Kakatiyas (1163-1323 AD)

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● After the Satavahanas, the Kakatiyas were the second rulers to unite and
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rule the entire Andhra state.

● The Kakatiya kings not only ruled a vast kingdom, but introduced a strong
administration and built many villages, provided various water sources for
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agriculture, nurtured fine arts and literature, built temples, and contributed
to the political and cultural life of the Telugu people.
● The “Kakati” word means “ Pumpkin -Gummadi (గుమ్మడి) or Kushmandini
(కూష్మాండిని)".
● It seems that the Kakatiyas were initially Jains and later Shaivites.

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 ● According to Pratapa Rudra Yashobhushanam of Vidyanatha, they are
known to have become Kakatiyas due to the worship of Durga named “Kakati”.
○ Kreedabhiramam by Vinukonda Vallabhacharya mentions the
existence of Kakati goddess temple at Orugallu.
● There are titles like 'Kakati Puradinatha (కాకతి పురాదినాథ)' to Betaraja who
laid the foundations of the Kakati clan, and title 'Kakati Vallabha' to his son
Prolaraja.

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● They stood against the Turkish invasions in the south and worked hard in the
preservation of the independence of Andhra and the promotion of Andhra
culture.
● There are many literary and historical sources to know about the Kakatiyas
who claimed to be from Andhra Pradesh.

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● Contemporaries of Kakatiyas from 10th century to 13th century:
○ Kannada region – Hoysalas
○ Marata region – Yadavas
○ Tamil region – Pandyas
○ North India – Delhi Sultans.
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● Being the feudatories of Rashtrakutas in 10th to 12th centuries they used

“Garuda” as their official symbol. But later when they became feudatories of
Kalyani Chalukyas they used “Varaha” as their official symbol.

Literary sources:
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● Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam /Pratapa Rudreyam:

○ Written by - Vidyanath in Sanskrit (It is a text on Alankara Sastra)
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○ Vidyanath was the courtier of Pratapa Rudra II.

○ Commentary on Vidyanatha's Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam was
written by - Kumara Somapreeti.
○ This book tells about the nature of Kakatiya central government,
military system etc

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 ○ Mentions about the victories over the Kalinga, Pandya and Sevuna
(Yadava) kings.
○ Vidyanath mentions in his book that Andhra Desha got the name
Trilinga Desha due to Shiva temples in Srisailam, Draksharam and
Kaleswaram.
○ Prominent historian PV Parabrahma Shastri, who examined the things
mentioned by Somapreeti, said that they got the name Kakatiyas
because they worshiped the goddess Kakati, one of the forms of

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Durga.
○ The Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam tells us that Rudramadevi's
half-brothers Harihara deva and Murari deva's revolts were
suppressed by Recherla Prasaditya, the commander of Rudramadevi's
army.
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● Purusharthasaram (పురుషార్థ సారం):
○ Written by - Shiva Devayya
○ The affairs of the Kakatiya kingdom were overseen by 'Niyogadipatis
(నియోగాదిపతులు)'.
○ In his work, Shivdevaiah mentioned that the entire administration was
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divided into 72 niyogas (departments).

● Kreedabhiramam (క్రీడాభిరామం):
○ Written by - Vinukonda Vallabharaya
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○ Kreedabhiramam is a street play.

○ This book depicts the town of Warangal, the capital of the Kakatiyas.
○ It Shows the city life, social, economic and religious conditions of the
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Kakatiya period.
○ It Mentions the various caste groups and their occupations during the
Kakatiya period.
○ The description of the streets of Ekasila city, the streets of
Velipalem, Medavivada, Angadividi, Mattiyavada (Mettavada) etc. is
mentioned in Kreedabhiramam.

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 ○ In Kreedabhiramam, the clock in the fort walls, meals at the
Pootakooti illulu, puppet shows, courtesans, singers, cockfights,
bommalata etc. are described exhaustively.
○ It mentions Kakatamma temple in Warangal.
● Shivayogasaram (శివయోగసారం):
○ Written by- Kolanu Ganapathi Deva in Telugu.
○ This is the only book that informs about the Induluri Nayakas who

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were in the court of the Kakatiyas.
○ This text says that Annamayya, a leader of the Induluri vamsha,
married Rudramadevi's 3rd daughter and served as a soldier and
minister during the reign of Rudramadevi and Prataparudra.
● Neetisaram (నీతిసారం):
KH
○ Written by - Rudradeva in Sanskrit (Political Text)
○ In this book, Nayankara policy features and responsibilities are
clearly explained.
○ It is said that only small villages were given to the vassals by keeping
the large villages that generated income to feed the Chaturanga
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forces and fill the royal treasury.

○ Told about the political conditions, customs, liberality towards foreign
traders and economic conditions of the Kakatiya period.
○ Some verses of this book are found in Madiki Singhana's Sakala
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Neethisaram.
● Pratapa Rudra Charitra:
○ Written by - Ekamranatha (ఏకామ్రనాధుడు) in Telugu.
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○ Mentions about many castes and professions during the Kakatiya

period.
○ Mentions about 18 caste groups called Ashtadasa Praja.
○ It says that Swayambhu temple in Orugallu fort was built by Prolaraja
II.

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 ○ It is known from Ekamranatha's Pratapa Rudra Charitra that
Yadava king Mahadeva was defeated by Rudramadevi and gave crores
of gold to make peace with her.
■ Rudramadevi built “Vijaya Stambha” in Orugallu fort in the
backdrop of this victory.
● Neetishastra Muktavali (నీతిశాస్త ్ర ముక్తా వళి) / Neetisaram:
○ Written by - Baddena (బద్దెన) in Telugu.

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○ A Telugu treatise on political science. Mentions about the nature of
Rajdharma, administration etc.
● Nritya Ratnavali (నృత్య రత్నావళి):
○ Written by - Jayapa Senani (Prince of Ayyavamsa) in Sanskrit.
○ This is a characteristic book of dance.

way.
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○ He described the dance styles of the Kakatiya period in a wonderful

○ From this text it is known that the Perini dance developed during the
Kakatiya period.
● Panditaradhya Charitra:
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○ Written by - Palkuriki Somanatha (పాల్కురికి సో మనాధుడు) in Telugu. It

is a Dwipada Grantham.
○ It is about the life history of Panditaradhya, a Shaivite guru.
○ Shaivism of the Kakatiya period and the religious conditions of that
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time are mentioned in this book.

○ In this book he said that many industries have grown along with
agriculture. In this he mentioned about more than 20 garments.
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● Siddhesvara Charitra (సిద్ధేశ్వర చరిత)్ర :

○ Written by - Kase Sarvappa (కాసె సర్వప్ప)
○ Siddeshwara Charitra says that Kandarapuram(కందారపురం) is the
birthplace of Kakatiyas.
○ It is said that the first Kakatiyas embraced and practiced Jainism.

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● Ranganatha Ramayanam:
○ Written by - Gonabuddha Reddy in Telugu.
○ 1st Ramayana in telugu; 1st kavya(poem) written in Dwipada desi
chandassu.
○ The religious conditions of the people, importance of Vaishnavism are
mentioned.
● Andhra Mahabharatam:

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○ Written by - Tikkana Somayaji in Telugu.
○ Dedicated to - Hariharanadha
○ Describes the relationship between Manumasiddhi, the ruler of
Nellore, and Ganapatideva.
● Palnati Veeracharitra:
○ Written by- Srinatha
KH
○ Wrote the story of the Palnadu war.
○ This book tells about the political and social conditions prevailing in
Andhra region during the rule of Rudra Deva.
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● Velugoti vari Vamsavali (వెలుగోటి వారి వంశావళి):

○ Reveals the history of Recherla Velama.
○ This text tells that Recherla Prasaditya defeated the Yadava
rebellion during the time of Rudramadevi and got the titles of
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Rayarajyasthapanacharya (రాయరాజ్యస్థా పనాచార్య) and Raya Pitamahanka

(రాయ పితామహాంక).
○ It is known that the Kakatiyas were attacked under the leadership of
Allauddin Khilji's commanders Malik Fakhruddin Juna and Juna Khan.
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○ Khilji's army was defeated by the Kakatiya army at Upparapalli.

○ Velugoti vari Vamsavali reveals that Kakatiya Senani Potuganti Maili
and Racherla Velama Nayakas are responsible.
● Orugallu Kaifiyat (ఓరుగల్లు కైఫియత్):
○ Kaifiyat means local history.

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 ○ It states that when Rishabhanatha was persecuted by the Eastern
Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra, this Jain monk came to
Hanumakonda and took shelter.
○ It is said that Hanumakonda became an ashram for the Jains who
were dispossessed in the kingdom of the Eastern Chalukyas (who were
followers of Vedic religion).
● Fatush-us-Kajhooini (ఫతుష్-ఉస్-కఝూయిని):

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○ Written by -Amir Khusro (Amir Khusro - is court poet of Allauddin
Khilji )
○ Pratapa Rudra was defeated by Khilji's army in 1309 AD and made
a truce.
○ Pratapa Rudra agreed to pay tax/Kappam every year.
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Amir Khusro stated that Khilji’s commander Malik Kafur transported
the wealth collected from Orugallu on 1000 camels to Delhi.
● Futuh-us-Salatin (ఫుతు- ఉస్ - సలాతిన్):
○ Written by - Abdul Malik Isami (Contemporary of Muhammad Bin
Tughlaq).
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○ This text tells us that Pratapa Rudra was defeated by the Muslim
army.
● The Travels:
○ By - Marco Polo (Venetian traveler)
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○ He visited Kakatiya kingdom during the end of Rudramadevi's rule.

○ He said that there were 100 elephants, 20,000 cavalry and 9 lakh
infantry in Prataparudra's army.
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○ He mentioned that the king had bodyguards called 'Lenkas'.

○ He describes the wealth and economic situation of the Kakatiya
period.
○ He visited Motupalli, the port town of the Kakatiyas.
○ He said that in Mysolia or Machilipatnam, clothes were made that
were appreciated even by the Maharajas.

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 ○ He said that there are diamond mines in the Golconda region.

Inscriptions:

● Magallu Inscription (956 AD):

○ Commissioned by Vengi Chalukyan ruler- Danarnava (దానార్ణ వుడు)
○ Oldest inscription related to the Kakatiyas.
○ It said that the early Kakatiyas were vassals of the Rashtrakutas.

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○ Rashtrakuta King Krishna III intervened in the Eastern Chalukya
succession struggle and supported Danarnava. Gundana was sent to
give him military assistance and he defeated Dananarva's half-brother
Ammaraja and exiled him to Kalinga and installed Dananarva on the
Chalukya throne.

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○ Danarnava commissioned the Magallu inscription in the credit of
Gundana. This inscription mentions the names of 4 kings of the
Kakatiya dynasty.
○ This inscription mentions that the village of Magallu was donated to a
Brahmin named Dommana Sharma as per the wish of Kakartya
Gundana.
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○ Mentions Kakartya Gundana as the progenitor/Mula purusha of the

Kakatiya vamsha.
○ It states that the Kakatiyas belong to the Samantha Vishti vamsha.
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● Bayyaram cheruvu Inscription:

○ Commissioned by - Mailamba(Sister of Ganapati Deva) in Khammam.
○ Mentions the genealogical details of the Kakatiyas.
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○ In the genealogy mentioned in this inscription, it is stated that the

progenitor of Kakatiyas is Vennabhupati of Durjaya clan.
○ In this inscription, Kakartya Gundana is mentioned as Pidigundadu.
○ This inscription mentions the Prolaraja I as Harigajakesari.
● Kazipet Inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Betaraja II

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 ○ According to this inscription, the first of the Kakatiya kings was
Betaraja I.
○ This inscription mentions the achievements & titles of the Betaraja I.
● Kazipet Darga Inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Durgaraja.
○ This inscription mentions that a prominent role was played in the
expeditions of Kalyani Chalukya Somesvara and won his favor and

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obtained Hanamkonda as hereditary right to govern it as vassal.
● Shanigaram (శనిగరం) Inscription (1149 AD):
○ Commissioned by - Betaraja I
○ Last inscription of Kakatiyas as vassals.

Kakatiya Empire. KH
○ Rudradeva, the son of Prolaraja II, is said to be the founder of the

○ The Shanigaram Inscription mentions that the Betaraja I donated to

Yuddhamalla Jeenalaya.
○ According to this inscription Betaraja attacked and occupied Kanchi
on the orders of Chalukya Somesvara I.
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● Hanamkonda Thousand Pillar Temple Inscription (1163 AD):

○ Issued by - Rudradeva
○ Mentions the military victories of Prolaraja II, Rudradeva.
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○ In 1163 AD, Rudra Deva declared independence.

○ This inscription declares that the Kakatiyas became independent.
○ Betaraja II is said to have been a disciple of Pandita Rameswara who
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was the head of Mallikarjuna Shilamatha at Srisailam.

○ It is known that a village called Vaijanapalli (Shivapuram) was donated
to Rameswara Pandit.
○ Rameswara Pandit was a scholar in Lakuleswara Agama Maha
Siddhanta.
● Motupalli Abhaya Inscription (1124 AD):

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 ○ Commissioned by- Ganapati Deva
○ It assures all kinds of protection to foreign traders.
○ Mentions the trading activities of the Kakatiya period.
○ Motupalli is mentioned as Deshikonda (దేశీయకొండ).
○ Venetian traveler Marco Polo - visited Motupalli during the reign of
Rudramadevi.
● Jannigadeva’s Durgi inscription:

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○ Commissioned by - Rudramadevi’s Senani Kayastha Jannigadeva
(జన్నిగదేవ).
○ Reveals that Lord Ganapati Deva, even though retired from royal
affairs, advised Rudrama Devi in the administration of the kingdom till
1269 AD.

details.
KH
○ This inscription tells about the coronation of Rudramadevi and other

● Malkapuram Inscription (1261 AD):

○ Commissioned by - Rudrama Devi
○ In this inscription there is a mention of Vidya Mandapas of that time.
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○ The details of the Shaivite Gurus of Golaki Mutt have been given.
○ According to this inscription, it is mentioned that Rudrama Devi
donated the village Mandaram to Visvesvaradeva.
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○ The details of the Shuddha Shaiva Math built by Rajguru Visvesvara

Sambhu are given.
○ Tells about temple management, maternity hospitals, Annadana
Satram.
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● Chandupatla inscription (27 November 1289):

○ Commissioned by - Rudramadevi’s Senani Mallikarjuna Bantu Puvvala
Mummadi.
○ It is stated that Rudrama Devi died trying to suppress the rebellion
of Kayastha Ambadeva.

