Effectiveness of Gun Safety training for Private Security Personnel

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and It's Background

INTRODUCTION
Gun safety training is a crucial aspect of preparing private security personnel for their roles in
safeguarding individuals, properties, and assets. The effectiveness of such training cannot be
understated, as it directly impacts the safety, professionalism, and preparedness of security
personnel in handling firearms. This introduction will delve into the significance of gun safety
training for private security personnel, highlighting its role in mitigating risks, ensuring
compliance with regulations, enhancing professionalism, and fostering continual improvement
in firearm handling skills. By exploring the importance of gun safety training in the private
security sector, we aim to underscore the critical need for comprehensive and ongoing training
programs to equip security personnel with the necessary knowledge and skills to operate safely
and responsibly in their line of work.

Gun safety training for private security personnel is crucial for ensuring proper firearm handling
and minimizing potential risks. Some states have laws requiring safety training for buying or
carrying firearms, emphasizing the importance of training in enhancing safety measures.
Studies suggest that evidence-based firearm policies, such as training requirements, can
effectively reduce firearm-related injuries and incidents. The private security sector is crucial for
maintaining safety, highlighting the need for regulation and training within this industry.
Research on the effectiveness of gun safety training for private security personnel is essential to
ensure that security professionals are adequately trained in responsible firearm handling. While
specific research papers on this topic may not be immediately available, it is important to
understand the broader context of firearm safety training and its impact on private security
personnel.

Gun safety training is crucial for private security personnel as it can greatly reduce the chances of gun-
related incidents, accidents, and misuse. This training equips security workers with the necessary skills
and knowledge to handle firearms safely. Many states require individuals in the private security sector
to undergo firearm safety training to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. Adhering to these
requirements is essential for creating a secure work environment and reducing liability risks. In addition
to enhancing safety, effective gun safety training also improves the professionalism and reputation of
security personnel. Clients and employers value security professionals who are well-versed in firearm
safety practices. Continuous and regular firearm safety training is essential to keep private security
personnel updated on the latest safety measures, laws, and best practices in gun handling.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The private security industry has grown rapidly in recent years, reflecting the neoliberal ideology of
privatization and deregulation. Despite government efforts to reduce public spending by privatizing
services like prisons and police forces, there has been pushback from popular movements demanding
the government maintain its role in providing public services. Security companies have thrived since the
1990s, playing a crucial role in global relations by offering training, installing security devices, and
providing support for business operations. In a society filled with fear and uncertainty, there is an
increasing focus on safety and insurance to mitigate risks and ensure financial security in the event of a
loss. This underscores a growing need for risk management and insurance services.

Business owners employ a variety of security and surveillance techniques to keep their property safe
from crime and, in some cases, the threat of terrorism. Given the many security measures available to
business owners, it is beneficial to understand how such security measures stand in the eyes of the
public. This is especially relevant for proprietors that operate large venues and complexes (e.g.,
shopping plazas, sports arenas) that, due to their size and traffic, function more similarly to large public
spaces than individual places of business. We assessed the attitudes of respondents regarding two
commonly employed security techniques CCTV surveillance and uniformed security guards in shopping
malls and stadiums. Perceptions of both techniques were generally favorable, though respondents
perceived uniformed security guards as safer and less invasive of privacy. Respondents also believed
that security guards were more effective in fighting crime and terrorism, and that video surveillance was
more effective in identifying and apprehending suspects after a crime had occurred. We discuss how the
results impact owners' security practice choices and the role public opinion plays in those decisions
(Baucum, Nguyen, & John, 2018).

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The importance of gun safety training security management is creating “peace of mind” and help them
get control on school security and emergency preparedness planning on their area and school-
community (Corpus & Delizo, 2011).

A common security principle states that “there is no impenetrable barrier”. The perfect breeding
conditions of crime are opportunity, capability and motive (PNP , 2014).
The theoretical foundation for security is based on several assumptions: a. individuals choosehedonism
principle – the pleasure over pain for gratification; b. individuals commit crimes when there’s a great
opportunity and no prevention had been done; c. with social control the opportunity for crimecan be
reduced; and d. the threat of criminal behavior, activities create situations though with great harm may
occur it prevention and intervention strategies are not implemented. (Hess & Wrobleski, 2009).

Moreover, Ortmeir (2013) said that the theoretical foundation for security may also view from the
elements of crime: offender, opportunity of victim. The elimination of anyone of the three elements
may prevent the crime, solve the problem, or mitigate harm caused by an event.

