Engineering Mechanics: ISSN 2706-7726

ISSN 2706-7726
AZERBAIJAN UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE

ANDCONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING MECHANICS
№1
March 2023
Scientific and Technical Journal on “Engineering Mechanics”, Iss. 13, Vol. 5, No. 1, March 2023
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

ISSN 2706-7726
Engineering Mechanics
Scientific and Technical Journal
E-mail: engineeringmechanics@azmiu.edu.az
March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1
EDITOR-IN- CHİEF ISMAIL SADIGOV IRADE SHIRINZADE - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor,
Head of the Department of Mechanics of AzUAC, doctor of AzUAC
technical sciences, professor TAHIRA HAGVERDIYEVA - Doctor of Technical Sciences,
DEPUTY CHİEF EDİTOR Professor, AzUAC
ABBAS GUVALOV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor,
RAMIZ ISKANDAROV AzUAC
Doctor of Mathematical Sciences, Department of Mechanics, FUAD HASANOV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Azerbaijan
AzUAC Technical University
REYHAN AKBARLI AKIF CAHANGIROV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Azerbaijan
Doctor of Philosophy in Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Technical University
ass.professor, AzUAC
3. APPLIED MATHEMATICS section
EDITORIAL BOARD
BILAL BILALOV - Corresponding Member of the Azerbaijan
1. MECHANICS section National Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Physical and
Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of
MAHAMMAD MEHDIYEV-academician, Doctor of physicsal- Sciences
Mathematical Sciences,professor,Baku State University MISRADDIN SADIGOV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
VADIM GUDRAMOVICH - Corresponding Member of the Sciences, Professor, Baku State University
Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical ALIK NAJAFOV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Sciences, Professor, Ukrainian Institute of Technical Mechanics Professor, AzUAC
RAMIZ GURBANOV - Corresponding Member of the Azerbaijan NIGAR ASLANOVA - Doctor of Mathematical Sciences,
National Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, AzUAC
Professor, Azerbaijan State University of Oil and Industry
SURKHAY AKBAROV - Corresponding Member of the 4. PHYSICS section (in engineering)
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical
Sciences, Professor, Yildiz Technical University (Turkey) ADIL ABDULLAYEV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
GEYLANI PANAHOV - Corresponding Member of the Sciences, Professor, AzUAC
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Doctor of Technical ROVNAG RZAYEV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan State University of Economics
GABIL ALIYEV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, KAMIL GURBANOV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
MUSA ILYASOV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical ELDAR GOCAYEV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Professor, Aviation Academy Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan Technical University
FUAD LATIFOV - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, NAKHCHIVAN SAFAROV - Doctor of Physical and
Professor, AzUAC Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan Technical University
ILHAM PIRMAMMADOV - Doctor of Mathematical Sciences,
Professor, Azerbaijan Technical University 5. ENERGY ENGINEERING section
LATIF TALIBLI - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences,
Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences ARIF HASHIMOV - Academician, Doctor of Technical Sciences,
ANATOLI DZYUBA- Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Professor, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Dnepropetrovsk State University (Ukraine) NASER TABATABAEI- University of Denmark, Professor,
VICTOR GRISHAK - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Denmark
Zaporozhye State University (Ukraine) JAVIER J. BILBAO LANDATXE- University of Bask, Professor,
ALEKS KAIROV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Spain
Naval Academy named after A. Makarov (Ukraine) NICU BIZON- Professor, Pitesti University, Romania
YUSIF SEVDIMALIYEV - Doctor of Philosophy in Physics and CENGIZ TAPLAMACIOGLU- Gazi University, Professor,
Mathematics, Associate Professor, Baku State University Turkey
KAMIL DURSUN- Ostfold University, Fredrikstad, Professor,
2. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION section Norway
RASIM SAIDOV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor,
MUKHLIS HAJIYEV - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Azerbaijan State University of Economics
AzUAC
AZER GASIMZADE - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor,
Masis University (Turkey)
CONTENTS
1. A.A. Azizov
Synchronization of movement of manipulator mechanisms….................................………….......3
2. S.X. Karimov, S.A. Bagirova, F.Sh. Hajiyeva
Kinematic synthesis of a five-link flat culis mechanism………………………………………….9
3. İbiszade R. Vusale
Existing models and analysis of soil resistance………………………………………………….13
4. Orkhan A. Hajiyev
Acceptance of the construction of underwater pipelines………………………………………...17
5. İbiszade R. Vusale
Existing models of soil resistance and their consideration during the operation of an
underwater oil and gas pipeline…………………………………………………………………..20
6. Emin M. Nematov
Selection of the material and diameter of pipes in the underwater pipeline……………………..24
7. Emin M. Nematov, Adil V. Tagiyev
The main hypotheses and relations for determining the stress-strain state arising in a
pipeline laid to great depths………………………………………………………………………28
8. Orujov Y.A., Abishova R.M., Kheyrabadi Q.S.
Investigation of the stability of the walls of horizontal wells…………………………………....36
9. Kheyrabadi Q.S.
Designing modes of sidetracking "window" in the casing string and analysis of the
process of interaction of the bottom of the drill deflector columns……………………………...44
10. Gasimov H.M.
On the loss of stability of an inhomogeneous cylindrical shell of circular cross section……….50
11. Aslanov E.A., Gahramanov V.F.
A problem about influence of a wall layer on hydraulic resistance when lowering casing…….54
12. Orujov Y.A., Ibrahimov Sh.H.

Investigation of the stability of the walls of horizontal wells…………………………………..59
2

ISSN 2706-7726
March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 3-8
SYNCHRONIZATION OF MOVEMENT OF MANIPULATOR

MECHANISMS
A.A. AZIZOV
Azerbaijan Technical University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Abstract: One of the requirements of designing manipulators is to carry out any technological
operations with high productivity and in optimal conditions. For this purpose the characteristic
parameters included in the technological cycles and productivity expressions are compared and
grouped as increasing or decreasing productivity. These parameters are investigated and ways to
increase productivity are sought. In this case, the grouping for manipulators is the enlargement of
the working volume and the reduction of the process cycle time intervals. The enlargement is
actually evaluated as an increase in bucket (body) volume and increase in manipulator lifting
capacity and is considered undesirable. Other parameters-decreasing time intervals are associated
with increasing the operating speed of the manipulator and making its dynamics more complex as a
result. Thus, increasing the operating speed of a manipulator is also not desirable to increase its
productivity. As for the issues of reducing the time intervals of the technological cycle, this issue
can be resolved during the design of the manipulator by synchronizing the mechanisms and mixing
their movement in phase. As a result, the duration of the technological cycle is shortened and the
productivity of the manipulator is increased. Here it is necessary to perform the mixing without
touching the movements of individual working elements. The article concludes with the drawing up
and shifting of the phase of movement of the manipulator of the PVPV type.
Keywords: technological operation, technological cycle, working volume, load capacity,
synchronization, time loss.
1. Introduction
When designing manipulators, one of the important issues facing the designer is to achieve high
productivity and optimal mode of operation. Depending on the application of manipulators for
tedious, repetitive technological operations performed by humans, it is determined at the design
stage that these qualities are in the expected range [1]. For this purpose, in the manipulator
performance formula:
3600  G
П (kq / h), (m3 / h) (1)
TT
Here, G - volume of the cavity (body) of the manipulator, TT - its technological cycle (the time
elapsed from the arrival of the processed product to its removal).
The participating characteristic parameters ( G and TT ) are grouped and analyzed, some of
these parameters belong to groups that increase productivity, while others belong to groups that
decrease productivity. These parameters can also be divided into proportional and non-proportional.
After that, as a result of the analysis, ways are sought to improve the performance, of the machine.
3
For manipulators, such ways are to increase the working volume ( G m3) in expression (1) above
and to reduce the loss of time ( TT ) included in the technological cycle.
TT  t1  t2  t3  (sec) (2)
Here, t1 , t2 t3 , ... the intervals of time (seconds) taken to perform individual steps of the movement.
The aforementioned time losses can be eliminated by increasing the operating speed of the
manipulator. Experience shows, however, that increasing the operating speed is often impractical
due to the complexity of manipulator dynamics, in other words, the difficulties caused by dynamic
forces. At the same time it is necessary to take into account that the forces of inertia of the
manipulator will affect its accuracy of deflection and vibration [1,2]. Therefore, this issue can be
solved by shifting the time intervals of the technological cycle. We are talking about a relative shift
t1 , t2 t3 , ... in the time intervals without interfering with each other, and as a result of reducing TT . In
this way, the time required to prepare or transport a unit of product is reduced and the productivity
of the machines - automatons is increased. This issue can be considered at the design stage of the
manipulator and may be the most appropriate way to increase the productivity of machine-
automates.
2. Synchronization of automata machines.
In fact, the mentioned question is known in the theory of automata machines [1]. Here it is
important to note some peculiarities of synchronization of manipulators.
It is known that the number of mechanical gears of manipulators is equal to the number of
their degrees of freedom. Of course, each mechanical motion control system returns to its original
position. The movement pattern of a manipulator can be compared with the movement pattern of
class I multifunctional automata. According to the classification of class I automata, they are multi-
operator automata, and the order of execution can be in the following three variants:
a) The operations are executed sequentially (in sequence);
b) Operations are shifted relative to each other incompletely;
c) The operations are shifted in relation to each other completely.
These machines are characterized by equality of basic cycles, i.e. TT  TP  TK . Here, TP and
TK working and kinematic cycles (sec.) respectively.
Thus, the time of processing the product on the machine TT , when removing a unit of product
TP and the time of returning the working bodies to their original position TK are mutually equal.
Let us define the working cycles of the machine ( TP ), by the order of technological
operations. Assume that the machine in question performs three work operations in a time of
t p1 t p2 t p3 . If we indicate installation tq and t x removal of a product, then
- for group (a) of the machine (Fig. 1, a):

3
Tp  tq  t p1  t p2  t p3  t x  tq   t pi  t x (3)
i 1
- for the group (b) of the machine (Fig. 1, b) the case of incomplete confinement:
Tp'  Tp  t p  Tp  (t p2  t p1 ) (4)
- for group (c) of the machine (Fig. 1,c) the case of complete displacement:
Т p  Т p  TP (5)
4
a) tq t p1 t p2 t p3 tx t (s)
TP  TT  TK
b) tx t p1 t p3 tx t (s)
t p2
Tp'
c) tx t p1 tx t (s)
t p2
t p3
TT  Tp  Tp
Fig. 1. Offsets of the working phases of the class I automaton
As can be seen from the scheme, the complete displacement of work operations provides, the
minimum value of Т p :
Т p  tq  t pmax  t x (6)
Reduction of working time in these machines can be carried out in several ways:
a) the use of means of mechanization to reduce the time of installation and removal of
products;
b) reducin
c) reducing the work or process cycle by relative and polar displacement.
It should be noted that it is not always possible to shift work operations, for example, working
bodies may touch each other, or the completion of the previous operation did not allow to start the
next operation, etc.
3. Manipulator synchronization
When designing manipulators, it is necessary to ensure and synchronize the precise movement
of its working mechanisms and mechanical systems. To achieve high performance of a manipulator
it is necessary to achieve partial or complete displacement of its execution operations [3,4].
The cycle diagram of a manipulator is made depending on the division of the technological process
it will perform into operations. The cycle diagram is usually constructed in two forms:
a) an offset diagram by time intervals;
b) a synchro diagram by absolute displacements.
As we mentioned above, the synchronogram is a diagram reflecting the absolute
displacements of working mechanisms or mechanical systems and showing the pattern of motion of
each mechanical system. Synchrogram is built in rectangular (spatial-planar) coordinate system.
The horizontal axis shows time intervals in seconds, the vertical axis shows absolute displacements
in mm for mechanisms Mi (Fig. 2). If any of these mechanisms performs a rotary movement, the
maximum angle of rotation of this mechanism is marked in radians on the ordinate axis. The
individual phases of this mechanism are marked on the abscissa axis t p ( p ), t x ( x ) and td (d ) .
5
Fig. 2. Synchrogram of movement of Мi mechanism
The phases of movement of the mechanism: stop and duration of movement are also recorded
in the synchrogram. With the help of the synchrogram the position of each mechanism will be
known at any ti moment:
1. Its path and phase as well as its position compared to other mechanisms;
2. The law of motion, and the linear or angular velocity of each mechanism;
3. You can compare and judge the responsiveness and acceleration of the M i mechanism, if
necessary to make adjustments (in Fig. 2, the law of sin is corrected, marked with a dashed
line).
3. Example. Let us build a synchronogram of the manipulator of the PVPV type (degree of
freedom w=4) by the method of incomplete displacement. The manipulator packs bottles filled with
food products from the conveyor into cardboard boxes 4x4 (Fig. 3a). Its motion diagram consists of
the following operations:
- extending the handle on the conveyor belt (line 1-2);
- latching and lifting the bottle (line 2-3);
- approach of the handle to the carton conveyor (line 3-4);
- lowering the bottle complex in the carton conveyor (line 4-5);
- return of the crank to its original position (line 6-1).
To make a synchronogram of the duration of motion and stop phases are selected experimentally,
depending on the physical and mechanical properties of the transported product (for example, a
very rapid movement of the handle a bottle can break).
After that the phases of movement (steps) can be chosen linear or sinusoidal. Switching
mechanisms by phase can be standby or warranty.
Note that in the presented synchrogram (Fig. 3b) the following phases can be shifted:
- lifting the bottle complex and bringing it close to the box conveyor 2  3  3  4 ;
6
Fig. 3. Schematic of a manipulator packing food filled bottles into cardboard boxes.
- lowering the bottle complex into the box 4  5  5 (here 2  2 and 5  5 phases are
performed by the crank mechanism when closing the neck of the bottle, and are corrected by the
M 4 mechanism. This correction is due to the precise orientation of the crank on the box conveyor).
The shifts of the set synchromesh are shown by the dotted lines (fig. 4).
7
Fig. 4. Incomplete shifted synchrogram of the PVPV manipulator
Result:
1. To ensure the accuracy of interdependent and corrective movements of working mechanisms

of manipulators, it is proposed to build its synchrogram.
2. On the example of the PRPR manipulator it is substantiated the reduction of the
technological cycle and increase of its productivity due to the relative shift of time intervals.
References
1. Əzizov Ə.A. Yeyinti istehsalı maşın və avtomatlarının layihələndirilməsi. Dərslik, Bakı,
2014, 286s.
2. Azizov A.A., Farzaliyeva L.B. Calcblation of the manipulator orientation accuracy,
J. Engineering Mechanics, № 3, Baku 2022.
3. Бурдаков С.Ф., Дяченко В.А., Тимофеев А.Н., Проектирование манипуляторов
промышленных роботов и роботозированных комплексов, М., 1986, c. 384.
4. Ковалев Ф.И., Чесных П.П., Кондратьев М.В., Егоров О.Д., Проектирование
механизмов промышленных роботов. М., 1984, c. 341.
5. Azizov A.A. Modernization actuator zephur finisher machine. Proceedings of the second
international symposium of mechanism and machine science (İSMMS-2017) 11-17
Sep.2017,Baku
8