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 ○ The inscription mentions that a Bantu (soldier) named Puvvala
Mummadi donated some land to Somanathadeva.
● Bidar fort Inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Recherla Prasaditya.
○ He was Senani of Rudrama Devi and assisted her in ascending the
throne.
○ This inscription mentions Queen Rudrama Devi as Rayagajakesari

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(రాయగజకేసరి).
● Terala(తేరాల) inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Pratapa Rudra
○ This inscription indicates that the coins bearing Dayagajakesari mudra
were minted by Pratapa Rudra.
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● Vilasa Copper plate (విలాస తామ్ర) Inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Prolaya Nayaka.
○ Describes the Muslim invasions of the Kakatiya period.
○ Tells about the fall of the Kakatiyas.
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○ Pratapa Rudra II, the last of the Kakatiyas, committed suicide by

jumping into the Narmada river.
● Mattivada Inscription:
○ Commissioned by - Ganapati Deva.
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○ Specifies the duties levied on various articles of trade.

● Kaluvacheru (కలువచేరు) Inscription (1423 AD):
○ Commissioned by - Reddy Rani Anithalli.
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○ It is said that the Turks invaded Warangal 8 times.

○ This inscription shows that the Kakatiyas were defeated at the hands
of the Muslims and became extinct.
○ This inscription mentions Prolaya Vemareddy as Panta
Vamsodbhavudu (పంట వంశోద్భవుడు).
● Salakalaveedu (సలకలవీడు) Inscription (1317 AD):

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 ○ Commissioned by – Pratapa Rudra II
○ This inscription states that the village Salakalaveedu was donated to
the Sri Ranganatha Devaswami temple as a mark of his victory over
the Pandyas.
○ This statute deals with various types of taxes.

Political History

● Kakartya Gundana / Gundyana(కాకర్త ్య గుండన):

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○ Mula Purusha of Kakatiyas.
○ He was the Rashtrakuta King Krishna III's senani mentioned in the
Magallu inscription.
○ Gundana ruled the Korivi region as a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.

Pidigundadu.
KH
○ In the Bayyaram inscription of Mailamba, he is mentioned as

○ After the collapse of the Rashtrakuta kingdom in 973 AD, it was

replaced by the Chalukya kingdom of Kalyani.
○ Kakartya Gundana, a vassal of the Rashtrakutas, did not recognize the
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authority of Chalukya Tailapa.

○ Gundyana died in the battle with Viriyala Erra ( senani of Tailapa II).
○ His son was Betaraja I.
● Betaraja I (1000-52 AD):
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○ As per Kazipet inscription - he ruled Hanamkonda as a vassal of the

Western Chalukyas.
○ Source: Shanigaram Inscription (Karimnagar), Kazipet Inscription
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○ He attacked Kanchi on the orders of Chalukya Somesvara and

occupied it.
○ His titles: Kakati Puradhinadha, Chodakshmapala
○ His minister: Narayanayya restored Jinalayam built by Yuddhamalla
(Chola) at Shanigaram.
● Prolaraja I (1052-76 AD):

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 ○ He played a prominent role in the expeditions of the Kalyani Chalukya
Somesvara, won his favor, and obtained the status of a vassal with
hereditary rights over the subject of Hanamkonda.
○ The Western Chalukya king who gave the subject/Vishaya of
Hanmakonda to him - Someswara I.
○ The inscription stating that Hanumakonda was acquired as subject by
hereditary rights - Kazipet inscription.

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○ Hanumakonda was the capital of the Kakatiya kingdom since then.
○ He was the first to imprint the Varaha mudra on coins.
○ His Guru: Rameswara.
○ Ponds built by him: Kesari Samudram (Kesamudram) ; Jagat Kesari
Samudram.
KH
○ His titles: Arigajakesari (as per Bayyaram inscription) ; Kakatiya
Vallabha, Samadhigatha Pancha Mahasabda.
○ Prolaraja I accompanied Kalyani Chalukya ruler Vikramaditya-VI in his
invasions & earned the title Samadhigatha Pancha Mahasabda.
● Betaraja II (1076-1108 AD):
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○ Vikramaditya-VI of the Western Chalukya gave him 1000 villages in

Sabbi Mandalam as a gift, because he assisted him in his invasions.
○ He built a city near Hanamkonda - Shivapuram (in honor of his Guru
Rameswara Pandita - Pitadhipati of Srisaila Mallikarjuna) &
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constructed Beteswara temple in it.

○ Betaraja-II took Shiva diksha from his guru. It was from his time
the Kakatiyas became Shaivites.
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○ His titles: Vikramachakriya, Tribhuvanamalla, Mahamandaleshwara

○ Kazipet Inscription was issued by him.
○ His minister: Vaijandadeesha.
○ He built the Proleshwara temple on his father’s name at Hanamkonda,
he dug the tank by the name Settekereya near Warangal.
● Durgaraja (1108-1116 AD):

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 ○ Eldest son of Betaraja II; issued Kazipet Darga inscription.
○ According to this inscription, he gifted the Beteshwara temple but by
his father to his Shaivite guru Rameshwara Dikshita.
● Prolaraja II (1116-1157 AD):
○ Titles - Mahamandaleshwara, Daaridraya Vidravana (దారిద్య్ర విద్రా వణ)
○ Famous among the early Kakatiyas. He was the last ruler among
feudatory Kakatiyas.

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○ Source: Hanmakonda inscription of his son Rudradeva.
○ Defeated Paramara Jaggadeva and won his first victory.
○ He extended the empire up to Srisailam and erected a pillar of victory
there.

KH
○ During his period only, construction of Orugallu fort was started
(Chintaluri copper plate inscription). Later the construction of the
fort took place during the time of Rudradeva & Ganapati Deva.
○ He waged a war with Velanati Rajendra Chola.
○ He issued Shanigaram inscription and Padmakshi temple inscription.
○ Prolaraju-II took various measures for development of agriculture and
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to alleviate the poverty by this he earned the title “Daaridraya

Vidravana”.
○ Temples built by him in Orugallu - Swayambhu Temple, Siddeshwara
Temple, Padmakshi Temple.
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○ His minister: Betanamatya (Jain devotee), Bethana’s wife Mailama

built a Jain temple called Kadalalaya basadi at Hanamkonda.
○ Rudradeva, son of Prolaraja-II ascended the throne after him,
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according to the Draksharamam inscription (1158 AD) issued by

Inangala Brahmi Reddy, Minister of Prolaraja-II.

Independent Kakatiya rulers

● Rudradeva (or) Prataparudra I (1158-1195 AD):

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 ○ He declared complete independence in 1163 AD and became the 1st
independent ruler of the Kakatiyas.
○ The thousand-pillared temple inscription of Hanumakonda issued by
him, records his declaration of sovereignty and initiation of
independent rule.
■ According to this inscription Rudradeva was a feudatory king
from 1158 – 1162 A.D and he ruled independently from 1163 to
1195 A.D.

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○ “Ganapampa Ganapavaram inscription” is also issued by him.
○ It was from this period that the control of the Western Chalukyas
over the Kakatiyas came to an end.
○ His titles: Vinaya Vibhushana (Draksharamam inscription), Vidya

○ Evidences:
KH
Bhushana, Daaya Gaja Kesari, Kavi Bhasha Poshakudu.

■ Hanumakonda Inscription (Written by- Achitendra, son of

Rameshwara Dikshitulu)
■ Draksharamam inscription ( issued by Inangala Brahmi Reddy )
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○ His first invasion was on Dhomma Rajyam.

○ In the Western Chalukya Kingdom, after Tailapa III, Bijjala of
Kalachuri ruled over these regions. When Rudradeva refused this,
Bijjalu sent an army under the leadership of his son Mailigi deva.
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○ In the battle of Vardhamanapura, Rudradeva defeated them and

merged Nagunur and Polavasa kingdom into Kakatiya kingdom.
○ Senapati Vellanki Gangadhara, who was instrumental in the success of
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this war, was appointed as Sabbinadu's representative.

■ Vellanki Gangadhara (Vaishnava devotee) built Prasanna Kesava
Temple at Hanamkonda.
○ Rudradeva built the Rudra Samudra tank in Panagallu and named it as
Udaya Samudra.

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 ○ He built the city of Orugallu (Ekasila nagaram) and made it capital
of his kingdom.
○ Rudradeva's contemporary Shaivite Guru - Mallikarjuna Pandita.
○ Rudradeva took up the construction of Orugallu fort and moved the
capital from Hanmakonda to Orugallu.
○ Rudradeva's work - Neetisaram (in Sanskrit).
○ According to Pillalamarri Narayana Reddy inscription (1196 A.D.),

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Rudradeva himself was a poet and he adorned poets and was like
“Kalpataru” ( a wish granting tree) for poets and educationalists.
○ In the year 1163 A.D. Rudradeva constructed the Thousand pillars
temple / Hazar Sathun/ Rudreshwara Aalayam/ Trikuteshwara
Alayam in Hanamkonda.

KH
■ For the maintenance of this temple, he donated “Maddi
cheruvu” village.
○ He adopted Ganapatideva, the son of his brother Mahadeva.
○ The Kakatiya-Yadava (Sevana) conflict started during Rudradeva's
reign.
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○ Rudradeva gave a title Kota Gelpata to his army Chief Malya katiya
for conquering Dharani fort.
○ Rudra deva died in the battle with Yadava king Jaitugi in the year
1195 AD. This is mentioned in the book “Vrata Kanda” written by
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Hemadri.
● Mahadeva (1195-99 AD):
○ Rudradeva was childless & thus succeeded by his brother Mahadeva.
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○ The Khandavalli copper Inscription of Prataparudra reveals about

Mahadeva.
○ His son -Ganapati Deva; His queen - Bayyamba
○ Daughters:
■ Mailamba ■ Kundamamba
○ Invaded the kingdom of Yadavas who killed his brother (Rudradeva).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Mahadeva died in a battle with Jaitrapala.
○ Kakatiya vassals rebelled in the kingdom during the time when
Ganapati Deva was held captive by the Yadavas.
○ Recharla Rudra, a vassal of the Kakatiyas, suppressed the rebellions
in the kingdom and saved the Kakatiya kingdom from disintegration.
■ He showed his loyalty by safely handing over the kingdom of
Kakatiya to Ganapati Deva.

AN
■ By this Recherla Rudra was given the title: Kakatiya
Rajyabharadhoureeya.
○ Mahadeva's Saivism Guru was Dhruveshwara Pandita.
● Ganapati Deva (1199-1262 AD):
○ The most valiant of the Kakatiyas. The great Ganapati Deva united all
KH
the Telugu people and ruled Telangana and Andhra with Warangal as
the capital for the longest time (63 years) among the Kakatiya
emperors.
○ Inscriptions say that he was released from the captivity of Yadavas
and ruled from 1199 AD.
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○ As a result of the efforts of Recherla Rudra, Yadava king Jaitugi not

only released Ganapati from prison but also gave his daughter
Somaladevi in marriage.
○ He completed the construction of Orugallu fort and completely
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shifted the capital from Hanumakonda to Orugallu in 1254 AD.

○ The first inscription related to his administration (dated 26th
December 1199 AD) was Manthena inscription found in Peddapalli
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district.
■ Manthena inscription of 1199 AD states that Ganapati Deva has
a title: ”Sakala Desha Pratishtapanacharya”.
○ After Mahadeva's death, Ganapati Deva was crowned by Recherla
Rudra, who saved the turbulent Kakatiya kingdom from internal
rebellions during Ganapati Deva's captivity.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Hence the titles of 'Rajyabhara Thireyudu(రాజ్యభార థీరేయుడు)'
and ‘Kakatiya Rajya Samardhudu (కాకతీయ రాజ్య సమర్ధు డు)’ were
given to Recherla Rudra.
○ Ganapati Deva's Military Achievements:
■ During his long administration of 63 years, army chiefs,
Recherla Rudra and Malyala Chouda (మల్యాల చౌడ) played a vital
role in his victories.

AN
■ Ganapati deva did not directly incorporate all the kingdoms
occupied by him into his empire. He recognized the rulers of
some kingdoms as vassals.
■ He established marital relations with some others. This is how
he demonstrated his politics. After improving his situation in

Andhra.
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the capital, Ganapati Deva turned his attention to coastal

■ The Kakatiya armies under the leadership of Malyala Chouda

invaded an island on the Krishna River.
■ When the Kakatiyas conquered the territory held by Ayya
dynasty's descendant Pina Chouda, Ganapati Deva gave his
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senani Malaya Chouda the titles of Dweepakalunthaka

(ద్వీపకలుంఠకుడు) and Divichurakara (దివి చూరకారుడు) as a mark of
winning Diviseema war.
■ Kondaparthi inscription of Malyala Chouda dated 1203 AD
IY

describes this victory.

■ Without including this territory in his kingdom, Ganapati Deva
made Pina Chouda a vassal and married his daughters Narama
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and Perama.
■ Moreover, Pina Chouda's son Jayapa Senani was appointed as
'Gajasahini' by Ganapati Deva.
■ In those days the most powerful kingdom in coastal Andhra
region was Velanati kingdom. Its ruler was Prithveeshwara.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ According to the Bejawada inscription commissioned by
Ganapati Deva's brother-in-law Satavadi Rudra, the forces of
Ganapati Deva invaded the kingdom of Prithveeshwara ruling the
coastal Andhra region and achieved victory.
■ To mark this victory, inscriptions describe Ganapati Deva as
Prithveeswara Shirah Khandika Krida Vinoda (పృథ్వీశ్వర
శిరఃఖండిక క్రీడా వినోద) -(who played with the ball called
Prithveeswara's head).

AN
■ According to the Chebrolu inscription of 1213 AD, Ganapati
Deva appointed Jayapasenapati as the ruler of Velanadu.
○ Southern Invasions:
■ After the death of Manumasiddhi I, the ruler of Nellore,

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Ganapati Deva helped his son Tikkabhupala / Tikkasiddhi
become the ruler of Nellore.
■ For this, Tikkasiddhi gave Marjavadi area (Kadapa district) to
Ganapati Deva. Ganapati Deva appointed Gangaiah Sahini as his
representative for this region.
■ After Tikkasiddhi's death 'Vijayaganda Gopala' became the
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Lord of Nellore with the help of others. Thus, Manumasiddhi

II, the son of Tikkasiddhi, sent his court poet Tikkana
Somayaji as an ambassador seeking the help of Ganapatideva.
■ Ganapati Deva sent his vassal Bhoja, who defeated Vijayaganda
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Gopala and made Manumasiddhi II the ruler.