Rational Choice theory states that man governs his behavior by considerations of pleasure and pain. The
idea that all action is fundamentally “rational” in character and that people calculate the likely cost and
benefits of any action before deciding what to do. The fact that people act rationally has beenrecognized
by many sociologist, but they have seen rational actions alongside other form of action,seeing human
action as involving both rational and non-rational elements. It is argued that social actionscan be seen as
rationally motivated, as instrumental actions, however much it may appear to be irrational or non-
rational (Scott,2000).

On the other hand Classical theory views individuals as a result of “free will” and as beingmotivated by
hedonism “the pleasure principle”. Individuals are viewed as entirely rational in this decision-making
process in which they will attempt to increase pleasure, even elicit desire, until theanticipated pain to be
derived from a particular activity appears to outweigh the expected enjoyment (Hagan, 2002).

Republic Act no. 5487 “An Act to Regulate the Organization and Operation of Private Detective,
Watchmen and Security Guards Agencies. This act shall be known as “The Private Security Law” as
amended by the Presidential Decree No. 11. Considering the significance of providing security
toindustries. The Philippine legislative body enacted this act governing the organization and
managementof private security agency, company guard forces and government security forces. (Corpuz
and Delizo,2011).

Security guard or security officer is usually a privately band formally employed person who is paid
toprotect properly, and/or assets and /or people. Often security officers are uninformed and act to
protectproperly by maintaining a high visibility presence to deter illegal and/or inappropriate actions,
observing (either directly through patrols, or by watching alarm system or video cameras) for signs of
crime, fire ordisorder; then taking action and/or any incidents to their client, employer and emergency
serviceswhenever appropriate (Corpuz and Delizo, 2011).

CONCEPT FRAMEWORK
 INPUT

1. Extent of implementation
of Security Personnel in
terms of:

a. Physical Security

b. Personnel Security

c. Document/Information PROCESS OUTPUT

Security
1. Determination of the Survey on the extent of
2. Level of the satisfaction of extent of implementation implementation,
respondents on the functions and level of satisfaction of satisfaction and problems
of security personnel in the respondents on the Security encountered by the
implementation of security in Personnel respondents in security
terms: personnel.

a. Chief Security Officer

2. Determination of the
b. Security Guards degree of seriousness on the
problems encountered by
the respondents in the
implementation of Security
Personnel

EXPECTED OUTCOME
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The statement of the problem regarding the effectiveness of gun safety training for private security
Proposed Security Manual
personnel would address the core issue or gap in knowledge that the research aims to investigate. Here
is a hypothetical example of a statement of the problem for this topic:
The effectiveness of gun safety training for private security personnel is a critical aspect of ensuring the
safe and responsible use of firearms in the private security industry. However, the extent to which such
training impacts the ability of security personnel to handle firearms safely, mitigate risks, and respond to
security threats remains inadequately understood. This study seeks to address this gap in knowledge by
evaluating the impact of gun safety training on the performance, safety practices, and overall
effectiveness of private security personnel in firearm handling. Specifically, the research aims to assess
the efficacy of existing training programs, identify potential areas for improvement, and ultimately
contribute to enhancing the safety and professionalism of private security personnel in their roles.

This statement of the problem sets the stage for the research study by clearly defining the research
focus, highlighting the importance of investigating the effectiveness of gun safety training for private
security personnel, and outlining the specific objectives of the study.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Scope and Limitations of the Study on the Effectiveness of Gun Safety Training for Private Security
Personnel:

Scope:

1. Evaluation of Training Programs: The study will focus on assessing the effectiveness of existing gun
safety training programs for private security personnel.

2. Impact on Safety Practices: The research will investigate how gun safety training influences safety
practices, risk mitigation, and response to security threats among security personnel.

3. Comparison of Training Methods: The study will compare different training methods, such as
classroom instruction, practical exercises, and simulation training, to determine their effectiveness.

4. Professionalism and Performance: The research will explore how gun safety training contributes to
the overall professionalism and performance of private security personnel in handling firearms.

Limitations:

1. Sample Size: The study's scope may be limited by the size of the sample population, impacting the
generalizability of the findings to a broader population of private security personnel.

2. Resource Constraints: Limited resources, such as time and funding, may restrict the depth and
breadth of the research, potentially affecting the comprehensiveness of the study.
3. Access to Data: The availability of data from private security companies for research purposes may be
limited, impacting the depth of analysis and the ability to draw conclusive results.

4. Time Constraints: The study's timeline may impose limitations on the extent of data collection,
analysis, and the depth of investigation into the effectiveness of gun safety training programs.

Acknowledging the scope and limitations of the study is essential for setting realistic expectations,
interpreting the findings accurately, and ensuring transparency in the research process.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of a study on the effectiveness of gun safety training for private security personnel lies
in its potential to contribute to enhancing safety practices, professionalism, and risk mitigation within
the private security industry.