ISSN 2706-7726
KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS OF A FIVE-LINK FLAT CULIS MECHANISM

S.X. Karimov, S.A. Bagirova, F.Sh. Hajiyeva
Azerbaijan Technical University, Azerbaijan

savalankerimov@mail.ru, bagirova.samaya@bk.ru, firengiz.haciyeva@hotmail.com
Abstract. The kinematic synthesis of the mechanism, satisfy the given characteristic and are
determined the parameters of that scheme. The two synthesis issues in kinematic synthesis:
guiding and transmission mechanisms is considered. The article deals with the issue of the exact
implementation the motion law the of the output point of the five-link flat pulley mechanism.
By including a double-action (higher) kinematic pair in the flat mechanism with two
degrees of freedom, that mechanism becomes with one degree of freedom. The issue of the exact
implementation of the required movement of the exit point - the creeper by applying the method
of closed vector contours of the law was considered.
Keywords: synthesis, degree of freedom, kulis, slider, link
1. Introduction
It is known that link mechanisms contain only single-action (primary) kinematic pairs. In
the kinematic synthesis of flat-link mechanisms, the realization of the law motion of the output
point - the requirement of the objective function is put forward. It should be noted that the
precise realization of the objective function by means of ling mechanisms is rarely possible. In
order to more accurately realize the objective function by means of linear mechanisms, multi-
point mechanisms should be used. Gaps in the kinematic pairs of mechanisms of this type lead to
the growth of errors. In punch mechanisms, it is possible to precisely give the arbitrary law of
motion to the output point (push or swing) by means of a punch. However, the inherent
disadvantages of the punch mechanism: the smallness of the useful work coefficient and the
displacement of the output point, limit its field of application.
2. Structural synthesis of mechanism
Here, the following change in the kinematic scheme and construction of the pulley
mechanism is proposed to ensure the exact law of motion of the exit point. Figure 1 shows a 5-
link flat pulley mechanism with 4 moving links. It is clear that it has a degree of freedom Eq. (1).
W=3n-2p1-p2=3‧4-2‧5-0=2. (1)
In this mechanism, when the input link AB moves with the known motion law φ1 =φ1(t), its
arbitrary, including the 4th link CD will move indeterminately. Let's place a roller on the axis of
rotation of a single-motion rotational kinematic pair located at point C - for the exact
implementation of the required law of motion of the output link CD. That roller move in the axis
of rotation and does not affect the movement of the parts of the mechanism (Fiq.2). The
rotational motion of the roller about its axis will be an extra local degree of freedom. This
situation has a positive effect on the reduction of friction force.
9
It is clear that during the movement of the mechanism, the center of the roller will move
along an arc of radius DC. If a channel with a radius of DC is opened on the immovable dam in
the construction of the mechanism, the roller will enter a two-motion (higher) kinematic pair
with the channel. Therefore, the number of moving parts of the mechanism will not change, but
one double-acting pair will be added to the composition of the pairs. Then the degree of freedom
of the mechanism can be introduced in Eq. (2).
W=3n-2p1-p2-jext=3‧5-2‧6-1=1. (2)
3. Kinematic analysis of mechanism.
Let's determine the motion law of the point C of the center of the roller, given the required
motion law of the DC output point of the mechanism φ4 =φ4(t). For this, let's look at the
kinematic analysis of the mechanism using the method of closed vector contours. Because of this
let's place unit vectors on the points of the mechanism. Let us assume that the mechanism
consists of a number of vector contours, consisting of vectors placed on the points of the
mechanism. First, let's look at the issue of states of the mechanism. For this, let's write the
closure condition of the vector contour DEABCD formed from the points of the mechanism
shown in figure 2.
Figure 1. Figure 2.
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ . (3)
In the vector equation (3), the variable parameters are the angles φ1, φ3, φ4 and the distance
lCB. Among these variable parameters, φ1 is the known generalized coordinate of the input point
AB. And φ4 is a function of known states φ4 = φ4(t) required to satisfy output 4. By projecting
the vector equation (3) onto the x and y axes, we get two scalar equations. To get those
projection equations, we multiply each term of the vector equation (3) by the unit vectors ̅ and
then ̅ at scalar speed.
10
{ (4)
Determine the unknowns lCB and φ3 from the system equations (4).
; . (5)
After determining the angle φ3, the distance lCB is found from the arbitrary equation (4).
(6)
Let us determine the motion law of the roller that satisfy the required law of motion of the
output DC. In other words, let's determine the dependence of the path of the point C of the
mechanism by rotation φ1 of the elbow:
SC(φ1)=l4‧φ4. (7)
In kinematic synthesis, in many cases, the required speed of the output point is required to
be realized. Let's assume that the speed analogue of the output DC point of the mechanism
ω4(φ1) is required to be realized. In this case, the speed issue of the mechanism should be
considered. Then we differentiate the vector equation (3) formulated for the problem of states
according to the generalized coordinate φ1. Since vectors ̅ and ̅ are constant in value
and direction, their derivatives will be equal to zero. Since the distance lCB is variable.
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ (8)
In the vector equation (8), ̅ is the absolute displacement of point B1 of the input
point, ̅ of the backstage point, , ̅ is the relative of the backstage stone,
̅ are known velocity analogues of point C.
Unit vectors ̅ ̅ and ̅ are unit vectors rotated 900 counterclockwise with respect to
the vectors of the same name. ̅ is the given velocity of point B1 of the input point of
the mechanism, ̅ is the known angular velocity ω4 required to satisfy the output point
4. The other two unknown velocities in the vector equation (8) can be found from the projection
equations of those vector equations onto the coordinate axes. Those projection equations can be
obtained by multiplying each term of the equation (8) by the unit vectors ̅ and ̅ at scalar speed
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅ ̅
or
(9)
In the system equation (9), the relative velocity of couple and the angular velocity analogs of
couple are unknown. To find , after transferring the limits including from the
equations of system (9) to the left side of the equations, dividing the second equation by the first
can be canceled.
.
From here:
(10)
is taken. After that, the unknown is found from the arbitrary equation of system (9).
= (11)
The issue of speed synthesis of the mechanism is solved by using Eqs. (3÷11) vespectively.
11
CONCLUSION
1. When changing the kinematic scheme of a two-degree-of-freedom mechanism, that
mechanism becomes a one-degree-of-freedom mechanism.
2. By applying the method of closed vector contours, the problem of synthesis in the general case
was considered for the exact realization of the law of the required movement of the output
point of the mechanism.
REFERENCES
1. I.A. Khalilov, S.H. Kerimov, G.M. Rzayeva. "A method for synthesizing a lever mechanism
that provides a given law of motion." Bulletin of Mechanical Engineering, Moscow, 3/2017.
2. S.H. Kerimov, H.M. Rzayeva, Z.N. Yagubova. ”On kinematic synthesis of variable structural
Yasri lingli mechanism". “Scientific works” of the Higher Military School, Baku, 2009, № 2.
3. A.M. Kangarli. ”Theory of machines and mechanisms". "Teacher", Baku, 2021.
12

ISSN 2706-7726
EXİSTİNG MODELS AND ANALYSİS OF SOİL RESİSTANCE
İbiszade R. Vusale
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Azerbaijan, Master,
vusaleibiszade288@gmail.com
Abstract-The structure comes into contact with the whole part or with the ground in parts.
As a result of this contact, an interconnected tension field is created in the structure and ground.
Knowing the intensity of these tension fields determines the working capacity of the structure
and the load capacity of the ground by creating an interest directly in the nature of these fields.
The area of tension arising in the ground and the structure in contact with it depends on the
distribution of the forces of interaction in the contact points. These forces depend not only on the
external forces applied to the structure and the method of contact, but also on the nature of the
soil.
Keywords: underwater pipelines, sea water area, sea currents, hydrological regimes,
geological structure.
1. Introduction
Expressing the soil property is a difficult matter, since the soil property depends not only on
the history of the process and the conditions of its formation, but also on the recent past of these
processes. Examples of these processes include annual climate changes, environmental
variability, etc. can be shown. The peculiarity of the calculation requires that it is necessary to
take into account the influence of human economic activity on the state of soil tension.
The difficulty of finding the interaction forces arising in contact fields is due to the fact that with
a consistent approach, the initial formulation of the question is simplified. The importance of the
issue under consideration shows that this issue originates from the law of Archimedes. The
solution of the contact problem is a complex mathematical problem even with elastic
embedding.It becomes impossible to analyze such results if in some cases it is possible to build
an analytical solution. Here, as in the case of inelastic embeddings, an exact solution is possible
only with the use of numerically analytical or numerical methods. This is done only with the help
of tables, graphs for the engineering practice of the results obtained and the selection of some
numbers from these graphs. However, in some cases, according to custom, there is a need for
analytical analysis of problems where the accuracy requirement for simple closed solutions in
contact areas is not too high.
For the first time among the methods that are considered effective, the method of local stresses
and some of its generalizations that can be accepted in mechanics were studied.
2. REGULAR CONTROL OF THE OPERATİON OF
UNDERWATER PİPELİNES
The essence of the method of local deformations as the name implies, when an object comes
into contact with the medium, the points of the contact surface are deformed. Such contact
13
occurs during the immersion of the object in the liquid (without taking into account the tensile
force and wetting effect). In this case, the force acting on the object is directly proportional to the
depth of immersion. Indeed, suppose that a prismatic body with a cross section F is immersed in
a liquid to a depth of Y. Then, according to Archimedes' law, he will act on the object with the
same force as the weight of the liquid that he compresses and pulls, that is
R= - γ.V= - γ.F.y
γ- is the density of the liquid.If we turn to the pressure exerted by the liquid on the object, then
assuming that the pressure is directly proportional to the depth of immersion.
P = = - γ.y ≡ - k.y ( 1 )
Despite the simplicity of the obtained dependence, it has not yet lost its significance in its
widespread use in the method of local elastic deformations. Thus, an example is the pressure that
is determined by the dependence (1) on the points under any floating piece of ice (floor). It was
calculated by this method that trucks and tanks could pass on the so-called “ road of life”, which
was laid on ice on Lake Ladoga during the blockade of Leningrad. For the first time, the
calculation of local elastic deformations based on the dependence of (1) N. in 1801.I.Proposed
by Fuss. In 1867 ( 1 ) for the first time the dependence of railway sleepers (beams on an elastic
base) calculation E.Applied by Winkler.
The dependence on that time (1) is called the Winkler model. A significant part of the calculation
scheme (not only in construction mechanics, ground mechanics, but also in the mechanics of
composite materials, shipbuilding, calculation of welding structures, etc.). that is, the whole
technique in the field of contact calculations of bodies) is based on the Winkler model. In the
study under consideration, the Winkler model was given by generalizing some of the
characteristics of the soil, in particular, anisotropy, nonlinearity, reaching the limit value, as well
as taking into account the dynamics of changes in the influencing load.
Now let's look at finding the contact voltage that arises between the unit and the ground.
The problem of determining the contact stresses arising between the device and the ground is
very important for the ground and the structure. They can be viewed as an external load acting
on the Grut, or as a force that creates an internal force on the device, acting together as a reactive
force, being in equilibrium with the external load.
Finding the contact voltage in one case or another remains a complex matter. The complexity of
the issue is explained not only by the applied force and The Shape of the contact, but also by the
fact that the mechanical properties of the objects in the contact are taken into account. Since the
mechanical property of the soil is significantly dependent on the applied external force, the
contact issues of the mechanics of soils have a number of features. Finally, it should be
considered first to determine the model that allows the contact issue to be set and the contact
voltage to be found.
In ground mechanics, the issue of contact is considered in cases where the interaction of the
device and the ground is completely inside the ground of the device or in a limited part of the
surface of the ground. Device, known types of construction adopted in deformable solid body
mechanics: coating, Rod, plate, thick-walled plate, etc. it is modeled as. It is also important to
note that the device can also be modeled as an absolute solid (stamp). The choice of the
construction (the choice of the next options) depends on the setting of the issue. The soil is
modeled as a semi-zone. In a number of cases, certain limited parts of a finite surface may not be
horizontal. As external forces are applied to the device, it is not excluded that surface forces act
on the ground along with it. In the case of contact, the contact surface is considered, the surface
bounded by the device is Sc ( from SK to baska), and the surface bounded by the soil is Sk –
exception, including Infinity ( Figure 1.). Depending on the surface under consideration, the
boundary condition is divided into three types.
On Sc and Sr, as in integral environment mechanics, surface forces are given displacements
(conditions are constrained at Infinity). On Sk –the condition has a specific character:both
displacement and surface forces can be simultaneously given. In addition to these, Sk can vary
14
depending on the value of the force acting on the surface (unknown bounded matter ). The
choice of the contact condition depends on the setting of the problem: although the model
contact condition to some extent simplifies the solution of the problem, on the other hand, it
cannot cover the current distribution of the contact voltage.
Taking into account the contact condition based on the known difficulty of calculating the
construction indicates the difficulty of the contact issue. The next difficulty of the contact issue
of ground mechanics is the choice of the model of materials in contact. The complexity of the
problem in the case under consideration is that the model of the material itself is elastic, elastic-
plastic, viscous-elastic, etc. it is not about the choice, but about what process occurs when the
soil is in contact with the device ( even in the absence of hardening). Basically, the processes
take place in contact-time sudolu soils. It follows that the question of filtration (filtration) should
also be considered when taking into account the deformation of the “skeleton“ of the Grut. In
this case, the need arises to give boundary conditions for determining hydrodynamic
characteristics. Note that these conditions depend on the stress-deformation state of the contact
point of the unit.
The consideration of filtration in the ground is a characteristic that only occurs in the ground,
namely: bulging and swelling. During a decrease in compressive stress, that is, when the load on
the soil decreases, an increase in the porosity coefficient is observed, that is, an increase in the
volume of the soil sample – swelling of the soil ( Figure 2.). Therefore, it turns out one of the
main properties of the soil –a significant amount of the irreversible ( residual ) part of the
deformation of the soil. As a result, on the graph e(σ) (e is the porosity coefficient, σ is the
compressive stress), the swelling curve ( or discharge branch ) passes through the sealing curve (
charge branch ) sufficiently low with a slight slope.
When soaking a number of clay soils, a significant change in volume – swelling is observed,
mainly in soils with low moisture content.
Şəkil 1.
o σ
Şəkil 2.
The process of swelling of clay soils is mainly conditioned by the growth of the water-related
layer during its wetting and the effect of its separation. With the increase of compressive stress,
the swelling deformation decreases, at which time the minimum tension corresponding to the
stop of the swelling deformation is called the swelling pressure. In order for the devices built on
inflatable Groats not to rise during the wetness of the grunt and not deform in case of irregular
swelling of the grunt, its weight should be greater than the total swelling force. From this it is
15
concluded that when solving the contact issue of the mechanics of soils, it is necessary to take
into account the initial voltage state, in a special case, the voltage generated by the weight of the
unit. In addition, the lack of waterproofing requires volumetric swelling of the device, that is, the
condition for specifying and calculating the model of behavior of the material of the device.
In contact issues, the study of the temperature field is of interest. Even without discussing the
possibility of establishing a temperature field in contact issues, it should be noted that at certain
temperatures the density and porosity of the soil change due to the evaporation of moisture.Thus,
the lack of Temperature Insulation leads to the need to take into account the change in
temperature ( change in volume due to temperature ). Finally,the choice of the model of the
ground and the material of the installation to some extent depends on the processes occurring
inside the ground, the intensity of which depends on the change in contact voltage.
CONCLUSIONS
1) the nature of the pipeline damage (crack, fistula, hole, pipeline sagging, rupture along the
cross section, etc.);
2)hydrogeological conditions at the site of the transition (depth and width of the reservoir, flow
rate, wave regime ,geological structure of the bottom of the reservoir, movement of sediments,
the presence and strength of the ice cover);
3) working time and shipping terms;
4) technical means and materials (floating tools, cranes, cranes, pontoons, cement, stone, etc.).
REFERENCES
1. Daby G.C., Optimiration of tension level and stinger length for offshore pipeline installation,
Fifth Annual offshore Technol. Conf., Haustion. Tex.,paper Otc 1975, 1973.
2. Brando P., Sebastiani G. Determination of seabines elastic curves and stresses to be expected
during laying operatiors, Third Ann. Offshore Texnol. Conf. Haustion. Tex., Paru OTC 1354
1971.
3. Clauss G., Krupa C., Wolf E., parametrstudie wber das verle-gen von Pipelines in grosseren
meerestiefen. Interacean 76.3 Int.kongz. und Ausstell “Meerestechn und Meeresforsch”,
Dusseldorf, 1976.
4. Haagsma S., research and tests study collapse of subsea pipelines –“The Oil and Gas Journal”,
1976, vol, 74,№ 44, pp54-62.
5. Sehmidt W.F.. Zubmarine pipeline analysis vish an elastic foundation by finite element
method, Trans ASME ser.B vol 99, № 2, 1977, pp 480-484ю
6.Small J.W. Fammburella R.D. Piaseckyj P.J.Lumbarine pipeline support by marine sediments
3rd Ann Offshore Technol conf., Hauston Tex.1971. Prepr. Vol 1.
7. Wilkins J.R. Offshore pipeline stressanalysis, second Annual offshore Technolody conf.,
Houston.Tex.paper OTC 1227, 1970.
8. Zeerdam van M.R., W Charts are an did in early planning and design –“ The Oil and Gas
Journal”, 1976, vol, 74,№ 48, pp 64-68.
9. Iskenderov R.A. Vibrations of a damaged ribbed cylindrical shell filled with a viscoelastic
medium. «Методи развязування прикладних задач механiки деформiвого твердого тiла»
Днıпропетровський нацıональний уриверситет ıмени Олеся Гончара, випуск 12, 2011, 12
стр.
16