■ For this, Manumasiddhi II gave the port of 'Motupalli' to
Ganapati Deva. Ganapati Deva developed the Motupalli port as
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an international port.
■ For the protection of the domestic & foreign traders, Ganapati
Deva issued Motupalli inscription (1244 AD) and appointed
Siddaya Deva as an officer.
● It is also called Motupalli Abhaya Sasanam.
● Motupalli is also called Deshiya Kondapuram.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Wars with Pandyas:
■ In 1263 AD the Pandya forces led by Jatavarma Veera Pandya
reached 'Muthukuru' near Nellore.
■ A battle took place between the Kakatiya armies led by
Ganapati Deva who came to the aid of Manumasiddhi II, the
ruler of Nellore, and the Pandya armies. Ruler of Nellore lost
his life in this battle and Nellore became a part of Pandya
kingdom.

AN
■ In this way, Ganapati Deva experienced a defeat that he
never knew during his 63-year reign in the 'Battle of
Muthukuru (1262 AD)'.
■ With this defeat, Ganapati Deva left the burden of managing

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the kingdom and handed over the administrative responsibilities
to his daughter Rudrama Devi.
■ The wars fought by Ganapati Deva and his victories were
written on Iragavaram pillar inscription.
■ The inscriptions which tells about the Southern victories of
Ganapati Deva are:
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● Chebrolu inscription (1228 A.D.) – Recharla Rudra

● Ganapeshwara inscription (1231 A.D.) – by Jayapa Senani
○ Kalinga conquest:
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■ Ganapati Deva’s army chief Induluri Somaya mantri led

Kakatiya forces to victory against Kalinga ruler Aniyanka
Bheema III.
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■ With the conquest of Cuttack, Ganapati Deva assumed the title:

‘Chodakataka Churakara’.
○ Glory of Ganapati Deva:
■ Ganapati Deva had matrimonial relations with various royal
families.
■ He has no son. His daughters- Rudrama and Ganapamba

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Rudrama Devi was given in marriage to Veerabhadra, the ruler
of Nidadavolu.
■ He married the second daughter Ganapamba to Kota Betana of
the Dhanyakataka.
■ His title: Raya Gajakesari.
■ Ganapati Deva completed the construction of Orugallu fort,
whose foundations were laid by Rudradeva. Four stone

AN
structures were constructed on four sides of Orugallu fort by
Ganapati Deva.
● Orugallu was called ‘Ekasilanagaram’ in Sanskrit &
‘Ontikonda’ in telugu.
■ He also built “Sahasralingalayam” in Orugallu.

KH
■ During his period, the tax collected from beggars & Prostitutes
was known as “Ganachari tax”.
■ During his period Panditaradhya, Palakurthi Somanatha had
spread Veera Shaivam.
● Ganapati Deva’s spiritual Guru was Vishweswara Shambu.
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■ He maintained friendly relations with his neighbouring Yadava

ruler Singana and his descendants.
■ Ganapati Deva issued Jamalapuram inscription in 1202 A.D.
■ Tanks built during the period of Ganapati Deva: Palampet
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tank, Laknavaram tank, Ganapavaram tank, Nellore tank,

Dharmasagar tank, Valugu tank.
○ Titles of Ganapati Deva:
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■ Andhradheesa (ఆంధ్రా ధీశుడు)

■ Sakala Desha Pratisthapanacharya (సకలదేశ ప్రతిష్ఠా పనాచార్య)
■ Choda Kataka Churakara (చోడ కటక చురాకార)
■ Prithveeswara (పృథ్వీశ్వర)
■ Kreeda Vinodha (క్రీడా వినోధ)
■ Rayagajakesari (రాయగజకేసరి)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Important persons during the reign of Ganapati Deva:
■ Gangaiah Sawhney:
● He was appointed by Ganapati Deva as “Bahattara
Niyogadipati”.
● His titles: Mandalika Brahmarakshasa, Rakkesa Ganga
and Gandapendera.
■ Prolabhima Nayaka:

AN
● He was the minister of Ganapati Deva.
● His titles: Aaruvela Dooshaka (Six thousand Dooshaka),
Kanchi Choorakara.
■ Jayapa Senani:

KH
● He worked as the head of elephantry.
● His title: Vyrigodhar Paruttu.
■ Malyala Choda:
● He was senani of Ganapati Deva.
● Malaya Choda & his son Katama played an important role
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in Ganapati Deva’s Diviseema & Velanadu conquests.

■ Induluri Somaya mantri:
● He was one of the important ministers of Ganapati Deva.
● He played a crucial role in the Kalinga war(1212 AD).
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● Rudrama Devi (1262-1289 AD):

○ Evidences:
■ Malkapuram inscription (Guntur) by her
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■ Ambadeva's Attirala Inscription

■ Kayastha Jennigadeva - Durgi inscription
■ Chandupatla (Nalgonda) inscription
○ Rudrama Devi was the first female ruler in South India and the only
female ruler among the Kakatiyas.
○ She came to the kingdom with the title Rudradeva Maharaja.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Mother, Father - Somamba, Ganapati Deva
○ Her husband: Chalukya Veerabhadra (Ruler of Nidadavolu )
○ Daughters:
■ Ruyyamma: Her husband is Induluri Nayaka.
■ Mummadamma: Her husband is Mahadeva.
● Their son - Pratapa Rudra II.
■ Rudrama: Ellanadeva (Yadava prince) was her husband.

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○ Rudrama is named as Patnodhruthi(పట్ణో ధృతి) - by Kayastha
Jennigadeva(కాయస్థ జెన్నిగదేవ) (in the Durgi Inscription).
○ The half brothers who opposed her were - Harihara deva and Murari
deva.

KH
○ Recherla Prasaditya was the general of the army who defeated them
and put Rudramadevi on the throne.
■ Titles of Recherla Prasaditya:
● Kakatiya Rajya Sthapanacharya (కాకతీయ రాజ్య స్థా పనాచార్య)
● Raya Pitamahanka/ Raya Sthapanacharya (రాయ
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పితామహంక/ రాయస్థా పనాచార్య)

○ The neighbouring kingdoms during Rudrama Devi’s time were Eastern
Gangas, Yadavas and Pandyas.
○ Soldiers of Rudramadevi who defeated Banudeva I, the Eastern Ganga
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king of Kalinga:
■ Prolaya Nayaka ■ Pottipa Nayaka
○ Thus the Godavari river became the boundary between the Kakatiya &
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Ganga kingdoms.
○ Rudramadevi Senapati - Annaladeva
○ It is known from Pratapa Rudra Charitra that when Rudramadevi
defeated the Yadava king Mahadeva & shunted out enemies upto
Devagiri fort. He made a treaty by giving crores of gold and
Rudramadevi distributed the money to her troops and erected a
victory pillar in Orugallu fort.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ In this battle the important role was played by Sinda Bhairava,
who was the Army chief of Rudrama devi.
■ The Bidar fort inscription of Rudrama Devi describes this
victory.
○ According to Ekamranatha's Pratapa Rudra Charitra, Malkapuram
Inscription & Bidar fort inscription- Rudrama Devi got the title -
Rayagajakesari with this victory.

AN
○ As a symbol of this victory, coins bearing Varaha symbol were found in
Racha Pattanam(రాచ పట్ట ణం)(Krishna District).
○ There were some Yadava leaders among Kakatiya vassals. Among them
was Sarangapani Deva (vassal), who was the paternal father of
Yadavaraja Mahadeva.

KH
○ To mark her victory over Mahadeva, Rudramadevi built a beautiful
Ranga Mandapa for her Kula daivam Swayambhu deva.
○ “Chandupatla inscription” of Puvvalamummadi explains about the
death of Rudrama Devi.
○ According to Chandupatla inscription (27th Nov, 1289 A.D.), Nalgonda
district, Rudrama Devi and her chief Mallikarjuna lost their lives
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while suppressing the rebel Kayastha Ambadeva.

■ Ambadeva was the feudatory king of Kakatiyas.
■ Rudrama devi died in “Tripuranthakam battle”.
IY

■ Ambadeva issued “Tripuranthakam inscription” which explains

his victories.
○ Rudrama Devi’s Army chief, Prime Minister was “Induluri Annadeva”.
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○ Greatness of Rudrama Devi:

■ Rudrama Devi proved to be a worthy daughter of Ganapati Deva
with her strength and bravery.
■ Rudrama assumed her father's title of 'Rayagajakesari'.
■ She repaired Orugallu fort and built stairs inside the stone
fort.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Marco Polo (Venice), a pilgrim visited Motupalli during the reign
of Rudrama Devi.
■ Marco Polo's book "The Travels" (in this book he describes the
trade and commercial industries of this kingdom.)
■ The original name of Motupalli is Desiya Konda Pattanam
(దేశీయ కొండ పట్ట ణం).
■ It appears that Marco Polo took 7 yards of saree in a matchbox.

AN
■ Rudrama devi introduced the “Nayankara system” during her
reign.
● Kayastha lineage (కాయస్థ వంశం):
○ Founder of Vamsa : Gangaya Sahini (First Bhasagattara
Niyogadhipati).
KH
○ The rulers of Kadapa (Murjavadi) who were initially loyal to Rudrama
Devi were the Kayastha Jannigadeva. After them Tripuraris (Vasals)
were loyal to the Queen.
○ Their Kingdom: Pakanadu
○ Kayastha Jennigadeva ruled after Gangaya Sahini.
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○ Kayastha Ambadeva who came to rule after Jennigadeva and revolted

against Rudrama Devi.
○ Kayastha Ambadeva, who came to the kingdom in AD 1272, set out to
establish an independent Kayastha kingdom.
IY

■ His titles:
● Kadava Raya Vidhvamsaka - after killing Koppera Jingunni
● Raya Sahasramalla - after occupying the kingdoms of
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Rudramadevi
● Devagiri Rajyasthapita- After victory over Devagiri
○ He allied with the Pandyas and the Yadavas and defeated 75 leaders
of the Kakatiyas.
○ Rudrama herself set out with Mallikarjuna Senani to suppress
Ambadeva's rebellion.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Rudrama died in the battle at Tripurantakam (Nellore district).
○ Rudrama Devi was killed by Ambadeva according to the Chandupatla
inscription of Puvvalamummadi.
○ This inscription mentions Mallikarjuna’s servant -Puvvala Mummadi
donated some lands to Somnath temple & issued Chandupatla
inscription.
● Pratapa Rudra II (1289-1323 AD):

AN
○ Since Rudramadevi had no male child, her eldest daughter
Mummadamma’s son Pratapa Rudra II ascended the throne with the
title of “Kumara Rudradeva”.
○ After the death of Rudramadevi, Pratapa Rudra ascended the throne
in 1289 AD. During the reign of Pratapa Rudra II, the power of the

KH
Kakatiyas reached a high level and also declined during his reign.
○ His titles: Daya gajakesari, Muru Rayara Ganda, Kumara Rudra,
Veera Rudra.
○ Kayastha Ambadeva & his son Tripurari II, who declared
independence during Rudrama Devi's time, did not accept the
sovereignty of Pratapa Rudra II.
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○ Pratapa Rudra II reformed the Nayankara system to suppress

Ambadeva and restore the prestige of the Kakatiya dynasty.
○ Observing this, Ambadeva entered into an alliance with the Pandya
IY

kings in the south and the Yadavas in the north.

○ Pratapa Rudra II made ‘Trimukha plan’ & sent an army against these
three in 1291 AD under the leadership of Kolani Somanamantri's son
Munumagannayya and Induluri Annayya Deva .
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○ Ambadeva was defeated in this battle and fled to Mulikanadu.

Ambadeva's kingdom was merged into Kakatiya kingdom.
■ As a mark of this victory Induluri Annadeva issued an
inscription in Tripuranthakam.
○ Invasion of Nellore: Pandyas who came to aid King of Nellore
Rajaganda Gopala were defeated.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ During the time of establishing stable conditions in his empire, the
invasions of the Turks were encountered.
○ During Pratapa Rudra – II period, “Singama Nayaka” established
independent “Anegondi” kingdom on the banks of Tungabhadra river.
■ Capital of Anegondi was “Kampili”.
■ Pratapa Rudra – II invaded Anegondi and made Singama Nayaka
as his feudatory king.

AN
○ During his time Machaladevi was an artist (painter).
○ Sammakka, Sarakka were the tribes who fought against the rule of
Pratapa Rudra II who imposed forced taxes on tribes.

Pratapa Rudra II's court poets and artists

Vidyanath
KH
Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam, Alankara Sastra
grantham(Sanskrit Language)

Agastya Bala Bharatam, Nalakeerti Kaumudi (నలకీర్తి కౌముది), Krishna

charitra
AZ

Marana (మారన) Markandeya puranam (1st telugu puranam)

Mallinatha wrote commentaries on Kalidasa books

Viddanacharya Prameeya Charchamrutam

IY

Turkish invasions on Orugallu:

● Evidences that Turkish invasions on Orugallu took place 8 times:
R

○ Vidyanatha - Pratapa Rudra Yashobhushanam

○ Prolaya Nayaka - Vilasa copper inscription
○ Anithalli - Kaluva cheruvu inscription
● The evidence that these invasions took place only 5 times:
○ Works by Amir khusro & Ferishta

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Works by Abdul Wasaf
● According to Muslim historians 5 invasions took place.
● First Invasion (1303 AD):
○ Delhi Sultan of this period – Allauddin Khilji
○ Malik Fakhruddin Juna, general of Allauddin Khilji, was defeated by
the Kakatiya army in the Battle of Upparapally (Karimnagar).
○ First invasion of muslim rulers on Orugallu.

AN
○ Velagoti vari vamsavali tells about this invasion.
○ Kakatiya army chief “Potuganti Maili” and “Vennama” son of Recharla
Prasaditya displayed great skills and power to win this battle.
● Second Invasion (1309-1310 AD):

was Malik Kafur.

