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    Lect 2-1

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    everythingwd5
    LECTURE 2 1 OF MECHATRONICS

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    Lect 2-1

    Uploaded by

    everythingwd5
    3 views23 pages
    LECTURE 2 1 OF MECHATRONICS

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    LECTURE 2 1 OF MECHATRONICS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views23 pages

    Lect 2-1

    Uploaded by

    everythingwd5
    LECTURE 2 1 OF MECHATRONICS

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    You are on page 1of 23

    ME-303 MECHATRONICS

    Dr. Fakhre Alam Khan

    1
    Diodes (Active Electronics)
     Noble gases are inert due to atomic their shell.
     Conductors have 1-3 electrons in their valence shell.
     Semi-conductors have 4 electrons in their valence shell.
     Semi-conductor materials are poor conductor / insulators.
    Examples: silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), cadmium sulphide (Cds) etc…

    2
    Diodes (Active Electronics)
     Pure silicon crystal has 4 valence electrons covalently bonded with 4
    more silicon atoms.
     Full set of bonds created, leaving no excess or shortage of electrons.
     Adding energy to the crystal creates a hole.
     Adding energy (heat) to the crystal causes electron to jump to higher
    energy shell, creating a hole.
     Holes can be viewed as positive charge.

    3
    Diodes (Doping)
     n-Type doping results in creating a free electron.
     Silicon can be doped with donor elements (e.g. arsenic or
    phosphorus) having 5 electrons in their valence orbit. This
    frees an electron from the crystal lattice, thus producing
    an "n-type" semiconductor.

     p-Type doping results in creating an open hole.


     Silicon can be doped with acceptor elements (e.g.
    aluminum, boron, or gallium) that have 3 electrons in their
    valence orbit. This leaves a hole in the crystal structure,
    thus producing a "p-type" semiconductor.
    4
    Diodes (p-n junction)
     Joining p-Type and n-Type materials forms a p-n junction.
     We refer to a single p-n junction as “Diode”.

    5
    Diodes
     A diode is the electronic equivalent of a mechanical check valve.
     Check valve analogy is revealed in V-I graph.

    6
    Diodes

    7
    Diodes (Practical considerations)
     If the voltage across a diode is larger than VF, (i.e. Forward biased),
    then diode can be modeled as a short circuit in series with a VF volt
    battery, e.g.

    8
    Diodes (Practical considerations)
     In addition to watch out for maximum permissible reverse bias
    voltage, one has to ensure that maximum allowable current (Io) is not
    exceeded.
     Placing a current limiting resistor in series with diode can alleviate
    this problem.

    9
    Diodes (why do we need ?)

    10
    Diodes (Application: Rectification)

    11
    Diodes (Application: Rectification)

    12
    Diodes (Application: DC Power Supply)

    13
    Diodes (Application: Signal Clipping)
     Diodes can be used to clip a signal at specified limits.

    14
    Diodes (Application: Signal Peak Detection)
     Diode with a capacitor can be used as signal peak detector.

    15
    Zener Diodes
     Operates in the reverse breakdown region.

    OR

    16
    Zener Diodes
     Modelled as having two parallel branches.

    17
    Zener Diodes (Application: Voltage Regulator)

    18
    Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
     Emits Photons when forward biased.
     Light intensity is related to the amount of current flowing through the
    diode.

    19
    Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Application
     Can be used to indicate signal value.
     LED exhibit a voltage drop of 1.5 to 2.5v when forward biased.
     A series of current limiting resistor (330 ohms for a 5v source) is
    needed to prevent excess forward current.

    20
    Photo-Diodes
     Are light sensitive p-n junctions.
     Optimized to generate reverse (leakage) current in the presence of
    light.
     As the light intensity increases, additional electrons are kicked in the
    conduction band, allowing for greater current flow.
     A photo-diode can be used as light sensor.

    21
    Opto-Coupler
     LED/photodiode pairing makes an optocoupler.
     Couples two circuits while maintaining electronic isolation.
     Extremely useful when connecting high-power circuits to low-power
    control circuits.
     Not suited for analog signals.

    22
    Schottky Diodes
     Allow for faster switching.
     At higher frequencies( > 1 MHz), ordinary diodes cannot shut off
    quick enough to avoid noticeable current.
     This is corrected by Schottky diode which has precious metal on one
    side of p-n junction and silicon doping on other side.

    23

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