ISSN 2706-7726
ACCEPTANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERWATER

PIPELINES
Orkhan A. Hajiyev
orxan0588@ gmail.com
Abstract- Classification of offshore pipelines by operating conditions should be given in the

following sequence. To carry out this classification, first of all, the wave and flow modes of the
sea area where the pipeline will be laid should be studied. So, in the marine area through which
the main pipeline passes, there may be water areas of different depths. If at shallow depths the
calculation of the influence of waves and currents on the pipeline is mandatory, then at great
depths this is not taken into account, since waves do not affect the pipeline.
INTRODUCTION
a) İntermedıate reception of the construction of underwater pipelines
When constructing underwater crossings of main pipelines, the complexity of their repair and the
need to create conditions that exclude the possibility of an accident should be taken into account,
since the breakage of the pipeline node leads to significant losses associated with the release of
products into reservoirs and a long break in the operation of the main line, and also entails large
repair costs. An accident of pipelines in underwater crossings will not only disrupt the normal
operation of industrial enterprises, but may also leave the population of cities and towns without
gas and heat and lead to unacceptable pollution of the reservoir.
It is not difficult to detect damage and eliminate them on land. The elimination of damage to an
underwater pipeline with a depth of 10 m or more and buried to the bottom by 2-3 m is possible
only with the help of highly qualified divers, most often with special equipment (pantones,
cranes, etc.) and completely special methods of work not used in other construction areas
(underwater welding and metal cutting, diving work, etc. d.).
The mentioned features of the construction and operation of underwater pipelines lead to
increased requirements for the quality of work performed during the construction of crossings,
which are determined by the current technical conditions and regulations.
It was noted above that the cause of accidents in underwater pipelines depends on various
factors. However, all of these accidents, except corrosion, occur because pipelines are not buried
deep enough on the surface of the sea (river) bottom or on the sea (river) bottom. As a result of
research carried out with diving control, it was determined that the belts were carried at a depth
less than the project envisaged or at points higher than the project registration. For this reason,
no ecstasy can be released during the acceptance of the pipeline, which is pressed to the bottom
of the pipelines at a low depth. In most cases, the narrowness of the time given for the
construction of the pipeline leads to the fact that the construction organization has little digging
of the depth of the underwater trench, reliable covering of the top of the trench and the failure to
carry out coastal fastening work lead to accidents.
17
b) ready acceptance of the construction of underwater pipelines.

With strict compliance with the current rules of regular monitoring of the construction of
underwater pipelines, it is possible to ensure trouble-free operation of crossings. The beginning
of this work should consist in certifying the pipes used for compliance with the standard, and the
end - in testing the pipes for reliable pressing of the pipes to the underwater trench.
The main issues facing employees who carry out technical supervision of the construction of
underwater pipelines are the following:
- regularly check the compliance of construction with the project and estimate;
- regularly monitor the quality of construction, compliance with building regulations, technical
conditions and technological rules of construction;
-identification of unfulfilled works during acceptance of construction and installation works in
installments.
Acceptance of underwater crossings completed by construction is mandatory before the entire
highway is put into operation. Underwater crossings can be transferred within the boundaries of
the crossing, provided that the full scope of work provided for by the approved project is
completed, i.e. between wells with fastening fittings (for multi-pass crossings). For single-wire
switches, the switching limits are usually determined by a 10% safe water horizon.
In construction practice, cases have been noted when crossings were accepted by commissions
and put into operation during unfinished work on filling trenches and strengthening the banks at
the entrance gates. As a result, after the spring floods, the coastline eroded and collapsed.
Crossings that had served for 1-2 years already required repair and restoration work.
The admission committee of the transition must check the actual work performed and their
compliance with the approved project and executive documentation. If for some reason it is
necessary to check the deepening of the pipelines, it is necessary to drill control holes. It is
recommended to involve the diving stations of the customer (management of operational
departments) or the Ministry of River Fleet in these works.
Representatives of the directorate, general contracting and subcontracting construction
organizations, gas inspection and State Inspection, as well as representatives of the project
organization should be involved in the acceptance of transitions.
Acceptance of underwater crossings completed by construction is formalized by the following
act:
a) information on the compliance of the work performed with the approved project and the
requirements of building codes and regulations;
b) a list of job descriptions indicating the reasons for all permissible deviations during
construction and documents allowing these deviations;
c) assessment of the quality of construction and installation work performed;
d) the actual cost of construction and its comparison with the approximate cost of work;
e) proposals for the implementation of measures to improve the operational quality of the
facility.
A mandatory supplement to the acceptance certificate of the underwater crossing must be signed
by the executive profile for each crossing point.
c) Regular monitoring of the operation of underwater pipelines
Above, the special importance of technical control over the quality of work in the construction of
underwater pipelines was noted. During the operation of main pipelines, control over the safety
of underwater passages is more important.
Trunk pipelines laid along the highway undergo periodic inspection, which allows you to
identify defects and determine the nature and volume of repairs.
Systematic inspection of operated underwater pipelines is necessary, especially in crossings,
especially after spring floods, as a result of which erosion of the bottom and shores is possible.
This is especially important, given that the hydrological regime of many rivers has completely
changed due to the creation of new reservoirs and has not yet been sufficiently studied. The use
18
of diving stations and special equipment (floating vehicles, echo signals, etc.)) such monitoring
of the state of the underwater passage, which requires its existence, was carried out irregularly
until recently. As a result, the unfavorable situation on the pass was revealed, as a rule, after
damage or breakage of pipelines, when any prevention in the form of shore strengthening or
other measures was no longer effective.
CONCLUSIONS
Historical and scientific information about the technology of construction of underwater oil and
gas pipelines has been collected.
Standards of operation and protection of underwater oil and gas pipelines
information about it is provided systematically.
The influence of processes on the operation of main pipelines on the seashore (riverbed) was
investigated and proposed.
The causes of damage to underwater pipelines from corrosion, mechanical influences and
received during construction were analyzed.
REFERENCES
1. Haagsma S., research and tests study collapse of subsea pipelines –“The Oil and Gas Journal”,
1976, vol, 74,№ 44, pp54-62.
3.Small J.W. Fammburella R.D. Piaseckyj P.J.Lumbarine pipeline support by marine sediments
3rd Ann Offshore Technol conf., Hauston Tex.1971. Prepr. Vol 1.
Journal”, 1976, vol, 74,№ 48, pp 64-68.
19