KH
○ The Delhi Sultan of this period was Allauddin Khilji, whose commander

○ In 1309, Allahuddin Khilji's general "Malik Kafur" attacked Warangal

and defeated Pratapa Rudra II and Kakatiyas were made
feudatories to Delhi Sultans.
■ Kakatiyas became feudatories to Delhi Sultans for the 1st
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time in the year 1309.

○ After Allahuddin Khillji's death in 1316 AD, his son Mubarak Khilji
became Delhi Sultan.
● 3rd Invasion(1316 AD):
IY

○ Sultan of Delhi - Mubarak Khilji (1316-20 AD)

○ The leader of the attack was Khusru Khan.
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○ Pratapa Rudra II refused to be a vassal to the Delhi Sultans, taking

advantage of the turbulent conditions in North India and stopped the
Kappam.
○ Pratapa Rudra II was again defeated and made a truce.
● 4th Invasion (1321-22 AD):
○ Sultan of Delhi - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Attack Leader - Juna Khan / Ulug Khan (Muhammad Bin Tughlaq)
○ A false rumor that Juna Khan's father, Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq had died,
created a stir in the Muslim army. Juna Khan stopped the attacks &
went back to Delhi.
○ The Kakatiya army attacked the Muslim military camps and drove
them all the way to Devagiri.
○ The Kosagi leaders defeated Muhammad Bin Tughlaq & took the title

AN
of ‘Ulgu Khana Saptanga Harana’.
● 5th Invasion (1323 AD):
○ Sultan of Delhi - Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
○ Leader of this attack- Juna Khan / Ulug Khan (Muhammad Bin
Tughlaq)

attacked Orugallu.
KH
○ Juna Khan who was in Devagiri returned with an additional army and

○ Pratapa Rudra II fought heroically for 5 months and surrendered.

○ Bobbareddy was a person who left the army during the war and joined
the enemy side and was indirectly responsible for the defeat of the
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Kakatiyas.
○ Warangal was renamed as Sultanpur by the Sultans of Delhi.
○ The name of officer Gannama Nayaka was changed to Malik Maqbool
and was appointed as the Governor of Sultanpur.
IY

○ Burhanoddin (Jagannatha Pandita Rayalu) was appointed as an

Administrative officer of Sultanpur.
○ The "Vilasa Copper Inscription" issued by Prolaya Nayaka, mentions
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that Pratapa Rudra II jumped into the river Narmada while being
captured by Juna Khan and taken to Delhi.
○ The name given by Amir khusro to Pratapa Rudra II in the context of
war - Ravladdar Dev (రావ్ లడ్డ ర్ దేవ్).

Kakatiyas -Administration

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
● Sources of Kakatiya administration:
○ Sakalaneeti Sammatham- Madiki Singana
○ Neetishastra Muktavali - Baddena
○ Purushardhasaram - Shivadevayya
○ Neethisaram - Rudradeva
● The historian “Bartenstein” described the Administrative system of
Kakatiyas as “Segmentary state” Administration.

AN
● Romila Thaper described Kakatiyas Administration as a Metropolitan system.
● There was a traditional monarchy system during the Kakatiya period.
● During the Kakatiya period, the monarchy was built on decentralized
authority.

KH
● Kakatiyas implemented the system known as “Rajyam Saptanga Samanvita”.
● Apart from being Sudras, they implemented the policies established by the
ancient Politicians / Strategists.
● The Mandalika system is the important policy of Kakatiya’s in which the
Kakatiyas encouraged stronger Mandalikas.
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● The other important feature is the practice of an adopted son becoming

the King / Ruler (Pratapa Rudra – II).
● The book “Sakalaneethi Sammatham” mentions about the “Ashtadasha
Thirdha” officers.
IY

● According to “Neethisaram”, the king should leave his bad habits and give up
evil practices and should read Neethi Grandas.
● Divisions of kingdom:
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○ The king is the supreme authority of the kingdom.

○ For ease of administration the Kakatiyas divided their kingdom as
follows:
■ Kingdom - King
■ Nadus - Niyogas
■ Sthalas - Parupatyam garu (పారుపత్యం గారు)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Gramam - Ayagars (ఆయగార్లు )
○ All these were under the control of the Centre.
○ In the Srisailam inscription of Pratapa Rudra II (1313 AD) there is
a mention of Nadus such as Kammanadu, Subbinadu, Pakanadu, Renadu,
Mulikinadu, Venginadu, Natavadi, Velanadu etc.
○ The Nayankara system was implemented even during the time of
Prataparudra.

AN
○ Army chiefs were appointed as administrative officers to mandals and
sthalas. These rulers were called Nayankaras.
○ These Nayankaras supported the king in times of war by raising a
fixed army from the revenue of their mandals.
○ A group of 24 villages - Sthala

● Council of Ministers:
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○ The last division in governance is the village.

○ The king presides over the meetings of the Council of Ministers.

○ Maha Pradhani is next to the king.
■ Malayala Hemadri Reddy - Mahapradhani of Ganapatideva.
AZ

■ Vellanki Gangadhara - Mahapradhani of Rudramadevi.

■ Mupidi Nayaka - Mahapradhani of Pratapa Rudra II.
○ Important members in the Council of ministers during the Kakatiya
IY

Period:
■ Pradhani ■ Amatya
■ Pragada ■ Minister/Mantri
R

○ Feudal kings also played a vital role in governance affairs.

Important ministers during Kakatiyas

Gaja Sahini Chief of Elephantry

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Sandhi Vigraha Foreign affairs / Minister for Wars

Pragada Incharge of King’s Castle

Pradvivaka Law Minister

Samudritha Regional judicial head

Tirparulu The one who decides the percentage of crop produce to

be given to the government.

AN
Nagara Srikavali Security guard of Castle

Mandaleshwara State Governor

● Niyoga System:
KH
○ Shivadevayya's work Purusharthasara states that the entire
administration is divided into 72 niyogas (departments).
○ The officer in charge of each niyoga is - Niyogadipati.
○ The head of 72 niyogas is - Bahattara Niyogadipati
○ Gangaiah Sawhney held the position of Bahattara Niyogadipathi
AZ

during the time of Ganapatideva, Tripurari & Ponkamallaiah Pragada

during Rudramadevi, Ambadeva Maharaju during Pratapa Rudra II.
● System of Ayagars (Village Administration):
○ The last part of the administration is the village.
IY

○ 12 Ayagars (Panniddaru Ayagandrulu) played a prominent role in

village governance. It is a hereditary post.
○ They received tax-free lands in return for doing village service.
R

○ Ayam means ‘field’. They used to collect a portion of the crop from
the farmers in the name of 'Mera'.
○ There were about 12 Ayagars during the Kakatiya period. They are:

12 Ayagars

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Karanam Reddy Talari Purohita

Kammari Kummari Barber Chakali

(Blacksmith) (Potter) (Mangali) (Laundry)

Vadrangi Vetti Charmakara Kamsali

(Carpenter) (Bonded labour) (Tanners) (Goldsmith)

○ Ayagars acted as mediators between the government and the people.

AN
■ Reddy - He collects land tax & remits to the government.
■ Karanam - He looks after revenue records & various lands in the
village.
■ Talari - maintainer of law and order (Village security guard).

farmers.
KH
■ Neerukattu - The officer who provides pond water to the

■ Vetti - The person who does free service.

● Judicial system:
○ During the Kakatiya period, people's opinions from the village level
AZ

were given utmost importance in judicial decisions.

○ Supreme Judicial Officer – King
○ Judicial support to the king is given by – Pradvivakas (ప్రా డ్వివాకులు)
(judges)
IY

○ Sripadaka - Pradvivaka of Ganapatideva.

○ The court was called Dharmasthanam.
○ During the Kakatiya period the local magistrates were - Mahajanas.
R

○ Courts of the Kakatiya Period:

■ Rajneeti Ratnakaram mentions 4 types of courts:
● Samudrita: A court of law where pradvivakas or ministers
act as judges.
● Pratistita: A temporary court in the capital.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Apratistita: Temporary court in villages.
● Sashita Apratistita: A court where the ruler is the
presiding judge.
○ Mahajans used to set up ad hoc courts for settlement of disputes.
○ Mahajans- were known as the most authentic and most pious in
matters of Dharma.
○ Inscription specifying the criminal punishments of the Kakatiya period

AN
- Markapuram Inscription.
○ Judgments given by the court used to get royal seals and were called
Jayapatras.
■ The kings had special employees called Mudravartas to make
these seals.
KH
○ The inscriptions about the legal disputes of the Kakatiya period were
commissioned by - Ganapatideva.
■ Duggirala Inscription of Ganapati Deva - Guntur District
● This inscription describes the dispute over village
boundaries.
AZ

■ Karimnagar Inscription of Ganapatideva:

● Refers to a dispute between two villages over the rights
of a canal in the villages.
● Military system:
IY

○ The Kakatiyas maintained huge well-trained armies.

○ The army during Pratapa Rudra–II was 9 lakhs. Kakatiyas had a title
“Navalaksha Danurdaradeshas”.
R

○ Neeti Saram explains about the Military force of Kakatiyas.

○ Neetishastra Muktavali written by Baddena, Madiki Singhana’s
Sakala Neeti Sammatam helps to know the military administration of
Kakatiyas.
○ Their army consists of Chaturanga balas: Ashwa (Horses), Gaja
(Elephants), Ratha ( Charioteers) and Kalbala (foot soldiers).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Army Chiefs were known as Gajasahini, Ashwasahini.
○ During Ganapatideva's time:
■ Aswasahini (head of Aswa dalam) - Gangaya Sahini
■ Gajasahini (head of Gaja dalam)- Jayapa Senani
○ Gajasahini during Prataparudra's time - Bendapudi Annayya
○ Kakatiya army was divided into 2 categories:
■ Moolabalam or Emperor's army - Main force

AN
■ Nayankara army - Samanta Sainyam
○ Kakatiyas also gave importance to the protection of the forts. There
were four types of forts such as Vana, Giri, Stala and Jala.
○ The weapons for soldiers were manufactured at a place known as
“Mehariwada”.
KH
○ Kakatiya’s used to offer Pooja at “Ekaveera” temple in Mogicherla
before going to the battlefield.
● Nayankara System:
○ Army chiefs were appointed as administrative officers for Sthalas
AZ

(mandals). These rulers are called Nayankars. Each Nayankar would

undertake the protection of each Durga.
○ Kings would give lands to Nayankars in return for their services.
○ Texts on Nayankara system:
IY

■ Neetisaram ■ Pratapacharitra
○ Nayankaras supported the emperor in times of war by raising an
army out of the revenue generated in their mandals.
R

○ It is similar to the Jagirdari System.

○ The place which was under the control of Nayankars was known as
“Amaram”.
○ This Nayankara system is known with different names in different
Kingdoms.
■ Vijayanagara Kingdom – Amara Nayankara System

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Delhi Sultans – Iqta System
■ Mughals – Mansabdari System
○ It was introduced by Rudrama Devi (during the period of
Ganapatideva), Pratapa Rudra strengthened this system.
○ According to Ekamranatha’s Pratapa Rudra Charita, during Pratapa
rudra’s period there were 77 Nayankars.
○ Pratapa Rudra placed one-fourth of the land in his kingdom under the

AN
control of Nayankaras. They had to pay Kappam/tax to the king
regularly.
● Lenkas:
○ During the Kakatiya period, the personal bodyguards hired by the
kings were called Lenkas.
KH
○ Protecting the king is their dharma. If they went to the battlefield
with the king and he died, they would also kill themselves and follow
the king.

Kakatiyas- Economic Conditions

AZ

● Contemporary historians and foreign travelers like Barani, Islami, Ferishta,

Marco Polo have described the economic conditions of the Kakatiyas.
● The book 'The Wonders of the East' written by Friar Jordanus who was
in India from 1323 to 1330 AD reveals the economic conditions of that time.
IY

● The main occupation of Kakatiyas is agriculture. It was done through Lakes/

tanks.
● Agricultural land is divided into 2 types namely Magani(మాగాణి) - wet land and
R

Metta (మెట్ట)- dry land.

○ Magani land was subdivided into Neerunela (crops growing land) &
Tontanela (garden land).
○ Metta- 1crop; Magani- 2 crops; Velipolam - Barrenland
○ మాగాణి అనగా సారవంతమైన పుష్కలంగా నీటి సౌకర్యం గల వ్యవసాయ భూమి.
○ మెట్ట భూమి అంటే నీటి వసతి లేని భూమి వర్షా ధర పంటలు పండుతాయి.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
● Irrigated lands were known as Achukattu lands.
● The tax levied on these lands is Ari Pannu (అరి పన్ను)
● Newly cultivated land - Podu.
● Aromatic rice was grown in the Orugallu region during the Kakatiya period.
○ The varieties of Paddy were “ Rajanna Shouli, Kalamu, Shiramukhi and
Pathanga Hoyana”.
● The land belonging to a king is called - Racha polam/Racha doddi.

AN
○ According to Mella Cheruvu inscription (1311 AD) the king had total
powers on Racha polam.
○ Leasing Racha polam is known as Koru system, the tax paid when the
crop produce was good is known as Vennu pannu, half of the revenue
was to be paid to the king on Racha polam.
KH
● Apart from the Government, the private persons also gave the land to lease
(Koulu) to the farmers. This is known as “Tambula Srava”.
○ When the land is leased, the agreement between the land owner & the
tenant is done by exchanging tambulas (Betel leaves).
● The land under the control of Nayankaras - Veli polam.
AZ

● In those days there were many Pootakutindlu, where a plentiful meal was
served for the visitors of Orugallu city at very low cost.
● Kakatiyas dug many ponds for agricultural development.
● The big ponds of their time were called Samudra.
IY

● A chain of ponds (Golusu Kattu Cheruvulu) was built to control the overflow
of water.
● According to Ganapeshwara inscription, construction of tanks/lakes is
R

considered as Saptadhanas.
● The incharge of lakes was known as “Dashabanda”.
● Some part of land which was under lakes was given to the officers who did
renovations to the lakes. This is known as “Dashabanda Manyam”.
● Apart from lakes / tanks, canals are also constructed for agriculture.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Example: Gosugu canal, Ravipati canal, Bommakanti and Aleti canal.
● Prolaraja II was the one who cut down forests and constructed tanks for
agriculture.

