Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 4 views

    MTH121 Remarks On Functions 2024

    Uploaded by

    ejerajosiah38

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    MTH121 Remarks On Functions 2024

    Uploaded by

    ejerajosiah38
    4 views35 pages

    Original Title

    MTH121-Remarks-on-functions-2024

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    4 views35 pages

    MTH121 Remarks On Functions 2024

    Uploaded by

    ejerajosiah38

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 35

    MAT121

    Remarks on Functions

    Dr. S.O. Edeki


    Mappings and Functions: notations & definitions

    . Let  and  be two numbers, then the notation:


     
    is read " is mapped to  ".
    Here,  represents the INPUT value WHILE 
    represents the OUTPUT value.
    Ex1: Consider the following:

    Write
    . out the input value(s) and output value(s)
    given the following:
    (a) xx , 2
    0<x  5, x 
    (b) x  x , 2
    0<x  5, x 
    (c) x x , 0<x  16, x is a perfect number
    Note: p.n. has their sqrt as integers.
    Definition: MAPPING

    . We will give the following definitions based


    on our results from Ex1 above.
    MAPPING: A mapping is a rule which converts
    a NUMBER to a NUMBER OR to NUMBERS .
    That means, that one INPUT yields one or
    more OUTPUTS.
    Definition: FUNCTION
    Let X and Y be two non-empty sets, with
    . x  X , y  Y , then a function f  x   y is
    a rule which assigns to EVERY element
    in X a UNIQUE member in Y .
    ** A function maps a single number to a
    single number.
    Notation: FUNCTION
    Note:
    . While X  Y is read "X is mapped to Y ",
    we read f : X  Y as " f maps X to Y ".
    OR we say that "f is a function such that X
    is mapped to Y "
    f : X Y can be expressed as
    f  x   y, for x  X , y  Y
    Ex2 : Which of the mappings are functions?

    . (a) x
    1
    (b) x   x
    x
    (c) x p where p  x  0
    2

    (d) x p where p  x  0
    2

    1
    (e) x x (f) x
    x 1
    Domain of a function

    . Let f : X  Y be a function, then the


    domain of f is a set of x  value( s )
    that are well-defined. The domain is a set
    input values that are problem-free.
    The domain of f : X  Y is denoted as:
    dom  f    x : x  X , a problem-free input
    Ex3: Domain of a function

    . Find the domain of the following functions:


    1
    (a) f :x (b) f : x  4  x
    x
    1
    (c) f :x (d) f : x  x  2 x  1
    2

    4 x
    (e) f  x  3  y if f ( x)  x
    Examples of functions

    . Examples of functions include the following:

    * Polynomial function * Constant function


    * Logarithmic function * Exponential function
    * Trigonometric function * Hyperbolic function
    Range of a function
    Let f : X  Y be a function, with a domain
    .
    dom  f  , then the range of f is a set of
    y  values that correspond to dom  f  , thus,
    we denote the range of f as:
    Ran( f )   y : y  f ( x), x  dom  f .
    The range is a set of OUTPUT values.
    Ex4: Range of a function
    Find the range of the following functions:
    . (i) f : x  x +3
    2

    (ii) g : x   x +3 for x  0
    2

    (iii) h : x  x +3
    2
    for x  1, 2,3, 4,5.
    Note: The relationship btw domain and range
    of functions and their inverses will be treated.
    (i) f ( x)  3, (ii) f ( x)  3 (iii) 4, 7,12,19, 28
    Solution to Ex4 (i): Range of a function

    Write f : x  x +3 as f  x   x +3
    2 2
    (*)
    .
    But for any value of x, we have that:
    x 02

     x 3 03
    2
    (**)
    The LHS of (**) equals f  x  from (*), so the
    domain is: y  f  x   3 i.e. y  3,  
    Class Quiz on Range of a function

    .
    Find the range of the following functions:
    (i) f : x  2  sin x
    (ii) g : x  3  cos x
    Composition of functions

    . Let f ( x) & g ( x) be two functions. Then, the


    composition of f ( x) & g ( x) is a new function
    obtained by following a certain rule. Thus,
    f g  ( x)  f g  f  g ( x)   f  g 
    is obtained by taking g ( x) FIRST then f ( x).
    Ex5: Composition of functions

    . (a) Let f  x   x +3 and g  x   2 x  1 , find:


    2

    (i) f g (ii) g f (iii) Is g f  f g ?