ISSN 2706-7726
EXİSTİNG MODELS OF SOİL RESİSTANCE AND THEİR

CONSİDERATİON DURİNG THE OPERATİON OF AN UNDERWATER
OİL AND GAS PİPELİNE
İbiszade R. Vusale
vusaleibiszade288@gmail.com
Abstract- Searching for all the parameters of the problem allows you to consider a solution to
the contact problem. The purpose of solving the problem is to determine the stress – strain state
of soils and aggregates, as well as the characteristics of their load capacity.
Keywords: relexation core, non-classical dynamic Pasternak model, underwater pipelines, sea
water area, sea currents, hydrological regimes, geological structure.
Let's build separately and look at the device, denote the effect of one of them on the
other by surface forces, the intensity of which is TK. Note that the coupling strength of the TK is
determined by three clutches at each point of the contact surface. Thus, the solution of the
contact problem is reduced to solving two problems: the calculation of the installation for the
forces of interaction of a surface nature, the calculation for the specified forces of TK, which
have an additional effect on the limited surface of the soil.
From the solution of these issues, the displacements of the points of the contact surface are
found: ukr - displacements of the points of the ground, ukc - displacements of the points of the
installation. Unknown quantities are determined by the contact condition of the ground and the
device. According to the condition of complete reunion in the special case, we can write:
ukr= ukc , x Sk . (1.1)
The obtained equality allows the contact voltage to be found. It should be noted that in some
cases the contact is able to bring the terms to the simplification of the Tk vector. For example, if
a shift is possible inside the ground in the plane between the ground and the device, then the
stress vector is torn: all the collected, except for the vertical collected, turns to zero.This
condition simplifies the determinant equations. From the obtained equation (1.1), the solution of
the contact problem comes to an end, since the voltage deformation state between the ground and
the device is considered known.
The problem of finding contact voltage is not a separate issue in principle, it is included in
the general problem of finding ground voltage depending on different loads and boundary
conditions, in a special case the part of the foundation in contact with the device included in the
foundation - base system can be considered as a deformable or non-deformable element. As a
result, one can get a general picture of the tension - deformation state of the underground part of
the foundation-base system, or even the device - foundation-base system.
Given the complexity and importance of the contact issue, simplifications are adopted that
are based on conclusions drawn from experience and do not contradict the setting of the
20
example.So, one of the complexity is related to the contact condition, therefore it is accepted to
the simplified assumption associated with the rigidity of the device and the soil. Let's look at
three main options from these assumptions [51 ]:
1. The deformation of the base is measurable by the deformation of the unit, so we will call
the unit finite rigidity.
2. The deformation of the installation is so small compared to the deformation of the base
that during the determination of the reaction of the installation, it is necessarily considered as a
solid body.
3. The deformation of the unit is so great that it can be considered completely soft, since it
has no effect on the base.
In the last two cases, the applied force is completely transferred to the grunt. In the latter
case, there is no need to find the contact voltage. The first case corresponds to the real state of
the system.The method of determining the reactive pressure arising between the device and the
ground was developed mainly on the basis of two completely different models within the
framework of the theory of linear elasticity: the model of the bed coefficient,which expresses the
property of the ground at the points of the contact surface, and the model of linear deformation
of the ground [51].
The essence of the first model is as follows: applied at the point of contact and entering the
dependence of the change of Surface Forces directed to the point of displacement of the surface
Sk:
Tk = K[Uk], (1.2)
where K-is the operator in the general case. Finding solubility is the complex essence of the
contact issue. The inclusion of the specified (1.2) dependencies facilitates the solution of the
problem, i.e., the number of unknowns decreases. The issuance of operatoir K allows the
calculation of the tension deformation state of the device and the ground independently of each
other. In particular, it should be noted that when performing the calculation of the installation,it
is necessary to theoretically give the K – operator characterizing the property of the ground, the
K – operator characterizing the deformation of the installation when calculating the ground. In
the case with K = const, this operator is called the bed coefficient.
One of the most important conditions is the study of the durability, strength and various
oscillatory movements of the structures as a whole, as well as its elements in all areas of
construction of engineering facilities, including giant sports complexes, construction of bridges,
tunnels, main railway lines, underwater and surface oil and gas pipelines, design and calculation
of stationary offshore platforms. In the construction of engineering complexes for various
purposes, designers, when performing calculations, must correctly select a mathematical model
that expresses the physical, mechanical properties of structural elements and the reaction of the
environment to the opposite effect on them, otherwise very serious errors may occur.
Taking into account the resistance of the environment (soil ) was first used in the linear
model proposed by Winkler in 1848 when the main railway line was designed:
q=kw, ( 1.3 )
F=k1 w–k2 . (1.4)
where k - is the coefficient of resistance of the base, and w - is the deflection. Although this
model has not been confirmed by experience , it is still used. The model is sometimes called the
hirostatic effect, and it has been confirmed by a number of scientists that it does not cause any
difficulties in solving issues. Since the master's Thesis under study is devoted to the solution of
the problem of non-symmetric oscillations of the surface of the underwater oil and gas pipeline
with the liquid taking into account the resistance of the soil, it is required to look at different
models of soil resistance. The following models are known:
21
This model, presented in contrast to the Winkler model, is characterized by two bearing
coefficients ((also hydrostatic effect and drift) and P.L. Issued by Pasternak. Where k1 is the
Winkler coefficient, k2 is the coefficient of the base in the slide. It is sometimes considered more
convenient to write the expression (1.4 ) as follows:
q = k1 ( w - β² ); β² = k2 / k1. ( 1.5 )
q = k( 1- a1 xˉ + a2 x² ) w . ( 1.6 )
Model expressing the change in the resistance of inhomogeneous bases along the length of
the belt I.M.Given by robinovich:
Inhomogeneous bases are written in cases where there are two-dimensional and one-
dimensional, respectively, as follows:
q = k( 1+ ε φ(x, y))w ( 1.7 )
q = k( 1+ ε φ(x))w ( 1.8 )
Where φ(x, y), φ (x) – functions are continuous functions with two and one variables
respectively, ε є [0,1].
Since the contact of the underwater oil and gas pipeline with the soil at the bottom of the sea
is possible in one-dimensional, that is, along the axis, the energetically obtained differential
equations of the non-symmetric eigenvironment used the model of resistance ( 1.8). The issue
under consideration is resolved to the end and the results obtained are analysed.
t
q z  kc w     t   w   d
 (1.9)
here  - the relexation core, w-the deflection of the coating (pipeline), k c - is determined by
the coefficient of proportionality and equality kc  q1  q0 (classical Pasternak model), here-
2
q1 , q0
is a two-dimensional Laplace operator on the contact surface, - constants.The relexation
( A,   are characteristic constants) has been adopted in the form of.
t
nucleus:   Ae
Non-classical dynamic Pasternak model:
t
qz  kc 1    2
0
2
0  w    t   w   d
 (2.0)
Where ω0 is the frequency of change of external forces, β0 is a constant.
CONCLUSIONS
1) the nature of the pipeline damage (crack, fistula, hole, pipeline sagging, rupture along the
cross section, etc.);
2)hydrogeological conditions at the site of the transition (depth and width of the reservoir,
flow rate, wave regime ,geological structure of the bottom of the reservoir, movement of
sediments, the presence and strength of the ice cover);
3) working time and shipping terms;
4) technical means and materials (floating tools, cranes, cranes, pontoons, cement, stone,
etc.).
22
REFERENCES
1. Daby G.C., Optimiration of tension level and stinger length for offshore pipeline
installation, Fifth Annual offshore Technol. Conf., Haustion. Tex., paper Otc 1975, 1973.
2. Brando P., Sebastiani G. Determination of seabines elastic curves and stresses to be
expected during laying operatiors, Third Ann. Offshore Texnol. Conf. Haustion. Tex., Paru OTC
1354 1971.
3. Clauss G., Krupa C., Wolf E., parametrstudie wber das verle-gen von Pipelines in
grosseren meerestiefen. Interacean 76.3 Int.kongz. und Ausstell “Meerestechn und
Meeresforsch”, Dusseldorf, 1976.
4. Haagsma S., research and tests study collapse of subsea pipelines –“The Oil and Gas
Journal”, 1976, vol, 74,№ 44, pp54-62.
6.Small J.W. Fammburella R.D. Piaseckyj P.J.Lumbarine pipeline support by marine
sediments 3rd Ann Offshore Technol conf., Hauston Tex.1971. Prepr. Vol 1.
Journal”, 1976, vol, 74,№ 48, pp 64-68.
9. Iskenderov R.A. Vibrations of a damaged ribbed cylindrical shell filled with a viscoelastic
medium. «Методи развязування прикладних задач механiки деформiвого твердого тiла»
Днıпропетровський нацıональний уриверситет ıмени Олеся Гончара, випуск 12, 2011, 12
стр.
23

ISSN 2706-7726
SELECTİON OF THE MATERİAL AND DİAMETER OF PİPES İN THE

UNDERWATER PİPELİNE
Emin M. Nematov
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Azerbaijan, Master
e.nematov@az.manner.com
Abstract-Oil, gas and oil products are transported through pipelines from where they are
extracted or processed to where they are consumed. Pipelines cut and cross numerous small and
large rivers, lakes and seas. For a long time, the transportation of hydrocarbons extracted from
oil and gas fields in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea has been carried out mainly with
the help of underwater pipelines. Comparison of underwater pipelines with other vehicles used
in the transportation of oil and oil products from the sea water area shows the superiority of
pipelines.
In most cases, steel pipes are used when laying underwater pipelines in crossings. But in
recent years, aluminum or plasma pipes have also sometimes been used, depending on the
product being transported and the internal pressure generated.
According to building codes, the pipes must be connected seamlessly and by electric
welding. At the request of the customer, the pipes can have electric-welded seams, but the butt
seams must be made of equal-carbon metal, with a strength equal to the strength of solid metal.
The ultimate strength should be 50 kg / mm2 if the steel pipes are made of a special
composition (alloyed), and the ultimate strength should be 35 kg / mm2 if the metal is made of
nitrogen-carbon steel. Each pipe must be tested for hydraulic internal pressure in the factory, and
the test pressure is determined as follows:
pk = 0,9 t / Dv
where PK is the internal test pressure (kg/sm2), δ is the nominal pipe thickness (sm), σt is
the normative minimum flow limit (kg/sm2), Dv is the inner diameter of the pipe (sm).
One of the reasons why underwater pipelines are operated for a long time is their high-
quality welding.Therefore, the chemical composition of Steel must be in the optimal composition
so that the welding process is of high quality, because carbon, manganese, silica and other
elements can be isolated from chemical elements.Too much carbon increases the strength, but
reduces the quality of welding and stretching of the metal.Manganese also creates these.
In 1958-1962, in order to improve the quality of pipe steels, niobium and vanadium were
added to the composition of the metal alloy, as a result of which a new type of Pipe steel of the x
– 60 brand was obtained.
The use of high-strength steel has been brought to reducing the thickness of the pipe and
sufficient saving of metal.
24
Pipes made of aluminum alloy are distinguished by high resistance to corrosion, easy
installation and laying under water without difficulty.
The use of plastic pipes in underwater passages is favorable from the point of view of their
high resistance to corrosion, the emergence of new technology in their installation under water
and the safety of their burial in trenches on the seabed. Such pipes were first used in England. In
recent years, plastic pipes are reinforced with metal rods, shown in Figure 1.0.
Figure 1.0
1 – Pipe; 2 – armature wire; 3 – winding; 4-outer insulation cover.
The diameter of the submersible pipeline is selected depending on the design throughput,
the need for laying spare threads, ballasting (unloading) of gas pipelines, the rigidity of the pipes,
the effect of water flow, the metal intensity of the pipes in the passage, the technology and the
construction costs of the passage. In the practice of constructing main oil and gas pipelines with
a pipe diameter of up to 1020 mm at crossings, the diameter of the pipes is usually taken equal to
the diameter of the pipeline. When crossing water obstacles with significant depths, high flow
rates and deformations of the channel (laying of the pipeline above the profile of excessive
wear), the choice of a smaller diameter can be justified if the determining factors are the
influence of water flow, the rigidity of the pipeline, the conditional specific gravity and the
impossibility of burying the pipeline to the.
In connection with the design of new powerful gas mains with a diameter of 1971 mm, the
construction of which was planned to begin in 2520, there is a need for new structural solutions
of passages through water barriers and technical and economic calculations, which determine the
most rational solutions of surface or underwater passage design. Moreover, the surface design
should be compared with the most rational version of the underwater crossing.
Let us consider some of the factors that determine the choice of the diameter of the
underwater gas pipeline under the assumption that the main highway is made of pipes with a
diameter of 2520 mm.Special tables show data characterizing the throughput and metal
consumption of pipes, the amount of ballast and the estimated construction costs of 1 m of the
length of underwater pipelines of different diameters.
The thickness of the walls of the pipes 2520 mm is taken conditionally, taking into account
the installation of stiffeners that increase the strength of the pipes at hydrostatic pressure. The
construction costs of an underwater pipeline with a diameter of 1020 mm (270 man) correspond
to the construction costs of underwater gas pipelines along the Volga River along the Central
Asia — Center route.
The construction cost of 2520 m of the length of an underwater pipeline with a diameter of
1 mm is average among the construction costs of a steel tunnel with a diameter of 4800 mm and
the same steel pipeline laid through the Moscow River (2520 rubles).
25
A significant discrepancy in the costs of constructing a 2520 m passage with a diameter of
1 M is explained by various burials of pipelines to the bottom of the channel and the peculiarities
of soils.
In accordance with the throughput of the pipes, various variants of underwater passage are
possible on the main pipeline with a diameter of 2520 mm.
One of the main factors determining the construction costs of the passage is the need for a
spare rope for breakdowns and repairs. The practice of operating underwater crossings confirms
the feasibility of construction through navigable rivers and extensive water barriers of reserve
ropes, which in some cases prevented interruptions and losses in the operation of highways due
to power outages.
The accident of the gas main on the land plot can be eliminated in a relatively short time,
and a large amount of resources do not require the construction of underground gas storage
facilities, and it will take a considerable amount of time to eliminate the accident of the high-
pressure underwater gas pipeline with a diameter of 2520 mm. The costs of building gas tanks of
the appropriate capacity may be greater than the construction of spare ropes.
An increase in the diameter of the underwater gas pipeline does not increase its operational
reliability and does not facilitate repair work. Therefore, there is no reason to believe that the use
of pipes with a diameter of 2520 mm will give up the laying of spare ropes through wide rivers,
especially if there is not enough reliable data on the deformations of the channel.
When building a polygonal passage, it is impossible to foresee in advance which of the laid
threads may be urgent. Therefore, when installing a passage through a pipeline with a diameter
of, for example, 2520 mm, it seems that it is impossible to design a spare thread with a diameter
of 2020 mm, since if the main thread fails, the Reserve will not provide the necessary
throughput. When building a link of five to seven threads, it is enough to have a spare thread of
the same diameter, since it is difficult to assume that several threads will fail at the same time.
Therefore, in comparative calculations for all options, the laying of one spare rope is assumed,
with the exception of the passage with pipes of 1020 mm, in which two spare ropes are adopted
for ten workers.
Metal consumption is one of the main factors determining the economic efficiency of the
main gas pipeline. The specific laying of metal on the main gas pipeline with a diameter of 2520
mm will be about 1020% lower than on gas pipelines with a diameter of 40 mm, which provide
the same throughput [40]. However, this factor is not important in the construction of crossings,
since the amount of pipe metal consumed during their construction does not exceed 2-3% of the
total amount required for the construction of the highway. In addition, the cost of pipes is very
small compared to the total costs of building an underwater passage.
When constructing underwater passages from pipes with a diameter of more than 1420
mm, it is necessary to take into account the external hydrostatic pressure, the pressure from
filling the soil and the absence of internal pressure, as well as provide for the design of fixing
devices. The repulsion force of water is proportional to the displacement of the pipeline and,
therefore, the square of its diameter. Therefore, with an increase in the diameter of the pipeline,
the holding force (the weight of ballast in water) increases sharply.
It is especially important to choose the diameter of the underwater pipeline, in which the
channel is significantly reconstructed. When plastic deformations appear, the bearing capacity of
the pipeline is not exhausted. Therefore, with possible erosion of the base, a pipeline made of
plastic steel will follow the changing relief of the bottom without tearing.
The bend of the pipeline is inversely proportional to the square of the diameter. This means
that an underwater gas pipeline with a diameter of 1020 mm or more, lightened in water by
weight, will not follow the changing relief of the bottom, even if it is washed out in a significant
period of time. So, when designing passages from pipes of large diameter, it will be an important
condition to place them under the profile of excessive erosion of the river bed.
The technology of constructing underwater passages from pipes with a diameter of up to
1020 mm is quite mastered, although due to the large weight of a 1 m pipe with a weight with
26
cast-iron loads (up to 1200 kg), the lifting equipment operates at maximum load. With a further
increase in the weight of a pipe with a diameter of 1220-1420 mm, weighted with concrete, when
weighing 1 m 2000-2700 kg, more powerful pipelines, special devices for lowering the pipeline
into an underwater trench, and more powerful traction means are required.
The technology for constructing passages from pipes with a diameter of 2520 mm and a
diameter of 1220-1420 mm is different.
Dragging a pipeline with a diameter of 2520 mm from one coast to another is excluded due
to the great rigidity of the pipes and the impossibility of vertical tracking of sections of Coastal
passages within a curved radius of 2500-3500 m.the technology for laying an underwater
pipeline of this diameter will be similar to the technology for laying a thermal underwater tunnel
with a diameter of 2500 mm.
Based on the analysis of the construction of underwater pipelines, the following
preliminary conclusions can be drawn.
1. When building a trunk with a diameter of up to 1420 mm, the diameter of the
underwater pipeline must be selected taking into account local conditions (deformation of the
channel, water depth, flow rate, pipeline depth). If the pipeline is buried under the profile of
excessive wear, it is advisable to take the diameter of the pipes in the passage equal to the
diameter of the main pipeline.
2. When designing the transitions of the main gas pipelines from pipes with a diameter of
2520 mm, it is necessary to make feasibility comparisons of the options for surface and
underwater transitions from five to seven pipe threads with a diameter of 1220-1420 mm.
3. The construction of underwater passages from pipes with a diameter of 2520 mm can be
economically justified in a one-wire design, therefore it is advisable only when crossing water
streams of small width. But in this case, the construction of an overpass using the bearing
capacity of the pipeline itself can be more economical, which must be checked during design by
comparing the options for a submersible and overpass.
CONCLUSIONS
1. A task was set and an analytical solution was obtained to determine the stress-strain state
of the pipeline, one end of which is raised to a height equal to the depth of the sea.
2. It is proved that the tension arising during stretching gets its maximum value at the
upper end, and the tension arising during bending - at the lower.
3. The sum of the two types of voltages gets its maximum value at the lower end.
4. An expression is obtained for the coupling force of the barge depending on the weight of
the unit of length and depth of the sea.
5. It has been proven that when the pipeline axis is assumed not to be elongated, it has the
shape of a chain line.
REFERENCES
1. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N. Determination of stresses during laying of underwater
pipelines by free immersion to great depths. Construction of pipelines. 1977, No. 1, pp. 22-25.
2. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N. Immersion of underwater pipelines to great depths.
Moscow: Informneftegazstroy, 1979, 57 p.
3. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N., Kanaev V.Ya. Manual on methods for calculating
underwater pipelines when diving to great depths. p. 294-77 M., VNIIST, 1978, 53 p.
4. Gerstein M.S., Levin S.I. Consideration of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the
choice of the section of the underwater pipeline. Construction of pipelines., M,, 1972, No. 11,
pp. 19-22.
5. Hydraulic calculations of spillway hydraulic structures: Reference manual. – M.:
Energoatomizdat, 1998. – 625c.
6. Golovin Yu.A. Calculation of large-diameter underwater pipelines during free
immersion. Pipeline construction. Moscow, 1970, pp. 26-28.
27