Important ponds of the Kakatiya period

Kesari Samudram Prolaraja I

Ramappa cheruvu (Palampeta, Mulugu) Recherla Rudra

AN
Hanamkonda cheruvu Rudradeva

Lakkavaram cheruvu Ganapati Deva

Ghanapur cheruvu Ganapati Deva

Pakala cheruvu (Warangal)

Bayyaram cheruvu (Khammam)

Kunda Samudram
KH Jagadala Mummadi Nayaka

Mylamba

Kundamamba

Chauda samudram Malyala Chauda senani

Setti Kerayya cheruvu Betaraja II

AZ

● Taxation System:
○ Major revenue for Govt- Land Tax (1/6th)
IY

○ The land tax was called Ari and the farmers who paid the land tax
were called Arigapulu (అరిగాపులు).
○ There was tax exemption on lands donated to temples, Brahmins and
R

village servants.
○ Manthena inscription mentions that huge land was donated to a
Brahmin Manchibhattu, who was Rajapurohita.
○ Tax collectors were called - Ayagandru (ఆయగాండ్రు )
○ Kesari Patigada (కేసరి పాటిగడ)- is a land measuring instrument.
○ The king's own farm was Racha polam (రాచపొ లం).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Arthayam (అర్థా యం)- Renting Racha polam.
■ Arthasiri (అర్థ శీరి)- Farmers who have leased Rachapolam.
○ The taxes Koru & Putti Sahiti were imposed on agricultural land.
Officers like Kayastha, Karnika, Lekhika were appointed to register
land records.
○ The land tax was collected either in the form of money or crop
produce.

AN
■ Tax in the form of money - Puttipahundi (Panga/ Pangamu).
■ Tax in the form of Crop produce - Putti Koluchutta
○ People should pay tax twice in a year i.e; in Kartika maasam and
Vishaka maasam. The traditional taxes during this period are
■ Darishinam: Tax paid while visiting the king.
KH
■ Upakruti: Amount to be paid for the services of officers or for
receiving benefits from the king.
■ Appanam: paying for no reason
○ Agricultural Taxes:
■ Siddhayam / Sangam (సిద్ధా యం)
AZ

■ Kaanika (కానిక)
■ Darsanam (దర్శనం)
■ Arthayam (అర్థా యం)
IY

■ Vennu pannu (వెన్నుపన్ను)

■ Neeruvidi (నీరువిడి)
■ Pullari (పుల్ల రి)
R

Major Taxes during the Kakatiya Period

Ari (అరి) Land tax

Illari (ఇల్ల రి) House tax

Kaanika (కానిక) Tax paid by the farmer as a gift to the king

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Pannasa (పన్నస) Concessional tax on donation lands

Darsanam (దర్శనం) A tax paid for visiting the king

Neeruvidi (నీరువిడి) Tax levied on collection of water by Ratnas

(రాట్నాల ద్వారా నీళ్ళు తోడుకోవడం)

Para (పర) Tax levied on Magani lands

AN
Antarayam (అంతరాయము) Tax on plantations

Kilaram (కిలారము) Special tax on cows and sheep

Vennu pannu (వెన్నుపన్ను) Tax levied at the time of crop harvest

Ontela (ఒంటెల పన్ను) Tax levied on farmers in Nayankara villages

Pangam (పంగం)

Pullari (పుల్ల రి)

KH
Tax levied on Metta lands

A tax on grasslands / grazing lands

Madhyakam (మధ్యకం) An emergency tax levied on the villagers jointly

AZ

Ganachari tax (గణాచారి పన్ను) Tax collected from prostitutes and beggars

Gandi tax (గాండీ) Tax on wells

Puttu Peru Sunkam (పుట్టు పేరు Tax levied on the occasion of naming of a child
IY

సుంకం)

Aalamu (ఆలిము) Tax on vegetables

Mudra Sunkamu Tax on oil mills

R

Padevala tax Money for the salaries of military chief

Dogaracha tax Money for the expenses of prince

Mudhara / Uppu Perika Sunkam Tax on salt bags

(ఉప్పు పెరిక సుంకం)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Perika Yedla Sunkam (పెరిక ఎడ్ల Duty levied on bullock carts carrying goods
సుంకం)

Ammubadi Sunkam (అమ్ముబడి Duty levied on goods sold

సుంకం)

● Trade:

AN
○ Palkuriki Somanatha's Panditaradhya Charitra - details the trade of
the Kakatiya period. It mentions the textile industry & 20 different
varieties of cloth.
○ Marco Polo in his book 'The Travels’ mentions the exports and
imports from Motupalli at that time.

KH
■ He mentioned about the highest quality of muslin cloth which
was produced during Kakatiya’s period in his book.
■ According to Marco Polo, clothes made in Mysolia or
Machilipatnam are even appreciated by the kings.
■ Marcopolo mentions diamond mines in the Golconda region.
AZ

○ Trade Centers of Kakatiya Period:

■ Warangal: Kambals (blankets of coarse wool), Makhmul (ముఖ్
ముల్)clothes
■ Guthikonda, Palnadu: Iron industry
IY

■ Nirmal: Knife industry, Iron swords, toys

○ Important trading centers of the Kakatiya period:
■ Penugonda ■ Macherla
R

■ Pedaganjam ■ Tripurantakam
■ Ghantasala ■ Mantena
■ Gudivada ■ Peruru
○ During the period of Kakatiyas, trade was done through trade guilds.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Different castes and sections of the society were members and
conducted business in trade guilds.
○ Chief among them - Vaishyas/Komatas. Baddena in his
Neetisastramuktavali mentioned the importance of Vaisya community.
○ Major trade guilds of those days:
■ Swadesi ■ Nanadesi
■ Paradesi ■ Nakaram

AN
■ Ubhayadesi
○ During the Kakatiya period, both occupational guilds & trading guilds
unitedly carried on the business. Every guild elected a head, who is
called Shreshti/Setti.
○ A trader was called Behari and business was called Vyavahara.
KH
○ Trade guild conducting domestic trade- Nakaram.
○ Two types of trades were carried out by these guilds-
Swadeshi(inland), Pardesi(foreign) trade.
○ Trade guilds for Foreign Trade:
■ Nanadesi Pekkandru ■ Veeravalanjigar
AZ

■ Ubhaya Nanadesi ■ Ayyavai Innuru

○ During the Kakatiya period:
■ Orugallu is the main center of domestic trade.
IY

■ Main center of foreign trade - Motupalli.

○ Important port towns during the Kakatiya period:
■ Motupalli - Prakasam
R

■ Krishnapatnam - Nellore
■ Hamsala Devi - Guntur
■ Machilipatnam - Krishna
○ Motupalli Inscription:
■ Main source to know about foreign trade, export- import during
the Kakatiya period.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ In Motupalli, Ganapati Deva issued the Motupalli Abhaya
Vartaka inscription - mentions about providing shelter to
foreign traders.
■ This inscription mentions Motupalli as “Desiya Konda
Pattanam”.
○ Exports-Imports:
■ The Mattivada inscription mentions - duties levied on various

AN
commercial goods.
■ Duty on all exports & imports - 1/30th
■ Major exports: Spices, Camphor, Diamonds, Sandalwood,
Garments, Pearls…
■ Major imports: Horses, gold, silver
○ Trade tariffs: KH
■ Govt taxes, employee details are known from -Tripurantaka
Inscription.
■ Rudradeva's Neetisara - suggested liberality towards foreign
traders and trade duties should not be arbitrarily increased.
AZ

■ Tax levied on commercial goods - Sunkam (సుంకం).

■ According to Tripurantaka inscription, special officers were
appointed in the markets where the sale & purchase of goods
take place. Eg: Sunkamanya, Tirpari, Kolagadu, Karanam….
IY

● Tirpari (తీర్పరి) - He calculates the value of the goods

bought and sold in the market & the tax they are
supposed to pay on the transactions.
R

● Sunkamanya (సుంకమాన్యగాడు) - He purchased the right to

collect taxes from the markets. The government share of
such collected tax was immediately remitted to Karnam.
● Kalagadu (కాలగాడు) - One who measures goods sold a&
purchased in markets.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Phaladaru (ఫలదారు) - Appraiser of value of agricultural
produce for determination of duty.
● Karanam: He collects tax dues from the traders that are
credited to the government treasury.
■ Kara Pattanalu (కర పట్ట ణాలు) - Port towns where export and
import duties are collected.
● Coins:

AN
○ Gold coins were known as Gadyanam (గద్యాణం) /Mada(మాడ), Nishka .
■ The Varaham symbol is present on the gold coins.
○ Silver coins- Ruka
■ One Gadyanam = 10 Rukas

KH
■ 1/2 Ruka = Adduga
■ 1/2 Adduga = Padiga
○ Every coin had the starting word - Kesari.
■ Eg: Kesari Varaha, Kesari Mada, Kesari Ruka
○ Kakatiya kings minted coins in the name of their titles.
AZ

○ Coins in the name of Ari Gajakesari were minted by: Prolaraja I ,

Prolaraja II.
○ Coins minted in the name of Daya Gajakesari: Rudradeva, Pratapa
Rudra II.
IY

○ Coins minted in the name of Raya Gajakesari: Ganapati Deva,

Rudramadevi.

● Measurements- Weights:
R

○ Guriginja was the lowest scale used to weigh gold and gems during the
Kakatiya period.
○ Important Weights of the Kakatiya period: Sinnam, Yettu, Tulam,
Manugu, Phalam,Veesa.
○ Key measurements of the Kakatiya period: Kesaripatigada,
Kesarimanika, Kesariputti, Kesari Kuncham.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Literature:
● Official language of Kakatiyas - Sanskrit
● During the Kakatiya period, education continued in Sanskrit.
● The Malkapuram Inscription mentions Vidya Mandapas of the Kakatiya
period.
● They also gave priority to Telugu language.
● Many Telugu literary works were written during their time.

AN
Telugu Literature:
● Tikkana Somayaji (13th century):
○ He was the court poet of Nellore Choda King Manumasiddhi II.
○ First work: Nirvachanottara Ramayanam (నిర్వచనోత్తర రామాయణం) -

KH
Padya grantham (పద్య గ్రంథం)
■ Dedicated to: Manumasiddhi II.
○ Tikkana titles: Ubhaya Kavi Mitra, Kavi Brahma, Somayaji
○ Other Works: Andhra Mahabharatam, Krishna Shatakam,
Kavisarvabhauma Chandham
AZ

○ Translated 15 parvas of Sanskrit Mahabharata into telugu (from

Virata Parvam to Swargarochana Parvam).
○ Vishwanatha Satyanarayana described Tikkana as 'Telugu Silpapu
Thota (తెలుగు శిల్పపు తోట)'.
IY

○ Tikkana exclaimed - Hariharulokkare (హరిహరులొక్కరే).

○ Dvaitam composed by Tikkana - Hariharadvaitam
● Ketana:
R

○ Title: Abhinavadandi (అభినవదండి)

○ Works:
■ Kadambari
■ Dashakumara Charita (Dedicated to -Tikkana; Ketana
translated Dashakumara Charita of Dandi into telugu)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Andhrabhasha Bhushanam - ఆంధ్రభాషా భూషణం(first ever
grammar text written in Telugu)
■ Vignaneshwariyam - విజ్ఞా నేశ్వరీయం (First Dharmasastra text in
Telugu)
○ He translated Dasakumarcharitra Chempu Kavya written in Sanskrit
by Dandi into Telugu. For this reason, Ketana is called
“Abhinavadandi”.

AN
○ He laid the foundations of Telugu Linguistics.
○ He was a disciple of Tikkana.
● Marana (మారన):
○ His work: Markandeya Puranam (First Purana in Telugu)
○ Markandeya Purana was dedicated to Pratapa Rudra’s Senani - Gannaya
Senani. KH
○ Markandeya Purana is the basis of Allasani Peddana's Manucharitra.
● Manchena (మంచెన):
○ His work - Keyura Bahu Charitra (కేయూర బహు చరిత)్ర .
○ He translated Viddha Salabhanjika (విద్ధ సాలభంజిక) written in Sanskrit
AZ

by Rajasekhara into Telugu under the title Keyura Bahu Charitra &
dedicated it to Nanduri Gandana Mantri.
○ In his Keyura Bahu charitra he describes 'Chandavolu Town'.
● Gona Buddha Reddy:
IY

○ "Ranganatha Ramayanam" (1st Ramayana in telugu; regarded as the

first "dwipada kavya" in Telugu literature)
● Kakati Rudra (Pratapa Rudra I):
R

○ Great poet & scholar among the Kakatiyas. He wrote 'Neethisaram' in

Sanskrit.
● Krishnamacharya:
○ First Telugu lyricist, first Telugu Vachana poet.
○ Works: Simhagiri Vachanalu, Narahari Vachanalu.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
● Baddena:
○ Works:
■ Neetisastra Muktavali
■ Sumati Shatakam
○ Title: Kamalasana
● Appana Mantri (another poet who is Andhra Bhoja): Neetibhushanam.
● Vinukonda Vallabhacharya: Kreedabhiramam (Translation of

AN
Premabhiramam written by Raavipati Tripurantaka in sanskrit)
○ It is in this book that for the first time “Desa Bhasalandu telugu
lessa” was written (Kreedabhiramam).
○ This book mentions Orugallu as “Andhra Nagari”.

KH
○ Kreedabhiramam is the 1st telugu drama.
○ This book explains about the living conditions, social, political,
economical and religious conditions of people during Kakatiyas and
about the city of Warangal.
○ This book mentions the dancer, artist “Machaladevi”.
AZ

○ This book tells us that there were “18 community associations” called
“Ashtadashapraja”.
● Bhaskara Ramayanam:
○ It was written by four poets.
IY

■ Hulakki Bhaskara
■ Mallikarjuna Bhattu
■ Kumara Rudradeva
R

■ Ayyalarya
○ Main author - Hulakki Bhaskara. This is the first Telugu Champu
Kavyam- చంపూ కావ్యం(Poem+Prose - పద్యం + గద్యం).
○ Bhaskara Ramayana is dedicated to Sahini Marana (సాహిణి మారన).
● Madiki Singana:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ His works: Sakalaneethi Sammatham, Padmapuranam, Vasishta
Ramayanam, Bhagavata Dasama Skandhas
○ Sakalanithi Sammatam explains about the military system of
Kakatiyas.
● Kuppambika:
○ Daughter of Gona Buddha Reddy.
○ First famous poet in Kavya telugu literature. Budapuram inscription

AN
was issued by her.
● Gangadevi:
○ Madhura Vijayam; resident of Warangal & disciple of Agasthya.
● Kolanu Ganapati Deva:

KH
○ His literary work – Shivayogasaram.
○ This book tells us about the Induluri Nayakas.
■ Induluri Nayakas worked in the Kakatiya kingdom from Ganapati
Deva’s period.
● Ekamranatha:
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○ His work is Prataparudra Charita.

