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    Mi J2 MB MDe ZJSZQ 48

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    3 views9 pages

    Mi J2 MB MDe ZJSZQ 48

    Uploaded by

    Varshitha

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    Download as pdf or txt
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    CIE AS Chemistry Your notes

    3.5 Shapes of Molecules


    Contents
    Shapes of Molecules

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    Shapes of Molecules
    Your notes
    VSEPR Theory
    The valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR) predicts the shape and bond angles of
    molecules
    Electrons are negatively charged and will repel other electrons when close to each other
    In a molecule, the bonding pair of electrons will repel other electrons around the central atom forcing
    the molecule to adopt a shape in which these repulsive forces are minimised
    When determining the shape and bond angles of a molecule, the following VSEPR rules should be
    considered:
    Valence shell electrons are those electrons that are found in the outer shell
    Electron pairs repel each other as they have similar charges
    Lone pair electrons repel each other more than bonded pairs
    Repulsion between multiple and single bonds is treated the same as for repulsion between single
    bonds
    Repulsion between pairs of double bonds are greater
    The most stable shape is adopted to minimize the repulsion forces
    Different types of electron pairs have different repulsive forces
    Lone pairs of electrons have a more concentrated electron charge cloud than bonding pairs of
    electrons
    The cloud charges are wider and closer to the central atom’s nucleus
    The order of repulsion is therefore: lone pair – lone pair > lone pair – bond pair > bond pair – bond
    pair
    Repulsion between different types of electron pairs

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    Your notes

    Different types of electron pairs have different repulsive forces


    Molecules can adapt the following shapes and bond angles:
    Bond shapes and bond angles

    Molecules of different shapes can adapt with their corresponding bond angles

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    Examples of molecules with different shapes and bond angles


    Your notes

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    Your notes

    Page 5 of 9

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    Your notes

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    Your notes

    Each different shape has a specific name and specific bond angle(s)

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    Worked example
    Your notes
    VSEPR & shapes of molecules
    Draw the shape of the following molecules and compounds:
    1. Phosphorous(V) chloride
    2. N(CH3)3
    3. CCl4
    Answer 1
    Phosphorous has a +5 charge so 5 Cl– ions are needed to neutralise the charge
    Therefore, the phosphorous(V) chloride is PCl5
    P is in Group 5 and has 5 valence / outer electrons
    Cl is in Group 7 (17) and has 7 valence / outer electrons
    All 5 electrons of phosphorous are used to form single covalent bonds to the 5 chlorines
    There are no lone pairs
    So, phosphorous(V) chloride has a trigonal bipyramidal shape

    Answer 2
    Nitrogen is in Group 5 and has 5 valence / outer electrons
    The carbon in the -CH3 groups is in Group 4 and has 4 valence / outer electrons
    3 of these electrons are already used in covalent bonds with hydrogen
    3 of N's valence / outer electrons are involved in bonding pairs with the carbon from the -CH3
    groups
    This leaves one pair of electrons as a lone pair
    So, N(CH3)3 has a pyramidal shape

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    Your notes

    Answer 3
    Carbon is in Group 4 and has 4 valence / outer electrons
    Cl is in Group 7 (17) and has 7 valence / outer electrons
    All 4 valence / outer electrons of carbon are used as bonding pairs with the 4 chlorines
    There are no lone pairs
    So, the shape of CCl4 is tetrahedral

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