ISSN 2706-7726
THE MAİN HYPOTHESES AND RELATİONS FOR DETERMİNİNG THE

STRESS-STRAİN STATE ARİSİNG İN A PİPELİNE LAİD TO GREAT
DEPTHS
Emin M. Nematov, Adil V. Tagiyev
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, Azerbaijan, Master
e.nematov@az.manner.com, adiltagiyev1956@gmail.com
Abstract-Oil, gas and oil products are transported through pipelines from where they are
extracted or processed to where they are consumed. Pipelines cut and cross numerous small and
large rivers, lakes and seas. For a long time, the transportation of hydrocarbons extracted from
oil and gas fields in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea has been carried out mainly with
the help of underwater pipelines. Comparison of underwater pipelines with other vehicles used
in the transportation of oil and oil products from the sea water area shows the superiority of
pipelines.
There is a need to transport oil and gas produced in the sea to the shore and lay pipelines to
great depths when the main pipelines pass through deep-water basins. At the initial stage, a long-
length belt (lash) consisting of pipes is made.Then, when the length of the plate becomes greater
than the depth of the water, they immerse it in water, filling the pipe with water by free sagging.
At a later stage, most of the pipeline lies on the seabed, and the rest is suspended in the water by
the tension applied at the end. Since the length of the pipeline section hanging in the water, laid
at great depths, is much larger than the size of its cross-section, the pipeline can be modeled as a
hemispherical rod lying at the bottom of the water and raised from one end to a height H above
sea level. A part suspended in water is deformed under the action of the tension force N and
gravity forces applied in the upper part. If we take into account that large relative displacements
occur in such cases, then geometric nonlinearity should be taken into account when determining
the stress-strain state that occurs in the pipeline.
Let's take the Cartesian coordinate system as shown below. The origin of the coordinates is
located at the point of contact of the water bottom with the pipeline, the X axis is directed to the
right in the horizontal direction, the Y axis is directed upward in the vertical direction (Fig.1.1).
It is assumed that the end of the pipeline with coordinates (L, 0) was raised to a height H
before deformation. Where L is the length of the pipeline section that is suspended in water.
If we take into account the smallness of relative elongations and displacements in
Cartesian coordinates, that is, Lagrange variables, until the equilibrium equations of the volume
element are deformed, it will look like this [15].
28
S mn
 Fm  0
x n . (1.1)
Here,
 um 
S mn   nk   mk   m, n, k  1,2,3
 x k 
(1.2)
corresponds to x1-x; x2-y; x3-z, summing from 1 to 3 on repeated indices;

 nk – components of the voltage tensor;
 mk  Kroneker symbols;
um 
components of the displacement vector;
Fm  volume is the components of forces.
(1.1.) as can be seen from, its S mn tensor is a non-symmetric Tensor.
Figure 1.1. Semi-infinite with one end raised to H height

schematic representation of the pipeline
The relationships between the components of tension and deformation tensors obey Huk's
law [15].
 nk   uk  2   nk . (1.3)
Here,
   nk   nk , (1.4)
relative volume is variation.

 ,   Lame elasticity constants,
 nk
- they are the components of the deformation Tensor.
The relationship between the deformation tensor and the displacement vector components
is as follows:
29
1  un uk um um 

 nk      
2  x k x n x k x n 
, (1.5)
In the Equalities (1.4) and (1.5), there is also a summation on indices that are repeated
from 1 to 3.
From the setting of the issue, it is clear that the pipeline bends in the plane of the Hoy, i.e.
u3 x , y, z   0 . (1.6)
In accordance with x, directed along the y axes, and their displacement u1 and u2 does
not depend on z, i.e.
u1  u1 ( x, y ) 

u 2  u 2 ( x, y ) 
(1.7)
Considering (1.6) and (1.7), we get from (1.3) and (1.5:

1  u1  u1   u22  
2 2

11  2        
2  x  x   x   

1  u2  u1   u2   
2 2
 22  2        
2  y  y   y   

1  u u u u u u 
12   1  2  1 1  2 2 
2  y x x y x y 
 33  13   23  o 
; (1.8)
11    211 
 22    2 22 

12  212 
 33   

13   23  0 
; (1.9)
Considering (1.6) - (1.9) from (1.2):
 u  u 
S11  11 1  1   12 1 
 x  y

 u1  u1 
S12  12 1     22 
 x  y 
u  u  
S 21  11 2  12 1  2  
x  y  
u2  u 
S 22  12   22 1  2 
x  y 
S 33   33 

S13  S 31  S 23  S 32  0 
; (1.10)
30
Considering (1.9), the (1.1) equilibrium equations would be as follows:
S11 S12 
   Fx  o 
x y


S 21 s 22 
   Fy  o 
x y 
. (1.11)
Considering that the length of the suspended section of the pipeline in water is much
smaller than its cross-sectional dimensions when laying to great depths, it can be assumed that
the sections that are perpendicular to the axis of the pipe before deformation remain
perpendicular and plane to the axis even after deformation, that is, the driving is not taken into
account, This means that its 12 tension can be ignored in 11 comparison with. The side faces,
on the other hand, are free of force, that is, and their 33 and  22 tension is also very small

compared to their 11 tension. Onda from (1.10) and (1.11):
  u1   
1   11   o 
x  x   


  u 2 

 11   P  o 
x  x  
. (1.12)
Here, P is the volumetric weight of the material of the rod.

According to the principle that the effects of forces do not depend, the stresses arising due
to the pressure of water are calculated separately and are added to the stresses arising from the
action of specific gravity by the tensile force.
And now (1.12) let's take the equilibrium equations as the equilibrium of the element of the
pipe with the length dx to deformation and ds after deformation. the ds element is influenced by
the forces at the ends –T and T+dT , and in the middle-Fds.
Fds   T   T  dT  0 .
From here,
Fds  dT  0 ,
or
dT
F 0
ds , (1.13)
Let's write the equation (1.13) in projections  , ,  onto its axes. Considering that,
d d d
T  T  ; T  T ; T  T
ds ds ds ,
(1.13) from:
31
d  d  
T   F  o 
ds  ds 

d  d  
T   F  o 
ds  ds  
d  d  
T   F  o 
ds  ds  , (1.14)
Relationships between  , ,  Euler variables and Lagrangian variables x,y,z
  x  ux 

  x  
  wx   , (1.15)
can be in shape.
Equilibrium equations for the case under consideration:

d  d  
T   o
ds  ds  

d  d 
T   q
ds  ds  
. (1.16)
Here,
 d  
d T 0 
 ds  

 d  
d T   q dx
 ds 
0

. (1.17)
If we take into account that for the case   wx   o, under consideration we will get from
the equality (1.15:
2
ds  (d ) 2  d   1  u 2  dx .
d d
,
Then the expressions ds ds included in (1.17)
d 1  u 
 
ds 1  u    2 
2

d  

2 
ds 1  u     ,
 2

(1.18)
it takes shape.
32
 
d 1  u 
T
0
 1  u 2    2 
 
T
d     q0 dx

 1  u  1 2
 
 2 
. (1.19)
Considering that,
ds
u  u1 ;   u 2 ;
1  u   
2 2
 ;
dx
u1 u dx
q    u   ;    2 ;  11  T 
x x ds
(1.19) we will take from:
d  u   
1  1  11   o 
dx  x   

d  u 2  
  11   P 
dx  x  . (1.20)
 d

x dx considering that the (1.20) system coincides with the (1.12) system. Considering
that Huk's law in Euler variables
T  Ee , (1.21)
More precisely than Hooke's law in Lagrange variables, it is more convenient to use
equations (1.19) to study the stress-strain state of a part of a pipeline suspended in water during
its laying on the seabed.
In (1.21), the E-yung module is the relative extension of the e-ds element, and
ds  dx
e  (1  u  2 )  v 2  1
dx . (1.22)
Huk's law in Lagrangian variables is as follows for the case under consideration:
E  u1  u2  
2
 11  E11  2   
2  x  x  
. (1.23)
In small deformations 11  e . However, in the case under consideration, 11 deformations
are finite and do not carry any physical meaning. Therefore, the Equality (1.21) is more accurate
than the Equality (1.22).
u1  u ; u 2  v
E  u  u   v  
2 2
 11  E 11  2     
2  x  x   x   , (1.24)
T  E  1  u   v 12  1
2
  . (1.25)
33
If we show its tension  11 x, y  as the sum of its tension  11  x,0 arising from the action of
the tensile force N1 and regularly distributed along the cross-section and resulting from the
Ey
bending of the pipeline and proportional to the variable y 
 11 x1 y    11 x1o  
E
y
 , (1.26)
it is possible.
Here the minus sign indicates that the lower part of the pipe (y<0) is stretched, this is the
radius of curvature of the pipeline axis. Then from (1,24)
 11 x1 0  E 11 x1 0 
E
2

2u   u  2  v 2
. (1.27)
In the case of small deformations, the equalities (1.25) and (1.27) are reduced to the
following:

T  E 1  2u  1 ,  (1.28)
 11  Eu  . (1.29)
If we build 1  ru  an expression u   0 around it and settle for the linear part, we get:
1  ru   1  u  , (1.30)
If we write (1.30) instead of u in (1.28)
T  Eu  , (1.31)
it is possible.
Beləliklə kiçik deformasiyalar halında T(x,0) və  x ,0 tamamilə üst-üstə düşür. (1.22)
11
bərabərliyindəki nisbi uzanma yerdəyişmələrin istənilən qiymətində fiziki mənaya malikdir.

(1.23) bərabərliyinə daxil olan 11 aşağıdakı kimi təyin olunur. [15,64]
1 ds   dx  ds  dx ds  dx
2 2
 11    
2 dx 2 dx 2  dx , (1.32)
As can be seen from (1.32), when, that is, when the extensions are infinitesimal
ds  dx
 11  e
dx .
That is, in the case of infinitesimal deformations, e and 11 coincide, but have no physical
meaning, as can be seen from (1.32), when the deformations 11 are finite.

In this half-year, let's note the main results that are important for students and engineers to
know:
CONCLUSIONS
34
1. The problem was set in both LaGrange and Euler variables to determine the stress-
deformation state of a pipeline that oscillates to great depths.
2. The equilibrium equations of the water-dependent part of the underwater pipeline were
compiled in both LaGrange and Euler variables and their equivalence was proved.
3. At any value of displacements, geometric relationships are obtained that have a physical
meaning and take into account nonlinearity.
REFERENCES
1. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N. Determination of stresses during laying of underwater
pipelines by free immersion to great depths. Construction of pipelines. 1977, No. 1, pp. 22-25.
2. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N. Immersion of underwater pipelines to great depths.
Moscow: Informneftegazstroy, 1979, 57 p.
3. Gerstein M.S., Krupkin B.N., Kanaev V.Ya. Manual on methods for calculating
underwater pipelines when diving to great depths. p. 294-77 M., VNIIST, 1978, 53 p.
4. Gerstein M.S., Levin S.I. Consideration of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the
choice of the section of the underwater pipeline. Construction of pipelines., M,, 1972, No. 11,
pp. 19-22.
5. Hydraulic calculations of spillway hydraulic structures: Reference manual. – M.:
Energoatomizdat, 1998. – 625c.
6. Golovin Yu.A. Calculation of large-diameter underwater pipelines during free
immersion. Pipeline construction. Moscow, 1970, pp. 26-28.
35

ISSN 2706-7726
INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF THE WALLS

OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
Orujov Y.A., Abishova R.M., Kheyrabadi Q.S.

Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University
qezale@mail.ru
Abstract. In presented work determine the dependence of the allowable wellhead pressure
during the drilling of horizontal wells on the depth of drilling and the mechanical properties of
the rocks, which ensures the stability of the walls of the wells and the circulation of the drilling
fluid.
Keywords: Stress, pressure, isotropic soil, equilibrium equations, stress-strain state, borehole
wall stability.
It is known that successful drilling of deep horizontal oil and gas wells is closely related to
the solution of the problem of rock stability around the well. The greater the depth of the drilled
well, the greater the likelihood of accidents due to the loss of stability of the rocks around the
wellbore. The liquidation of accidents leads to additional technological operations and a decrease
in the technical and economic indicators of the well. Solving the problem of ensuring the
stability of the well wall is one of the main tasks that drillers need to solve in order to achieve
their goals. The solution to this problem lies in the definition of methods for predicting and
preventing deformations that form on the borehole wall. In this work, given that the rocks around
the wellbore are isotropic, we calculate the strength of the borehole wall. Let us assume that the
inner radius of a horizontally drilled well is considered as a cylindrical object with an
infinitely large outer radius (Fig. 1). In this case, the generalized Hooke's law in a cylindrical
coordinate system for isotropic bodies has the following form [1];
r 
1
 r    z 

E

 
1
   r  z 
 (1)
E 
z 
1
 z  r   

E 
36
here
 , , 
r  z are the main stresses,
r , , z  relative deformations in the main
directions, E- Young's modulus.
Fig.1
The system of equilibrium equations for the well-drilled soil massif is as follows [1];
ij , j  Fi  0; i , j  1,2 ,3 (2)
Here, j - differentiation according to the

xj coordinate;
the repetition of the index j means summing from one to three;
Fi  is value of the projection of volume force in direction x i .