○ This book explains about the Shaiva and Vaishnava temples during
Kakatiyas period.

Shaivaite poets:
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● Palkuriki Somanatha, Nanne Choda and Mallikarjuna Pandita - are known as

Shiva Kavitriyam.
● The poets of Shaivism followed the Desi Kavita system.
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● Desi Kavita system means writings in the language of the general public.
● Shiva kavi’s have introduced Deshi Kavita system in Jana Tenugu.
● Jana Tenugu movement was started by Nanne Choda.
● Palkuriki Somanatha (12th & 13th century):
○ Pioneer of the 'Desi Kavi’ movement.
○ His titles:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Desikavita Udhyamakarudu
■ Dvipada Prakriya Adhyudu
■ Desi Kavita Brahma
○ Birthplace is Palkuriki (near Jangaon); He is foremost among the
Telugu Shaiva poets of Veerashaiva sect.
○ He was recognised as Adikavi of Telangana.
○ Some of his important works are:

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■ Anubhavasaram (his first literary work) - అనుభవసారం
■ Vrishadipa Shatakam (first Shatakam in Telugu) - వృషాధిప
శతకం
■ Basava Puranam (Biography of Basaveshwara) - బసవ పురాణం

time.
KH
● This is the first social poem depicting the society of that

● First Dvipada Kavya in Telugu.

● Basava Puranam is translated into English by C.P. Brown.
■ Chaturvedasaram - చతుర్వేదసారం
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■ Somanatha Bhashyam - సో మనాథ భాష్యం

■ Chennumullu Seesamulu - చెన్నుముల్లు సీసములు
■ Sadguru Ragada - సద్గు రు రగడ
■ Namaskara gadya - నమస్కార గద్య
IY

■ Basava Ragada (first Ragada in Telugu) - బసవ రగడ

■ Panditaradhya charitra (Final work) - పండితారాధ్య చరిత్ర
● This is the biography of Mallikarjuna Pandita.
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● The 1st encyclopedia in telugu was Panditaradhya Charita.

This was translated into Sanskrit by Gururaja Kavi.
○ Palkuriki brought great revolution in Andhra with respect to religion
and literature.
● Nanne Choda (12th century):
○ The first in Shiva Kavitrayam.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ The first poet to use Marga,Desi words in Telugu
○ First poet to use Jana Tenugu, the first royal poet in Telugu
language (he ruled Prakasam region as a vassal of Kakatiyas in 12th
century AD).
○ His Telugu work: Kumara Sambhavam (Dedicated to Guru Jangama
Mallikarjuna).
■ He translated Kumara Sambhava into Telugu, which was written

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by Kalidasa in Sanskrit.
○ Titles:
■ Kavi Rajasekhara
■ Tenkanaditya
■ Kaviraja Shikhamani
KH
● Mallikarjuna Pandita (12th century):
○ Wrote first Shataka in Telugu language.
○ He used his literature for the propagation of Shaivism.
○ Palkuriki Somanatha mentions Mallikarjuna Pandita as Kavimalla.
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○ His Works:
■ Sanskrit:
● Mukhadarshana gadya (ముఖదర్శన గద్య)
■ Kannada:
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● Basavagadha
● Ganasahasra Nama Kavyam
● Ishtalinga Stotra
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■ Telugu:
● Shivatattva Saram
● Srigiri satakam
● Shivadevayya:
○ Wrote "Purushardhasaram", Sivadevadimani (Satakam).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Sripati Pandita:
○ Wrote a commentary on the Brahma Sutras in Sanskrit under the
name ‘Sivabhakti Deepika’.
Sanskrit Poets-Their Works:
● Raavipati Tripurantaka:
○ Wrote the street play "Premabhiramam". (This is the basis of
Vinukonda Vallabharaya's "Kreedabhiramam")

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○ Other works:
■ Tripurantakodaharana (త్రిపురాంతకోదాహరణ)
■ Madana Vijayam (మదన విజయం)
■ Charitra Taravali (చరిత్ర తారావళి)

● Agastya:
KH
■ Ambika Shatakam (అంబికా శతకం)

○ Bala Bharatam (బాల భారతం)

○ Nalakeerthi Kaumudi (నలకీర్తి కౌముది)
○ Krishna Charitram (కృష్ణ చరితం్ర )
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● Vidyanath:
○ Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam / Prataparudreeyam is the 1st
Sanskrit Alankara Sastra grantha.
○ This book tells us that the name ‘Kakatiyas’ is derived from the
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Goddess “Kakati” who was worshipped by Kakatiyas.

○ This book explains about Rudrama Devi, and her relationship with
Ganapati Deva and Pratapa Rudra.
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○ This book mentions that the name “Trilinga” is given because of the
presence of three shiva lingas in Srisailam, Kaleshwaram and
Draksharamam.
● Rudradeva:
○ Neetisaram ( this treatise states that tariffs should not be raised
arbitrarily).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Yadhavakkula Annamayya (యథావాక్కుల అన్నమయ్య):
○ His work- Sarveswara Shatakam
● Sakalya Mallu Bhattu(సాకల్య మల్లు భట్టు ):
○ He wrote Udatta Raghava Kavyam(ఉదాత్త రాఘవ కావ్యం) and Niroshtya
Ramayana Kavyam(నిరోష్ట ్య రామాయణ కావ్యం).
● Gandaya Bhattu(గండయభట్టు ):
○ Khandana Khanda Khadya(ఖండన ఖండ ఖాద్య)

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● Appayya Charyudu:
○ He wrote “Jitendra Kalyanabhyudayam”.
● Viddanacharya:
○ His works: Pramaya Charchamritam (Sanskrit)
● Jayapa Senani (జాయపసేనాని):
KH
○ He is the Gajadaladhipati of Ganapati Deva.
○ His works:
■ Geetaratnavali (Sanskrit) on music
■ Vadyaratnavali (Sanskrit) -వాద్యరత్నావళి on musical instruments
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■ Nritya Ratnavali (Sanskrit)

● This book mentions different dance forms such as Perini,
Chindu, Vikatam, Kanduka, Bahurupa Kollata, Kandika etc..
● Chandrogranthas(చందో గ్రంథంలు):
IY

○ Adharvana (అధర్వణ): Kavirakshaseeyam (grammatical treatise)

-కవిరాక్షసీయం
○ Tikkana: Kavi Vagbandhanam (Chandograndha) - కవి వాగ్బంధనం
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● Kshemendra: Mudramatyam, Brihatkatha Manjari.

Social conditions during Kakatiyas

● The main evidences to know the social conditions of the Kakatiya period are:
○ Kreedabhiramam (street drama) - Vinukonda Vallabhacharya
○ Pratapa Charitra - Ekamranatha

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Siddheswara charitra - Kase Sarvappa
● Influence of religion on the social system of the Kakatiya period was high.
The changes, upheavals in the religious field have influenced society very
much.
● Chaturvarna system was in operation in the society of Kakatiya period:
○ Brahmins ○ Vaishyas
○ Kshatriyas ○ Shudras

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● Kakatiya Kings who accepted the title of Chaturvarna Samuddharana
(చాతుర్వర్ణ సముద్ధ రణ):
○ Rudradeva ○ Ganapati Deva
● In addition to the traditional four varnas, several castes & sub-castes were
aroused based on occupations.
KH
● Inter-caste marriages were prevalent. Rudrama Devi’s husband Veera
Bhadrudu was Kshetriya. Rudrama Devi married her daughter Ruyyama to
Induluri Annayya, who is a brahmin minister.
● Brahmins are divided into 2 types:
○ Vedics – Performers of Yajyagas (Priests)
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○ Niyogas - Those who work for the king

● Sudras were in highest numbers and they were elevated to high positions in
administration, hence this period was known as “Golden era for Sudras”.
● Although the Kakatiyas were Shudras, Rajdharma was effectively managed
IY

with the cooperation of all communities.

● During the period of Kakatiyas, each Caste(Kulam) was formed into a
Community (Sangham).
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● The book “Kreedabhiramam” mentions that there were 18 caste

communities known as “Ashtadasa Praja”.These caste communities were
known as Samayas(సమయం).
● Different caste communities(Kula Sanghas / Samayas):
○ Community of Brahmins - Mahajans
○ Community of Vaishyas - Nakaram

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Shaiva and Vaishnava communities - Devasthanam priestly communities
● There were caste associations (Samaya) like Sanimunnuru, Telikivepuru,
Panchanam.
● Samayam of each caste, choses one of them as their leader.
● He worked for the welfare of the caste. Each caste paid certain taxes to
their caste community.
● The caste community settles their quarrels.

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● Each Kula samayam has Samayacharam & caste restrictions.
● Pratapa Rudra donated gold and cows to some Brahmins. Pratapa Charitam
and Siddheshvara Charitam state that the other groups who did not like this
provoked hatred in the society.
● Professional taxes were also paid on professions undertaken by different
castes. KH
● During this period the political importance of Brahmins had come down & the
prominence of the fourth caste increased. The fourth caste enhanced
their social respect & raised their social hierarchy.
● During the period of Kakatiyas many new castes were formed due to
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Shaivism and Vaishnava religions.

● New castes emerged due to Brahmanaidu's Veervaishnavism:
Padmanayakas / Velamas, Maladasaras (మాలదాసరులు).
● The differences between the Velama-Reddy castes arose due to Pratapa
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Rudra II, the last of the Kakatiyas, giving high priority to the
Padmanayakas/Velamas who were Shudras.
● After the fall of the Kakatiyas, the contest for power began between the
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Velama-Reddy clans, and provided an opportunity for the expansion of the

Bahmani kingdom.
● During the Kakatiya period, Maila Santas were held for the Adama / lower
castes and inside the fort Madi Santas were held for the upper castes.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
● The Markapuram inscription states that in addition to the Brahmins,
Panchamas also received food and clothing in the satras (i.e Annadanam,
Vastradanam).
● Position of Women:
○ Women have a special place in the history of Kakatiyas. Ganapati Deva
was succeeded by his daughter Rudrama Devi who was crowned as the
queen and ruled.

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○ Ketana describes in his Dasakumaracharita that women of the upper
classes used to wear gold and silver ornaments.
○ Palnati Veera Charitra says that Brahmanaidu married women of all
castes.
○ Devadasis and prostitutes had a respectable position in the society.

Pratapa Rudra II.

KH
○ A famous painter of the time, Machaladevi was the concubine of

○ Ekamranatha mentions in the Pratapa Charitra that there were

thousands of brothels during the Kakatiya period. Prostitutes were
skilled in dance, music and painting.
AZ

○ Prostitutes formed a caste. The tax paid by them is called Ganachari

tax.
○ Evil practices like Child marriages, Sati, Dowry, Kanyasulkam were
prevalent in the society.
IY

● Entertainment:
● The main entertainment of the Kakatiya period was leather puppetry
(Tholu Bommalata).
R

● Other entertainments of the Kakatiya period: Kolatam, Pachikalata,

Pagati veshalu, Judam, Kodi Pandyalu, Perini Nrityalu,
Drama(Natakalu), Rangula ratnalu, pottella pandyalu…….
● Major festivals:
○ During the period of Kakatiyas, especially agricultural festivals were
celebrated in villages - Sankranthi, Eruvaka(ఏరువాక), Gobbillu(గొబ్బిళ్ళు).

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Palkuriki Somanatha described the Srisailam yatras and the
Mahashivaratri festival held in Srisailam in the texts of
Panditaradhya Charitra and Basava Puranam.

Religious conditions:

● The main sources to know the religious conditions of the Kakatiya period:
○ Panditaradhya charitra - Palkuriki Somanatha
○ Basava Puranam - Palkuriki Somanatha

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○ Siddheswara Charitra - Kase Sarvappa
○ Malkapuram Inscription - Rudramadevi
● The religion favored by the early Kakatiyas was Jainism
● The religion favored by the Late /Mali Kakatiyas was Shaivism
KH
● Religions followed during Kakatiya period:
○ Jainism
○ Buddhism
○ Grama devata Aradhana (Village deity worship)
○ Shaivism
AZ

○ Vaishnavism
○ Mailarudevuni Aradhana(Worship of Mailarudeva)
○ Social reform religions (Sangha Samaskarana matalu)
IY

○ Smartham (స్మార్థ ం)
○ Palnati Veeraradhana
● Jainism:
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○ Siddheswara Charitra states that early Kakatiyas practiced and

supported Jainism.
○ Jain religious sites of their time:
■ Vaddamanu (or) Vardhamana Puram (Guntur district)
■ Danavulapadu (Kadapa district, banks of Penna)
■ Aryavatam - Bikkavolu (East Godavari district)

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Konakandla (Anantapur district)
■ Kolanupaka (Yadadri Bhuvanagiri, Telangana)
■ Shanigaram (Karimnagar)-Yuddhamalla Jainalaya
■ Siddheshwaralayam (Hanamkonda), Bekkallu (Warangal)- Trikuta
Jain Basadi
■ Chilkur (Rangareddy district) - Parshwanatha temple
○ Hanumakonda became a refuge for the Jains who were disfavored in

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the Eastern Chalukya kingdom(who were Vedic fanatics).
○ The Orugallu Kaifiyat narrates that when the Jain monk
Rishabhanatha was persecuted by the Eastern Chalukya king Raja
Raja Narendra, he came to Hanumakonda and took shelter.
○ The Hanmakonda inscription of Prolaraja begins with the prayer of
Jeenendra. KH
○ Shanigaram inscription - Betaraja I gave donations to Yuddhamalla
Jinalaya.
○ Beta Raja II is known to have donated to Jalna Jaina Basadi.
○ The Warangal Padmakshi temple inscription dated 1117 AD by
AZ

Prolaraja II mentions that 'Kadalalaya Jaina basadi' was built by

his minister Betana's wife Mailama.
○ During the time of Pratapa Rudra II, Jain poet Appayacharya wrote
a poem called Jinendra Kalyanabhyudayam and dedicated it to
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Pratapa Rudra II.

