
v_avg = (1/R²) ∫(0 to R) 2r * 2πr dr
v_avg = (4π/R²) [r³/3](0 to R)
v_avg = (4π/R²) * (R³/3)
v_avg = (4πR/3)

The question doesn't provide the pipe radius R, so we can't calculate a numerical value.

Answer: The average velocity is (4πR/3), where R is the pipe radius.

36. The power consumed by a pump is 20 kW, and its efficiency is 75%. What is the actual power
input?
Solution:
Step 1: Use the efficiency formula: Efficiency = Output power / Input power
0.75 = 20 kW / Input power
Input power = 20 kW / 0.75 ≈ 26.67 kW

Answer: Approximately 26.67 kW

37. A flow rate of 0.3 m³/s is measured in a pipe with a diameter of 0.2 meters. What is the velocity
of flow?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.2/2)² ≈ 0.0314 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

0.3 = 0.0314 × V
V = 0.3 / 0.0314 ≈ 9.55 m/s

Answer: Approximately 9.55 m/s

38. A pump lifts water from a reservoir with a flow rate of 0.05 m³/s. If the height difference
between the inlet and outlet is 10 meters, what is the power required by the pump?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the power using the formula: P = ρgQH
Where ρ is the density of water (1000 kg/m³), g is acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s²), Q is the
flow rate, and H is the height difference.

P = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.05 × 10 = 4905 W ≈ 4.91 kW

Answer: Approximately 4.91 kW

39. A pipe carries water with a velocity of 2 m/s and a cross-sectional area of 0.1 m². What is the
flow rate of water through the pipe?

Solution:
Use the continuity equation: Q = AV
Q = 0.1 m² × 2 m/s = 0.2 m³/s

Answer: 0.2 m³/s

40. The pressure drop across a pipe is 1000 Pa. If the flow rate is 0.02 m³/s and the pipe diameter is
0.1 meters, what is the pipe's resistance coefficient?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as pipe length and fluid properties) to
calculate the resistance coefficient. Without this information, it's not possible to determine the
resistance coefficient accurately.

41. A Venturi meter has a throat diameter of 0.05 meters and a pressure difference of 500 Pa
between the inlet and throat. What is the velocity of flow?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as the inlet diameter and fluid density)
to solve using Bernoulli's equation. Without this information, it's not possible to calculate the
velocity accurately.

42. The head loss in a pipe flow is 2000 Pa. If the fluid density is 1000 kg/m³ and the acceleration
due to gravity is 9.81 m/s², what is the head loss in meters?

Solution:
Use the relation: Pressure head = P / (ρg)
Head loss = 2000 Pa / (1000 kg/m³ × 9.81 m/s²) ≈ 0.204 m

Answer: Approximately 0.204 m

43. A flowmeter measures the flow rate of water in a pipe as 0.1 m³/s. If the pipe diameter is 0.2
meters, what is the velocity of flow?
Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.2/2)² ≈ 0.0314 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

0.1 = 0.0314 × V
V = 0.1 / 0.0314 ≈ 3.18 m/s

Answer: Approximately 3.18 m/s

44. The velocity of water flowing through a pipe is measured as 1 m/s. If the pipe diameter is 0.1
meters, what is the flow rate?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.1/2)² ≈ 0.00785 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

Q = 0.00785 m² × 1 m/s ≈ 0.00785 m³/s

Answer: Approximately 0.00785 m³/s

45. A pipe carries water with a flow rate of 0.05 m³/s. If the pipe diameter is 0.1 meters, what is the
velocity of flow?

Solution:
Step 1: Calculate the cross-sectional area of the pipe.
A = π(d/2)² = π(0.1/2)² ≈ 0.00785 m²

Step 2: Use the continuity equation: Q = AV

0.05 = 0.00785 × V
V = 0.05 / 0.00785 ≈ 6.37 m/s

Answer: Approximately 6.37 m/s

46. The power consumed by a pump is 5000 W. If the pump efficiency is 80%, what is the actual
power input?

Solution:
Step 1: Use the efficiency formula: Efficiency = Output power / Input power
0.80 = 5000 W / Input power
Input power = 5000 W / 0.80 = 6250 W

Answer: 6250 W

47. A Venturi meter has a throat diameter of 0.05 meters and a pressure difference of 1000 Pa
between the inlet and throat. What is the velocity of flow?

Answer: This problem requires additional information (such as the inlet diameter and fluid density)
to solve using Bernoulli's equation. Without this information, it's not possible to calculate the
velocity accurately.

48. The Hagen-Poiseuille equation describes the flow of what type of fluid in a pipe?
Answer: Viscous and laminar

49. What parameter characterizes the intensity of turbulence in pipe flow?

Answer: Reynolds number

50. What is the primary factor affecting minor losses in pipe flow?
Answer: Sudden changes in flow direction or velocity