Based on the principle of independence of the influence of forces, the stress state in the zone
around the barrel is created due to two force factors, the wellhead pressure and the wight of the
rock. So the current stresses can be expressed as follows;
 ij   ij   ij0
(3)
where the stress due to the wellhead pressure,
is the stress due to the of weight.
The system of equilibrium equations for an intact soil mass under the influence of its own
weight is as follows;
ij0 . j  Fi  0; i , j  1,2 ,3

(4)
If to difer the equations (2) and (4) side by side we get
ij , j  0; i , j  1,2,3 (5)

If we represent the system of equations (5)in a cylindrical coordinate system, we get the
following;
37
dr 1
      0
dr r r (6)
Hooke's law for the stress state from wellhead pressure will look like this;
r 
1
E
 r       z  



        r   z  
1
E
 


 z   z       z  
1
 
E  (7)
As can be seen from (5), since there are no body forces, the stress state caused by wellhead
pressure is a plane deformation state. In this case, z  0 . Then from the third equation (7);
z    r  (8)
Then, taking into account (8) in (7) and after a series of transformations, the following
system of equations is obtained;
1 
r  a
 b 
r

E

1
  a   br 
E  (9)
hear a  1  2 ; b    2 .
If we solve (9) for r and   ;
E
r  ar  b 
a b 22

E
  2 br  a 
a b 2
 (10)
Let us denote the components of the displacement vector from wellhead pressure as u , , w
.Here u  are radial, v  tangential, w  longitudinal displacements. Since the task is
symmetrical about the axis, the dependence of the relative deformations on the radial
displacement u is as follows [1];
du
r 
dr 

u 
  
r  (11)
38
After several mathematical transformations, we get the following second-order differential

equation;
d 2 u 1 du u
  0
dr2 r dr r 2 (12)
It is known that the general solution of equation (12) is as follows [3];
u  c1r  c2 r 1 (13)
where c1 and c2 are integration constants determined from the boundary conditions given
below;
when r  r0  r   P

when r r  0 
(14)
where P is the wellhead pressure.
In this case, since the stress state created in the borehole wall is a plane-deformed stress state,
deformations occur only due to the pressure on the wellhead.
r02 
r   P 2 
r 
2 
r
  P 02 
r  (15)
It is known that at depth H each element of the soil mass is subjected to all-round
compression, and the stress state due to the own weight of the rock is defined as:
 0r   0   0z  gh    q h
(16)
where
 q  is the specific gravity of the rock.
Considering (15) and (16) in (3);
r02 
 r   P 2   q h
r

r0 
2
  P 2   qh 
r 
 z   qh 

 (17)
It is known that the stability condition for the first loading is as follows [2];
I12  21   I 2   c2 (18)
39
c 
where is the stress yield for a given rock,
I1 .I 2  are the first and second stress tensor invariants, respectively;
I1   r      z 

I 2  r   r z  z  
(19)
It is known that the first plastic deformation occurs on the inner surface of the cylinder.
When , the stress state is defined as follows;
 r  P   q h

  P   q h  q

 z   qh  (20)
Considering (20) in (19);
I 1  3 q h 

I 2  P 2  3 2q h2 
(21)
If we take into account (21) in (18);
21   P 2  31  2  q2 h 2   c2  0
(22)
Let's solve equation (22) with respect to P;
P2 
1
21   
 c2  32  1 q2 h 2 
(23)
For the existence of real solutions of equation (23), the following condition must be satisfied;
 c2  32  1 q2 h 2  0
(24)
From (24) we determine the critical value of the well drilling depth for the given rock;
c
hc 
 q 3(1  2 )
(25)
From (25) we can determine the crisis value of the wellhead pressure for the rock located at a
h  hc
depth that satisfies the condition ;
40
 y2  31  2  q2 h 2
Pc 
21    (26)
It is known that Poisson's ratio is   0,5 when the deformation reaches the plasticity limit.
In this case, from (26).
y
Pc 
3 (27)
(27) coincides with the Mises condition.
Thus, for an isotropic rock located at a given depth, we determined the critical value of the
wellhead pressure, which depends on the specific gravity of the rock. Mechanical characteristics
of some rocks and other information are given in table 1
Table 1
Rock yield Jung's Poisso Coefficien Special Pore

point module E, n's number t of linear weight e0
10 4 MPa  expansion ,10 4
y  ,10 1/c0
6
, n/m3
Mpa
sandy 50 2,35 0,25 10 2,5 0,2
lime 150 7,48 0,27 8 2,7 0,1
dolomit 245 8 0,25 7 2,9 0,25

e
gypsum 100 3,8 0,3 19 2,3 0,15
anhydri 170 3,8 0,3 19 2,9 0,45

de
clay 100 2 0,3 5,8 2,7 0,3
Table 2 shows the dependence of the wellhead pressure on the drilling depth for some rocks.
Table 2
For rock
Pb , MPa
H, 103
m sandy lime dolomit gypsum anhydri clay
e de
0,4 30,7 93,8 154,7
0,5 61,84 104,97 61,33
0,6 29,4 93,4 154,36
0,7 61 104,5 60,67
41
0,8 27,6 92,76 153,8
0,9 60,4 103,93 59,78
1 25 92 153
1,1 59,6 103,18 58,64
1,2 21 91 152,6
1,3 58,6 102,27 57,25
1,4 16,3 89,9 151,7
1,6 6,2 88,6 150,7
1,63 0
1,7 56,04 100 53,6
1,8 87 149,5
2 85 148
2,1 52,6 56,97 48,6
2,5 80 144 48,17 53,22 41,75
2,9 42,34 88,6 31,88
3 38,7 85,94 24,75
3,38 0
3,5 63,3 133,5 29,24 79,75
3,97 0 72,2
4 50,2 126,2
4,1 46,91 122,9 67,75
4,5 28,9 117,4 57
4,7 10,4 112 50,4
4,73 0
4,8 111,28 42,38
5 106,7
5,35 0
5,5 93,51
6 76,45
42
6,8 25,86
6,898 0
Fig. 2. Dependence of wellhead pressure crisis value on drilling depth for each rock: 1. sand,
2. lime, 3. dolomide, 4. gypsum, 5. anhydride, 6. clay.
REFERENCES
1. Amenzade Yu.A. "Theory of elasticity" M. "Higher school" 1971, p.247
2. Gulgazli A.S. Plasticity and creep under repeated loading. LAP LAMBERT. Academic
Publishing. 2012. 176c.
3. Kamke E. Handbook of ordinary differential equations. Moscow.1961. 703 pages.
4. Kalinin A.G., Sultanov B.Z. "Drilling of inclined wells." Moscow: Nedra, 1990. 346 p.
43

ISSN 2706-7726
DESIGNING MODES OF SIDETRACKING "WINDOW" IN THE CASING

STRING AND ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF INTERACTION OF THE
BOTTOM OF THE DRILL DEFLECTOR COLUMNS
Kheyrabadi Q.S.
Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan
qezale@mail.ru
Abstract. In order to increase the well production rate by penetrating the productive formation with
an additional wellbore, reducing the volume of drilling of new wells and reducing capital investments
in field development and repair of inactive wells that’s are not in operation for technical reasons,
drilling sidetracks and sidetracks with a horizontal or directional part with the use of the main trunk is
of great importance in intensifying well production and increasing oil recovery.
Keywords: drill string, wells, cutting tool, pipes, load, tool
Ensuring the timely exit of the cutting tool behind the string and obtaining a “window” of a full
profile according to the geometry of the deflecting surface of the deflector and preventing possible
reorientation of the deflector in the well and related complications related to the process of
interaction of the bottom of the drill string with the deflecting device.
To solve these problems, it is necessary to analyze the process of interaction of the cutting
tool with the deflecting device, which allows developing measures to reduce the forces that
contribute to possible complications when cutting a "window" in the casing string. It should be
noted that the cutting tool, when opening the "window", along with cutting through the body of the
casing, also works along the deflecting surface of the whipstock. As a result, the deflector
perceives the force factors acting on the bottom of the drill string when opening the "window", the
scheme of this interaction is shown in Fig.1. From Fig.1. which follows that the deflector perceives
axial, radial and circumferential loads, which are given below:
{ (1)
where Fn - load, acting along the normal ( n-n ) of the interaction zone and determined through the
axial load acting on the cutting tool as,
Өср /2.
44
Fn=2Fsin, (2)
where:
Өср = ( Өн + Өк ) / 2
T is the torque acting on the cutting tool. The friction force in the interaction zone is defined as:
Ff = f Fn , (3)
where: f = 0.2 ... 0.45 - coefficient of friction between the tool and the deflector.
The action of these loads in the process of cutting the "window" and drilling a new hole in some
cases contributes to the reorientation of the whipstock in the well. To prevent this phenomenon, it is
necessary to develop a deflector locking mechanism capable of absorbing the action of these loads
without consequences, or to develop a deflector design with an unloaded locking mechanism. To
implement the first way, it is necessary to fulfill the following condition for the locking mechanism of
the diverter:
Ffпл ≥ Fd , (4)
where F is the friction force between the elements of the whipstock locking mechanism and the inner
wall of the casing string.
The specific load created by the elements of the locking mechanism in the zone of their interaction
with the casing to ensure the absence of reorientation is limited by the allowable specific load:
 q 
Fa K
q
f nd (5)
where d, l - diameter and length of the elements of the locking mechanism, respectively; - coefficient
of friction in the interaction zone;
K - coefficient taking into account the circumferential incompleteness of the elements of the locking
mechanism. The number of tiers of the arrangement of elements of the locking mechanism is defined
as:
n  q q0 K1
(6)
where K1 is a coefficient that takes into account the location of the tiers;
45
Fig. 1 . Scheme of the interaction of the cutting tool with the deflecting device in the process of
opening the "window" in the casing string.
q0 - specific load created by the elements of one tier of the locking mechanism, dividing which by
their number, you can determine the load in the zone of one element
Fa
q01  sin 
n1bh (7)
where n1 is the number of elements in the tier of the locking mechanism, b, h, β are the width, height
and bevel angle of the elements, respectively.
To ensure the bending strength of the beveled part of the deflecting device, the following
condition must be met:
F  ( )
 uз     uз 
0,1d ()
3
(8)
where is the total force acting on the beveled part of the deflecting device; ε (l) - distance from the
place of interaction to the locking mechanism.
where is the total force acting on the beveled part of the deflecting device; ε (l) - distance from the
place of interaction to the locking mechanism.
The author has developed a deflecting device, the beveled part of which is made of guide
rollers and simulated the process of cutting a window in a column (Fig. 2.), which, due to the
possibility of rolling the cutting device without sliding, allows unloading the deflector locking
mechanism. [1] This allows you to get a "window" in the column of full profile, a length equal to the
length of the beveled part of the whipstock. In this case, the geometric dimensions of the "window"
will depend on the diameters of the string and the cutting tool, as well as the guide angle of the
deflector. To determine this dependence, we represent the "cylindrical part of the cutting device,
which forms the dimensions of the "window" and is guided according to the geometry of the beveled
part of the deflector, in the form of an equation (Fig.
x2 y2
 1
a2 b2 (9)
A "window" in the casing is formed by moving the tool by a distance ӯ as it moves along the inclined
part of the whipstock. Taking into account this model of cutting through the column, we have
x 2 ( y  y) 2
 1
. a2 b2 (10)
46
Fig. 2 . Model of cutting a "window" in a column with a cutting tool.

If we assume that the minor (a) and major (b) semi-axes of the ellipse are a<R and b<R , then we
determine the range of change of the parameter ӯ characterizing the mixing of the tool:
Rb  y  Rb (11)
The cutting of the column will occur as the parameter ӯ approaches the right boundary of its range of
changes, which is represented by the circle equation
x2  y2  R2 (12)
To determine the coordinates of the intersection points of the mathematical models of the tool and the
column, according to the "window" cutting model, we use the position on the equality of their
abscissas, taking into account which from equations (5.7) and (5.8) we obtain:
R 2  y 2 ( y  y) 2
 1
r2  r 
 
 cos   (13)
or
(14)
After simple transformations, we get:
:
 y cos2  0  y 2 cos4  0  sin 2  0 R 2  r 2  y 2 cos2  0  (15)

y
sin 2  0
Considering that the root expression in (5.10) is always

D  y 2 cos4  0  y 2 cos4  0 sin 2  0  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0  y 2 cos4  0  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0  0
as well as the fact that ӯ>0 is accepted, to determine the ordinates of the intersection points of the tool
and the column, we obtain the following:
47
 y 2 cos 2  0  y 2 cos 2  0  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0

y
sin 2  0 (16)
It is easy to prove that always
y cos 2  0  y 2 cos 2  0  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0