1. Improved Safety Measures: By evaluating the effectiveness of gun safety training, the study can help
identify strengths and weaknesses in current training programs, leading to improvements that enhance
safety practices among private security personnel.

2. Risk Reduction: Understanding how gun safety training influences security personnel's ability to
handle firearms responsibly can lead to the development of targeted training strategies aimed at
reducing risks associated with firearm use.

3. Professionalism and Compliance: Effective training can contribute to the professionalism of private
security personnel, ensuring compliance with regulations, ethical standards, and best practices in
firearm handling.

4. Enhanced Security: Well-trained security personnel are better equipped to respond to security threats
effectively, thereby contributing to overall security measures in various settings where private security
services are employed.

5. Contribution to Industry Standards: Findings from the study can inform industry standards and
guidelines for gun safety training in the private security sector, promoting a culture of safety and
responsibility among security personnel.

6. Policy Implications: Insights gained from the study may have implications for policy development,
regulatory frameworks, and training requirements in the private security industry, influencing how
firearm safety is addressed at a broader organizational or regulatory level.

7. Knowledge Advancement: The research contributes to the existing body of knowledge by providing
empirical evidence on the impact of gun safety training on private security personnel, filling a gap in
understanding within the field.
Overall, the significance of studying the effectiveness of gun safety training for private security
personnel lies in its potential to enhance safety, professionalism, and security measures within the
private security industry, ultimately contributing to a safer and more effective security environment.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

In the context of researching the effectiveness of gun safety training for private security personnel,
defining key terms is essential for clarity and understanding. Here are definitions of terms relevant to
this topic:

1. Gun Safety Training: Gun safety training refers to the structured programs and courses designed to
educate private security personnel on the safe handling, storage, and use of firearms. This training aims
to reduce accidents, promote responsible firearm practices, and enhance overall safety and security
measures.

2. Private Security Personnel: Private security personnel are individuals employed by private security
firms or organizations to provide protective services, including but not limited to surveillance, access
control, and property protection. In some cases, private security personnel may be authorized to carry
firearms as part of their duties.

3. Effectiveness: Effectiveness, in the context of gun safety training for private security personnel, refers
to the ability of the training programs to achieve their intended goals. It involves assessing how well the
training enhances firearm handling skills, improves safety practices, and reduces risks associated with
firearm use among security personnel.

4. Risk Mitigation: Risk mitigation involves the strategies and practices implemented to minimize
potential risks and hazards related to firearm use by private security personnel. Effective gun safety
training plays a crucial role in risk mitigation by equipping security personnel with the knowledge and
skills to handle firearms safely and mitigate potential dangers.

5. Professionalism: Professionalism in the private security industry encompasses the standards of

conduct, ethics, and competence expected of security personnel. Gun safety training contributes to the
professionalism of security personnel by ensuring they adhere to industry regulations, best practices,
and ethical standards in their use of firearms.

Defining these terms provides a clear understanding of the key concepts and terminology related to the
effectiveness of gun safety training for private security personnel, facilitating meaningful discussions and
analysis within this research context.
 CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Gun ownership is an indispensable part of American culture and history. Gun control has both positive
and negative outcomes. Guns have been used for good causes, such as self-defense, as well as for
negative purposes, for instance, to perpetuate crime. As a result, some form of gun control is necessary,
regardless of people’s perception and thoughts to mitigate the misuse of the weapons.

Gun control consists of firearm regulations or restrictions. It embodies all legal measures intended to
restrict or prevent the possession or use of guns. It included domestic and intentional efforts to regulate
various aspects of gun manufacture, trade, transfer, acquisition, modification, possession and use. Gun
control has been part of American gun ownership since its guarantee under the Second Amendment. As
a result, different regulations have emerged over the years to control gun-related activities, with the
primary purpose being to create gun safety and prevent gun-related crimes. Gun control laws are
implemented at local, state, national, and international levels. The rules have different effectiveness,
causing a dilemma over what kind of law would be effective and what factors should be considered
when making these laws. Literature appreciates the presence of blind spots in making gun laws but also
acknowledges that the varying success rate of different gun laws in various areas is proof that gun
control can work if implemented appropriately. This chapter summarizes existing studies on gun control.
Research has been limited to the knowledge of gun control, people’s perception on gun control, and the
impacts of gun control.

Knowledge about Gun Controls

Studies have investigated gun owners' and non-owners’ knowledge of gun control laws. These studies
find that knowledge of gun control laws is generally low yet important for adhering to the laws and
handling of guns. Rowhani-Rahbar et al.’s (2021) survey of knowledge of different states’ gun laws by
gun-owning residents revealed varying knowledge and appreciation of different laws. For instance, on
average, 36.7% knew the laws regarding child access prevention, while 64% understood the reporting of
lost or stolen gun laws. While some people knew of the regulations but were not knowledgeable or
comprehended them, others barely knew their states had certain gun laws. Rowhani-Rahbar et al.
(2021) reported that about 15.3% of gun owners wrongly believed that their states had no child access
prevention laws, while 11% thought their States did not mandate background checks before the
possession of guns. Between 29% and 75% of non-gun owners did not know their states had child access
prevention regulations, requirements for reporting lost or stolen guns and background checks
mandates.