○ Siddheswara Charitra by Kase Sarvappa-mentions Ganapatideva's
brutal persecution of Jain monks at Hanamkonda and Visvesvara
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Sambhu's destruction of 36 Jain villages.

○ The non-violent Jains were attacked by the violent Veera Shaivites
and ended Jainism.
○ The writings of Palkuriki Somanatha show that Kalamukhas and
Veerashaivas played a prominent role in the eradication of Jainism.
● Buddhism:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ By the time of the Kakatiyas, Buddhism had almost died out.
○ There is a mention of Buddhism in some inscriptions and texts of the
Kakatiya period.
○ According to the Abburu inscription, the kanthas of Kotaketaraja lit
lamps for Buddha in the Dharanikota.
○ Kakatiya minister Gangadhar installed a Buddha statue in Pattashala.
○ The Bekkallu Inscription states that Buddha is an incarnation of Lord

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Vishnu.
○ Palkuriki Somanatha in his Panditaradhya charitra narrates the gist
of the discussions between Mallikarjuna pandita and the Buddhist
monks.
○ During the period of the Kakatiyas, Jainism and Buddhism gradually

● Shaivism:
KH
lost favor of the people and Shaivism and Vaishnavism were favored.

○ The most favored religion during the Kakatiya period was Shaivism.
○ During the period of the Kakatiyas, many sub-sects of Shaivism were
formed:
AZ

■ Kalamukha Shaivism ■ Aradhya Shaivam

■ Kapalika Shaivism ■ Veera Shaivam
■ Pasupata Shaivam
○ Kalamukha Shaivism:
IY

■ The religion Kakatiyas adopted after Jainism was Kalamukha

Shaivism.
■ Kalamukhas (Kalamukha Shaivites are extremist Shaivites)
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were followers of Kalanana, one of the disciples of

Lakuleshwara, the founder of Pashupata Shaivism, an ancient
branch of Shaivism.
■ They are shakti worshippers, who give priority to linga worship.
■ Kalamukha Shaivites played a major role in the suppression of
Jains and Buddhists in Andhra.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Simha Parishads were founded and propagated by Kalamukhas.
■ Main Centers for Kalamukha Shaivism:
● Alampuram ● Draksharamam
● Agasteeswaram ● Srisailam
■ Rameswara Pandita:
● The famous Kalamukhacharya of the Kakatiya period was
Rameswara Pandita.

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● He was the head of the Mallikarjuna Shilamatha in
Srisailam.
● Rameswara Pandita - Guru of Betaraja II, Durgaraja,
Prolaraja II.

KH
● The Anumakonda inscription mentions that Betaraja II
was a disciple of Pandita Rameswara, the head of
Mallikarjuna Shilamatha at Srisailam.
● Betaraja gave him a village called Vaijanapalli
(Shivapuram).
● He is a scholar in Lakuleswara Agama Maha Siddhantam.
AZ

● The Kalamukha Saivites of Karnataka center Srisailam

and identify Rameswara Pandita as their Guru, indicating
the importance of Srisailam.
● Kalamukha Shaivism was the main religion in Andhra
IY

Pradesh when Srisailam, the most important center of

Shaivism during the Kakatiya period, was under the rule
of Kalamukha Guru.
R

● By the end of the 12th century, Kalamukha Shaivism

spread not only in the temples and monasteries of
Andhra, but also in the kingdom.
● During the time of Ganapati Deva, the importance of
Kalamukha Shaivism declined when Pasupata Saiva gurus
entered the Kakatiya kingdom.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Kapalika Shaivism:
■ The Vamacharas of Kalamukhas are Kapalikas.
■ Shiva was worshiped in the form of Bhairava.
■ Bhairavakona (Nellore) is the main centre of the Kapalikas.
■ They practiced Madhyam, Mamsam, Matsya, Maithuna and
Mudras (Panchamudras).
■ Their main rituals are: Human sacrifice(Nara bali), Skull meal

AN
(Kapala Bhojanam).
■ Nannechoda describes Lord Shiva as Mahavrata.
■ It was Shankaracharya who defeated Kapalikas.
○ Pashupata Shaivam:

KH
■ Another prominent sect of Shaivism during the Kakatiya period
was Pasupata Shaivism
■ Agamas are the evidence for this sect.
■ Ganapati Deva and Rudrama devi patronized Pashupatha
Shaivam.
AZ

● Their spiritual guru was Vishweshwara Shambu.

○ Ganapati deva had given “Kandrakota” village as
Guru Dakshina.
○ According to Malkapuram inscription (1261 AD),
IY

Rudrama devi have donated two villages -

Mandhadam / Mandaram, Krishna Lanka to her
guru Vishweshwara Shambu.
● During Kakatiya’s Period, Vishweshwara Shambu built
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many Golaki Mutts.

○ Golaki Mutt is a Shaiva school (Vidyalaya).
● The main centre of Pashupati Shaivas is “Golaki Mutt”.
● Note: Construction of “Golaki Mutt” was started by
“Sadbhava Shambu” for spreading Shaivism.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ■ Pashupata Shaivism was founded by Lakuleshwara in central
India during the 1st century AD.
■ Pashupata Saivas were present in Andhra desa from 7th
century AD.
■ Pasupata Shaivism was at its height and flourished during the
time of Ganapati Deva in Andhra desa.
■ Inscription showing the importance of Pasupata Shaivites during

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the time of Ganapati Deva - Durgi Inscription of Jannigadeva.
■ During Ganapatideva's time, the Pasupata Shaivites of the
Dahala desa Golaki Mutt on the banks of the Narmada were
highly favored by the people and the rulers.
■ By the 13th century AD, due to unrest in the Kalachuri kingdom,

KH
Shaiva Gurus migrated to Andhra and settled.
■ Sadbhava Shambhu (సద్భావ శంభు):
● Sadbhavashambhu was born in the Dahala desa between
the Ganges and Narmada rivers, where a succession of
Saiva gurus of the Durvasarshi dynasty flourished.
AZ

● Sadbhavashambhu received Mulakh mandal as alms from

the Kalachuri Emperor.
● He established Golaki Math in Dahala desa.
● The main center of Pashupata Shaivism – Golaki Math
IY

● Vishveshwara Shambhu, the famous Pashupata

Saivacharya of Dahala desa Golaki Math, came to Andhra
Desam during the time of Ganapatideva.
R

■ Visvesvara Shambhu:
● Vishveswara Shambhu belonged to Golaki Math, the main
center of Pashupata Shaivism in the Dahala desa. Due to
unrest in the Kalachuri kingdom, Saiva gurus migrated to
Andhra and settled.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● One among them who came and settled - Dharmashiva or
Visveswara Shivacharya.
● Visveswara Shivacharya came to Draksharamam and
settled down.
● Visveswara Sambhu was the guru of Ganapati Deva and
Rudramadevi.
● Ganapati Deva propagated Pashupata Shaivism in Andhra

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during the reign of Rudrama Devi.
● Kakatiya kings who took Shaiva initiation by Visvesvara
Sambhu:
○ Ganapati Deva
○ Rudrama Devi
KH
○ Pratapa Rudra
● Kandrakota village is given by Ganapati Deva to
Vishveshwara Shambhu as Guru Dakshina.
● On March 15, 1261 AD, Rudramadevi donated the village
of Mandadam (Guntur district) in Velanati vishaya on the
AZ

banks of Krishna to Vishvesvara Shambhu as per her

father's wish.
○ The Malkapuram inscription of Rudramadevi
confirms the above.
IY

● Visveswara Shambhu built a Shuddha Shaiva Math, Shiva

Temple and Annadana Satra in Mandadam village. It
became the famous Golaki Math.
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● Visveswara Sambhu spent 850 gadyanas and bought the

forest area and built a village called Viswanathapuram.
■ Malkapuram(మల్కాపురం) Inscription:
● Commissioned by - Rudramadevi
● Mandada village in Guntur district was donated and the
inscription of Malkapuram was commissioned.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● Details mentioned in this inscription:
○ Details about Shaiva Gurus of Golaki Math are
given.
○ Visveswara Shambhu's charitable deeds, pious
works, Golaki mathas built are mentioned.
○ Visveswara Shambhu established the Visvesvara
Golaki Math, a pure Shaivite monastery built in

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Mandadam and named it Visveswarapuri.
○ Vishveshwara Sambhu is the Raja Guru of Ganapati
Deva and Rudramadevi.
■ Visvesvara Shambhu - Golaki Mathas:
● Vedas, Shastras, Agamas and Darshanas were taught in
KH
these Mathas.
● Inscriptions related to Vidya Mandapas in Shaiva Mathas:
○ Malkapuram Inscription
○ Itigullapadu
○ Pondalur inscription
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● As part of the Pashupata Shaiva campaign, Visvesvara

Sambhu established many Shivalayas and Golaki Mathas.
● The Shaivacharyas of Golaki Math acted as Stanapatis in
all the areas where the branches of Golaki Math were
IY

established and exerted their influence on the common

people.
● Golaki Mathas/Saiva Mathas flourished as great
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educational institutions in the time of the Kakatiyas

● During the Kakatiya period, Golaki Math was the center
of many activities such as:
○ As an educational institution
○ As a building for solving panchayat problems
○ As Dharamsatra

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ It used to be a maternity clinic.
■ Mandadam Golaki Math (మందడం గోళకి మఠం):
● Mandadam is the village that Rudramadevi donated to
Vishveshwara Shambhu as per the wish of her father
Ganapatideva.
● In this village Visveswara Shambhu founded the famous
Golaki Math and named it Visveswara Golaki or

AN
Viswanatha Golagiri.
● Malkapuram inscription - gives details about this
monastery.
● The monasteries of this sphere experienced their heyday
till the end of the reign of Pratapa Rudra II and then

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declined.
■ Srisailam Golaki Math:
● Other Name- Abhinava Golaki Math.
● During the Kakatiya period, Srisailam was famous as a
great center of learning.
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● Shantha Shiva Desika of Abhinava Golaki Math, Srisailam,

was gifted the village of Purundalur by Ganapatideva's
senani Jannegadeva for the maintenance of Vidya
Mandapam.
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● Srisailam is a temple center with four mukha dwaras.

● The temples of Tripurantakam, Siddhavatam, Alampuram
and Umamaheswaram are considered as the four
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gateways to Srisailam.
○ Aradhya Shaivam:
■ Another sect of Shaivism found in the Kakatiya era - Aradhya
Shaivism

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 ■ The Kakatiya rulers patronized this Veerashaiva tradition which
spread throughout Andhra due to the famous panditatrayam
Sripati Pandita, Manchana Pandita and Mallikarjuna Pandita.
■ Aradhya Shaivism is very ancient. Aradhya Shaiva scriptures
show that there are 4 triads and 12 scholars in this religion.
They are:

Pandita trayam Sripati pandita Mallikarjuna pandita Sivalenka Manchana

AN
(శివలెంక మంచన)

Acharya trayam Srikantacharya Haradattacharya Bhaskaracharya

(శ్రీకంఠాచార్య) (హరదత్తా చార్య)

Siddha trayam Revana (రేవణ) Marula (మరుళ) Ekorama (ఏకోరామ)

Aradhya tryam Udghataradhyam

(ఉద్ఘ టారాధ్యం)
KH Vemanaradhyam
(వేమనారాధ్యం)
Viswaradhyam
(విశ్వారాధ్యం)

■ Those who follow Aradhya Saivism are called Aradhyas,

Lingadharas.
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■ There are 12 Shaivite Gurus in Aradhya Shaivite Sect. Among

them, three Pandits, known as the Pandita Trayam, flourished
during the Kakatiya period and propagated Aradhya Shaivism all
over Andhra Pradesh.
IY

■ Contemporaries of Mallikarjuna Pandita:

● Basaveshwara - founder of Veera Shaivism
● Rajendra Chola II - Velanati Chodaraja
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■ Mallikarjuna Pandita, under the influence of Veerashaivism

established in Karnataka by his contemporary Basaveshwara,
established Aradhya Shaivism in Andhra and propagated it
widely.
● So, Aradhya Shaivism is considered a branch of
Veerashaivism.

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 ■ Although, Mallikarjuna Pandita appreciates Basaveshwara's
Veerashaivism, but does not fully agree with it.
■ The Aradhya Shaiva sect declined with the death of
Mallikarjuna Pandita (Srisailam).
■ The biography and teachings of Pandita Mallikarjuna are
elaborately described in Panditaradhya charitra by Palkuriki
Somanatha.

AN
■ Palkuriki Somanatha, a contemporary of Kakati Prataparudra,
propagated Aradhya Shaivism in Andhra through scholarly
history.
● Vaishnavism:
○ Although they followed Shaivism, the Kakatiyas also embraced
Vaishnavism.
KH
○ During the Kakatiya period people had complete freedom of religion.
○ There is a Varaha symbol on the seals and coins of the Kakatiyas.
○ The installation of the idols (Shiva, Vishnu, Surya) in the Trikuta
temples by the Kakatiyas shows their religious tolerance.
AZ

■ Eg: 1000 pillared temple, Pillalamarri temple

○ Kakati Rudradeva installed Vasudeva's idol in the thousand-pillared
temple (Rudreshwaralayam) of Hanamkonda.
○ Rudradeva's minister Vellamki Gangadhara was a Smartha Brahmin
IY

who was a devotee of Vishnu. He built a big temple in Hanamkonda

enshrining Lord Prasanna Kesava.
○ Ganapatideva’s sister Mailambabuilt the Gopalakrishna Swamy temple
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at Inugurthy.
○ Inscriptions state that Pratapa Rudra II made some donations to
Chennakeshwara Swamy in 1321 AD.
○ Vishnumurthy temples were built at Simhachalam, Sarpavaram,
Macherla, Ahobilam, Mangalagiri, Ponnu, Karampudi etc. during the
Kakatiya period.

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● Social reform religions:
○ Social reform religions flourished in Andhra during the Kakatiya
period:
■ Veera Shaivism
■ Veera Vaishnavism
○ Both Veera Shaivam and Veera Vaishnavism opposed the Brahmanical
traditions.

AN
○ Veera Shaivism:
■ First social reform religion in Andhra.
■ Basaveshwara, the minister of Kalachuri Bijjala, established
Veerashaivism in Karnataka.