(17)
Indeed, squaring we have
y 2 cos4  0  y 2 cos2  0  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0 (18)
Or
y 2 cos2  0 (cos2  0  1)  ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0 (19)
Because
cos2  0  1  0 a ( R 2  r 2 ) sin 2  0  0 (20)
then (17) is proved.
The abscissas of the intersection points of the tool and the column are determined from (12) and (16)
x   R2  r 2 (21)
y 2 ctg 2 0 cos 2  0  y 2 ctg 2 0  ( R 2  r 2 )  2 yctg 2 0 y 2 cos 2  0  sin 2  0 ( R 2  r 2 )

y2 
sin 2  0 (22)
The geometric dimensions of the "window" cut in the column are defined as
Z  yctg 2 0 (23)
where Ө0 is the bevel angle of the guide surface of the deflecting device.
48
Fig. 3 . Possible compatible combinations of geometrical parameters of the cutting tool, diverter,
casing and corresponding metric dimensions of the "window" opened in the string.
Thus, at any stage (even with premature exit tool behind the column), it is possible to determine
the degree of perfection of the "window" opened in the column and, if necessary, make decisions on
the use of measures to increase its geometric dimensions. It should be noted that both the geometric
dimensions of the "window" in the column and its shape depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the
column and the cutting tool, as well as the guiding angle of the deflecting device, which is confirmed
by Fig.3.
CONCLUSIONS
1. According to the geometry of the deflecting surface of the deflector, a modern exit of the cutting
tool beyond the column is provided and a “window” of a full profile is obtained.
2. In case of complication of sidetracking, the possible reorientation of the whipstock in the well is
prevented.
3. The degree of perfection of the “window” opened in the column was determined and a decision was
made to use measures to increase its geometric dimensions.
REFERENCES
1. Increasing the efficiency of sidetracking and drilling a second wellbore in production wells. M.,
VNIIOENG, 1985, issue 12;
2. Tikhonov A.N., Samarsky A.A. Equations of mathematical physics. - M.: Nauka, 1972. - 735 p.
3. Yusupov I.G., Gabdulin R.G., Asadullin M.F. Rehabilitation of inactive wells by sidetracking in
JSC Tatneft / Oil Industry, No. 2. -2001. –p.53-56;
4. Penkov A.I., Nikitin B.A. Composition and properties of drilling fluids for the construction of
horizontal wells: Proceedings of NTS RAO Gazprom. - Stavropol, 2000. - p.63-73;
5. Tkachenko V.I. Improving the technology of turbine and rotary drilling. - Review. - Oil economy,
2000, No. 11. –p.88-90;
6. Klimenko N.A., Gridil I. et al. Adsorption of nonionic surfactants from aqueous solutions on porous
methacrylate sorbents. // Col. log. - 1991. - v.53. -#4. –p.748-752;
7. Rabinovich N.R. Methodology for assessing the quality of the opening of reservoirs and
development of wells. - M.: MNP, 1985;
8. Moore W.D. ARCO Drilling Horizontal Drainhole for Better Reservoir Placement. –Oil and Gas J.
–Sep. - 1980. - No. 15;
49

ISSN 2706-7726
ON THE LOSS OF STABILITY OF AN INHOMOGENEOUS

CYLINDRICAL SHELL OF CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION
GASIMOV H.M.
(BGU)
Abstract: The paper considers on axisymmetric from of buckling of a cylindrical shell,
inhomogeneous in length, under axial compression. The shell lies on a two-constant base of the
P.L.Pasternak type. It is assumed that the elastic modulus is, with its derivatives up to the fourth
order, a continuous function of the length coordinate, and Poisson’s ratio is a constant value.
When solving, the Bubnov-Galerkin method was applied and a formula was obtained for
determining the critical value of the compressive load.
Keywords: cylindrical shell, heterogeneity, stability, elasticity.
As you know, cylindrical shells of circular cross section made of various materials are
widely used in many branches of construction, mechanical engineering, in the design of main
pipelines for various purposes, and in a number of other branches of modern technology. Among
the above, the most common are inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials [1]. In the case when
the structural elements lie on an elastic foundation, the calculation for stability plays a paramount
role [1,2].
Let us assume that a closed cylindrical shell of circular cross section is under the action
of a compressive force applied along the ends and lies on a two-constant base of the P.L.
Pasternak type.
It is assumed that the modulus of elasticity, with its derivatives up to the fourth order, is a
continuous function of the length coordinate, and Poisson's ratio is a constant value:
E  E0 1   f  x  ,   const ,   0,1
Here - E0 corresponds to the homogeneous case.
Let us assume that the shell loses its axisymmetric stability. Then the stability equation based on
the static criterion, taking into account the transverse resistance and the deformation
compatibility equation are written in the following form [3]:
d2  d 2W  1 d 2  d 2W d 2W
D0  1  f  x     k1W  k 2   k h  0,
dx 2  dx 2  R dx 2 dx 2 dx 2
1 d 4  1 d 2W
 . (1)
E0 1  f x h dx 4 R dx 2
50
Here D0 , is the cylindrical rigidity of a homogeneous shell;  x  is the stress function; R -

radius; h – shell thickness; W x  - deflection; k1 - Winkler coefficient, k 2 - P.L. Pasternak
coefficient, which are determined experimentally,  k - critical stress.
The system of equations (1) can be written in the following form:
 d 4W df x  d 3W d 2 f x  d 2W 
D0 1  f x  4  2   
 dx dx dx 3 dx 2 dx 2 
1 d 2 d 2W d 2W
  k1W  k 2  kh 2  0 , (2)
R dx 2 dx 2 dx
d  E0 1  f x h d 2W
4
 .
dx 4 R dx 2
Excluding  x  , from system (2) we obtain:

 d 6W df x  d 5W d 2 f x  d 4W
D0 1  f x  6  4  6 
 dx dx dx 5 dx 2 dx 4
d 3 f x  d 3W d 4 f x  d 2W   E0 1  f x h  d 2W
 4    k1  2 
dx 3 dx 3 dx 4 dx 2   R2  dx
d 4W d 4W
 k2   k h  0. (3)
dx 4 dx 4
Equation (3) is complex, and it essentially depends on the function f x  . For simplicity of
analysis, consider the case
f x   x , x  xl 1 , l – shell length.
In this case, equation (3) is rather simplified and takes the following form:
 d 6W 4 d 5W   E0 1  x h  d 2W d 4W d 4W
D0 1  x  6     k  k   h  0. (4)
l dx 5  
1 2 k
R2  dx
2
 dx dx 4 dx 4
For homogeneous boundary conditions, the Bubnov - Galerkin method can be applied to
equation (4), choosing W x  in the following form [4]:
n
W  x    AiVi  x  , (5)
i 1
d 2W
W 0  W l   o ;  0 , when: x  0, x  l ,
dx 2
here Ai - are unknown constants and each Vi  x , i  1,2,..., n  must satisfy the corresponding
boundary conditions.
As correctly noted in [4], to determine the engineering calculation formula, it is sufficient to
determine the value of  k , which corresponds to the first approximation, i.e.
51
  d 6V1 4 d 5V1   E0 1  x h  d V1 d 4V1 

l 2
d 4V1
0  0 
D 1  x   5 
   k1  k 2   k h V x dx  0 (6)
4  1
 
6 2 2 4
 dx l dx  R dx dx dx 
To determine  k h , we take a simple form (hinged fastening) of the approximation:
V1  f 0 sin mx , ( x  xl 1 ) (7)
here m - is the number of half, f 0 -waves along the generatrix, is the value of the deflection in
the center of the shell.
Substituting (7) into (6) we get:
 D 2 E hl 2  1  2
 k h    02  02 2 1     k l  k ,   m . (8)
 l R   2  1 2 2
 
D 2 E hl 2
At   0 , k1  0 , k 2  0  k0 h   02  02 2
l R 
at   0 , k1  k 2  0
 D0 2 E0 hl 2  1 
 kH h     2 2 1    .
 l2 R   2 
 k0 h 1
   (9)
 k h 1  0,5
H
From (8) we get:

l2  D0 2 E0 hl 2  1 
 k h  k1  k    2  2 2 1    .
2 R   2 
2
 l
At :   0
l2  D0 2 E0 hl 2 
 k0 h  k1  k    2  2 2 
2 R  
2
 l
l2
 k0 h  k1 2  k 2
   
1
(10)
l 2
1  0,5
 k h  k1 2  k 2

Now consider the case:
f x   e x .
In this case, equation (3) has the following form:

 
6
x d W e x d 5W e x d 4W
D0  1  e 6
 4 5
 6 2 4

 dx l dx l dx
 4
e x d 3W
  

e x d 2W   E0 1  e x h


 d 2W

  k1
l 3 dx 3 l 4 dx 2   R2  dx
2
d 4W d 4W
 k2   k h 0 (11)
dx 4 dx 4
52
Applying the Bubnov-Galerkin method, as a result, we obtain an expression for

determination  k h in the following form:
D0 2 4  6 D0 D0 2 D0 E0 hl 2 
kh     e  1 2    
l2 5  l l2 l 2 2 R 2 2 
E0 hl 2 l2
  k1 2  k2 . (12)
R 2 2 
Note that for   0 , k1  0 , k 2  0 we obtain a similar solution to the problem for the
case of a homogeneous shell without taking into account the external resistance.
LITERATURE
1. Lomakin V.A. Theory of elasticity of inhomogeneous bodies. M., Publishing House of
Moscow State University, 1976, 376p.
2. Volmir A.S. Stability of deformable systems. M., Nauka, 1967, 984p.
3. Bezukhov N.I., Luzhin S.V., Kolkunov N.V. Stability and dynamics of structures. M., 1969,
423s.
4. Timoshenko S.P. Fluctuation in engineering. M.-L., 1966, 344p.
5. Alfutov N.A. Fundamentals of calculating the stability of elastic systems. M., 1991, 334s.
53

ISSN 2706-7726
A PROBLEM ABOUT INFLUENCE OF A WALL LAYER ON HYDRAULIC

RESISTANCE WHEN LOWERING CASING
E.A.ASLANOV1, V.F. GAHRAMANOV2

1
AzTU, Baku, Azerbaijan, 2Baku Engineering University, Baku, Azerbaijan,
Abstract: Due to the fact that with increasing well depth, pressure and temperature increase, the
thickness of the near-wall layer, which plays a significant role in hydraulic calculations, also
changes. This paper stdies the influence of the dimensions of the near-wall layer and the viscosity
of the liquid in it on the magnitude of pressure losses during various technological operations.
Keywords: Wall layer, viscosity, borehole, laminar layer, friction resistance, pressure drop (loss).
Let us consider the effect of the presence of a near-wall layer on the value of hydrodynamic
pressure when running casing strings into an open hole. Due to the complexity in calculations for
the case of a clay solution, we will assume that a viscous liquid is used as a flushing liquid. Thus,
we consider a separate movement of two viscous fluids with different physical properties in the
annular space between two concentrically arranged cylindrical pipes, the inner one with a closed
end moves at a given speed.
To simplify the solution, the stationary motion of fluids and the inner tube is considered. In
this case, for the distribution of velocities in the laminar regime of fluid motion in the annular
space, we will have [1]
p 2
 i r C 2 i 1 ln r C 2 i (1)
4l i
where  i - liquid distribution rate;  i -viscosity coefficient; p - pressure drop along the
length; r - current radius; C 2 i и C 2i 1 - integration constants.
Integration constants C 2 i и C 2i 1 are defined from the following conditions:
 1( R1 )  u,  2 ( R 2 )  0,
d 1 d
 1(r 1)  2 (r 1), (r 1)  2 (r 1). (2)
dr dr
Here R1 , R 2 ,r 1 are respectively radii of drill pipes, wells and fluid interfaces; u - running
speed.
The flow rate of the fluid displaced by the drill string is calculated by the formula
r1 R2
Q  R 12 u   2r 1(r )dr   2r 2 (r )dr. (3)

R r1
Consdering values of  1(r ) from (1) into (3) to determine the hydrodynamic pressure, we
obtain
54
4l 2 u ( R 22  R 21 )
p  (4)
 4 4 4 2 2 2  2  R 2

 2 1
R  r   R 4
 r   2 r R 
1
 1 ln 
 
1 1 1
 1  1   R 1
   R    
 R 22  R 21 r 21  1  11  2 ln 2    R 22  2 R 21 
  2  R1    1 
From (4) it follow that at r 1R 2 , 1 2 we obtain a well-known formula for the value of
hydrodynamic pressure when lowering casing strings into a well filled with a viscous fluid, in the
absence of a near-wall layer [ 2] .
To estimate the effect of the presence of a near-wall layer on the value of the hydrodynamic
pressure, consider the relation
1  R ln 1
4
 (1  R 21 ) 2
p
1
R1
 (5)
p1  4 2 2  2  1
1  r 1   R 1  r 1   2r R 1   1 ln 
4 4 2
 1  1  R1
   R    
 1  R 21 r 21  2  11  2 ln 1   1   2 R 21 
  1  r1    1 
Where: R 1  R1 / R 2 ; r 1r 1/ R 2 .
 
The results of the calculation from (5) to determine the dependence p  f  2  at
  1 
r 1 0,99 , R 1  0,446 ( R1  0,06m, R 2  0,1345m)
are shown in Fig.1. he values for the size of the near-wall layer were taken in accordance
with the data, which range from 2 to 4 mm. From Fig. 1 it can be seen that the rate of decrease in
hydrodynamic pressure due to the existence of a near-wall layer is more at  2 / 1 1 , than at
 2 / 1 0.
Calculations given for the other values of r 1 , specificaly at r 1 0,98;0,97, showed, that
the shape of the curve most coincides with the curve obtained for the case of r 1 0,99. The impact
of change of  2 / 1 on p / p1 is greater than the impact of change on r 1 . Moreover, both
for the change of  2 / 1 , and for the r 1 maximum influence on the value p / p1 we obtain
at r 1 1;  2 / 1 1 .
55
Figure 1. Dependance p / p1  f ( 2 / 1)

Thus, with an increase in the size of the near-wall layer and a decrease in the viscosity of the
liquid near the wall, the hydrodynamic pressure decreases.
A similar phenomenon is also found in the case of separate rectilinear-parallel motion of two
viscous-plastic fluids, when the structural viscosity of the fluid near the wall is less than the
structural viscosity of the fluid moving in the center of the flow.
The particles of the dispersion medium, and hence the structural viscosity, are unevenly
distributed throughout the flow.
For simplicity, let us consider a rectilinear stationary parallel motion of two viscoplastic
fluids in a round cylindrical tube. The velocity distribution in this case has the form:
pr 2 
 1  C 2i 1ln r C 2i  i r (6)
4l i i
(i  1, r 0  r r 1; i  2, r 1 r  R).
Integration constants C 2i 1 и C 2 i are determined from the boundary conditions:

d 1 2l 1
(r 0 )  0; r 0  ;  2 ( R)  0;
dr p
d d
 1(r 1)  2 (r 1);  1  1 (r 1)  2  2 2 (r 1). (7)
dr dr
At the same time, it is assumed that  2  1 и  2 1 .
The flow rate of the liquid is found by the formula:
r1 R
Q  r  1(r 0 )   2r 1(r )dr   2r 2 (r )dr.