Perception of Gun Control

Research has also been conducted on gun owners and non-owner's perceptions of gun control laws.
Experience such as interaction with or working with guns influences individual disposition toward gun
control. For example, Kruis et al. (2023) explored the perception of various categories of firearm laws
among gun owners in Pennsylvania and the public. The researchers found that gun owners and most of
the individuals surveyed supported policies and laws that keep guns from people considered dangerous
or at risk. They also favored background and mental health checks and compulsory firearm education
laws. Kruis et al. (2023) also report supporting a ban on public possession of militarygrade weapons and
clearly distinguishing different types of weapons. There is also a widespread desire to revise the Second
Amendment to reflect current dynamics. Kruis et al. (2023) reported opposition to complete firearm
bans. Great opposition was evident among those with the greatest knowledge of gun legislation due to
the implications to increase criminal activity. Those with limited knowledge of gun functioning, crime
and policy favored strict gun control regulations. However, most people did not support banning the
possession of guns for recreational, hunting and sport shooting uses.
Impact of Gun Control
Studies that investigated the effectiveness of gun control laws have revealed varying impacts. Whereas
some studies found that gun control seemed to have positive impact; others find that gun control
especially influences crime. Kleck et al.’s (2016) city-level cross-sectional analysis of data from all US
cities with a population of 25,000 or more in 1990 and 19 types of gun restrictions found little evidence
that the regulation reduced crime levels. The study controlled for gun ownership leaves and various
other confounders. According to Kleck et al. (2016), the inability of the firearms restrictions to reduce
the level of crime was a possible indication that gun control does not have a net positive influence on
incidents of violence. Although some gun control laws demonstrate the effects to a certain degree, the
desired outcome is reduction and prevention. However, some gun regulations have demonstrated
notable influence on violence and crime. Such laws included mandatory license acquisition before gun
ownership and prohibition of the sale of guns alcohol and gun ownership or possession by alcoholics.
These laws resulted in a reduction in robbery and homicide rates. Kleck et al. (2016) also found limited
influence of restrictions on gun ownership or possession by the mentally ill, and gun sales to criminals
reduced assault rates. Further evidence suggested that prohibiting criminals from buying guns reduced
robbery rates.

Some studies have presented evidence that strict gun controls reduce gun-related crimes. For instance,
Lee et al. (2017) study of the link between firearm regulations and firearm homicides found a positive
influence of strict rules. Based on their findings, stronger laws resulted in lower rates of firearm
homicides. The most impactful laws were robust background checks, permit-topurchase, anti-firearm
trafficking, child safety and bans on military-grade weapons. Jehan et al. (2017) also demonstrated that
stricter laws resulted in excellent safety. By comparing safety in states with strict regulations and those
with less stringent controls, Jehan et al. (2017) study revealed a high injury and mortality rate in states
with lax regulations.

Morrall (2018) conducted a systematic review of studies that examined the effects of 13-gun laws on
specific outcomes. The gun laws comprised background checks, bans on the sale of assault weapons and
high-capacity magazines, stand-your-ground laws, prohibition associated with mental illness, lost or
stolen firearm reporting requirements, licensing and permitting requirements. Outcomes examined
were suicide, violent crime, unintentional injuries and deaths, mass shootings, officer-involved
shootings, defensive gun use, hunting and recreation, and the gun industry. The findings of the literature
synthesis indicated that child-access prevention and safe storage laws prevented gun-related injuries
and unintended deaths among youths and children and reduced youths’ firearm-related suicides but did
not reduce overall suicide among the youths. However, safe storage laws seem not to have influenced
unintended firearm injuries among adults. Background checks moderately reduced gunrelated suicides
and homicides but did not reduce the overall rates of violent crime and suicide. Stand-your-ground laws
may have increased homicide, but not gun-related homicides. Prohibition of gun purchase or ownership
by mentally ill persons reduced violent crime but did not have an impact on homicides. It also had a
limited effect on gun suicides and overall suicides. Morrall’s (2018) study further found no evidence for
an increase in sales and prices of assault weapons and high-capacity magazines before bans that would
prohibit their sale. Similarly, setting the minimum age for purchasing a firearm at 21 years did not
reduce youth gun suicides. The study found modest growth in knowledge about gun policy over the
decade.