KH
■ Veerashaivism founded by Basaveshwara was introduced into
Andhradesa by Mallikarjuna Pandita during the Kakatiya period.
■ Palkuriki Somanatha, a contemporary of Prataparudra, spread
the teachings of Basaveshwara in Andhradesa through his
Basava Purana.
■ In Veera Shaivism:
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● Gurus are known as - Jangamas (జంగములు)

● Scriptures - Agamas
● Followers - Lingayats
IY

■ Veerasaivam ended Jainism in Karnataka and Andhra.

■ Shiva is considered as the Supreme God.
■ Followed the path of violence by committing physical attacks.
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■ Rituals, varna and caste system were condemned.

■ Condemned child marriages and encouraged widow
remarriages.
○ Veera Vaishnavism:
■ Became popular as a social reformation religion.

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 ■ Founder of Sri Vaishnavism in Tamil Nadu and condemned caste
system - Ramanuja
■ Under the influence of Ramanuja, Vira Vaishnavism was
established in Andhradesa by - Brahma Naidu
■ Macherla is the main center of Vira Vaishnavism.
■ Veera Vaishnavism mainly:
● Condemned caste system

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● Encouraged inter-caste marriages
● Encouraged communal dining with all castes.
● Temple entrance to Panchamas
■ Brahma Naidu built the Chennakesavalayam in Macherla and

KH
granted entry to the temple to the Panchamas.
■ Brahma Naidu gathered members of different castes and
arranged communal meals - thus proposed “Chapakoodu
siddhantam(చాపకూడు సిద్దా ంతం)”
■ After the Palnadu war (1182 AD) with the death of
Brahmanaidu, Veera Vaishnavism disappeared in Andhra.
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● Panchayatana Puja/Smartam (పంచయతన పూజ/స్మార్త ం):

○ During the Kakatiya era, the traditional Smarta Matham was
encouraged.
○ Tikkana - Promoted Smarta religious sentiments.
IY

○ Smarta Matham Motto - Hariharulokkare (హరిహరులొక్కరే)

○ Tikkana started the Harihara tradition to stop the conflicts between
Shaivas & Vaishnavas & to bring equality between them.
R

○ It was Tikkana who introduced Harihara Dvaita.

○ “Shivaya Vishnu Rupaya, Shiva Rupaya Vishnu (శివాయ విష్ణు రూపాయ,
శివ రూపాయ విష్ణు వే)” - Tikkana
● Village Deity Worship (గ్రా మ దేవతారాధన):

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 ○ Book that mentions about village deity worship during the Kakatiya era
- Kreedabhiramam
○ The village deities worshiped during the Kakatiya period were Ekavira,
Kakatamma, Jogulamba, Poleramma, Gangamma, Poturaju.
○ Puranic Hinduism did not suppress village deities worship. Deities like
Kakatamma, Porelamma, Poturaju etc. were also included in Hinduism.
○ Jain deities and rituals are incorporated into Hinduism.

AN
○ Kakatamma , Jogulamba were initially known as Jain deities.
○ During the Kakatiya period, one of the Ashtadasha shakti peethas,
Alampuram, became as popular as Jogulamba.
● Mailarudevuni Aradhana(Worship of Mailarudeva):
○ Another religious change that took place during their time was the
KH
worship of the Mailarudeva, the extremist sect of Shaivism.
○ During the time of the Kakatiyas, the god of the extremist Saivism
sect - Mailarudeva
○ Mailarudeva was worshiped as the god of war and an avatar of Shiva in
Rudra form.
AZ

○ Mailarubhattas - worshipers of Mailarudeva.

○ Mailaru Bhattas used to cut heads and tongues to please Lord Shiva.
○ During their time there was another cruel custom called Cidi (సిడ)ి .
They used to pierce an iron hook in the waist and hang. It is believed
IY

that God's grace will come through Cidi.

○ The main basis for learning about the culture, customs and social
conditions of the Kakatiya period is – Kreedabhiramam.
R

● Palnati Veeraradhana (పల్నాటి వీరారాధన):

○ Kreedabhiramam tells about Palnati Veeraradhana.
○ After the war of Palnadu, it was customary to perform Veer Puja to
the heroes who died in the war of Palnadu.

Fine Arts:

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
Dance:
● Sources: Panagallu, Chebrolu, Malkapuram Inscriptions.
● In these inscriptions there is a mention of dancing girls and instrumentalists.
● The Malkapuram inscription shows that these Andhra musicians were trained
by scholars from Kashmir.
● According to the Dharmasagara inscription, it is known that there is a
special instrument called Jalaka randam (జలక రండం).

AN
● According to Jayapa Senani's Nritya Ratnavali, there are different types
of nrityas like:
○ Perini Nrityam (పేరిణి నృత్యం)
○ Rasakam (రాసకము)
○ Chindu (చిందు)
○ Kandakam (కందకం)
○ Kolatam (కోలాటం)
KH
● Dramas mainly enacted during this period: Shiva Leelas, Palnati Veeragadhalu
● A major form of entertainment developed during this period was
AZ

Tholubommalata.
● Famous dance of this period - Perini
○ This dance came into light during the time of Ganapatideva. It is a
classical dance form.
IY

○ Jayapa Senani in his text Nritya Ratnavali mentioned about the

various postures of this dance form.
○ The postures of this dance form are carved on the walls of Ramappa
R

temple.
○ Nataraja Ramakrishna revived and developed the dance styles of
Devadasis, Perini Shiva thandavam and Navajanardhanam.
○ Perini dance is a form of Shiva tandavam performed only by men.
Painting:
● Another name for the artwork of the Kakatiya period is Navakasi.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ Navakasi painting was called Naksha in Urdu.
● Famous woman painter during the Kakatiya period - Machaladevi. She is a
court dancer of Pratapa Rudra II.
● Kreedabhiramam mentions that many paintings of Sivalilas, Gopika Krishnas,
Tarachandras etc. were exhibited in the Chitrashala built by Machaladevi
in Warangal.
● In the period of the Kakatiyas, pictures of Rama and Krishna avatars were

AN
decorated in houses and there were 1500 houses of painters in Orugallu - as
mentioned in Palnati Veeracharitra.
● The painting traditions of this period led to the Lepakshi school of the
Vijayanagara period.
● The paintings of this period can be seen in Pillalamarri.

KH
● During Kakatiya’s period, the public used to paint the pictures of Itihasas
and the Palanati War scenes on their walls.

Architecture:

● The Kakatiyas followed the Western Chalukyan style of architecture in

temple constructions.
AZ

● Black granite stone is used for idols in temples & sandstone is used for all
major structures.
● Distinctive features of the temples built during the Kakatiya period:
IY

○ High Adhistanas ○ Nagini sculptures

○ Torana / Entrance pillars ○ Nandi idols
○ Ranga Mandapas ○ Mukha Mandapas
R

○ High Vimanas ○ Pillars with many sculptures

● Arch pillars/ Toranas/Gateways are the main attraction in Kakatiya
architecture.
● Kirtimukha(కీర్తిముఖం) is an important symbol in Kakatiya sculpture. It is a
decorative sign.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ● The pictorial features of the Kakatiya period can be found in the temples of
Pillalamarri (Nalgonda district).
● Kakatiyas built Jain, Shiva and Vaishnava temples. Predominantly Shiva
temples.
● During the Kakatiya period Trikuta temples and Panchakuta temples were
built by the Kakatiyas with the aim to remove the gaps between various
sects of Hinduism and create benevolent relations between them.

AN
○ Trikuta temples have three separate sanctum sanctorum for Lord
Shiva (Rudra), Lord Vishnu (Vasudeva) and Lord Aditya (Surya).
○ In Panchakuta temples along with Shiva, Vishnu, Aditya, Lord Ganesha
and Goddess Durga have separate sanctum sanctorum.
● The tradition of worshiping the five gods and Goddess in this way is called

KH
Panchayatana puja, it was introduced by "Kumarilabhattu", a philosopher of
Purva mimamsa.
AZ

Major temples built by Kakatiyas

Name of the temple Built by Location

IY

Swayambhu Temple Prolaraja II Hanmakonda

Prasanna Kesavalayam Vellanki Gangadhara Hanmakonda

R

Siddeshwara Temple Prolaraja II Hanmakonda

Padmakshi Temple Prolaraja II Hanmakonda

Thousand pillared temple Rudradeva Hanmakonda

Ramappa Temple Recherla Rudra Palampeta

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Palampeta Temple Recherla Rudra Palampeta

● Padmakshi Temple (Hanamkonda, 1117 AD):

○ It is built in Indo-Islamic style by Prolaraja II.
○ This was initially a Jain temple later changed into a Shiva temple.
At the place of this temple there was once a Kadalalaya Jair basadi
and in which there was a sculpture of Parshwanath.

AN
○ Built in 1117A.D, the Garuda form present in this temple was used by
Prataparudra-I as his Chariot Emblem/flag. The Garuda symbol was
used by jain tirthankaras as Shanti Nada lanchanam.
● Thousand Pillars Temple (Hanamkonda, 1163 AD):
○ One of the major Trikuta temples built by the Kakatiyas.
KH
■ Trikuta temples during this period - Pillalamarri, Palampeta &
Panagallu temples.
○ Another name for this is - Rudreshwara temple / Sahastra Sthamba
temple (Rudradeva built it).
○ Location: Hanmakonda
AZ

○ In this temple there are idols of Vasudeva, Rudreshwara and Surya

Deva. Hence it is called Trikuta temple.
○ The temple was built in Chalukyan architectural style. Nandi
sculpture carved out of black stone is found here
IY

● Ramappa Temple (Palampet, Warangal district; 1213 AD):

○ Builder of the temple: Recherla Rudra (Ganapatideva’s army chief)
○ Temple Sculptor: Ramappa. (Temple named after the sculptor)
R

○ It is built on Monolithic stone. Plinth of the temple is in star shape.

○ The specialty of the temple is its construction with floating bricks.
○ The main deity of this temple is Lord Rudreshwara.
○ The idols of this temple are carved from Black stone.

t.me/Riyazkhan_2507
 ○ The walls of the temple contain Nagini-Madanika statues and the
Perini dance postures.
○ The Perini dance postures which are mentioned in Nritya Ratnavali of
Jayapa Senani are seen on the walls of the Ramappa temple.
○ Sculptures of Ramayana and Mahabharata are carved on the temple
walls.
○ The Ramappa temple is architecturally similar to the Hoysala

AN
Chennakesava temple at Belur.
○ This UNESCO temple was built with ‘Sandbox technology’ to
withstand earthquakes.
○ Historian Yazdhani called it the ‘Crown Jewel of Deccan temples’.
● Swayambu Kesava temple:
KH
○ Largest of all Kakatiya temples.
○ This was constructed by Prolaraja-II inside the Warangal fort.
○ Rudrama devi built “Ranga Mandapam” in front of this temple.
● Temples of Panagallu:
○ Chaya Someswara Temple
AZ

○ Pachchala Someswara Temple

○ These temples were built by Kunduru Cholas, who were the
feudatories of Kakatiyas.
IY

● Temples built by Vellanki Gangadhara (Army Chief of Rudra Deva):

○ Prasanna Keshavalayam (Hanmkonda)
○ Bhimeswara Temple (Madikonda)
R

● Temples Built by Mailamba (Sister of Ganapatideva):

○ Inugurthy Narasimha Temple
○ Jalandhara Bhairava Temple
○ Mallikarjuna Temple of Srisailam:
■ This temple was built by Mailambain 1320 A.D.

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 ■ Mukha Mandapa of this Temple was built by Vijayanagara King
Harihara-II.
■ Prakara of this Temple was Built by Sri Krishna Devaraya.
● Warangal Fort:
○ Warangal Fort Construction was started by Prola-II.
○ Rudradeva almost completed the construction of Warangal fort.
○ During a later period “Shitab Khan” built Kush Mahal in Warangal

AN
fort.

Literature of the Kakatiya period:

● Official language of Kakatiyas: Sanskrit

Author

Gona Buddha Reddy

KH
Ranganatha Ramayana
Work

Bhaskara Bhaskara Ramayana

Palkuriki Somanatha Basavapuranam, Panditaradhyacharitra

AZ

Marana Markandeya Purana

Mallikarjuna Panditaradhya Shivatattvasaram

Baddena Sumati Satakam

IY

Yadhavakkula Annamayya Sarveswara Satakam

Pratapa Rudra I Neetisaram

R

Madiki Singhana Sakala Neeti Sammatam

Vidyanath Pratapa Rudra Yasobhushanam

Sivadevayya Purasharthasaram

Jayapa Senani Nritya Ratnavali, Geeta Ratnavali, Vadya Ratnavali

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Ketana Dasakumara charitra

Tikkana Last 15 Parvas of Andhra Mahabharata from Virata

Parvam, Nirvachanottara Ramayana

Appanamantri Charucharya (treatise on medicine)

Major inscriptions of the Kakatiya period:

AN
Sanskrit inscriptions

Hanumakonda Inscription Achitendra

Ganapavaram Inscription

Pakala inscription

Kandavaram inscription
KH Nandimitra

Kavi Chakravarti

Bala Bharati

Chebrolu Inscription Bhimayapanda

AZ

Bhutapura Inscription Iswara Bhattopadya

Telugu Inscriptions
IY

Gudur Inscription Betaraja II

Konidena inscription Opilasiddhi

R

Upparapalle inscription Katamaraju

Karimnagar inscription Gangadhara

Kakatiya kings Titles Notable events of their time

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Betaraja I Chola Chamuvardi Pramadhana (చోళ Bayyaram cheruvu inscription
చమూవార్ది ప్రమధన) informs- he was the first
Kakatiya who came to
Hanumakonda

Prolaraja I Samadhigata Panchamahasabdha It was during his time that

Arigajakesari (సమధిగత పంచమహాశబ్ధ Hanumakonda became the
అరిగజకేసరి) capital of the Kakatiyas. Along

AN
with the Garuda symbol, the
Varaha symbol also started to
be used.

Betaraja II Vikrama Chakra Built the Betheswara temple in

Sivapuram, Hanmakonda

Prolaraja II
KH
Nishshanka Pradhana Prabandhana
Mahahankara Lankeshwara (నిశ్శంక
ప్రధన ప్రబంధన మహాహంకార లంకేశ్వర)

Rudradeva Vinaya Vibhushana He built the thousand pillar

AZ

temple at Hanamkonda. The

conflict with the Yadavas
started in this period.
IY
R

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