2
0
(8)
r2 r1
Substituting values  1(r ) and  2 (r ) from (7) into (8), after transformations we get:

Q  2 R 3 r 31 
2
p  . (9)
 
r 0 4r 0 r 13r 1  
4 3 4
3R 8r 1R 11r 1 
4 3 4
24l 1 24l 2
56
Figure 2. Dependance Q /Q1  f (r 1/ R)
Figure 3 Dependance Q /Q1  f ( 1/ 2 )
From (9) at r 1 R,  2  1  weg et:
R 4p  4 r 0 1 r 40 
Q1  1   . (10)
8l  3 R 3 R 4 
From formulae (9) and (10) weh ave:
1
3  8r 111r 41  24  1 L '' a1 r 31 
Q r 4r 0 r 3r
4 3 4
2 2
 0
1 1
 , (11)
Q1 3  4r 0  r 40 3  4r 0  r 40 3  4r 0  r 40
 2l r0 r1
L '' a  , r 0 , r 1 .
pR R R
The results of calculations using formula (11) are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. From Fig. 2 it can
be seen that at the value of r 1 1 the value of Q /Q1  1.
From (11) it follows that the value of Q /Q1 ccording to a rectilinear law increases with a
decrease in the limiting shear stress of viscoplastic fluids moving near the pipe wall. It is obvious
57
that the degree of influence of  1/ 2 on the value Q /Q1 is stronger than the influence of the
Lagrange parameter L a т.е.  2 . At L a  0 coincides with the formula derived in [1].
'' ''
Thus, from the above calculations it follows that by changing the viscosity coefficient of the
liquid near the pipe wall, pressure losses can be controlled.
Calculations from [1,2] showed that the aeration of the laminar boundary layer in water
reduces the friction resistance by approximately 10 times, and the aeration of the turbulent
boundary layer in water by 130 times.
So, if a certain amount of liquid with a lower viscosity coefficient than that of the
environment is introduced into the boundary layer, then pressure losses can be reduced, which is
achieved by introducing a small amount of polymer additives into the liquid (clay mud) flow. Small
additions, as studies in [2] showed, form a near-wall layer of a viscous liquid with a lower viscosity
coefficient near the wall, which is the reason for the decrease in friction resistance.
REFERENCES:
1. Loitsyansky L.G.Mechanics of liquid and gas. M. "Science" 1970, 904 p.
2. A.A., Mirzajanzade, Hydraulics of clay and cement mortars M., "Nedra", 1966
3. Movsumov A.A.,Hasanov G.T.,Mammadov A.M. Hydraulic research in the process of well bore
development.- Oil and Gas, 1963, No. 6, pp.39-42
4. Wilkinson W.L. Non-Newtonian fluids, M., "Mir" 1964.187 s
5. Aslanov E.A.On one self-similar problem of a visco-plastic thixotropic medium, Proceedings of
the International Conference "Actual Problems of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and
Mechanics", Voronezh State University, December 12-14, 2013, pp.23-27.
6. Aslanov E.A. Piesche M.(Stuttgart, Geramany) Investigation of linear waves in a visco-elastic
tube containing incompressible visco-elasti liquid. Proceedings of the International Conference
"Actual problems of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Mechanics", Voronezh State
University, December 12-14, 2013, pp.156-161.
58

ISSN 2706-7726
INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF THE WALLS

OF HORIZONTAL WELLS
Orujov Y.A., Ibrahimov Sh.H.
Abstract: In presented work determine the dependence of the allowable wellhead pressure
during the drilling of horizontal wells on the depth of drilling and the mechanical properties of
the rocks, which ensures the stability of the walls of the wells and the circulation of the drilling
fluid.
Keywords: Stress, pressure, isotropic soil, equilibrium equations, stress-strain state,
borehole wall stability.
It is known that successful drilling of deep horizontal oil and gas wells is closely related to
the solution of the problem of rock stability around the well. The greater the depth of the drilled
well, the greater the likelihood of accidents due to the loss of stability of the rocks around the
wellbore. The liquidation of accidents leads to additional technological operations and a decrease
in the technical and economic indicators of the well. Solving the problem of ensuring the
stability of the well wall is one of the main tasks that drillers need to solve in order to achieve
their goals. The solution to this problem lies in the definition of methods for predicting and
preventing deformations that form on the borehole wall. In this work, given that the rocks around
the wellbore are isotropic, we calculate the strength of the borehole wall. Let us assume that the
inner radius of a horizontally drilled well is considered as a cylindrical object with an
infinitely large outer radius (Fig. 1). In this case, the generalized Hooke's law in a cylindrical
coordinate system for isotropic bodies has the following form [1];
r 
1
 r    z 
E


      r  z 
1
(1)
E 

 z   z  r   
1
E 
here r , ,z  are the main stresses, r , , z  relative deformations in the main
directions, E- Young's modulus.
59
Fig.1
The system of equilibrium equations for the well-drilled soil massif is as follows [1];
ij , j  Fi  0; i , j  1,2 ,3 (2)
Here, j - differentiation according to the xj coordinate;
the repetition of the index j means summing from one to three;
Fi  is value of the projection of volume force in direction x i .

Based on the principle of independence of the influence of forces, the stress state in the zone
around the barrel is created due to two force factors, the wellhead pressure and the wight of the
rock. So the current stresses can be expressed as follows;
 ij   ij   ij0 (3)
where the stress due to the wellhead pressure,
is the stress due to the of weight.
The system of equilibrium equations for an intact soil mass under the influence of its own weight
is as follows;
ij0 . j  Fi  0; i , j  1,2 ,3 (4)
If to difer the equations (2) and (4) side by side we get
ij , j  0; i , j  1,2,3 (5)
If we represent the system of equations (5)in a cylindrical coordinate system, we get the
following;
60
dr 1
      0 (6)
dr r r
Hooke's law for the stress state from wellhead pressure will look like this;
r 
1
E
 r       z  



        r   z  
1
E
 
(7)


 z   z       z  
1
 
E 
As can be seen from (5), since there are no body forces, the stress state caused by wellhead
pressure is a plane deformation state. In this case, z  0 . Then from the third equation (7);
z    r  (8)
Then, taking into account (8) in (7) and after a series of transformations, the following system of
equations is obtained;
1 
r  a
 b r

E
 (9)
1
  a   br 
E 
hear a  1  2 ; b    2 .
If we solve (9) for r and   ;
E 
r  a
 b 

a b 2 2 r
 (10)
E
  2 br  a 
a b 2

Let us denote the components of the displacement vector from wellhead pressure as u , , w .Here
u  are radial, v  tangential, w  longitudinal displacements. Since the task is symmetrical
about the axis, the dependence of the relative deformations on the radial displacement u is as
follows [1];
61
du
r 
dr 
 (11)
u 
  
r 
After several mathematical transformations, we get the following second-order differential
equation;
d 2 u 1 du u
  0 (12)
dr2 r dr r 2
It is known that the general solution of equation (12) is as follows[3];
u  c1r  c2 r 1 (13)
where c1 and c2 are integration constants determined from the boundary conditions given
below;
when r  r0  r   P
 (14)
when r r  0 
where P is the wellhead pressure.

In this case, since the stress state created in the borehole wall is a plane-deformed stress state,
deformations occur only due to the pressure on the wellhead.
r02 
r  P 2 
r 
2 
(15)
r
  P 02 
r 
It is known that at depth H each element of the soil mass is subjected to all-round compression,
and the stress state due to the own weight of the rock is defined as:
 0r   0   0z  gh    q h (16)
where  q  is the specific gravity of the rock.
Considering (15) and (16) in (3);
62
r02 
 r  P   q h
r2

r02 
  P 2   qh  (17)
r 
 z   qh 


It is known that the stability condition for the first loading is as follows [2];
I12  21   I 2   c2 (18)
where  c  is the stress yield for a given rock,
I1 .I 2  are the first and second stress tensor invariants, respectively;

I1   r      z 

I 2  r   r z  z  
(19)
It is known that the first plastic deformation occurs on the inner surface of the cylinder. When
, the stress state is defined as follows;
 r  P   q h

  P   q h  q
(20)

 z   qh 
Considering (20) in (19);
I 1  3 q h 
 (21)
I 2  P 2  3 2q h2 
If we take into account (21) in (18);
21   P 2  31  2  q2 h 2   c2  0 (22)

Let's solve equation (22) with respect to P;
P2 
1
21   

 c2  32  1 q2 h 2  (23)
For the existence of real solutions of equation (23), the following condition must be satisfied;
 c2  32  1 q2 h 2  0 (24)
From (24) we determine the critical value of the well drilling depth for the given rock;
63
c
hc  (25)
 q 3(1  2 )
From (25) we can determine the crisis value of the wellhead pressure for the rock located at a
depth that satisfies the condition h  hc ;
 y2  31  2  q2 h 2
Pc  (26)
21   
It is known that Poisson's ratio is   0,5 when the deformation reaches the plasticity limit. In
this case, from (26).
y
Pc  (27)
3
(27) coincides with the Mises condition.
Thus, for an isotropic rock located at a given depth, we determined the critical value of the
wellhead pressure, which depends on the specific gravity of the rock. Mechanical characteristics
of some rocks and other information are given in table 1
Table 1
Rock yield Jung's Poisson's Coefficient of Special Pore e0
point module E, number  linear weight
 y , MPa 10 4 MPa expansion ,10 4
 ,10 6 1/c0 n/m3
sandy 50 2,35 0,25 10 2,5 0,2
lime 150 7,48 0,27 8 2,7 0,1
dolomite 245 8 0,25 7 2,9 0,25
gypsum 100 3,8 0,3 19 2,3 0,15
anhydride 170 3,8 0,3 19 2,9 0,45
clay 100 2 0,3 5,8 2,7 0,3
Table 2 shows the dependence of the wellhead pressure on the drilling depth for some rocks.
Table 2
For rock Pb , MPa

H, 103 m sandy lime dolomite gypsum anhydride clay
0,4 30,7 93,8 154,7
0,5 61,84 104,97 61,33
0,6 29,4 93,4 154,36
0,7 61 104,5 60,67
0,8 27,6 92,76 153,8
0,9 60,4 103,93 59,78
1 25 92 153
1,1 59,6 103,18 58,64
1,2 21 91 152,6
1,3 58,6 102,27 57,25
64
1,4 16,3 89,9 151,7

1,6 6,2 88,6 150,7
1,63 0
1,7 56,04 100 53,6
1,8 87 149,5
2 85 148
2,1 52,6 56,97 48,6
2,5 80 144 48,17 53,22 41,75
2,9 42,34 88,6 31,88
3 38,7 85,94 24,75
3,38 0
3,5 63,3 133,5 29,24 79,75
3,97 0 72,2
4 50,2 126,2
4,1 46,91 122,9 67,75
4,5 28,9 117,4 57
4,7 10,4 112 50,4
4,73 0
4,8 111,28 42,38
5 106,7
5,35 0
5,5 93,51
6 76,45
6,8 25,86
6,898 0
65
Fig. 2. Dependence of wellhead pressure crisis value on drilling depth for each rock: 1. sand, 2.
lime, 3. dolomide, 4. gypsum, 5. anhydride, 6. clay.
REFERENCES
1. Amenzade Yu.A. "Theory of elasticity" M. "Higher school" 1971, p.247

2. Gulgazli A.S. Plasticity and creep under repeated loading. LAP LAMBERT. Academic
Publishing. 2012. 176c.
3. Kamke E. Handbook of ordinary differential equations. Moscow.1961. 703 pages.
4. Kalinin A.G., Sultanov B.Z. "Drilling of inclined wells." Moscow: Nedra, 1990. 346 p.
66

Engineering Mechanics: ISSN 2706-7726

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Mechanics: ISSN 2706-7726

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Engineering Mechanics: ISSN 2706-7726

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ISSN 2706-7726

AZERBAIJAN UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

7. Emin M. Nematov, Adil V. Tagiyev

Investigation of the stability of the walls of horizontal wells…………………………………....36

On the loss of stability of an inhomogeneous cylindrical shell of circular cross section……….50

11. Aslanov E.A., Gahramanov V.F.

12. Orujov Y.A., Ibrahimov Sh.H.

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 3-8

SYNCHRONIZATION OF MOVEMENT OF MANIPULATOR

2. Synchronization of automata machines.

- for group (a) of the machine (Fig. 1, a):

Fig. 1. Offsets of the working phases of the class I automaton

Fig. 2. Synchrogram of movement of Мi mechanism

Fig. 4. Incomplete shifted synchrogram of the PVPV manipulator

1. To ensure the accuracy of interdependent and corrective movements of working mechanisms

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 9-13

KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS OF A FIVE-LINK FLAT CULIS MECHANISM

Azerbaijan Technical University, Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 13-16

EXİSTİNG MODELS AND ANALYSİS OF SOİL RESİSTANCE

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 17-19

ACCEPTANCE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERWATER

Abstract- Classification of offshore pipelines by operating conditions should be given in the

b) ready acceptance of the construction of underwater pipelines.

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

EXİSTİNG MODELS OF SOİL RESİSTANCE AND THEİR

F=k1 w–k2 . (1.4)

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 24-27

SELECTİON OF THE MATERİAL AND DİAMETER OF PİPES İN THE

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 28-35

THE MAİN HYPOTHESES AND RELATİONS FOR DETERMİNİNG THE

corresponds to x1-x; x2-y; x3-z, summing from 1 to 3 on repeated indices;

Figure 1.1. Semi-infinite with one end raised to H height

relative volume is variation.

1  un uk um um 

Considering (1.6) and (1.7), we get from (1.3) and (1.5:

Considering (1.9), the (1.1) equilibrium equations would be as follows:

compared to their 11 tension. Onda from (1.10) and (1.11):

Here, P is the volumetric weight of the material of the rod.

Relationships between  , ,  Euler variables and Lagrangian variables x,y,z

Equilibrium equations for the case under consideration:

If we write (1.30) instead of u in (1.28)

bərabərliyindəki nisbi uzanma yerdəyişmələrin istənilən qiymətində fiziki mənaya malikdir.

Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction

March 2023 Issue 13 Volume 5 Number 1 Pages 36-43

INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF THE WALLS

Orujov Y.A., Abishova R.M., Kheyrabadi Q.S.

ij , j  Fi  0; i , j  1,2 ,3 (2)

Here, j - differentiation according to the

Fi  is value of the projection of volume force in direction x i .

where the stress due to the wellhead pressure,

is the stress due to the of weight.