    (b) Let f  x   2 x, m  x   x  1, and g  x   e ,


    x

    then find: (i) g f (ii) g f m


    0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

    . A function f  x   y for f : X  Y is said


    to be 1-1 if elements in the domain are NOT
    assigned to the SAME element in the range.
    Mathematically, f  x  is 1-1 if:
    f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2
    Ex6: 0ne-to-0ne (1-1) functions {Injectivity}

    . Determine if the following functions are 1-1:


    (a)
    (i) g  x   2 x  1 (ii) f  x   x  4
    2

    (iii) h  x   3 x  4 (iv) m  x   k , (a constant)


    Note: *** Horizontal line test of injectivity
    ****: Domain restriction for injectivity
    A graph of One-One (1-1) function
    .
    A graph of NOT One-One (1-1) function
    .
    0ne-to-0ne & onto functions {}
    A function on the two sets X & Y as:
    .
    f : X  Y is said to be onto if x  X
     y Y s.t. f  x   y.

    Note: for ONTO functions, ALL members


    of set Y are used.
    A graph of a One-One (1-1) BUT not an ONTO function

    .
    A graph of a NOT One-One (1-1) BUT an ONTO function

    .
    A graph of BOTH One-One (1-1) & ONTO function
    {Bijective Functions}

    .
    Inverse of a function
    The inverse of a function f ( x)  y is
    . 1
    denoted as f ( x).
    1
    The steps to compute f ( x) are:
    (a) Replace the function f ( x) by y,
    (b) Make x the subject of the formula,
    1
    (c) Attach f (in the LHS) and y  x (RHS).
    Ex: Pre-test//ASSIGNMENT (Inverse of a function)

    (i) Find the inverse of the following functions:


    .

    (a) f ( x)  x  1 (b) g( x)  2 x  2
    x
    (c) h( x)  1  (d) p( x)  x  4
    2

    3
    1 1
    (ii) Find the fllg: (a) g g ( x) (b) gg ( x)
    Domain and Range ( A function & its inverse)

    Let f ( x) be a given function with an


    . 1
    inverse f ( x) then, the following holds:

    1
    (a) domf ( x)  ranf ( x)
    1
    (b) ranf ( x)  domf ( x)
    Assignment: (Inverse of RATIONAL functions)

    . Find the inverses of the following functions,


    if they exist, then state their domains & ranges:
    2 2x  7
    (a) f ( x)  (b) g( x) 
    x5 x
    x 5 7 x 1
    (c) h( x)  (d) p ( x) 
    x5 x  9
    Dependent and Independent variables: Vertical-Line Test of a Function
    y  f  x (*) 
    . 
    y  x 1 (**) 

    A dependent variable is determined by another variable. They are


    dependent on the “input” value. See y.
    Dependent variables (sometimes called the “value” of the function)
    represent the “output” value of a function, and are commonly denoted
    as y. They are.
    Independent variables represent the “input” value of a function. See x.
    Odd & Even functions
    A function f ( x) is said to be:
    . (a) Odd if : f ( x)   f ( x)

    (b) Even if : f ( x)  f ( x)

    (c) Neither Odd nor Even if : not (a) or (b)


    Note: See properties of ODD & EVEN functions.
    Ex: Odd & Even functions

    . Determine if the fllg functions are Odd


    or Even or Neither:
    (ii) (a) f ( x)  3 x  1 (b) f ( x)  3 x  2 x
    2 3

    (c) f ( x)  3 x  x  2 x  1
    3 2

    (ii)
    (a) f ( x)  sin x (b) f ( x)  cos x (b) f ( x)  tan x
    Increasing & Decreasing functions
    Let X  , x1 ,x2  X , then a function
    . f : X  Y is said be:
    (a) monotone INCREASING
    iff for x1  x2 , we have f  x1   f  x2 

    (b) strictly monotone INCREASING


    iff for x1  x2 , we have f  x1   f  x2 
    Decreasing functions

    . (c) monotone DECREASING


    iff for x1  x2 , we have f  x1   f  x2 

    (b) strictly monotone DECREASING


    iff for x1  x2 , we have f  x1   f  x2 
    Ex: Increasing & Decreasing functions
    (*) Ex1 of s.m.I. include the following:
    . (a) f  x   x (b) g  x  x
    (c) h  x   px  k , p  0
    (*) Ex2 of s.m.D. include the following:
    (a) f  x    x , x  0 (b) g  x    x
    2

    (c) h  x   px  k , p  0
    Non-Monotonic functions
    Some functions are neither monotonically
    . increasing nor monotonically decreasing.
    Such functions are said to be non-monotonic.
    Examples : * Constant Function,
    *Absolute Value Functions,
    *Trigonometric Functions,
    *Functions with discontinuities.

    You might also like